crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Phase I trial of intravesical Suramin in recurrent superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma.	Suramin is an antitrypanosomal agent with antineoplastic activity, but with serious systemic side effects. We administered Suramin intravesically to determine a concentration with low toxicity but with evidence of a pharmacodynamic effect, to recommend a dose level for phase II trials. This was an open-labelled, non-randomized dose-escalation phase I study. In all, 12 patients with a history of recurrent superficial bladder cancer were grouped into four dose levels (10-150 mg ml(-1) in 60 ml saline). Six catheter instillations at weekly intervals were used. Cystoscopy and biopsy were performed before and 3 months after the start of treatment. Suramin was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and urinary protein profile using surface-enhanced laser desorption ionisation mass spectroscopy (SELDI). Minimal systemic absorption of Suramin was found at the highest dose of 150 mg ml(-1). Urinary VEGF was affected by Suramin at doses above 50 mg ml(-1), corresponding to the estimated threshold of saturation of Suramin binding to urine albumin. SELDI showed a specific disappearance of urinary protein peaks during treatment. Intravesical Suramin shows lack of toxicity and low systemic absorption. The results of this phase I trial support expanded clinical trials of efficacy at a dose of 100 mg ml(-1) intravesically.	bladder
Association of parasitic infections and cancers.	Recent advances in the fields of molecular biology, epidemiology and infectious diseases have led to significant revelations to clarify the relationship between cancer and infective agents. This article reviews the relationship between parasitic infections and carcinogenesis and the possible mechanisms involved. Few parasites, e.g., Schistosoma haematobium and Opisthorchis viverrini have been found to be strongly associated with bladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma respectively. The evidence for the association of several other parasites and cancers has also been postulated.	bladder
Laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy: our experience in a consecutive series of 10 patients with a 3 years follow-up.	OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is a feasible procedure but there is still controversy if laparoscopic treatment of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is oncologically safe. We report our experience with laparoscopic radical cystectomy in a consecutive series of 10 male patients with a 3 years follow-up. METHODS: Between June 2001 and July 2002, 10 men age 63 to 74 years (mean 68.8) underwent laparoscopic cystoprostatectomy with urinary diversion for muscle-invasive TCC or pT1 G3 TCC plus carcinoma in situ (Cis) after 2 cycles of intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin therapy and three or more transurethral resections (delayed cystectomy). RESULTS: Histopathology revealed 2 stage pT1N0 TCC G3 plus Cis, 1 stage pT2aN0 TCC G3 plus Cis, 1 stage pT2bN0 TCC G2, 4 stage pT2bN0 TCC G2-3, 1 stage pT2bN0 TCC G3, 1 stage pT3aN0 TCC G3. The mean follow-up is 30.4 months (range 23-36). No local recurrences, peritoneal carcinosis or trocar-site metastases occurred. Metastases presented in 4 of 10 cases (2 patients with a stage pT1N0 plus Cis and 2 patients with a stage pT2bN0 TCC) respectively after 7, 14, 16 and 28 months. These patients died respectively at 20, 18, 22 and 31 months later. One patient died for unrelated causes. Five patients are alive, free from disease. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is feasible and accomplished with low morbidity. Up to now publishing data do not support a verified negative oncological effect of the laparoscopy in the treatment of bladder TCC, but our initial results seem worst than those achieved with open surgery. The experience of other Institutions will help to provide objective evaluation of this new and controvers technique because it is not clearly demonstrated that laparoscopic radical cystectomy is an oncologically safe procedure in the management of bladder TCC. Thus in our opinion it should be still considered experimental.	bladder
Anaplastic signet ring cell carcinoma arising in gastrocystoplasty.	Augmentation cystoplasty operations using segments of gastrointestinal tract are often necessary in neurogenic low-compliance bladders. Patients are usually rehabilitated with an increase in storage volume and normalization of the reduced compliance. However, gut mucosa-related early and late complications are not very uncommon. Malignancy, although rare, is known to occur after enterocystoplasty, but only one such case has been reported for gastrocystoplasty, a single patient who developed urothelial carcinoma. We describe what we believe to be the first case of signet ring cell carcinoma developing after gastrocystoplasty.	bladder
[Endometriosis imitating bladder tumor in 2nd trimester of pregnancy].	OBJECTIVE: Case presentation of bladder endometriosis during 2nd trimester imitating urinary bladder tumour. SETTING: Mother and Child Care Institute, Prague. III. Medical School of Charles University, Prague. CASE REPORT: 25-years old patient, 2nd trimester of first pregnancy. TREATMENT: Partial bladder cystectomy. RESULT: Complete recovery succeded by term delivery. CONCLUSION: Tumouriform endometriosis of urinary bladder successfully treated by partial cystectomy allowing normal term delivery.	bladder
Personal use of hair dyes and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis.	CONTEXT: Use of hair dyes has been suggested recently as a risk factor for several types of cancer in epidemiologic studies. This alarming news and controversial declarations by scientific organizations and general media have made necessary a systematic evaluation of the epidemiologic evidence. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between personal use of hair dyes and relative risk of cancer. DATA SOURCES: We retrieved studies published in any language by systematically searching the MEDLINE (1966-January 2005), EMBASE, LILACS, and ISI Proceedings computerized databases and by manually examining the references of the original articles, reviews, and monographs retrieved. STUDY SELECTION: We included cohort and case-control studies reporting relative risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (or data to calculate them) of personal hair dye use and cancer. We excluded studies that dealt with occupational exposure. We carried out separate analyses for bladder, breast, and hematopoietic cancers and cancers of other sites. Seventy-nine studies were included of 210 articles identified in the search. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted independently by 2 investigators. We used a standardized questionnaire to record information on study design, sample size, type of controls, year of publication, adjustment factors, and relative risks of cancer among ever users of hair dyes. When possible, we extracted association measures on use of permanent dyes and extensive use (>200 lifetime episodes of dye use). DATA SYNTHESIS: Study-specific relative risks were weighted by the inverse of their variance to obtain fixed- and random-effects pooled estimates. The pooled relative risk for ever users of hair dyes was 1.06 (95% CI, 0.95-1.18) for breast cancer (14 studies), 1.01 (95% CI, 0.89-1.14) for bladder cancer (10 studies), and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.05-1.27) for hematopoietic cancers (40 studies). Other cancers were examined by only 1 or 2 studies, of which the pooled or single relative risk was elevated for brain cancer, ovarian cancer, and cancer of the salivary glands. No effect was observed for use of permanent dyes or for extensive use. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find strong evidence of a marked increase in the risk of cancer among personal hair dye users. Some aspects related to hematopoietic cancer and other cancers that have shown evidence of increased risk in 1 or 2 studies should be investigated further.	bladder
[Pelvic recurrence after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer].	OBJECTIVES: We report the case of a male patient who had undergone radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder for bladder cancer presenting with local recurrence eight months later. METHODS: Diagnostic tests included CT scan and ultrasound guided transrectal biopsy RESULTS: With the diagnosis of local recurrence he underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy CONCLUSIONS: The pelvic recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma after radical cystectomy is rare and prognosis is poor. It is frequently associated with advanced tumor stage. It should be treated by a multidisciplinary approach.	bladder
TP53 alterations and patterns of carcinogen exposure in a U.S. population-based study of bladder cancer.	"The molecular pathology of bladder cancer has been the subject of considerable interest, and current efforts are targeted toward elucidating the interrelationships between individual somatic gene loss and both etiologic and prognostic factors. Mutation of the TP53 gene has been associated with more invasive bladder cancer, and evidence suggests that TP53 mutation, independent of stage, may be predictive of outcome in this disease. However, there is no consensus in the literature that bladder carcinogen exposure is associated with inactivation of the TP53 gene. Work to date has been primarily hospital based and, as such, subject to possible bias associated with selection of more advanced cases for study. We examined exposure relationships with both TP53 gene mutation and TP53 protein alterations in a population-based study of 330 bladder cancer cases in New Hampshire. Tobacco smoking was not associated with TP53 alterations. We found a higher prevalence of TP53 inactivation (i.e., mutation and nuclear accumulation) among hair dye users (odd ratio [OR] = 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-14.7), and the majority of these mutations were transversions. Men who had ""at risk"" occupations were more likely to have mutated TP53 tumors (OR = 2.9; 95% CI 1.1-7.6). There also was a relative absence of TP53 mutation (OR = 0.4; 95% CI 0.0-2.9) and TP53 protein alterations (OR = 0.6; 95% CI 0.3-1.4) in bladder cancers from individuals with higher arsenic exposure. Our data suggest that there is exposure-specific heterogeneity in inactivation of the TP53 pathway in bladder cancers and that integration of the spectrum of pathway alterations in population-based approaches (capturing the full range of exposures to bladder carcinogens) may provide important insights into bladder tumorigenesis."	bladder
[Value of imaging for lymph node metastases from renal cell, bladder, prostate, penile, and testicular cancers].	Computed tomography (CT) imaging is the standard method for the assessment of lymph node metastases in renal cell and testicular cancer. In bladder cancer and prostate cancer the results of CT are not convincing due to a large number of false-negative findings and the prognostic relevance of undetected metastases. For both entities recent studies revealed that MR lymphography using iron oxide particles allows the detection of small metastatic lymph nodes. For penile cancer reliable results for imaging of lymph node metastases do not exist. PET imaging using [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the modality of choice in therapy control of seminomas but has no defined value in other urological malignancies. PET with [(11)C] choline and [(11)C] acetate offers great potential in staging and restaging of prostate cancer. Further investigations are necessary to determine the role of these new methods.	bladder
NAT2*5/*5 genotype (341T>C) is a potential risk factor for schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer in Egyptians.	Arylamine N-acetyl transferase (NAT2) displays extensive genetic polymorphisms that affect the rates of acetylation of drugs and genotoxic compounds such as amine carcinogens. To investigate whether the slow acetylator genotype is a risk factor for development of bladder cancer following schistosomal infection of the urinary tract, the authors determined the frequencies of 3 common polymorphisms in the NAT2 gene (341T>C, 590G>A, and 282C>T), which are associated with impaired acetylation activity, in control subjects (n=61; mean age 34.3+/-9.2 years) and in schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer patients (n=55; 52+/-10.9 years) from the Egyptian population. Genotyping was carried out using rapid cycle PCR on the LightCycler, and subjects were assigned to a slow, intermediate, or rapid acetylator phenotype on the basis of the genotypes. The frequencies of the mutant alleles observed in the controls from the present study were similar to those reported previously for both the Egyptian population and other Arab populations. Patients showed a higher prevalence (78.2%) of slow acetylator phenotype than controls (67.2%), but this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.19). However, there were significantly more individuals who were carriers of 2 mutant 341T>C alleles (NAT2*5/*5 genotype) in the patient group compared with controls (odds ratio 2.6, CI 1.02-6.67, P=0.026). The alloenzyme encoded by this allele has been shown to display a large reduction in its catalytic activity. In conclusion, these data suggest that the NAT2*5/*5 genotype is a potential risk factor for development of urinary bladder cancer in patients with prior schistosomiasis infection.	bladder
Roles of tumor suppressor and telomere maintenance genes in cancer and aging--an epidemiological study.	Advanced age is strikingly linked to increased incidence of cancer. To gain insight into the mechanism underlying the association between increased cancer incidence and aging in normal human physiological conditions, we used a case-control design and measured the mRNA expression levels of p53, ATM, hTERT and TRF2, the four major protectors of genomic integrity, in isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes from 202 confirmed bladder cancer (BC) patients and 199 healthy controls. Significant age effects on expression levels were observed. When we divided the study subjects into three age groups (<57, 57-65 and > or = 65), the expressions of p53, ATM and TRF2 significantly decreased with advancing age in cases (P for trend < or = 0.001, 0.01 and 0.01 for p53, ATM and TRF2, respectively). In controls, however, p53 expression significantly increased with advancing age (P for trend = 0.05). Among subjects > or = 65 years of age, the expressions of p53, ATM and TRF2 were significantly lower in cases than in controls (P = 0.003, 0.04 and 0.05 for p53, ATM and TRF2, respectively), suggesting that attenuated genomic maintenance mechanisms lead to increased cancer risk in older individuals. When we dichotomized our study population at the median age of study subjects (61 years old), low p53 expression was associated with a significantly increased BC risk in older people (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.00-5.16). In addition, older subjects without detectable hTERT expression had a significantly reduced BC risk (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.17-0.99). Our study provides the first epidemiologic evidence that the increased genomic instability resulting from the combination of telomere dysfunction, impaired ATM- and p53-mediated DNA damage, and/or telomere dysfunction response pathway contributes to increased cancer incidence in the elderly population.	bladder
Quantitative evaluation of telomerase subunits in urine as biomarkers for noninvasive detection of bladder cancer.	The aim of our study was to prospectively evaluate the potential diagnostic value and clinical applicability of quantitative analysis of telomerase subunits gene expression in urine for noninvasive detection of bladder cancer. Expression levels of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and human telomerase RNA (hTR) were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in urine samples from 163 subjects with bladder cancer and 237 controls (163 individuals with benign genitourinary diseases; 74 healthy subjects). The sensitivity, specificity and optimal cutoffs were determined and compared to the corresponding values obtained by voided urine cytology. Quantitative urinary hTR analysis detects bladder cancer with an overall sensitivity of 77.0%, whereas hTERT analysis reached a sensitivity of 55.2%. The majority of undetected tumors were small, low-grade pTa lesions. Both hTR and hTERT proved to be significantly more sensitive than cytology (34.5%; p < 0.001). Specificities for hTR, hTERT and cytology were 72.1%, 85.0% and 92.7%, respectively, in the total study population and 96.9%, 89.2% and 100%, respectively, in healthy subjects. Higher diagnostic accuracy was achieved by hTR than by hTERT analysis (p < 0.05). The specificity of hTR increased to 85.0% in the total population if urinary leukocyte contamination was excluded. These data suggest that quantitative hTR analysis is the most accurate telomerase-based test for bladder cancer detection and has the potential to replace cytology as a noninvasive biomarker for disease diagnosis and follow-up.	bladder
Quantification of G protein Gaalphas subunit splice variants in different human tissues and cells using pyrosequencing.	The G protein Galphas is derived from four alternatively spliced transcripts, two long variants (Galphas(L)+CAG and Galphas(L)-CAG), which include an extra 45-bp segment, and two short variants (Galphas(S)+CAG and Galphas(S)-CAG). The long and short forms differ in each case by splicing in or out of a serine residue encoded at the 3' end of the variable exon 3. The relative expression of all four variants in human tissues is poorly investigated due to experimental limitations. We therefore established a method for reliable relative mRNA quantification of these splice variants based on the Pyrosequencing technology, and determined Galphas transcript ratios in various human tissues and cells. Galphas(S)/Galphas ratio was highest in blood mononuclear cells (0.84 +/- 0.02, n = 16) and lowest in the brain (0.51 +/- 0.14, n = 3). The different ranges resulted from differences in Galphas(S)+CAG ratios, which ranged from a total Galphas ratio of 0.32 +/- 0.07 (n = 12) in heart tissue to 0.57 +/- 0.03 (n = 16) in blood mononuclear cells (p < 0.0001), whereas the Galphas(S)-CAG ratio was rather constant and ranged from 0.22 +/- 0.04 (n = 7) in retinoblastoma cells to 0.27 +/- 0.04 in lymphocytes (p = 0.19). The Galphas(L)+CAG ratio ranged from 0.02 +/- 0.02 in heart tissue to 0.05 +/- 0.01 in retinoblastoma cells, with a varying proportion of Galphas(L)-CAG, which ranged from 0.14 +/- 0.02 in blood mononuclear cells to 0.41 +/- 0.08 in heart tissue. Stimulation of immortalized B lymphoblasts with isoproterenol resulted in significant changes of splice variant ratios. Our data indicate that changes of long and short ratios of Galphas in different tissues affected Galphas(L)-CAG and Gas(S)+CAG rather than Galphas(L)+CAG and Galphas(S-)CAG. Furthermore, stimulation of cells seemed to affect splice variant ratios. These results are, therefore, suggestive of different biological functions of these variants.	bladder
Recovery of erection after pelvic urologic surgery: our experience.	The incidence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients undergoing pelvic urologic surgery, the efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil-based rehabilitative treatment as first option in these patients, the role of spontaneous erection (SE) as a possible positive predictive factor to erection recovery after such treatment, and the role of second-line therapies in those nonresponders are evaluated. All the patients undergoing pelvic urologic surgery at our Institution between November 2002 and December 2003 were considered. Preoperative erectile function (EF) was evaluated by using the abridged five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF5) questionnaire. Study population was divided into separate groups considering grade of preoperative EF, nerve sparing (NS) surgery and type of procedure (radical prostatectomy, radical cystectomy (RC) or nerve and seminal sparing cystectomy). In total, 86 patients were evaluated. After 6 months, an increase in mean IIEF5 score of 12.9 points was found in those who had undergone a bilateral NSRP after vardenafil therapy, of 8.0 points in those who had undergone unilateral NSRP, of 11.3 in those who had undergone NSRC and of 11.5 in nerve and seminal sparing cistectomies. A better vardenafil response was found in patients with SE+(P<0.001). Among those vardenafil notresponders, 13 were treated by using intracavernous injections, one by vacuum device and three with penile prosthesis implant. In conclusion, in our experience, vardenafil showed to be well tolerated and effective for recovery of EF in patients undergoing pelvic urologic surgery. This drug was particularly effective for those with a normal preoperative EF undergoing an NS procedure. Of course, it should be recognized that the absence of a control group in the study represents an important limitation. However, based on the data from the literature, there is a strong belief that such an approach will lead to an earlier recovery of EF than without rehabilitative treatment.	bladder
The polyAT, intronic IVS11-6 and Lys939Gln XPC polymorphisms are not associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.	Chemical carcinogens from cigarette smoking and occupational exposure are risk factors for bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). The Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C (XPC) gene is essential for repair of bulky adducts from carcinogens. The Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C gene polymorphisms may alter DNA repair capacity (DRC), thus giving rise to genetic predisposition to bladder cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated linkage disequilibrium between three polymorphisms in the XPC gene (polyAT, IVS11-6 and Lys939Gln) and these have been shown to influence the DRC, as well as to be associated with bladder cancer risk. We analysed all three XPC polymorphisms in 547 bladder TCC patients and 579 cancer-free controls to investigate the association between these polymorphisms and bladder cancer susceptibility, and we also attempted to assess gene-environmental interactions. We confirmed strong linkage disequilibrium among the polymorphisms (Lewontin's D' > 0.99). Using logistic regression adjusting for smoking, occupational and family history, neither the heterozygote nor the homozygote variants of these polymorphisms were associated with increased bladder cancer risk (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] for heterozygote 0.82 [0.63-1.07], 0.82 [0.63-1.08] and 0.83 [0.63-1.08] for PolyAT, IVS11-6 and Lys939Gln, respectively and homozygote variant, 0.98 [0.68-1.42], 0.99 [0.69-1.43] and 1.01 [0.70-1.46]). Moreover, we did not find any significant interaction between these XPC polymorphisms and environmental exposure to cigarette smoking and occupational carcinogens.	bladder