crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[Retroperitoneal fibrosis due to Schistosoma japonicum: a case report].	We report a case of retroperitoneal fibrosis due to Schistosoma Japonicum in patient with urothelial carcinoma. Retroperitoneal fibrosis was observed in a-83-year-old man during examinations for postrenal renal failure. The symptoms were improved by percutaneous nephrostomy and pulse therapy using corticosteroids, however, urothelial carcinoma was detected during follow-up examinations. The biopsy of retroperitoneal tissue was performed during the surgery for urothelial carcinoma. The histopathological examination revealed scattered calcified eggs of Schistosoma Japonicum in retroperitoneal fibrosis tissue. Therefore, in this case, we assumed Schistosoma Japonicum was the cause of retroperitoneal fibrosis. In our knowledge, there is no report about retroperitoneal fibrosis due to Schistosoma Japonicum. We hypothesize the pathway that the eggs penetrate into retroperitoneal space is extravasation from intestinal wall and peritoneal cavity, although the detail of this mechanism is not obvious. It is well known about the relationship between Schistosomasis and malignant tumors. However, it seemed no evidence regarding the relationship between Schistosoma Japonicum and urothelial carcinoma, since there is no report about it and the eggs were not found in specimen of urothelial carcinoma.	bladder
Confocal laser endomicroscopy for the diagnosis of urothelial bladder neoplasia: a technology of the future?	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate bladder urothelium by confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) and correlate microscopic findings with standard histopathology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fresh bladder urothelium tissue specimens were topically stained with acriflavine for instantaneous microscopic imaging. A single-line laser in a handheld CLE probe delivered an excitation wavelength of 488 nm providing a high resolution of 0.7 µm and an adjustable imaging depth of 0-250 µm. Resection specimens of 18 patients were investigated with 1000-fold magnification and ex vivo findings were compared with targeted histopathology (haematoxylin and eosin staining). RESULTS: Typical tumour growth patterns such as altered nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, pseudopapillar tissue stratification and neoangiogenesis were readily visible. Nuclear and subnuclear architecture of healthy bladder tissue could be discriminated against neoplastic tissue. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to white light cystoscopy, CLE is a promising novel tool for the in vivo microscopic visualization of bladder cancer; first results of the present study show its potential to define microscopic characteristics of bladder cancer tissue. Further in vivo studies are necessary to determine sensitivity and specificity of the technique.	bladder
Evaluation of narrow-band imaging as a complementary method for the detection of bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: We evaluated the use of narrow-band imaging (NBI) cystoscopy for the detection of bladder cancer and analyzed its diagnostic efficacy in cases of carcinoma in situ (CIS) and in cases with known urine cytology results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective controlled study of NBI was conducted in 104 consecutive patients with definite or suspected bladder cancer. Transurethral targeted biopsies were performed after white light imaging (WLI) and NBI cystoscopy, and the histologic outcomes were compared. RESULTS: A total of 313 biopsies were taken, including 161 from sites identified as potentially abnormal by NBI and/or WLI cystoscopy, and 152 from apparently normal sites. The percentage of malignancies in the sites identified only by NBI was 55.7% (39/70 places). In 26.9% of patients (28/104), bladder tumors were detected only by NBI. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and likelihood ratio of a negative test (NLR) for the detection of bladder tumors using NBI in all patients were 92.7%, 70.9%, 63.4%, 94.7%, and 0.10, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and NLR for the detection of CIS using NBI were 89.7%, 74.5%, 78.8%, 87.2%, and 0.14, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and NLR for the detection of bladder tumors using NBI in patients with positive vs negative urine cytology were 85.4% vs 98.4%, 75.7% vs 66.3%, 61.2% vs 64.5%, 92.0% vs 98.5%, and 0.19 vs 0.02, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: NBI is a simple and effective method for identifying bladder tumors including CIS without the need for dyes because of its high sensitivity, high NPV, and low NLR.	bladder
Phase I clinical trial and pharmacokinetics of intravesical mitomycin C in dogs with localized transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.	BACKGROUND: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common cancer of the urinary tract in dogs. The most frequent cause of death is urinary obstruction from the primary tumor. Standard medical therapy for TCC is only partially effective. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Intravesical administration of mitomycin C (MMC) in dogs with invasive TCC will result in antitumor activity against the primary tumor and minimal systemic drug absorption. ANIMALS: Thirteen privately owned dogs with naturally occurring, histopathologically diagnosed TCC of the urinary bladder. METHODS: A prospective phase I trial was performed. MMC was given intravesically (600 μg/mL initial concentration) for 1 h/d for 2 consecutive days each month. The MMC concentration was escalated to a maximum of 800 μg/mL in groups of 3 dogs until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined. Serum assays for MMC were performed to determine the extent of systemic absorption of the MMC. RESULTS: The MTD of MMC based on local toxicoses was 700 μg/mL (1-h dwell time, 2 consecutive days). In addition, 2 dogs had severe myelosuppression and appeared to have systemic absorption of MMC. Five dogs had partial remission, and 7 dogs had stable disease. CONCLUSIONS: Intravesical MMC has antitumor activity in dogs with invasive TCC. Further study is needed to determine the cause of the myelosuppression associated with MMC administration, and to develop strategies to minimize this risk.	bladder
Frequency of P16INK4a and P14ARF genes methylation and its impact on bladder cancer cases in north Indian population.	INTRODUCTION: Amongst the genitourinary cancers, carcinoma of the urinary bladder is one of the leading causes of death in India. Hypermethylation of the CpG islands of gene promoter is one of the earliest and most frequent epigenetic alterations leading to cancer as well as in its development. Several studies have suggested that tumour suppressor genes play a key role in the development of cancer. Methylation in the CDKN2A has been associated with various malignant diseases, but information with respect to urinary bladder cancer is lacking in north Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the methylation of P16INK4a and P14ARF in 80 tissues and matched blood samples of patients suffering from bladder cancer and 80 blood samples of cancer-free individuals by MS-PCR. RESULTS: In tissue and matched blood samples of bladder cancer patients, the incidence of P14ARF hypermethylation significantly increased (OR=0.31, 95%CI =0.12-0.8, P=0.01) and (OR=0.0, 95%CI=0.0-0.62, P=0.006) respectively with an increase in age. Clinicopathological analysis revealed that P14ARF hypermethylation in tissue and blood samples was significantly associated with invasive stage (> or =T2) (OR=0.21, 95%CI = 0.08-0.51, P=0.0002) and (OR = 0.09, 95%CI = 0.03-0.37, P= 0.00001) respectively. Muscle invasive tumour stage (> or =T2) showed significant association with increased risk of P16INK4alpha promoter hypermethylation in tissue and blood samples of patients (OR = 0.38, 95%CI = 0.17-0.82, P= 0.01) and (OR = 0.13, 95%CI = 0.05-0.36, P= 0.00005) respectively. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the CpG island hypermethylation status of the defined panel of genes may be a useful biomarker in patients suffering from bladder cancer.	bladder
Investigation of human papillomavirus in bladder cancer in a series of Tunisian patients.	The association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and development of bladder cancer is variable. Furthermore, the prevalence of HPV DNA in bladder carcinoma subtypes varies from study to study. To clarify the impact of HPV infection on the development of bladder carcinoma, we performed a retrospective study on Tunisian patients to determine the status of HPV infection in urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. A total of 125 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue specimens of bladder carcinoma were reviewed and classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors (119 urothelial carcinomas, five squamous carcinomas, and one adenocarcinoma). Anogenital HPV DNA detection was performed using three different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques: the first one used primers pU-2R/pU-1M specific to high-risk oncogenic HPV; the second one used primers PU-2R/PU-31B specific to low-risk oncogenic HPV; and the third one employed consensus primers (E1-547R/E1-350L). No evidence of HPV infection was detected by morphological examination and PCR in any case of bladder carcinoma. Our study shows that the anogenital HPVs investigated are not associated with the pathogenesis of bladder cancer in Tunisia; however, the question of whether other subtypes of HPV contribute to bladder carcinogenesis remains to be clarified.	bladder
A water soluble parthenolide analog suppresses in vivo tumor growth of two tobacco-associated cancers, lung and bladder cancer, by targeting NF-κB and generating reactive oxygen species.	Dimethylaminoparthenolide (DMAPT) is a water soluble parthenolide analog with preclinical activity in hematologic malignancies. Using non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (A549 and H522) and an immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS2B) and TCC cell lines (UMUC-3, HT-1197 and HT-1376) and a bladder papilloma (RT-4), we aimed to characterize DMAPT's anticancer activity in tobacco-associated neoplasms. Flow cytometric, electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays (EMSA), and Western blot studies measured generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of NFκB DNA binding, and changes in cell cycle distribution and apoptotic proteins. DMAPT generated ROS with subsequent JNK activation and also decreased NFκB DNA binding and antiapoptotic proteins, TRAF-2 and XIAP. DMAPT-induced apoptotic cell death and altered cell cycle distribution with upregulation of p21 and p73 levels in a cell type-dependent manner. DMAPT suppressed cyclin D1 in BEAS2B. DMAPT retained NFκB and cell cycle inhibitory activity in the presence of the tobacco carcinogen nitrosamine ketone, 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Using a BrdU accumulation assay, 5-20 μM of DMAPT was shown to inhibit cellular proliferation of all cell lines by more than 95%. Oral dosing of DMAPT suppressed in vivo A549 and UMUC-3 subcutaneous xenograft growth by 54% (p = 0.015) and 63% (p < 0.01), respectively, and A549 lung metastatic volume by 28% (p = 0.043). In total, this data demonstrates DMAPT's novel anticancer properties in both early and late stage tobacco-associated neoplasms as well as its significant in vivo activity. The data provides support for the conduct of clinical trials in TCC and NSCLC.	bladder
Tracer kinetic analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and CT bladder cancer data: A preliminary comparison to assess the magnitude of water exchange effects.	The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of water exchange on tracer kinetic parameter estimates derived from T(1)-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI data using a direct quantitative comparison with DCE-CT. Data were acquired from 12 patients with bladder cancer who underwent DCE-CT followed by DCE-MRI within a week. A two-compartment tracer kinetic model was fitted to the CT data, and two versions of the same model with modifications to account for the fast exchange and no exchange limits of water exchange were fitted to the MR data. The two-compartment tracer kinetic model provided estimates of the fractional plasma volume (v(p)), the extravascular extracellular space fraction (v(e)), plasma perfusion (F(p)), and the microvascular permeability surface area product. Our findings suggest that DCE-CT is an appropriate reference for DCE-MRI in bladder cancers as the only significant difference found between CT and MR parameter estimates were the no exchange limit estimates of v(p) (P = 0.002). These results suggest that although water exchange between the intracellular and extravascular-extracellular space has a negligible effect on DCE-MRI, vascular-extravascular-extracellular space water exchange may be more important.	bladder
A potent chemotherapeutic strategy for bladder cancer: (S)-methoxy-trityl-L-cystein, a novel Eg5 inhibitor.	PURPOSE: Eg5, which has an essential role in the formation and maintenance of a bipolar mitotic spindle, was recently identified as an attractive target in cancer chemotherapy. We examined the anticancer activity of a novel Eg5 inhibitor for bladder cancer with particular reference to metastatic disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined bladder cancer cell lines and clinical tissue samples for Eg5 expression and analyzed the antiproliferative activity of 5 Eg5 inhibitors in cell lines by cell viability assay. The anticancer efficacy of the most potent Eg5 inhibitor was investigated in vitro by apoptosis assay with Hoechst nuclear staining and flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence and immunostaining were used to elucidate the inhibitory mechanism. We evaluated the inhibitory effect in vivo in subcutaneous xenograft and metastatic cancer models. RESULTS: Eg5 expression was increased in bladder cancer samples vs that in normal bladder epithelium samples. (S)-methoxy-trityl-L-cystein showed the strongest antiproliferative activity of the 5 Eg5 inhibitors and induced cell death after mitotic arrest via the caspase dependent apoptotic pathway. In vivo (S)-methoxy-trityl-L-cystein effectively suppressed tumor growth in subcutaneous and metastatic xenograft models. Survival time in (S)-methoxy-trityl-L-cystein treated nude mice was significantly longer than in untreated mice (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: (S)-methoxy-trityl-L-cystein is a promising, novel anticancer agent for bladder cancer. Our data indicates its potential as effective therapy for metastatic bladder cancer.	bladder
Radiotherapy in localized bladder cancer: what is the evidence?	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Bladder-sparing bladder treatments have recently been rejuvenated with the introduction of concomitant chemotherapy usually as part of multimodality therapy including endoscopic resection and radiotherapy. This article reviews recent evidence for the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of localized bladder cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: Several single institution series of multimodality radiochemotherapy have shown consistently fair disease-specific survival and local control in those who show a complete response after endoscopic resection. Developments in radiotherapy fractionation, adaptive planning and chemotherapy delivery are clearly in progress. SUMMARY: Much of the evidence is retrospective and involves treating locally advanced poor-risk patients. It would seem right to attempt to prospectively evaluate these treatments for truly localized (T1/2) bladder cancer.	bladder
Proteomic study of sera from patients with bladder cancer: usefulness of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins.	To effectively obtain tumour-specific markers, fractionated proteins obtained using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for patient-matched pre- and postoperative sera from bladder cancer patients were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The usefulness of the identified proteins was confirmed immunohistochemically. S100A8 and S100A9 were identified as tumour-associated proteins. The increased immunoreactive expression of S100A8 protein was associated with bladder wall muscle invasion of the tumour and cancer-specific survival (p<0.05), and the increased immunoreactive expression of S100A9 protein was associated with the tumour grade (p<0.05). In addition, increased expressions of both proteins was associated with recurrence-free survival at a median follow-up of 32.9 months (both p<0.05). On multivariate analysis, the expression of S100A8 was a significant predictor of recurrence (p<0.05). These findings may help to identify biologically aggressive tumors and, thus, patients who might benefit from more intensive adjuvant therapy.	bladder
[Urothelial carcinoma with an inverted growth pattern: a report of 4 cases].	"AIM: Urothelial (transitional cell) tumors account for about 90% of all bladder tumors. Their presentation varies from benign lesions that rarely recur to highly malignant tumors. Inverted (endophytic) growth pattern in urothelial carcinoma is particulary hard to distinguish from inverted papilloma. Morphologic criteria alone are not enough and immunohistochemical assesments must also be done, especially in cases of small size biopsy material or transurethral resections. The aim of this study was to accentuate the importance and ways of differentiation of this variable forms as their treatment and prognosis differ. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the period from 01.01.2008. to 30.06.2009. at Department of Pathology, University Hospital ""Sestre milosrdnice"" four patients were diagnosed with low-grade urothelial carcinoma with an inverted growth pattern. Routine histology and additional immunohistochemistry to p53, Ki-67 and CK 7 and 20 was performed. RESULTS: There were three male patients aging 37, 61 and 69 years and one female aged 46 (mean 53.3 years). Three patients presented with painless hematuria while the last patient had microhaematuria as an Incidental finding. Histologically, tumors formed nests of atypical urothelial cells. Very few or no mitotic figures were observed. Invasion of lamina propria was present in three specimens. Immunohistochemically, positive staining to p53 and CK 20 was observed in all four cases and staining to CK 7 in two. Staining to CK 20 was positive in 80%-100% of tumor cells while the number of p53 positive cells was between 20% and 40% in all four cases. Proliferative activity was assesed using Ki-67 antibody. The percentage of positively stained tumor cells, assesed in hot spots under high magnification (400x), was 5%, 7%, 8% and 12% (mean 8%). CONCLUSION: Urothelial carcinoma with inverted growth pattern and inverted papilloma have similar morphologic features but their biological behaviour, treatment and prognosis are different. In order to avoid the urothelial carcinoma to be misdiagnosed as a benign papilloma, we find it very important to make additional investigations beside conventional histology. Immunohistochemical staining for CK 20, p53 and Ki-67, which is positive in most carcinomas, can help us make the right diagnosis."	bladder
Inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 enhances the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine in urothelial cancer cells.	BACKGROUND: Elevated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is associated with resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy through anti-apoptotic function. The present study evaluated whether the HO-1 inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP), enhances the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine in urothelial carcinoma (UC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vitro cytotoxic effect of combination treatment of gemcitabine and ZnPP on UC cells was examined. The in vivo growth inhibitory effects of intraperitoneal administration of gemcitabine and/or ZnPP on mouse subcutaneous tumours were examined. The apoptotic changes were analysed with the detection of DNA fragmentation and cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS: HO-1 was up-regulated by both gemcitabine and irradiation treatment in vitro. ZnPP sensitised the UC cells to both therapies. Enhanced apoptosis was induced by the ZnPP combined with gemicitabine. ZnPP enhanced the antitumour effect of gemcitabine in vivo along with decreased numbers of proliferating cells and increased numbers of apoptotic cells. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that ZnPP combined with gemcitabine or irradiation therapy may be an effective therapeutic modality for UC patients.	bladder
Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: basic skills.	Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) is the standard surgical procedure for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. We believe that all urologists should be trained in this procedure. This DVD provides an overview of TURBT with particular focus on basic skills, including basic surgical techniques such as the obturator nerve block. Important basic surgical skills required for complete TURBT in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer are: (i) resection of all visible tumors; (ii) resection of apparently normal mucosa on the border of the tumor; (iii) resection of the muscle layer at the base of the tumor until normal muscle fibers are visible; (iv) in applicable cases, random biopsy of apparently normal urothelium of the bladder wall and transurethral resection (TUR) biopsy of both sides of the prostatic urethra; and (v) when possible, after these procedures are completed, a different operating surgeon should inspect the bladder lumen to confirm that there are no remaining tumors. In particular, sampling resection should be implemented in apparently normal mucosa for approximately 1 cm around the tumor, and at the base of the tumor down to the superficial muscle layer. Resected specimens should be examined histopathologically in order to confirm the absence of malignant findings. Fundamental procedures for TURBT include both one-stage and two-stage resection. One-stage resection is used for relatively small tumors and involves a single procedure with simultaneous resection of both the tumor and the tissue at the tumor base down to the superficial muscle layer. In the two-stage resection, the first resection exposes the lower level of the mucosa and the second resection removes that lower mucosal layer in order to sample the superficial muscle layer for cancer staging. At the start of the resection, the loop is electrified before it makes contact with the mucosa. Delicate movements of the sheath should be used, along with delicate movement of the loop itself to adjust the depth of resection. The illustration of surgical techniques shows not only the basic techniques but also some points for caution during the resection. For actual resection, it is important to fully understand the properties of the tumor and to combine these techniques appropriately for each individual resection procedure. When resecting multiple tumors, the same basic resection techniques used for single tumors should be applied, and repeated as necessary. (This is a translated section of a video article originally published in Japanese as a DVD in the Audio-Visual Journal Vol.14 No.1. 2008 by The Japanese Urological Association.).	bladder