crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Conditionally replicating adenovirus-mediated gene therapy in bladder cancer: an orthotopic in vivo model.	"INTRODUCTION: The effects of a conditionally replicating adenovirus on various bladder cancer lines were explored, a truncated bone sialoprotein (BSP) promoter controlling the E1a/b lytic-regulating sequence was used, since BSP protein is found in many osteotropic neoplasms, including bladder cancer. METHODS: Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to determine expression patterns of BSP and Coxsackie adenovirus receptor, a receptor known to interact with adenovirus, on multiple lines of bladder cancer (253J, 253J B-V, RT4, transitional cell carcinoma, T24, UMUC3, and WH). Ad-BSP-E1a was tested in vitro for lytic activity on 4 of these cell lines. The 253J B-V cell line was used and inoculated into female nude mice either subcutaneously in the flank or orthotopically into the bladder, and treated with control or Ad-BSP-E1a virus. RESULTS: BSP is expressed in RT4, transitional cell carcinoma, and WH. Meanwhile, Coxsackie adenovirus receptor was expressed in all lines except T24. Ad-BSP-E1a had the most impact on 253J and 253J B-V cells; cell density declined significantly when compared to phosphate-buffered saline and Ad-BSP-TK ""dummy"" virus-treatment groups. The 253J B-V tumors treated with Ad-BSP-E1a revealed a decreased percent change of size in the subcutaneous model when compared to controls at week 3. The orthotopic murine model showed decreased end tumor mass in the Ad-BSP-E1a treated group over controls. Histologic examination of in vivo tumors showed evidence of fibrosis and apoptosis in the Ad-BSP-E1a treated groups using hematoxylin-eosin, trichrome, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining. Control groups only had viable tumor in in vivo models. CONCLUSION: Adenovirus therapy of orthotopic murine bladder tumors is feasible. Ad-BSP-E1a is effective in treating very aggressive yet sensitive bladder tumor cells. Further study of this conditionally replicating adenovirus treatment (Ad-BSP-E1a) with chemotherapeutic combination is warranted, and future translation of such combination therapy into human beings is a possibility."	bladder
"Lymphadenectomy in bladder cancer: how high is ""high enough""?"	PURPOSE: The role of a regional lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of high-grade, invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder has evolved over the last several decades. Although the application of a lymphadenectomy for bladder cancer is not significantly debated, the absolute extent or level of proximal dissection of the lymphadenectomy remains a controversial issue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the literature should help elucidate the rationale and extent of an appropriate lymphadenectomy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Various surgical issues of lymphadenectomy as well as prognostic factors in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer are examined. RESULTS: A growing body of evidence, spanning from early autopsy and cadaveric studies to recent retrospective series and multicenter prospective trials, suggests that an extended lymph node dissection (cephalad extent to include the common iliac arteries) may provide not only prognostic information but also provide a therapeutic benefit for both patients with lymph node-positive and lymph node-negative disease undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Although the absolute boundaries of the lymphadenectomy remain a subject of controversy, historical reports confirmed by recent lymphatic mapping studies suggest the inclusion of the common iliac as well as possibly presacral nodes in the routine lymphadenectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The need to extend the dissection higher to include the distal para-aortic and paracaval lymph nodes may be important in select individuals but remains more controversial. The extent of the primary bladder tumor (p-stage), number of lymph nodes removed, the lymph node tumor burden (tumor volume), and lymph node density (number of lymph nodes involved/number of lymph nodes removed) are all important prognostic variables in patients undergoing cystectomy with pathologic evidence of lymph node metastases. Systemic adjuvant chemotherapy remains a mainstay of treatment of patients with lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Radical cystectomy with an appropriately performed lymphadenectomy provides the best survival outcomes and lowest local recurrence rates. Although the absolute limits of the lymph node dissection remain to be determined, evidence supports a more extended lymphadenectomy to include the common iliac vessels and presacral lymph nodes at cystectomy in patients who are appropriate surgical candidates. When feasible, adjuvant chemotherapy is warranted in patients with positive nodal metastasis.	bladder
Economic impact of screening for bladder cancer using bladder tumor markers: a decision analysis.	PURPOSE: The Food and Drug Administration recently approved the use of bladder markers such as BladderChek (NMP22; Matritech, Inc., Newton, MA) and UroVysion (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) for use in screening for bladder cancer. The purpose of this analysis was to assess the cost associated with implementing a widespread screening program using a noninvasive bladder tumor marker. METHODS: Data for the accuracy of NMP22 in detecting bladder cancer was gathered from a comprehensive literature review. A decision tree analysis was constructed to evaluate the total cost of screening a low and high-risk population for bladder cancer using NMP22. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of relaxing the various assumptions in the model. RESULTS: Application of the model to all men, regardless of the degree of risk, rendered a cost per cancer detected of $783,913, $269,028, and $139,305 for ages 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years, respectively. Screening only patients at high-risk for bladder cancer (annual incidence 6%) would yield a cost per cancer detected of $3,310. Incidence of cancer and marker specificity had the highest influence on cost per cancer detected. CONCLUSIONS: Application of NMP22 to the entire population would render an extremely high cost per cancer detected. However, application to an appropriate high-risk target population could achieve cost per cancer detected comparable to currently used screening programs for prostate, colon, and breast cancer. Further studies are needed to assess the accuracy of bladder tumor markers in detecting bladder cancer in a completely asymptomatic cohort.	bladder
Timing cystectomy and perioperative chemotherapy in the treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer.	INTRODUCTION: The ability of cystectomy to cure patients with muscle-invasive transitional carcinoma of the bladder (TCC) is diminished by the presence of occult micrometatases. Chemotherapy contributes to cure to the extent that it may eradicate these micrometastases. In the absence of methods to preoperatively stage TCC precisely or assess tumor biology, we review the current literature regarding the timing of cystectomy and use of perioperative chemotherapy. Based on this data, we suggest optimal and feasible strategies for treating TCC in a resource-constrained environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic reviews of TCC were sought using electronic databases to obtain optimal information about: 1) the relationship between TNM stage and survival, 2) the effect of surgical waiting times on tumor stage and survival outcomes, 3) the benefits of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, and 4) the patients who benefit most from perioperative chemotherapy. RESULTS: Prospective data from the largest contemporary series of patients treated with cystectomy confirmed long-term survival in patients with extravesical and/or lymph node disease of 25%-47% at 5 years and 17%-27% at 10 years. Lymph node involvement was more common in patients with extravesical tumors. Retrospective studies of the effect of delay to cystectomy on outcomes showed higher tumor stage and reduced survival with delay of cystectomy beyond 12 weeks. Two individual patient data meta-analyses, including all currently available randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy to local therapy alone confirmed that overall survival is modestly improved by cisplatin-based combination neoadjuvant chemotherapy. None of these RCTs showed a detrimental effect of delaying cystectomy for this treatment. Tumor status at cystectomy appears to correlate with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: We propose immediate use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients suspected of having extravesical TCC. As most have micrometatastases, immediate surgery is less critical. For patients suspected of having organ-confined TCC, immediate cystectomy is recommended with adjuvant chemotherapy recommendations based on pathological staging. If surgery within 12 weeks is not possible for these patients, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with monitoring of response can be used. Improved preoperative staging and understanding of tumor biology are required to optimize the multimodality treatment of TCC.	bladder
Superficial (pT2a) and deep (pT2b) muscle invasion in pathological staging of bladder cancer following radical cystectomy.	PURPOSE: We compared and evaluated clinical outcomes in patients with pathological superficial (pT2a) and deep (pT2b) invasion of bladder muscle with transitional cell carcinoma following radical cystectomy and urinary diversion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1971 to 2001, 311 of 1,359 patients (23%), including 244 males (78%) and 67 females, were found to have pathological muscle invasive (pT2) bladder cancer following radical cystectomy. Of this group 147 patients (47%) had pT2a (superficial) and 164 (53%) had pT2b (deep) muscle invasive tumors. Overall 242 patients had no evidence of lymph node metastasis, including 127 with pT2a (86%) and 115 with pT2b (70%). A total of 69 patients (22%) had lymph node involvement, including 20 with pT2a (14%) and 49 with pT2b (30%). At a median followup of 14.3 years (range 0 to 30.1) clinical outcomes were determined, including recurrence-free and overall survival, and local vs distant recurrence. RESULTS: In the 311 patients with pT2 tumors 10-year recurrence-free and overall survival rates were 72% and 47%, respectively. There was a significantly higher risk of node positive disease with pT2b vs pT2a tumors (30% vs 14%, p <0.001). No significant difference was observed in 10-year recurrence-free survival in patients with pT2a node negative vs pT2b node negative tumors (84% vs 72%, p = 0.091). When comparing pT2a node positive vs pT2b node positive tumors, no significant difference was observed in 10-year recurrence-free survival (50% vs 48%, p = 0.84). Recurrence-free survival was significantly higher in patients with pT2 lymph node negative tumors than in those with pT2 lymph node positive tumors (79% vs 49%, p <0.001). Furthermore, these differences remained significant when stratified by pT2a and pT2b node negative vs positive disease. Local pelvic recurrence developed in 10 of 311 patients (3%) with pT2 disease, while 69 (22%) had distant metastatic disease. In patients with recurrence the local or distant recurrence site was not associated with tumor stage (pT2a vs pT2b p = 0.24) or lymph node status (node negative vs positive p = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: In muscle invasive (pT2) bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy there is a higher risk of lymph node positive disease in deep muscle (pT2b) vs superficial (pT2a) invasion. However, no apparent difference was observed in recurrence-free survival between pT2a (superficial) vs pT2b (deep) muscle invasive tumors when controlling for lymph node status. Recurrence-free survival is significantly improved in patients with pT2 lymph node negative tumors compared to survival in those with pT2 lymph node positive tumors. Patients with muscle invasive (pT2), lymph node negative tumors have excellent clinical outcomes following cystectomy, while those with muscle invasive (pT2), lymph node positive tumors have higher recurrence rates and should be considered for adjuvant treatment protocols.	bladder
[Diet in bladder cancer ethiopathogenesis].	The aim of this paper is to show influence of different foods on bladder cancer appearance, as well as possible consequent ways of prevention. Consuption of food rich in animal fat and cholesterol, fried foods, especially several times used cookin oil for frying, processed meat with additives (nitrates, nitrites, azo-colourrs) can influence bladder cancer occurrence. Regularly, continous consumption of fermented milk products, which contains come types of milky--acids bacterias, is considered as protective factor in developing bladder cancer. Reports that fruit and vegetable are protective food items are pretty consistent. Data about mineral intake and bladder cancer are obscure.	bladder
Formulas calculating creatinine clearance are inadequate for determining eligibility for Cisplatin-based chemotherapy in bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: Efficacy of formulas calculating creatinine clearance (CrCl) to determine renal function eligibility (CrCl > 60 mL/min) for cisplatin-based chemotherapy has not been examined adequately in the bladder cancer population. We hypothesize these formulas may underestimate measured CrCl, and therefore the eligibility for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A database of 208 patients with unresectable or metastatic bladder cancer treated on protocol at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY) with cisplatin-based chemotherapy between 1983 and 1994 was examined retrospectively. The association between measured and calculated CrCl and the ability to complete three cycles (minimum therapeutic) of chemotherapy was examined. RESULTS: Baseline measured CrCl was less than 60 mL/min in 16% compared with 12% to 44% using various formulas. Concordance between calculated and measured CrCl less than 60 mL/min was poor (range of kappa, 0.14 to 0.38). In patients older than age 65, 22% had a measured CrCl less than 60 mL/min, compared with 10% to 63% calculated using various formulas. Overall, 80% completed at least three cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The ability to complete at least three cycles was statistically significantly related with a measured CrCl more than 60 mL/min (P = .02), but not with calculated CrCl more than 60 mL/min. CONCLUSION: Current formulas estimating CrCl tend to underestimate measured CrCl, especially in those older than 65 years. Depending on the formula used, up to 44% who actually received cisplatin-based chemotherapy based on measured CrCl would be deemed ineligible at present, potentially affecting survival outcomes. Methodology for determining CrCl and/or renal eligibility for cisplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with bladder cancer should be re-examined.	bladder
E-cadherin expression in transitional cell carcinomas.	The authors analyzed the expression of E-cadherin, one of the most important cell adhesion molecules, on histological slides of tumors of bladder cancer patients. The aim of the study was to see whether there is any association between E-cadherin expression and tumor grade, stage, age and gender of the patients, number of recurrences, or overall survival. The samples were examined in 51 primary bladder transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of 50 patients, resected by transurethral resection (TUR) between January 1, 1996 and January 1, 1997. Immunoreactions were performed with monoclonal anti-human E-cadherin antibody. Forty of the fifty patients could be clinically followed. The analysis of the results on these forty patients was performed by contingency analysis and significance was assessed by chi2 test. No significant association between E-cadherin expression and tumor grade, stage, age or gender of the patients, the number of recurrences, or overall survival could be seen.	bladder
Comparative study of NMP-22, telomerase, and BTA in the detection of bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: The diagnostic efficacy of Nuclear Matrix Protein-22 (NMP-22), bladder tumor antigen (BTA TRAK), and telomerase activity was evaluated in urine in a trial to assess their value in the detection of bladder cancer and to compare it to that of routine urine cytology. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included 46 newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients, diagnosed by cystoscopy and histopathological typing, in addition to 20 patients with benign bladder lesions and 20 healthy age and sex matched volunteers as a control group. Fifty percent of the cancer patients (23/46) had proven bilharzial history. Most patients (27/46) had transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), 17/46 had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), while only 2 patients had adenocarcinoma. A single freshly voided urine sample (approximately 100ml) was collected from each patient and control subject and aliquoted for each test. All assays were conducted according to the manufacturer's guidelines and the results were compared to those of urine cytology. RESULTS: The optimal cutoffs for NMP-22, BTA and telomerase activity as calculated by ROC curves were 12.1 U/ml, 78 U/ml, 0.48 (Ratio) respectively. The levels of the three parameters were significantly higher in the malignant group compared to either the benign group or normal controls, (p<0.001) and the positive rates were also higher in the malignant group for all 3 parameters. The overall sensitivity of urine cytology, NMP-22, BTA and telomerase was 54.3%, 91.3%, 100% and 80.4% respectively. For bilharzial cancer bladder respective sensitivities were 69.6%, 95.6%, 100% and 73.9%, while for nonbilharzial cancer bladder the respective sensitivities were 39.1%, 87%, 100% and 87%. The overall specificities with urine cytology, NMP-22, BTA and telomerase was 100%, 87.5%, 92.5% and 95.0%, respectively. Combined sensitivity of voided urine cytology with one or more of the 3 biomarkers, or the use of these biomarkers in double or triple combinations gave higher positivity than each biomarker alone. CONCLUSION: BTA showed the highest sensitivity in all the studied parameters in the bladder cancer group, bilharzial bladder cancer subgroup, and non bilharzial bladder subgroup, (100%), while the highest specificity was recorded with urine cytology (100%), followed by telomerase (95%), then BTA (92.5%), and lastly NMP- 22 (87.5%). Use of markers in combination with cytology, or in a panel, improved the sensitivity, and specificity.	bladder
[Expression of TFAR19(PDCD5) in normal human kidney, renal clear cell carcinoma, normal human bladder and bladder carcinoma].	OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of apoptosis gene PDCD5 in tissues of normal human kidney, renal clear cell carcinoma, normal bladder and bladder carcinoma, and explore the role of PDCD5 gene in renal clear cell carcinoma and bladder carcinoma. METHODS: Indirect immunohistochemistry was employed to detect PDCD5 expression in 63 kidney specimens and 42 bladder specimens. Positive expression rates and intensity of PDCD5 protein expression in the kidney tissue were investigated microscopically and by computerized image analysis. Positive expression rate in the bladder tissue was investigated by microscopic observation. RESULTS: The results of immunohistochemical staining showed PDCD5 protein overexpression in the renal tubule of normal human kidney tissues and downregulation with the stage increase of renal clear cell carcinoma. PDCD5 protein expression showed statistical significance in tissues of normal kidney and renal clear cell carcinoma in all stages. No obvious PDCD5 expression was detected in the tissues of normal human bladder and bladder carcinoma. CONCLUSION: PDCD5 is an important apoptosis-regulating factor in the occurrence of renal clear cell carcinoma, and its expression is extremely low in tissues of normal human bladder and bladder carcinoma.	bladder
Comparison of radiohaloanalogues of meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) for a combined gene- and targeted radiotherapy approach to bladder carcinoma.	Targeted radiotherapy using radiolabelled meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is a promising treatment option for bladder cancer, restricting the effects of radiotherapy to malignant cells thereby increasing efficacy and decreasing morbidity of radiotherapy. We investigated the efficacy of a combined gene therapy and targeted radiotherapy approach for bladder cancer using radiolabelled MIBG. The effectiveness of alternative radiohalogens and alternative preparations of radiolabelled MIBG for this therapeutic strategy were compared. Bladder cancer cells, EJ138, were transfected with a gene encoding the noradrenaline transporter (NAT) under the control of a tumour specific telomerase promoter, enabling them to actively take up radiolabelled MIBG. This resulted in tumour-specific cell kill. Uptake and retention of radioactivity in cells transfected with the NAT gene were compared with that obtained in cells transfected with the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene. Substantially greater uptake and longer retention of radioactivity in NAT-transfected cells was observed. Carrier-added (c.a.) [131I]MIBG, no-carrier added (n.c.a.) [131I]MIBG, and [211At]-labelled benzylguanidine (i.e. [211At] meta-astatobenzylguanidine (MABG)) were compared with respect to efficiency of induction of cell kill. N.c.a[(131)I]MIBG was more cytotoxic than c.a.[131I]MIBG. However, the alpha-emitter [211At]MABG was, by three orders of magnitude, more effective in causing tumour cell kill than the beta-emitter [131I]MIBG. We conclude that NAT gene transfer combined with the administration of n.c.a.[131I]MIBG or [211At]MABG, is a promising novel treatment approach for bladder cancer therapy.	bladder
An evaluation of ThinPrep UroCyte filters for the preparation of slides for fluorescence in situ hybridization.	The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of ThinPrep UroCyte filters, which were designed specifically for the preparation of slides for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of urine specimens. One hundred urine specimens were evenly split, and one portion was utilized to prepare a slide with the UroCyte filter method and the other portion was used to prepare a slide with a manual dropping method. All 17 of the 100 specimens identified as positive by the manual method were also identified as positive with the UroCyte method. No significant differences were noted in the percentage of chromosomally abnormal cells (P = 0.227), cellularity (P = 0.857), signal quality (P = 0.816), and DAPI counterstain quality (P = 0.369) between the two methodologies. The average time taken to prepare a batch of 10 slides using the UroCyte method, and that using manual method was 103 min (10.3 min/case) and 194 min (19.4 min/case), respectively. This study suggests that the UroCyte filter method of preparing slides for FISH analysis reduces the time required to prepare these slides with overall results that are similar to the currently utilized manual dropping method.	bladder