crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[The role of cell adhesion, multidrug resistance and cell proliferation in short-term recurrent cases with T1G3 superficial bladder cancer].	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the roles of cell adhesion, multidrug resistance and cell proliferation in short-term recurrent cases with superficial bladder cancer, and the prognostic value of the three indexes. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for E-cad, P-gp and Ki-67 was performed on the tumors of 100 patients with stage T0-T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder who had been included in a retrospective research by follow-up. RESULTS: E-cad and P-gp expression was positive in 51 (43.2%)and 17 (14.4%) of the tumors, respectively and mean proliferation index (PI) was 22.1%. The decrease in E-cad expression was accompanied with the increasing recurrent episodes (P < 0.05), while increase of P-gp expression and PI were accompanied with the increasing recurrence episodes (P < 0.05). There was significant difference according to E-cad, P-gp positivity and between T(1)G(3) patients and no-T(1)G(3) patients (P < 0.05). There was negative correlation of E-cad expression with P-gp expression and PI. CONCLUSIONS: Minimum adhesion, strong drug resistance and maximum proliferation are the main factors that promote short-term recurrence of superficial bladder cancer and also the inherent reasons for easy recurrence and high malignancy of T(1)G(3) tumors. During this course, the three aspects may interact.	bladder
Graphical visualization and navigation of genetic disease information.	"One of the goals of biomedical scientists in this exciting era of molecular biology is the discovery of novel genes and their relationship to the molecular basis of disease. Part of this information connecting the geno-type to the phenotype is already known and available through hubs such as LocusLink. Although Locus-Link is a valuable resource that organizes curated information around genes and provides links to other online resources, it has not been developed for users to visualize graphically the association between genes and diseases, nor to navigate easily from genotype to phenotype (and back) within the same application. The application we developed, g2p, aims at visualizing graphically and navigating genetic disease information, especially the link between genotype and phenotype. The information displayed comes from a LocusLink query on human genes associated with a known disease (1330 genotypes, 1835 phenotypes, and 2050 associations). This application is based, in part, on the graph visualization package GraphViz. Starting from a disease query, g2p displays the phe-notype view (Figure 1). Alternatively, from a gene query, it creates a genotype view (Figure 2). In the example here, a search on the disease Bladder cancer leads to several genes, including RB1 (Figure 1). The double frame around RB1 indicates that it is linked to more than one disease and thus is ""navigable"". Following this link leads to the several diseases associated with RB1, including - besides Bladder cancer - Retinoblstoma and Osteosarcoma (Figure 2). The latter disease also has a double frame, indicating that several genes are associated with it."	bladder
Anterior urethral recurrence of superficial bladder cancer: its clinical significance.	The aim of this study was to reveal the clinical features of anterior urethral recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer, and to determine the appropriate treatment. Three hundred and three patients with superficial bladder cancer, who were newly diagnosed and initially treated conservatively in our hospital between 1965 and 1990, were followed for at least 5 years and their clinical outcomes were analyzed. Clinical factors, including anterior urethral recurrence, were evaluated statistically regarding tumor progression. Eight patients (2.6%) had anterior urethral recurrence following superficial bladder cancer. Twenty-four patients (7.9%) had tumor progression and 149 (49.2%) had tumor recurrence. In a multivariate analysis using a logistic model, anterior urethral recurrence was the most important factor, followed by histological grade. Four of 5 patients who were treated for anterior urethral recurrent tumors by transurethral resection showed progression and died of the cancer within one year. Two of the remaining three patients who underwent radical cysto-urethrectomy at the time of anterior urethral recurrence survived. Anterior urethral recurrence following superficial bladder cancer is a predictor for rapid subsequent malignant progression. Once there is anterior urethral recurrence, radical intensive therapy, including radical cysto-urethrectomy, should be carried out immediately.	bladder
Identification of a novel function of TWIST, a bHLH protein, in the development of acquired taxol resistance in human cancer cells.	Taxol is one of the widely used chemotherapeutic drugs against many types of human cancer. While it is considered as one of the most effective anticancer drugs, treatment failure often occurs due to development of acquired resistance. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of drug resistance. Although it is generally believed that taxol induces cell death through interfering with microtubules leading to mitotic arrest, recent evidence has suggested that taxol-induced cell death also occurs through pathways independent of either microtubule or mitotic arrest. In this study, we report the identification of a novel role for TWIST, a basic helix-loop-helix protein, which plays a central role in cell type determination and differentiation, during generation of acquired resistance to taxol in a nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, HNE1-T3, using comparative genome hybridization (CGH) and subsequent RT-PCR and Western blotting. We found that upregulation of TWIST was associated with cellular resistance to taxol but not other drugs with different mechanisms of action. The fact that increased TWIST protein levels were also associated with another microtubule-targeting anticancer drug, vincristine, in four types of human cancer including nasopharyngeal, bladder, ovarian and prostate, indicates that it may play a central role in the resistance to microtubule-disrupting agents. In addition, ectopic expression of TWIST into human cancer cells also led to increased resistance to both taxol and vincristine. Our results indicate a novel mechanism that leads to resistance to microtubule-disrupting anticancer drugs through upregulation of TWIST. Our evidence provides a therapeutic strategy to overcome acquired resistance through inactivation of TWIST expression in human cancer.	bladder
Efficacy of office fulguration for recurrent low grade papillary bladder tumors less than 0.5 cm.	PURPOSE: Recurrent superficial papillary bladder tumors are most commonly treated with transurethral resection with the patient under anesthesia. We report our experience with office fulguration of small, recurrent, low grade papillary tumors using flexible cystodiathermy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective single institution analysis of 267 consecutive patients with superficial bladder cancer undergoing routine bladder cancer surveillance between January 1998 and December 2001. Cytological and histological recurrences were recorded. Selection criteria for office fulguration were less than 5 low grade appearing papillary tumors, tumor size less than 0.5 cm, negative urine cytology and patient desire. All patients completed initial treatment (transurethral resection, partial cystectomy and/or intravesical therapy) and a minimum of 6 months on surveillance without recurrence (median 11.57 months). RESULTS: Flexible cystodiathermy for small, low grade, recurrent papillary tumors was efficacious and well tolerated. Of the 123 patients 46% experienced 1 or more tumor recurrences (range 1 to 11) in a median followup of 2.6 years. Of these 123, 74 (60%) underwent office cystodiathermy. No difference was seen in disease specific survival (p = 0.1633) or disease progression (p = 0.860). When stratified by risk of recurrence 202 of 267 patients at high risk (76%) with low grade papillary recurrence had similar rates of progression to patients at low risk (p = 0.9025). Median time from diagnosis was 6.84 years, and time from last tumor was 20.4 months. CONCLUSIONS: Office cystodiathermy of small, low grade papillary recurrence is safe and efficacious in properly selected patients. This change in practice can potentially improve patient quality of life and have a major economic impact on health care.	bladder
Expression of survivin, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis, in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.	PURPOSE: We investigated whether the over expression of survivin, a new antiapoptotic protein, might provide prognostic information in patients with superficial bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin sections using a monoclonal antibody for survivin was performed in 88 cases of superficial bladder cancer using the standard avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. The relationships between the expression of survivin, clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: Survivin expression was found in tumor cells but not in nonneoplastic bladder tissues. High expressions (greater than 20%) of survivin were observed in 51 cases (58.0%) and low expression in 37 cases. No statistically significant association was observed between survivin expression and tumor grade (p = 0.052) or pathological stage (p = 0.131). When clinical data such as sex, age, tumor number, size or shape were examined in conjunction with survivin status no statistically significant relationship was noted. Patients with a high expression of survivin had worse disease-free survival rates than those with low survivin expression (log rank test p = 0.0004). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis identified survivin expression as an independent prognostic factor of disease-free survival (p = 0.009, relative risk = 3.17). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that high survivin expression may be considered a new unfavorable prognostic factor in superficial bladder cancer.	bladder
Correlation of metastasis related gene expression and relapse-free survival in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer treated with cystectomy and chemotherapy.	"PURPOSE: Patients with locally advanced (ie clinically extravesical) transitional cell carcinoma are at high risk for recurrence after cystectomy. Although randomized trials have established an incremental benefit from the addition of chemotherapy in this setting, many patients still have disease relapse, and therefore it is necessary to determine patient and tumor characteristics that correlate with outcome in this setting. We investigated the tumor expression of several metastasis related genes and the association of gene expression with disease specific survival of patients with locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma treated randomized to either neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Archival paraffin embedded specimens were available for 64 patients enrolled in a clinical trial of the methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin regimen and cystectomy. Only samples obtained before exposure to chemotherapy were studied. The expression of several metastasis related genes, including basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and E-cadherin were assayed on paraffin sections using a colorimetric in situ hybridization assay. RESULTS: Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor, interleukin-8 and MMP-9 did not correlate with outcome. Expression of VEGF and E-cadherin were strongly related to disease specific survival. In addition, the ratio of MMP-9-to-E-cadherin was strongly prognostic for disease specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: These data advance the hypotheses that VEGF expression and an ""invasive phenotype"" characterized by the ratio of MMP-9-to-E-cadherin expression are mechanistically relevant to clinically aggressive locally advanced bladder cancers that are not cured by currently available combined modality treatment. Thus, in our view there is a compelling rationale to target these aspects of the malignant phenotype in this patient population."	bladder
Non-invasive management of invasive bladder cancer: lectures by professor William U. Shipley.	This report summarizes lectures by Professor William U. Shipley on the non-invasive management of invasive bladder cancer with chemoradiotherapy and transurethral resection, presented at the 60th Meeting of the International Lectureship, in the international lectureship program of the FPCR.	bladder
Pigmented composite paraganglioma-ganglioneuroma of the urinary bladder.	We report a case of a pigmented composite paraganglioma-ganglioneuroma of the urinary bladder in a 70-year-old female. Grossly, the tumor measured 6.5 cm in diameter and had arisen from the base of the urinary bladder. Histologically, the tumor was composed of approximately equal components of paraganglioma and ganglioneuroma, which were partly separated and partly mixed, and intermingled with each other. There were foci of ample dark brown pigmentation in the cytoplasm of chromaffin paraganglioma cells. The pigment was Masson-Fontana-positive and had been bleached by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Electron microscopy showed large, abundant, pleomorphic electron-dense granules consistent with neuromelanin. In addition, there were numerous electron-dense neurosecretory-type granules. Neuromelanin, melanin or lipofuscin are occasionally observed in paragangliomas, although the occurrence of these pigments has never been described in a composite tumor originating from either adrenal medulla or extraadrenal paraganglia. To the best of our knowledge, our report represents the first case of pigmented composite paraganglioma-ganglioneuroma and expands the morphological spectrum of these unusual tumors.	bladder
[Choice of a method of surgical treatment of urinary bladder neoplasms].	The results of treatment of 850 patients with urinary bladder cancer (UBC) are analysed. Precise staging of the tumor should be made in the following order: suprapubic ultrasonic investigation (USI), cystoscopy and microcystoscopy, transrectal, transurethral USI. Indications for different treatments are outlined: typical and atypical papillary fibroepithelioma, papillary cancer in stage T1 should be managed with TUR after previous electrocoagulation; cancer in stage T2-3--with urinary bladder resection and uni- or bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy; total papillomatosis, multiple lesions in stage T3, in cases of recurrent cancer--with cystectomy including one-stage or multistage replacement of the urinary bladder by intestinal transplant. The only physiologically sound method of treating patients after cystectomy with ureterocutaneostomy and ureterocolostomy is creation of intraperitoneal intestinal urinary bladder with reestablishment of transurethral urination. Arguments against creation of artificial urinary bladder made of detubularized segments consist in the absence of advantages.	bladder
Significance of renal function in changes in acid-base metabolism after orthotopic bladder replacement: colon neobladder compared with ileal neobladder.	BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine whether renal function influences the acid-base metabolism in patients undergoing orthotopic bladder replacement using intestinal segment. METHODS: Acid-base balance, serum electrolytes and renal function were studied in 30 patients with colon neobladder and 18 patients with ileal neobladder. Mean follow up was 51 months. Effects of renal function on acid-base metabolism in both types of bladder replacement were compared. Therapeutic efficacy of the sodium bicarbonate administration was also evaluated in cases with hyperchloremic acidosis. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in any of the variables examined between the colon and ileal neobladder groups, except for potassium concentration. Although metabolic acidosis was detected using the Siggard-Anderson acid-base nomogram in eight (26.7%) and seven (38.9%) patients in the colon and ileal neobladder groups, respectively, this difference was not significant. In both the colon and ileal neobladder groups, the serum creatinine concentrations in patients diagnosed with metabolic acidosis were significantly higher than in those diagnosed with a normal metabolic status. Furthermore, as a result of severe metabolic acidosis, three (10.0%) and three (16.7%) patients in the colon and ileal neobladder groups, respectively, were administered sodium bicarbonate and their metabolic status was fully normalized. CONCLUSIONS: Despite there being no statistical difference, patients with ileal neobladder may more easily develop metabolic acidosis compared with those with colon neobladder. In addition, a close association between the serum creatinine level and the degree of metabolic acidosis was observed in both groups. However, even if severe metabolic acidosis occurs, it is relatively easy to correct using sodium bicarbonate. These findings suggest that it might be safe to use a colon segment for orthotopic bladder reconstruction in patients with higher serum creatinine levels, despite no significant difference in acid-base metabolism and detection rates of metabolic acidosis between the colon and ileal neobladder groups.	bladder
Bladder cancer in Kano--a histopathological review.	Malignant tumours of the bladder have been observed to be quite common in Kano but there has been no formal study. This four-year (1998-2001) retrospective review sought to document the pattern of these neoplasms. Vesical malignancies constituted 6.4% of all cancers in Kano with squamous (53%) and transitional (35%) carcinomas as the most common histological types. Males outnumbered females more than five times (M:F = 5.2.:1). Cancer of the bladder was most prevalent in the 5th and 6th decades with a mean age of 48.8 years. In general our findings are similar to bladder cancer in other schistosomal endemic regions of Africa.	bladder
Identification of bladder cancer antigens recognized by IgG antibodies of a patient with metastatic bladder cancer.	To identify tumor antigens useful for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with bladder cancer, a lambda phage cDNA library constructed from a high-grade bladder cancer cell line was screened with autologous serum from a patient with metastatic bladder cancer. Forty-eight distinct antigens were isolated. By evaluating the immunogenicity and the tissue-specific expression, KU-BL-1 and KU-BL-2 were identified as immunogenic antigens with restricted tissue expression. KU-BL-1 was found to be a putative human lipoic acid synthetase with a metal-binding site, CXXXCXXC, that was expressed in bladder cancer cell lines and most bladder cancer tissues, as well as normal bladder mucosa and testis tissues. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody to KU-BL-1 was detected in 2 of 28 patients with bladder cancer, but not in 30 healthy individuals. KU-BL-2 was found to be a putative human kelch-like protein that was homologous to Drosophila kelch, with a BTB/POZ domain and kelch repeats. KU-BL-2 was expressed in bladder cancer cell lines, most bladder cancer tissues, testis and heart, but not in normal bladder mucosa. IgG antibody to KU-BL-2 was detected in 8 of 28 patients with bladder cancer, but not in 16 healthy individuals. Tumor reactive T cells were induced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by stimulation with one of the HLA-A24 binding KU-BL-2 peptides. Therefore, KU-BL-1 and KU-BL-2, which showed preferential expression in bladder cancer with restricted expression in normal tissues, as well as immunogenicity in multiple patients with bladder cancer, may be useful for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for patients with bladder cancer.	bladder
If cystectomy is insufficient, what is an urologist to do?	Tumor free survival after radical cystectomy is stage dependent. In addition, other features such as the presence of angioinvasion or micropapillary histology also indicate a poor outcome. Failures of definitive therapy by radical cystectomy occur most frequently at distant sites and appear to result from occult micrometastases present at the time of surgery. These clinical data strongly suggest that radical cystectomy provides insufficient treatment for a group of patients at high risk for tumor recurrence. Multimodal therapy (chemotherapy and surgery) seems to improve outcome in such patients, whether given in a neoadjuvant or adjuvant mode. This increased probability of improved outcome with multimodal therapy, however, is accompanied by an almost certain risk of increased toxicity. The neoadjuvant strategy can deliver systemic chemotherapy more reliably and may permit bladder salvage, but adjuvant therapy permits patient selection based on pathology results. The most critical issue in multimodal therapy is patient selection. The choice of neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy will depend on clinical circumstances, resources, and patient and physician preferences.	bladder
Chemotherapy and cystectomy for invasive transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.	Invasive transitional cell bladder cancer is associated with occult metastasis. Approximately 50% of patients with clinically localized, invasive bladder cancer ultimately die of their disease. Systemic chemotherapy has been combined with radical cystectomy in an attempt to improve survival. Phase I and II trials have achieved tumor down-staging. Initial randomized trials did not show a statistically significant survival benefit from systemic single agent chemotherapy. More recently, two multi-center randomized trials have shown a significant survival benefit from neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy trials, to date, have failed to show statistically improved survival, although most published studies have been methodologically flawed. For invasive, clinically nonmetastatic bladder cancer, neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy is one of the new standards of care. The role of postsurgical systemic chemotherapy appears promising, but has not been proven in a randomized trial. Molecular prognostication is now being incorporated into the design of clinical trials of adjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer.	bladder
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer.	While it is now clear that chemotherapy can contribute to improved outcome for some patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer, selection criteria for this very heterogeneous disease are lacking. The authors make an appeal for a biologically (in contrast to anatomically) based staging system, and urge that perioperative chemotherapy be given with standard combinations with curative intent.	bladder