crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[Beta-hCG producing urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report].	A 74-year-old man visited our hospital presenting with pollakisuria. Cystoscopy revealed a bladder cancer with necrotic tissue. The patient was initially treated by transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt). Pathologically, the tumor was shown to be a carcinoma of bladder with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) positivity. After TUR-Bt, chemotherapy with M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycine and cisplatin) was performed. This patient is still alive eight months after resection. To our knowledge, there are 37 cases of beta-hCG-producing urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder reported in the Japanese literature.	bladder
Evaluation of urine tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor, CYFRA 21-1, and urinary bladder cancer antigen for detection of high-grade bladder carcinoma.	OBJECTIVES: To assess the value of urine tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), CYFRA 21-1, which measures cytokeratin 19 fragment, and urinary bladder carcinoma antigen (UBC) for the detection of high-grade bladder carcinoma. METHODS: A total of 160 individuals were enrolled in the present study. Of these, 80 were patients with proven primary high-grade urothelial bladder cancer (group 1), 40 were healthy volunteers (group 2), and 40 had history of benign urologic disease (group 3). All were evaluated with respect to urinary TATI, CYFRA 21-1, and UBC levels. All these markers were evaluated using commercial kits. Cytology was also performed. RESULTS: The TATI measurements were significant greater in group 1 compared with groups 2 and 3. The cutoff point used for TATI, CYFRA 21-1, and UBC was 22, 2.8, and 12 microg/L, respectively. The overall sensitivity was 85.7% for TATI, 61.9% for CYFRA 21-1, 50% for UBC, and 42.8% for cytology. TATI was significantly more sensitive in Stage Ta (80%) than was CYFRA 21-1 (32%), UBC (12%), and cytology (20%). TATI was also more sensitive compared with other tumor markers for Stage T1 but not for Stage T2 or T3. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study have shown that TATI is a promising urinary tumor marker for high-grade urothelial bladder cancer. It is more sensitive than CYFRA 21-1, UBC, and cytology for Stage Ta and T1 bladder cancer.	bladder
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression in urothelial carcinomas of the bladder: association with differentiation, proliferation and clinical outcome.	AIMS: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor that regulates the transcription of various target genes. Our purpose is to investigate the clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of PPARgamma expression in human urothelial bladder cancer (BUC). METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was applied in 117 paraffin-embedded specimens of human BUC to detect the proteins PPARgamma and Ki67. The image analysis method was used for the evaluation of the immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: PPARgamma protein was localized in the nuclei of the malignant cells. Its expression was inversely associated with the stage of BUCs (p<0.001), tumor grade (p=0.007) and the expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 (p=0.015) while it was found to exert a favorable effect on patients' overall survival (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study suggest that in BUC, PPARgamma expression can identify patients with a better prognosis who suffer from more differentiated, non-invasive tumors, of a low proliferative potential.	bladder
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder: case report and review of the literature.	Small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the urinary bladder are rare and usually coexist with urothelial carcinoma in elderly patients. Here we report the clinical case of a young smoker who was referred to our institution for a primary pure neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder, and review the existing literature on small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the urinary bladder.	bladder
UCA1, a non-protein-coding RNA up-regulated in bladder carcinoma and embryo, influencing cell growth and promoting invasion.	A non-protein-coding RNA, UCA1, has been cloned from human bladder TCC cell line BLZ-211 by using 5' and 3' RACE. The UCA1 full-length cDNA was 1442 bp. RT-PCR analysis indicated that UCA1 is an embryonic development and bladder cancer-associated RNA. The proliferative, migrative, invasive, and drug resistance behaviors of human bladder TCC cell line BLS-211 were enhanced by exogenous UCA1 expression in vitro. Several potential target genes of UCA1 were identified through microarray analysis. Moreover, the expression of UCA1 also increased tumorigenic potential of BLS-211 cells in nude mice. Results from the present study suggested that UCA1 might play a pivotal role in bladder cancer progression and embryonic development.	bladder
High incidence of lung cancer after non-muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: implications for screening trials.	PURPOSE: Lung cancer screening trials depend on the selection of a sufficiently high-risk population. Because not all smokers develop cancer, we hypothesize that a history of tobacco-associated malignancy might more reliably predict for subsequent lung cancer. Because patients with early-stage bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) often have a long survival, we considered whether they would constitute a suitable population for a screening study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with Ta/is/1 N0 M0 TCC of the bladder and no history of previous cancer treated surgically between 1983 and 2002 were studied using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The incidence and cancer-specific mortality of second nonurothelial solid organ cancers was determined. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 15-year actuarial incidences were determined. RESULTS: From 1983 to 2002, 8300 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were entered into the SEER-9 Registry. Among them, the SIR for a second solid organ malignancy was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.18-1.32). The SIR was significantly increased for tumors of the lung (1.71), head and neck (1.32), and prostate (1.28). The 15-year incidence of and mortality from lung cancer were 8.8% and 8.6%, respectively. Among all nonurothelial second malignancies, lung cancers accounted for 32.5% of the incidence and 53.4% of cancer-specific deaths. Moreover, lung cancer accounted for 12.2% of overall deaths in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder TCC suffer a high incidence of mortality from lung cancer and might constitute a suitable population for a lung screening trial. Other tobacco-related health events might add to smoking history in identifying high-risk populations.	bladder
Association of low expression of notch-1 and jagged-1 in human papillary bladder cancer and shorter survival.	PURPOSE: We investigated the expression of Notch receptors and ligands in normal bladder transitional epithelium and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. We also explored its clinical and pathological implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of Notch-1 to 3, Jagged-1 and Delta-like-1 was detected respectively in 70 cases of bladder carcinoma, 10 of normal urothelium and the 2 cell lines T24 and BIU-87 using immunohistochemistry. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to assay the expression level of Notch-1 and Jagged-1. The predictive value of this expression for prognosis was investigated by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards analysis in a multivariate model. RESULTS: All 5 kinds of Notch factors were intensively stained in normal bladder transitional epithelium immunohistochemically but expression was significantly decreased in tumor tissues. Moreover, expression of the 5 genes in papillary tumors was lower than in invasive tumors but only Notch-1 and Jagged-1 showed a statistically significant difference. Postoperative disease-free survival time in patients with low Notch-1 plus Jagged-1 expression was significantly shorter than that in patients with other expression patterns in papillary tumors (p = 0.014). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis identified Jagged-1 expression as an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (RR 3.09, p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: The Notch family expression pattern in papillary bladder transitional cell carcinoma is different from that in invasive bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Low expression of Notch-1 as well as Jagged-1 is potentially a useful marker for survival in patients with papillary bladder transitional cell carcinoma.	bladder
Effect of cranberry juice concentrate on chemically-induced urinary bladder cancers.	The chemopreventive efficacy of cranberry juice concentrate in an experimental model of urinary bladder cancer was evaluated using female Fischer-344 rats. The animals received N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (OH-BBN) for a period of eight weeks. Cranberry juice concentrate was administered at doses of 1.0 or 0.5 ml/rat/day beginning one week after the final OH-BBN treatment and continuing until the end of the study. The urinary bladders of all the rats were weighed and examined grossly for lesions, and all masses were submitted for pathological evaluation. A dose-dependent preventive effect of cranberry treatment was observed, with a reduced number of urinary bladder cancers (38%) in the 1.0 ml/rat/day group versus the control group. The cranberry extract neither affected body weight gain nor caused other signs of toxicity. For the metabolic studies, serum and urine were collected at 4 and 12 h after the administration of the cranberry juice concentrate and were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Quercetin and its methylated derivative were detected in the urine samples. However, no quercetin was detected in the serum samples, indicating its poor bioavailability. These data suggest that components of cranberries may be effective in preventing urinary bladder carcinogenesis.	bladder
Urological care of the spinal cord-injured patient.	Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic occurrence affecting the lives of 11,000 people in the United States every year. Urologic complications account for much of the morbidity associated with SCI and as much as 15% of the associated mortality. Spinal cord-injured patients are required to digest a plethora of self-management information during the emotionally and psychologically distressing period immediately following their injury. As a vital resource in the SCI patients' recovery process, it is crucial for the WOC nurse to have knowledge of the specialized needs of this population. This article reviews the effects of SCI on bladder function, discusses potential complications of the neurogenic bladder, and provides an overview of management options to assist the patient in adaptation and restoration of quality of life.	bladder
Characterizing the dimensions of clinical practice guideline evolution.	The ever growing pace at which medical knowledge is produced requires clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) to be regularly updated. Since clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) are effective means to implement guidelines in routine care, they have to be revised as their knowledge sources evolve. From one version to another, some parts are kept unchanged whereas others are more or less modified. We propose to characterize formally the different dimensions of recommendation evolution in two successive guideline versions from the knowledge modelling perspective. Each atomic recommendation is represented as a rule connecting a clinical condition to recommended action plans. Using subsumption-based comparisons, seven evolution patterns were identified: No change, Action plan refinement, New action plan, Condition refinement, Recommendation refinement, New practice, and Unmatched recommendation. The method has been evaluated on French bladder cancer guidelines in the revisions of 2002 and 2004.	bladder
Associations among age, comorbidity and clinical outcomes after radical cystectomy: results from the Alberta Urology Institute radical cystectomy database.	PURPOSE: We determined the associations among age, comorbidity and clinical outcomes after radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a retrospective cohort analysis of 314 consecutive patients with primary bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy between January 2000 and December 2006 in Edmonton, Canada. Comorbidity was obtained through a medical record review using the Adult Comorbidity Evaluation-27 instrument. The main clinical outcomes were 90-day mortality, early postoperative complications, and major and minor early postoperative complications. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine predictors of clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The 90-day mortality, any early postoperative complications, and major and minor early postoperative complications occurred in 18 (5.7%), 148 (47.1%), 78 (24.8%) and 92 (29.3%) patients, respectively. In univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis age was not associated with 90-day mortality or early postoperative complications. In contrast, compared to patients with no or mild comorbidity, multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and surgeon procedure volume showed that severe comorbidity was associated with an increased risk of 90-day mortality (OR 6.4, p = 0.03). In addition, compared to patients with no or mild comorbidity, multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, surgeon procedure volume, type of urinary tract reconstruction and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage showed that moderate and severe comorbidity were associated with any early postoperative complications (moderate OR 5.2, p <0.001; severe OR 7.0, p <0.001), major early postoperative complications (moderate OR 11.4, p <0.001; severe OR 15.2, p <0.001) and minor early postoperative complications (moderate OR 2.1, p = 0.019; severe OR 2.2, p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing comorbidity was independently associated with an increased risk of 90-day mortality and early postoperative complications after radical cystectomy.	bladder
Relationship between the expression of RASSF1A protein and promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A gene in bladder tumor.	To investigate the relationship between the expression of RASSF1A protein and promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A gene, RASSF1A protein expression was measured by Western blotting in 10 specimens of normal bladder tissues and 23 specimens of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC). The promoter methylation in BTCC and normal bladder tissues was detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). The results showed that the expression level of RASSF1A protein was significantly lower in BTCC tissues than that in normal bladder tissues. However, it was not correlated with its clinical stages and pathological grades. The frequency of promoter methylation of RASSF1A gene was higher in BTCC tissues than that in normal bladder tissues. In 14 patients with the aberrant promoter methylation, 13 showed loss or low expression of RASSF1A protein. It is concluded that RASSF1A gene promoter methylation may contribute to the low level or loss of RASSF1A protein expression, the inactivation of RASSF1A gene and the genesis of BTCC. But, it may bear no correlation with its clinical stages and pathological grades.	bladder
Elevated oxidative stress and DNA damage and repair levels in urinary bladder carcinomas associated with schistosomiasis.	To cast light on mechanisms underlying development of urothelial carcinomas (UCs) of the urinary bladder associated with Schistosomiasis, we immunohistochemically analyzed the relationship between oxidative stress markers, DNA single strand breaks (ssDNA) which could also measure the levels of base damage and apoptosis in DNA, and expression of DNA repair genes with levels of nitric oxide synthases in bladder carcinomas of Egyptian patients with or without Schistosoma hematobium infection. Marked elevation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels was found in squamous cell carcinomas and UCs associated with Schistosomiasis when compared with non-Schistosomal carcinomas. This was accompanied by strong over expression of the DNA-repair genes, 8-oxoguanine-DNA-glycosylase and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, as well as increased formation levels of ssDNA. Expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which is known to be indirectly related to oxidative stress was higher in Schistosomal than in the non-Schistosomal carcinomas. However, expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase was slightly stronger in non-Schistosomal than in the Schistosomal carcinomas. In conclusion, these findings suggest a strong correlation between Schistosoma haematobium infection and increased levels of oxidative stress accompanied by a continuous DNA damage and repair in UCs, all directly correlating with elevated iNOS.	bladder
Urothelial carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder of rats treated with naveglitazar, a gamma-dominant PPAR alpha/gamma agonist: lack of evidence for urolithiasis as an inciting event.	Naveglitazar, a gamma-dominant peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha/gamma dual agonist, was tested for carcinogenicity in F344 rats in a 2-year study. Changes in urine composition and urothelial morphology were characterized in a companion 18-month investigative study. A significant increase in neoplasms of the bladder occurred only in females of the high-dose group (14/60) in the carcinogenicity study. Trends toward increased cell proliferation in the urothelium were noted in both sexes at all time points evaluated in the 18-month study. Group means for urothelial mitogenesis were increased statistically significantly only in high-dose females at 12 and 18 months. Urothelial hyperplasia occurred in high-dose females at 18 months. Morphologic changes in the urothelium at earlier time points were limited to hypertrophy and decreased immunolabeling of the superficial cells for cytokeratin 20 (a marker of terminal differentiation in urothelial cells) in both males and females. No treatment-related changes in urinary parameters, including urinary sediments, were associated with the occurrence of urothelial proliferation. Urinary pH was unaffected by treatment in both males and females, but expected diurnal changes were demonstrated. Collectively, these data indicate that naveglitazar was associated with hypertrophic and proliferative effects on the urothelium, but a link with changes in urinary parameters was not demonstrated.	bladder
[Place of laparoscopic radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma].	Radical cystectomy is the reference treatment for recurrent superficial or invasive bladder tumours. The most standardized incision is midline infra-umbilical laparotomy. The first laparoscopic cystectomy was performed in 1992 in a patient with neurogenic bladder and several teams have subsequently described this incision for the treatment of bladder tumours. The advantages of laparoscopy have been reported in terms of morbidity and earlier return to daily activities. The current oncological results of this incision are difficult to compare with those of conventional open surgery due to the insufficient follow-up. However, published series have not reported any significant difference in the intermediate term. Until convincing results become available, it therefore appears legitimate to allow teams skilled in laparoscopy to demonstrate the oncological efficacy of this approach. At the present time, the reference treatment for invasive bladder cancer remains open cystectomy.	bladder
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in adults: predilection for alveolar morphology with anaplasia and significant morphologic overlap with small cell carcinoma.	Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) represents the most common malignant soft tissue tumor in children and adolescents with the urinary bladder representing a frequent site. Most of these urinary bladder tumors are embryonal RMS, predominantly the botryoid subtype. RMSs of the urinary bladder in adults are distinctively rare and the subject of only case reports. We report the clinicopathologic features of 5 bladder neoplasms with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation in adults and emphasize the differential diagnosis in the adult setting. The patients, 4 men and 1 woman, ranged in age from 23 to 85 years (mean 65.4 y). Gross hematuria was the most common initial symptom, although 2 patients had metastatic disease at presentation. Four cases were pure primary RMSs of the bladder and 1 case was a sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma with RMS representing the extensive heterologous component. All 5 cases demonstrated a diffuse growth pattern (ie, non-nested), of which 4 cases had nuclear anaplasia (Wilms criteria without the atypical mitotic figure requirement); only 1 case (the sarcomatoid carcinoma) showed obvious rhabdomyoblastic differentiation (ie, strap cells). Three cases were of the alveolar subtype (1 admixed with embryonal histology) and 2 were RMS, not further classified. Microscopically, all tumors had a primitive undifferentiated morphology with cells containing scant cytoplasm, varying round to fusiform nuclei with even chromatin distribution, and frequent mitoses. The degree of morphologic overlap with small cell carcinoma of the bladder, a relatively more common round cell tumor in adults, was striking. The epithelial component of the sarcomatoid carcinoma was high-grade invasive urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation. No other case had previous history of bladder cancer or concurrent carcinoma in situ or invasive urothelial carcinoma. All tumors showed immunohistochemical expression for desmin, myogenin, and/or MyoD1. Synaptophysin was performed in 4 cases, and 3 showed weak cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. Two patients received chemotherapy, 2 underwent cystectomy, and 1 had transurethral resection alone. Outcome data were available in 4 cases, and all 4 died of disease (1, 4, 8, and 8 mo). In conclusion, (1) RMS of the urinary bladder in adults more commonly presents as a primitive round blue cell neoplasm that has significant morphologic and immunohistochemical overlap with small cell carcinoma of the bladder. (2) Although RMS in children generally have a botryoid embryonal histology with favorable outcome, bladder RMS in adults frequently demonstrates alveolar or unclassified histology, commonly with anaplasia, and have a uniformly aggressive clinical course.	bladder