crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
EUS features of recurrent transitional cell bladder cancer metastatic to the GI tract.	BACKGROUND: Recurrent transitional cell bladder cancer (TCBC) can metastasize to the GI tract albeit uncommonly. This is the first report of the EUS appearance of metastatic TCBC to the GI tract. In addition to describing the EUS features of recurrent metastatic TCBC, this study determined the number of patients referred for evaluation of a primary GI luminal cancer in which EUS instead established the diagnosis of metastatic recurrent TCBC. METHODS: Patients referred from July 2000 through April 2004 for EUS evaluation of a suspected primary GI luminal cancer were retrospectively reviewed. For patients with an established diagnosis of recurrent metastatic TCBC, EUS images were retrospectively reviewed to identify characteristic features. RESULTS: Of 2216 patients undergoing EUS to evaluate a suspected primary GI luminal cancer, 3 men (0.14%: 95% confidence interval [0.02%, 0.29%]) (mean age 67 years, range 54-74 years) were found instead to have recurrent metastatic TCBC involving the duodenum (n = 1) or rectum (n = 2). The patients presented a mean of 32 months after diagnosis of the primary TCBC with change in bowel habit (n = 1) and symptoms of bowel obstruction (n = 2). In each patient, initial endoscopy revealed circumferential luminal stenosis and mucosal erythema, but mucosal biopsy specimens revealed normal tissue. EUS demonstrated hypoechoic, symmetric, circumferential wall thickening, loss of deep wall layers, and pseudopodia-like extensions into the peri-intestinal tissues. In the two patients with rectal involvement, no evidence of direct infiltration from the bladder bed was seen. EUS-guided FNA was diagnostic of metastatic TCBC in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although most cases of hypoechoic bowel-wall thickening and stenosis are from primary GI neoplasia, recurrent TCBC should be considered in patients with a history of this tumor. Correct diagnosis is important, because this allows selection of appropriate therapeutic interventions. Although firm EUS criteria for TCBC cannot be established based on findings in 3 patients, certain features may prove useful. EUS-guided FNA can confirm the diagnosis.	bladder
Limited tumor-initiating activity of phenylethyl isothiocyanate by promotion with sodium L-ascorbate in a rat two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis model.	Initiation activity of phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) was examined in a two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis model. Male 6-week-old Fischer 344 rats were fed diet containing 0.1% PEITC for 12 or 24 weeks, with or without subsequent administration of 5% sodium l-ascorbate (Na-AsA) in diet until week 48, or for the entire experimental period. After 12 weeks of PEITC-treatment, both simple hyperplasia and papillary or nodular (PN) hyperplasia had developed in all animals, but the majority of these lesions had disappeared at week 48, irrespective of the Na-AsA-treatment. The same lesions after 24 weeks of PEITC-treatment had progressed to dysplasia and carcinoma, in a small number of cases by week 48 (6% in incidence for each lesion), but enhancement by the Na-AsA-treatment was evident only with simple hyperplasias (from 56 to 100% in incidence) and PN hyperplasias (from 19 to 56%). The results suggest a limited initiation activity of PEITC with induction of irreversible lesions by 24 weeks of exposure.	bladder
Bladder cancer mortality reduction after installation of a tap-water supply system in an arsenious-endemic area in southwestern Taiwan.	Arsenic has been well documented as the major risk factor for blackfoot disease (BFD), a unique peripheral vascular disease that was endemic in the southwestern coast of Taiwan, where residents had consumed high-arsenic artesian well water for more than 50 years. Long-term arsenic exposure has also been reported to be associated with bladder cancer mortality in a dose-response relationship. A tap water supply system was implemented in the early 1960s in the BFD endemic areas. Artesian well water was no longer used for drinking and cooking after the mid-1970s. The objective of this study is to examine whether bladder cancer mortality decreased after the improvement of the drinking water supply system through elimination of arsenic exposure from artesian well water. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for bladder cancer were calculated for the BFD endemic area for the years 1971-2000. The study results show that mortality from bladder cancer declined gradually after the improvement of the drinking water supply system to eliminate arsenic exposure from artesian well water. Based on the reversibility criterion, this finding strengthened the likelihood of the observed association between arsenic exposure and bladder cancer being causal.	bladder
Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with continent urinary diversion.	Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with urinary diversion, although challenging even for the skilled laparoscopist, has evolved rapidly throughout the past decade. These advances are attributable to a series of well-designed animal studies transitioned carefully to humans. Short-term data have shown that this is a feasible technique that respects the basic principles of surgical oncology. However, the possibility of decreased blood loss, improved visualization, shorter hospital stay, and less postoperative pain are balanced against technical difficulty, long operative times, and unproved long-term efficacy compared with the open gold standard. The goal of this review is to reflect the available literature with regard to surgical indications, the current technique in evolution, short-term morbidity, and oncologic outcomes.	bladder
Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with ileal conduit diversion.	Remaining the gold standard treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer and high-risk superficial tumors, the radical cystectomy has been translated into a fully laparoscopic protocol, actually gaining more and more acceptance worldwide. In this article, a transperitoneal antegrade laparoscopic protocol is described for radical cystectomy performed in both genders. After removal of the specimen, generally through a mini-laparotomy, most of the teams perform the maneuvers for urinary diversion through an ileal conduit as an open procedure, although a completely laparoscopic procedure has been successfully achieved. Laparoscopic cystectomy will face the proof of time if oncologic rules about surgical management of transitional cell carcinoma are carefully respected to avoid any cell spillage. When obvious laparoscopic advantages for the patients are encountered with laparoscopic cystectomy, it seems unlikely that a full laparoscopic protocol, including the diversion, may gain wide acceptance; in that case, the true laparoscopic benefits would be wasted by unjustified lengthening of operative time and by compromising the quality of uretero-ileal anastomoses.	bladder
Comparison of hexaminolevulinate based flexible and rigid fluorescence cystoscopy with rigid white light cystoscopy in bladder cancer: results of a prospective Phase II study.	INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Several studies have shown that rigid fluorescence cystoscopy (RFC) with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) is superior to standard rigid white light (RWLC) cystoscopy in diagnosing bladder tumours, with a clinically relevant impact on the patient's management. These studies, however, have been done with rigid cystoscopes. We carried out a study to evaluate whether the technique of fluorescence cystoscopy with HAL was also feasible with a specially designed flexible fluorescence cystoscope (FFC). METHODS: 20 patients with known or suspected bladder cancer were included in a comparative within patient controlled Phase II study. All patients signed informed consent. All patients received 50 ml of HAL (Hexvix) 8 mM 1h prior to transurethral resection. Using a D-light-C system (Storz, Germany), FFC and RFC were performed followed by RWLC. All lesions visible during these three cystoscopies were mapped, taped and resected. RESULTS: In these 20 patients (mean age 71 years (49-89), 3 females) mean HAL instillation time was 81 min. Overall 27 histologically confirmed lesions were found in 19 patients. Detection rates in these 19 patients were 14 with FFC, 17 with RFC and 15 with RWLC. Of the 27 lesions 19 were detected with FFC, 23 with RFC and 20 with RWLC. Overall fluorescence intensity using the flexible system was 76% (30-147%) as compared to RFC using a visual analogue score. No side effects were noted which were attributable to HAL. CONCLUSION: The use of FFC is feasible and seems to be comparable to RWLC and slightly inferior to RFC. Larger studies should determine the role of flexible fluorescence cystoscopy.	bladder
General anesthesia versus epidural and general anesthesia in radical cystectomy.	INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to compare two different anesthetic techniques in radical cystectomy with regard to blood loss, transfusional requirements, intraoperative complications and the quality of analgesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 50 patients scheduled for radical cystectomy were randomized to two groups: group GA - general anesthesia, n = 25 and group CEGA - combined epidural and general anesthesia. The patients were monitored and hemodynamic changes, intraoperative bleeding, transfusional requirements, quality of analgesia and postoperative complications were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the demographic characteristics of the two groups. Intraoperative bleeding which was 874.8 +/- 190.7 ml in the CEGA group and 1,248.3 +/- 343.4 ml in the GA group was statistically different (p < 0.05). Significantly more intraoperative blood transfusions in terms of units were required in the GA group. Analgesia was better in the CEGA group, with VAS values at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those observed in the GA group. No significant differences in intraoperative hemodynamic parameters or postoperative complications were noted between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Statistically significant differences in intraoperative bleeding were observed between the two groups: CEGA provides lower intraoperative bleeding and a better postoperative analgesia. Major operations such as radical cystectomy, which also is associated with considerable blood loss, a combination of general and epidural anesthesia may allow for less blood loss, with a better postoperative analgesia and without any increase in complications.	bladder
Organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: brachytherapy, an alternative to cystectomy and combined modality treatment?	PURPOSE: To evaluate our long-term results of bladder preservation with brachytherapy in the treatment of bladder cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1987 and 2000, 108 patients with T1-G3 and T2-T3a stages of bladder cancer were treated with a transurethral resection (TUR) and a course of external beam radiotherapy (30 Gy in 15 fractions) followed by brachytherapy (40 Gy). All tumors were solitary lesions with a diameter < or =5 cm. Median follow-up was 54 months (range, 1-178 months). RESULTS: The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 62% and 50%, respectively. The 5-year and 10-year disease-specific survival rates were 73% and 67%, respectively. The actuarial local control rate was 73% at 5 and 73% at 10 years, respectively. The 5-year and 10-year disease-specific survival rates for patients with a preserved bladder were 68% and 59%, respectively. Of all long-term surviving patients, 90% preserved their native bladders. The treatment was well tolerated. Acute toxicity was mild. Two patients experienced serious late toxicity: 1 patient developed a persisting vesicocutaneous fistula and the other a stricture of the urethra and ureters. CONCLUSION: For patients with solitary, organ confined invasive bladder cancer < or =5 cm, bladder preservation with brachytherapy is an excellent alternative to radical cystectomy and combined modality treatment.	bladder
Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis during cisplatin chemotherapy for bladder cancer improves treatment outcome.	OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of inhibiting tumor angiogenesis during cisplatinum-(II)-diamine dichloride (cisplatin) chemotherapy of bladder cancer (BC) in a rat model. METHODS: Bladder cancer was induced in 64 male rats using 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine in their water supply for 20 weeks. The animals were then divided randomly into four groups of 16 rats each: a control BC group (group 1); a BC group treated with cisplatin (0.25 mg/kg body weight) by intraperitoneal injection twice every week (group 2); a BC group treated with the antiangiogenic factor TNP-470 (30 mg/kg body weight) by intraperitoneal injection twice every week (group 3); and a BC group treated with cisplatin plus TNP-470 (group 4, treatment regimens as described). Per group, 4 rats were killed weekly after the start of treatment, for 4 weeks. BC was confirmed using histologic characteristics, and the treatment outcomes were determined by measuring tumor microvascular density and cell proliferation and apoptosis indexes (PI and AI, respectively). RESULTS: All animals had confirmed BC. Both group 3 (TNP-470) and group 4 (cisplatin plus TNP-470) had significantly decreased microvascular density compared with group 1 (P <0.05). Although both the PI and AI were significantly different between group 4 (cisplatin plus TNP-470) and group 1 (control BC; P <0.05), neither the PI nor AI was significantly different between group 2 (cisplatin) and group 4 (cisplatin plus TNP-470; P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: TNP-470 in conjunction with cisplatin chemotherapy resulted in a decrease in the microvascular density of BC in a rat model. However, TNP-470 did not appear to have a significant impact on the cisplatin effect against BC as measured by apoptosis and cell proliferation.	bladder
Tumor-specific gene delivery mediated by a novel peptide-polyethylenimine-DNA polyplex targeting aminopeptidase N/CD13.	We have developed a novel polyethylenimine (PEI)-DNA vector formulation that is capable of efficient tumor-specific delivery after intravenous administration to nude mice. To further increase the specificity of delivery, we have attached the peptide CNGRC to the vector, which is specific for aminopeptidase N (CD13). The strategy for coupling this peptide to PEI was based on a novel method involving the strong affinity between phenyl(di)boronic acid (PDBA) and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) as well as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker to reduce steric hindrance between the vector and the peptide. In vitro assessment of targeting by the CNGRC/PEG/PEI/DNA vector carrying a beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal)-expressing plasmid showed as much as a 5-fold increase in transduction, relative to the untargeted PEG/PEI/DNA-betagal vector, of CD13-positive lung cancer, fibrosarcoma, bladder cancer, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Competition with free peptide resulted in up to a 90% reduction in delivery, indicating that gene delivery was specific for CD13-positive cells. Intravenous administration of the CNGRC/PEG/PEI/DNA-betagal vector to nude mice bearing subcutaneous tumors resulted in as much as a 12-fold increase in beta-Gal expression in tumors as compared with expression in either lungs or tumors from animals treated with the original PEI/DNA-betagal vector. In vivo transduction analysis using the CNGRC/PEG/PEI/DNA vector to target the intravenous delivery of a yellow fluorescence protein (YFP)-expressing plasmid to subcutaneous H1299 tumors confirmed delivery of YFP to both tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells. The use of this peptide to further increase tumor-specific delivery mediated by our novel PEI/DNA vector now provides a basis for developing tumor-targeted gene therapies for use in the clinical treatment of cancer.	bladder
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is overexpressed in urinary tract carcinomas and modulates the neoplastic cell growth.	PURPOSE: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations have been associated with achondroplastic syndromes and urinary bladder carcinomas. Here we describe changes in FGFR3 mRNA and protein expression in transitional carcinomas and determine the effect of monoclonal antibodies against FGFR3 in RT-112 cell line proliferation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We used microarray tools to evaluate FGFR3 mRNA expression in 22 urinary bladder carcinomas at different stages (noninvasive pTa, lamina propria invasive pT1, and muscular invasive pT2) and 7 nonneoplastic tissue controls. FGFR3 protein expression was evaluated by Western blotting in 15 different carcinomas and 3 nonneoplastic controls. Two hundred thirty-seven urinary bladder and renal pelvis carcinomas and 21 negative controls were tested on tissue microarrays by immunohistochemistry. The effect on cell proliferation in the RT-112 bladder cancer cell line of monoclonal antibodies against FGFR3 was also evaluated. RESULTS: Overexpression of FGFR3 mRNA was found in pTa and pT1 stage carcinomas (fold change >8) and in pT2 carcinomas (fold change >4). Nonneoplastic urinary bladder samples do not express FGFR3 protein. However, 83% of pTa, 100% of pT1, and 50% of pT2 carcinomas expressed FGFR3 as determined by Western blotting. By immunohistochemistry, FGFR3 was positive in 71.4% of pTa, 72% of pT1, and 49.2% of pT2 cases as well as 61.5% of upper urinary tract carcinomas. Proliferation of the RT-112 cell line was inhibited with monoclonal antibodies against FGFR3. CONCLUSIONS: FGFR3 seems to play an important role in transitional cell carcinoma development. Our results suggest that FGFR3 antagonists could be developed as possible therapeutics for treatment of urinary tract carcinoma.	bladder
Tbx3 expression is related to apoptosis and cell proliferation in rat bladder both hyperplastic epithelial cells and carcinoma cells.	In the present study, Tbx3, a member of the T-box family of transcription factors, was identified as an up-regulated gene by mRNA differential display in the regression (apoptosis) stage after uracil-induction of papillomatosis in the rat urinary bladder. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that apoptosis cells are negative and apoptosis resistant cells are positive for Tbx3 expression. That suggests that Tbx3 is an apoptosis resistant gene rather than an apoptosis induced gene. We have found the rat bladder carcinoma cell line, BC31, to feature Tbx3 expression detectable by RT-PCR. To investigate its role in such cancer cells, they were transfected with an anti-sense Tbx3 expression vector. The obtained stable transfectant clones showed reduced expression of Tbx3 and much slower cell growth, as compared with mock transfectants, and many apoptotic cells were observed under normal culture conditions. These results indicate that Tbx3 is a negative regulator of apoptosis in bladder normal epithelial cells and suppression of Tbx3 expression causes inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in BC31, a rat bladder carcinoma cells.	bladder
Gender, smoking, glutathione-S-transferase variants and bladder cancer incidence: a population-based study.	OBJECTIVE: Male gender, tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to arylamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the primary risk factors for bladder cancer. Emerging, and consistent data indicate that risk may be modified by polymorphisms in carcinogen metabolism genes, including those involving the glutathione-S-transferases. Recent work further suggests that susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of tobacco on the bladder may differ among men and women. METHOD: We investigated the gender specific risk of bladder cancer associated with glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms in a population-based case-control study of 354 bladder cancer cases and 542 controls. RESULTS: We found an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with GSTM1 null genotype among women (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-3.0), but not men (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.7-1.3). Among women, the GSTM1 null genotype was associated with an elevated bladder cancer risk only among smokers (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-4.5 in ever smokers versus OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.3-2.5 in never smokers). There was no apparent association between bladder cancer and the GSTT1 null polymorphism in either men or women, and we did not detect evidence of any GSTT1-smoking or GSTT1-GSTM1 gene-gene interaction. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that a subset of women may be particularly susceptible to tobacco-induced bladder cancer.	bladder
Absence of FGFR3 mutations in urinary bladder tumours of rats and mice treated with N-butyl-N-(-4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.	Frequent activating mutations of FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) are found in human urothelial cell carcinomas, particularly in superficial papillary tumours (in 74%-84% of pTaG1-G2), but not in carcinomas in situ (CIS) and at a low rate in invasive tumours (in 16%-21% of pT1-4). In mice and rats, BBN (N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine) specifically induces bladder tumours. In rats, superficial papillary tumours are mostly observed. In mice, tumour progression follows the CIS pathway: CIS are first observed, followed by tumours that invade surrounding muscle. Therefore, we looked for FGFR3 mutations in these two animal models of bladder cancer. Only the FGFR3b isoform is expressed in human urothelium and derived tumours. We identified the FGFR3b isoform in rats for the first time and showed that this is the main isoform expressed in the bladder urothelium and derived carcinomas in mice and rats, as in humans. SSCP and sequence analysis of FGFR3b showed sequence changes (polymorphisms or silent mutations) in four BBN-induced rat and mouse bladder tumours. The absence of activating mutations of FGFR3 in the mouse model was in agreement with the fact that mouse BBN-induced bladder tumour progression mimics the CIS pathway. The absence of FGFR3 mutations in the rat bladder tumours suggests that, at least at the genetic level, rat superficial papillary tumours differ from their human counterparts.	bladder
[Our experience in diagnostic and treatment of the upper urothelial tract tumours].	The aim of the study was to analyse methods of diagnostic and treatment used in our clinic in patients with upper urothelial tract tumors in recent years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied retrospectively 117 files of patients diagnosed with upper tract tumors between 1996-2002. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: The diagnostic was based in 99 cases by urography, retrograde pyelography or both, in 10 cases by cystoscopy (for intramural ureteral tumors), in 8 cases by ureteroscopy and one case was diagnosed by antegrade pyelography. Ultrasound didn't diagnosed solely any tumor. Computerized tomography was also be helpful for staging. Radical treatment was realised in 73 patients (total nephroureterectomy), in 4 patients ureterectomy of the ileo-pelvic segment were realised by stripping. In 20 patients, we performed subtotal nephroureterectomy, in 9 patients transurethral resection, in 2 cases terminal ureterectomy, and in one case we done endoscopic electrocauterization after cold biopsy. CONCLUSION: The most important paraclinical investigation in diagnostic of upper urothelial tract tumors are radiological investigations, urography and retrograde pyelography. Best way to cure such tumors are total nephroureterectomy. In select cases we can perform terminal ureterectomy and transurethral electroresections.	bladder