crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Urinary bladder cancer risk factors in Egypt: a multicenter case-control study.	BACKGROUND: We investigated associations between tobacco exposure, history of schistosomiasis, and bladder cancer risk in Egypt. METHODS: We analyzed data from a case-control study (1,886 newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed cases and 2,716 age-, gender-, and residence-matched, population-based controls). Using logistic regression, we estimated the covariate-adjusted ORs and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the associations. RESULTS: Among men, cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of urothelial carcinoma (OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.2) but not squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); smoking both water pipes and cigarettes was associated with an even greater risk for urothelial carcinoma (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 2.1-3.9) and a statistically significant risk for SCC (OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.6). Among nonsmoking men and women, environmental tobacco smoke exposure was associated with an increased risk of urothelial carcinoma. History of schistosomiasis was associated with increased risk of both urothelial carcinoma (OR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-2.9) and SCC (OR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.0) in women and to a lesser extent (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.7 and OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7, for urothelial carcinoma and SCC, respectively) in men. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that schistosomiasis and tobacco smoking increase the risk of both SCC and urothelial carcinoma. IMPACT: This study provides new evidence for associations between bladder cancer subtypes and schistosomiasis and suggests that smoking both cigarettes and water pipes increases the risk for SCC and urothelial carcinoma in Egyptian men.	bladder
Surgical and chemotherapeutic options for urachal carcinoma: report of ten cases and literature review.	OBJECTIVE: Several studies have associated urachal carcinoma with a poor prognosis, because the disease tends to be detected later as the patient is asymptomatic, there are few therapeutic options, and it has a high local recurrence rate. We review our experience with urachal carcinoma and discuss the role of surgical management and chemotherapeutic options. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 10 cases with urachal carcinoma evaluated at Keio University Hospital from 1998 to 2009, and examine the surgical and chemotherapeutic options in the management of urachal carcinoma. RESULTS: Median age was 55.0 years. Applying the TNM staging system, 1 case was in stage I, 4 cases in stage II, 4 cases in stage III, and 1 case was in stage IV. Nine cases were managed initially with surgery; 5 by partial cystectomy and 4 by total cystectomy. The median follow-up period was 3.5 years and the survival rate at 2 years was 87.5%. Six of the resected cases remain disease-free. Salvage chemotherapy was performed in 3 cases, and adjuvant chemotherapy was performed in 2 cases. CONCLUSIONS: We had 10 cases with urachal carcinoma. While there is still no standard chemotherapy combination, CPT-11 plus TS-1 produced stable disease in 1 case.	bladder
Feasibility of MR urography in patients with urinary diversion.	INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were to determine the diagnostic value of MR urography and to compare the T2- and T1-weighted MR urography techniques in patients with urinary diversion. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 19 MR urograms in 14 patients (13 male and one female, 8-77 years old, mean age: 54.2) with urinary diversion. Magnetic resonance urography examinations were performed with 1.5-T MR scanners. In addition to T2- and T1-weighted MR urography techniques, conventional T1- and T2-weighted axial and coronal sequences were also obtained. Collecting systems were evaluated in five segments (right proximal and distal collecting system, left proximal and distal collecting system and conduit or reservoir). Imaging features of the urinary collecting systems were evaluated with T2- and T1-weighted MR urography images. The clinical, laboratory data and follow-up imaging findings were regarded as standard. A cross table was formed to determine sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MR urography techniques. RESULTS: T2-weighted MR urography, T1-weighted MR urography and combination of these two techniques could demonstrate 89.01, 87.65 and 93.83% of all collecting system segments, respectively. For the detection of the pathologic urinary segments, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 100, 95.29 and 95.6% in T2-weighted MR urography and 100, 93.42 and 93.82% in T1-weighted MR urography, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 100% in combined T2- and T1-weighted MR urography technique. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance urography is an effective imaging method for the evaluation of the urinary system in patients with urinary diversion. T2-weighted MR urography alone has high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, does not require intravenous contrast medium and can be obtained in 3-5 min. However, T1-weighted MR urography may provide additional information in some cases.	bladder
Milk and dairy consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis.	OBJECTIVE: To explore potential relations between the intake of milk or dairy products and the risk of bladder cancer. METHODS: Eligible studies published up to May 2011 were retrieved via both computer searches and manual review of references. Random-effects models were used to calculate summary relative risk estimates (SRRE) based on high-contrast to low-intake values. Sensitivity and influence analyses were conducted, and heterogeneity among study results was explored through stratified analyses by study design, gender, geographic region, year of publication, or whether or not adjustment for several confounders (ie, age, gender, body mass index, smoking, and total energy intake). RESULTS: We extracted data from 14 studies on milk (involving 4879 cases) and 6 studies on dairy products (3087 cases). The total study population was up to 324,241 individuals. Overall, there was no significant association between milk intake and bladder cancer (SRRE 0.89, 95% CI 0.77-1.02). However, an inverse association was found in the United States (SRRE 0.88, 95% CI .79-.99). In addition, no significant association was observed between consumption of dairy products and risk of bladder cancer (SRRE 0.95, 95% CI .71-1.27), though an inverse association was detected in the Japanese population (SRRE 0.56, 95% CI .40-.80). CONCLUSION: There appears to be enough evidence to support the null hypothesis. The overall result was not statistically significant. The findings of this meta-analysis are not supportive of an independent relationship between the intake of milk or dairy products and the risk of bladder cancer. However, these findings are based on limited research. Further efforts should be made to confirm these findings.	bladder
Disparities in bladder cancer.	Among men, bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy and ninth leading cause of death from cancer in the United States. In contrast, it is the 11th most common malignancy and 12th leading cause of death from cancer among women. The successful management of bladder cancer largely depends on its timely diagnosis and treatment. Unfortunately, barriers disproportionately delay detection and treatment for individuals with social, economic, and community disadvantages. This imbalance creates health disparities (i.e., differences in health outcomes that are closely linked to these disadvantages), which negatively affect vulnerable populations, such as racial and ethnic minority groups, those from lower socioeconomic classes, and the uninsured. To obtain a better understanding of this issue, we review the current state of bladder cancer disparities research.	bladder
Upper urinary tract recurrence after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: incidence and risk factors.	OBJECTIVES: To examine the incidence of and the risk factors for upper urinary tract recurrence in patients undergoing a radical cystectomy for bladder cancer, and to examine the clinical course of patients harboring upper urinary tract recurrence. METHODS: This retrospective study included 362 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Patients with a history of upper urinary tract recurrence and concomitant upper urinary tract recurrence at cystectomy were excluded. RESULTS: After a median follow up of 48 months (range 0-214) after radical cystectomy, 11 patients (3.0%) developed upper urinary tract recurrence. The median time to upper urinary tract recurrence was 48.4 months (range 11.6-78.6). The overall probability of upper urinary tract recurrence was 3.3% at 5 years. The median overall survival period after upper urinary tract recurrence was 23.5 months (range 4.3-53.9), with a better overall survival for patients who received a radical operation than for those who did not (38.6 months vs 11.9 months, respectively; P=0.03). At multivariable analysis, the presence of carcinoma in situ (P < 0.01) and invasion of the urethra (P = 0.02) were independent risk factors for upper urinary tract recurrence. The 5-year upper urinary tract recurrence was significantly higher for patients positive for either of these risk factors than for those without risk factors (12.0% vs 0.9%, respectively; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the presence of carcinoma in situ and cancer invading the urethra are risk factors for upper urinary tract recurrence. Close follow up is needed for early detection of upper urinary tract recurrence in patients at higher risk.	bladder
Up-regulation of plakophilin-2 and Down-regulation of plakophilin-3 are correlated with invasiveness in bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVE: To examine plakophilin proteins (Pkp) and 3 expression levels in bladder cancer, in particular their levels during cellular growth and invasion. Pkp is associated with the binding of cadherin to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton. METHODS: The relative mRNA and protein expression levels of Pkp2 and 3 in bladder cancer cell lines were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. The cellular localization of Pkp2 and 3 proteins in bladder cancer cells was also assayed using immunohistochemistry. The proliferation and invasive activities of bladder cancer cells were evaluated using cell growth and in vitro cell invasion assays, and were compared with those of bladder cancer cells treated with Pkp2 and 3 small interfering RNAs. RESULTS: Pkp2 mRNA and protein levels were elevated, and those of Pkp3 were reduced, in bladder cancer cells that are known to exhibit increased proliferation and invasive activity. Pkp2/3 protein expression was predominantly observed in the cytoplasm of invasive bladder cancer cells and tissues. Pkp2 knockdown inhibited, and Pkp3 knockdown enhanced, invasion of bladder cancer cells, but these knockdowns did not alter cell proliferation. CONCLUSION: We conclude that high Pkp2, and low Pkp3, expression is associated with bladder cancer cell invasion and that neither Pkp2 nor Pkp3 is associated with cell proliferation. We further hypothesize that accumulation of Pkp2 and 3 in the cell cytoplasm, rather than their recruitment to the cell membrane, is related to an increased ability of the tumor to invade and metastasize.	bladder
Primary T-cell lymphoma of the urinary bladder presenting with haematuria and hydroureteronephrosis.	Primary bladder lymphoma, a rare form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is confined to the urinary bladder, is usually of B-cell origin. This report describes an extremely rare case of primary T-cell lymphoma of the urinary bladder. A 45-year-old man presented with haematuria, dysuria and loin pain. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a thickened left bladder wall and left hydroureteronephrosis. A diagnosis of primary T-cell lymphoma of the urinary bladder was made on the basis of clinical, radiological and histological findings. The patient, following transurethral resection, was treated with four cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) chemotherapy with a good response and remains in clinical remission 12 months after treatment.	bladder
Molecular pathology and biomarkers of bladder cancer.	Bladder cancer originates in the epithelial lining of the bladder's mucosa and develops in association with several habitual, industrial, and environmental risk factors via papillary and non-papillary pathways. In this chapter we review novel concepts concerning the molecular mechanisms of early field change in bladder neoplasia stemming from whole-organ genomic mapping studies. These mechanisms are discussed in the context of molecular pathogenesis of bladder cancer and in relation to treatment and biomarker-based detection strategies.	bladder
High-grade transitional cell carcinoma of the pediatric bladder.	Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is extremely rare in the first decade of life. We present the case of a 5-year-old male with gross hematuria found to have high-grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. To our knowledge this is the first such reported case in this age group.	bladder
IL-4 and TNF-α polymorphisms are associated with risk of multiple superficial tumors or carcinoma in situ development.	INTRODUCTION: This study evaluates the influence of clinicopathological characteristics, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapeutic schedule [maintenance (mBCG) or induction (iBCG)], and TNF-α and IL-4 polymorphisms on the outcome of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients treated with BCG. MATERIAL AND METHODS: DNA was extracted from 125 bladder cancer patients treated with BCG; TNF-308G/A and IL4-590C/T polymorphisms were genotyped. RESULTS: The TNF-308A allele carriers had an increased risk of developing multiple tumors (OR: 2.80, p = 0.031). However, IL4-590 T carriers also had an increased risk of developing multiple and carcinoma in situ tumors (OR: 2.52, p = 0.033). For these polymorphisms, no association was found with BCG treatment outcome. When treated with iBCG, patients with multiple tumors had shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) compared with those with a single tumor (p = 0.004); nevertheless, patients with multifocal tumors have improved RFS when treated with mBCG. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results suggest that multiple tumors and/or carcinoma in situ development are associated with the IL4-590C/T and TNF-308G/A polymorphisms, and emphasize the effectiveness of the mBCG schedule.	bladder
Bladder perivascular epithelioid cell tumor: a novel rare neoplasm.	Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) have recently been defined as a group of neoplasms that have in common the co-expression of melanocytic and smooth muscle markers. We report a novel case of a rare bladder PEComa and we review the relevant literature.	bladder
[Local recurrence of micropapillary bladder tumor after radical cystectomy : successful treatment with radiation therapy : a case report].	A 75-year-old man consulted a physician because of gross hematuria and right flank pain. Since a bladder tumor and right hydronephrosis were found, the patient was referred to our hospital. The clinical diagnosis was cT3bN0M0 and radical cystectomy was done. The pathological diagnosis was micropapillary variant of urothelial carcinoma, pT3bN0M0. The local recurrence appeared in the interior of the pelvis by computed tomography after the operation. A complete response was obtained by radiotherapy.	bladder
[Metachronous urothelial cancer in bilateral upper urinary tracts and bladder associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer].	A 40-year-old man had undergone right hemicolectomy and sigmoidectomy under the diagnosis of ascending and sigmoid colon cancer and right nephroureterectomy under the diagnosis of right ureteral cancer, in 1997 and in 2002, respectively. In 2007, He visited our hospital with a complaint of bloody stool and hematuria. Colon fiberscopy, ureteropelvicscopy and cystoscopy demonstrated colon cancer, left renal pelvis cancer and bladder cancer, respectively, as diagnosed by biopsies, followed by restative colectomy, left nephroureterectomy and cystectomy. The final histopathological examination showed well differentiated adenocarcinoma (pSM) in the colon, and urothelial carcinoma in the left renal pelvis (pT2) and the bladder (pT1). Since his uncle and elder brother had suffered from stomach cancer and colon cancer, respectively, he was diagnosed with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC : Lynch syndrome). He has been well doing without recurrence for 3 years after the surgery.	bladder
[Incidence and risk factors of early postoperative paralytic ileus after radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy with a unilateral and parallel stoma].	To identify the incidence and risk factors for developing early postoperative paralytic ileus (POPI) after radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy with a unilateral and parallel stoma, we retrospectively reviewed 21 patients (mean age 73.0, 19 males and 2 females) with a minimum of 3 months of follow-up. POPI occurred in 4 patients (19.0%), who did not need surgical treatment and the insertion of a nasogastric tube. Age and past history of abdominal surgery influenced the occurrence of POPI. The patients with and without POPI had a mean age of 82.3±7.4 and 70.8±6.3 years old, respectively (p＝0.0025), and 75.0% (3/4) and 11.8% (2/17) of the patients, respectively, had a past history of abdominal surgery (p＝ 0.0276). There were no significant differences between patients with and without POPI in any of the following factors examined : sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, pT-category, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, preoperative serum levels of hemoglobin, creatinine, total protein, and albumin, operative time, blood loss, transfusion volume, stomal side, postoperative day of ambulation, and removal of epidural anesthesia tube. In conclusion, our results showed that increasing age and a past history of abdominal surgery were significantly associated with the occurrence of POPI after radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy.	bladder
Selective organ preservation in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: review of the literature.	The standard of care for transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder with invasion to the muscularis propria is radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. However, currently there is a tendency for organ preservation in selected cases of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Trimodality treatment, including transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), radiation therapy and chemotherapy, has been shown to produce 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates comparable to those of radical cystectomy. The current 5-year overall survival rates range from 50 to 67% with trimodality treatment, and approximately 75% of the surviving patients maintains their bladder. After trimodality treatment complete response is obtained in more than 70% of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clinical criteria helpful in determining patients for bladder preservation include such variables as small tumor size (<2 cm), early tumor stage (T2-T3 disease), a visibly and microscopically complete TURBT, absence of ureteral obstruction, no evidence of pelvic lymph node metastases, and absence of carcinoma in situ (Tis). The close collaboration of urologists, radiation oncologists and medical oncologists is of paramount importance in succeeding in bladder preservation.	bladder
Influence of renal excretory function on the performance of urine based markers to detect bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: In hematuria cases urine based tests are used to detect bladder cancer, although the diagnostic yield remains insufficient due to influencing variables, including urinary tract infection. Many patients are elderly with renal insufficiency and have proteinuria as an additional influencing factor. To our knowledge no data are available on the accuracy of urine based bladder cancer tests in conjunction with renal function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urine samples of 449 patients with hematuria and histology were included in analysis. Cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunocytology and nuclear matrix protein 22 assay were done. Renal function was classified as normal, impaired or severely impaired based on serum creatinine, the glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria. False-positive rates were statistically compared in regard to renal function. RESULTS: A total of 382 patients did not have bladder cancer. There was an increased false-positive rate for creatinine and the glomerular filtration rate. The nuclear matrix protein 22 test showed a 22.0% and 46.7% false-positive rate in the normal and limited function cohorts, respectively (p = 0.05). Similar trends were noted for proteinuria. Indeterminate significance was detected, separating those with severely impaired function for immunocytology and those in the normal group for fluorescence in situ hybridization (p = 0.08 and 0.06, respectively). Proteinuria was a significant factor for urine cytology with increased false-positive results in the absence of urinary tract infection (p = 0.0017 and 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study of renal function and the accuracy of urine based bladder cancer markers. Renal function influences the diagnostic yield. A decreased glomerular filtration rate was associated with increased false-positive nuclear matrix protein 22 results while proteinuria decreased urine cytology specificity. Renal function should be considered when urine based bladder cancer tests are interpreted.	bladder
Role of hexaminolevulinate-guided fluorescence cystoscopy in bladder cancer: critical analysis of the latest data and European guidance.	OBJECTIVE: Hexaminolevulinate (HAL) is an optical imaging agent used with fluorescence cystoscopy (FC) for the detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Guidelines from the European Association of Urology (EAU) and a recent, more detailed European expert consensus statement agree that HAL-FC has a role in improving detection of NMIBC and provide recommendations on situations for its use. Since the publication of the EAU guidelines and the European consensus statement, new evidence on the efficacy of HAL-FC in reducing recurrence of NMIBC, compared with white light cystoscopy (WLC), have been published. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To consider whether these new trials have an impact on the expert guidelines and on clinical practice (e.g. supporting existing recommendations or providing evidence for a change or expansion of practice), a group of bladder cancer experts from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden met to address the following questions: What is the relevance of the new data on HAL-FC for clinical practice in managing NMIBC? What impact do the new data have on European guidelines? How could HAL-FC be used in clinical practice? and What further information on HAL-FC is required to optimize the management of NMIBC? RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: This article reports the outcomes of the discussion at the Nordic expert panel meeting, concluding that, in line with European guidance, HAL-FC has an important role in the initial detection of NMIBC and for follow-up of patients to assess tumour recurrence after WLC. It provides practical advice, with an algorithm on the use of this diagnostic procedure for urologists managing NMIBC.	bladder