crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of urinary proepithelin as a potential biomarker for bladder cancer detection and prognosis in Egyptian patients.	BACKGROUND/AIM: Proepithelin is a growth factor that may play a critical role in bladder cancer. Its over-expression in urine of bladder cancer patients gave us the impetus to evaluate its potential suitability as a biomarker for bladder cancer diagnosis and/or prognosis. METHODS: proepithelin was estimated in 86 voided urine samples, including 59 bladder cancer patients and 27 healthy volunteers using quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Urinary proepithelin level was expressed in ng/100 mg creatinine. RESULTS: Urinary proepithelin was significantly higher in bladder cancer patients compared to control subjects (means: 17.5 ± 10 and 8.9 ± 3.5 ng/100 mg creatinine, respectively; p < 0.001), and the test sensitivity and specificity to detect the presence of bladder cancer were 74.6 and 85.2%, respectively. Furthermore, patients with low-grade/non-muscle invasive stages bladder cancer showed significantly lower urinary proepithelin compared to high-grade/non-muscle invasive stages and high-grade/invasive stages ones (means: 11.6 ± 9, 20.2 ± 8.1 and 23.8 ± 11.9 ng/100 mg creatinine, respectively; p= 0.005 and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study suggests that urinary proepithelin may be considered as a non-invasive, sensitive, and specific urine-based test for bladder cancer diagnosis and/or prognosis.	bladder
A semiparametric estimator of the bivariate distribution function for censored gap times.	Let (T(1), T(2)) be gap times corresponding to two consecutive events, which are observed subject to random right-censoring. In this paper, a semiparametric estimator of the bivariate distribution function of (T(1), T(2)) and, more generally, of a functional E [φ(T(1),T(2))] is proposed. We assume that the probability of censoring for T(2) given the (possibly censored) gap times belongs to a parametric family of binary regression curves. We investigate the conditions under which the introduced estimator is consistent. We explore the finite sample behavior of the estimator and of its bootstrap standard error through simulations. The main conclusion of this paper is that the semiparametric estimator may be much more efficient than purely nonparametric methods. Real data illustration is included.	bladder
Occupational reproductive function abnormalities and bladder cancer in Korea.	The purpose of this study was to review occupational reproductive abnormalities and occupational bladder cancer in Korea and to discuss their toxicological implications. Reproductive dysfunction as a result of 2-bromopropane poisoning was first reported in Korean workers. In 1995, 23 of the 33 workers (25 female and 8 male workers) who were exposed to 2-bromopropane during the assembly of tactile switch parts developed reproductive and/or hematopoietic disorders. A total of 17 (68%) workers were diagnosed with ovarian failure. Two of the eight male workers experienced azoospermia and four workers experienced some degree of oligospermia or reduced sperm motility. In summary, 2-bromopropane poisoning caused severe reproductive effects in Korean workers. The prognosis was poor for reproductive dysfunction. A few cases of occupational bladder cancer have been reported in Korea, whereas other cancers of the urinary tract have not been reported after occupational exposure. A few cases of benzidine-induced cancer have been reported in Korea and 592 workers in Japan have received compensation for benzidine and β-naphthylamine-induced cancer. In conclusion, a few cases of benzidine-induced occupational bladder cancer have been reported in Korea. However, benzidine-induced bladder cancer will likely be an important occupational health issue in Korea in the coming years.	bladder
Perioperative mortality is significantly greater in septuagenarian and octogenarian patients treated with radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.	OBJECTIVES: To revisit whether the perioperative mortality differs between septuagenarian and octogenarian patients and younger patients in a large contemporary population-based cohort. The data from tertiary care centers have suggested that perioperative mortality after radical cystectomy is not considerably different in septuagenarian or octogenarian patients compared with younger patients. However, population-based data have stated otherwise. METHODS: From 1988 to 2006, 12,722 radical cystectomies were performed for urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder in 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries. Of those 12,722 patients, 4480 (35.2%) were aged 70-79 years and 1439 (11.3%) were aged ≥80 years. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models tested the 90-day mortality after radical cystectomy. Covariates consisted of sex, race, year of surgery, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry, and histologic grade and stage. RESULTS: The overall 90-day mortality rate was 4% for the entire population, 2% for patients aged ≤69 years, 5.4% for septuagenarian patients, and 9.2% for octogenarian patients. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, septuagenarian (odds ratio 2.80; P < .001) and octogenarian (odds ratio 5.02; P < .001) age increased the risk of 90-day mortality after radical cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: In the present population-based analysis, the perioperative mortality after radical cystectomy was three- and fivefold greater in the septuagenarian and octogenarian patients, respectively, which was greater than that in tertiary care centers. This information should be included in informed consent considerations.	bladder
Prognostic value of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.	PURPOSE: Inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of carcinoma, including squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cyclooxygenase-2 is an enzyme that is induced at inflammation sites. We assessed the expression pattern of cyclooxygenase-2 in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder and determined whether cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with clinical outcomes after radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for cyclooxygenase-2 was done on archival bladder specimens from 152 patients treated with radical cystectomy for squamous cell carcinoma on the Autostainer (DakoCytomation, Carpinteria, California). Bright field microscopy imaging coupled with advanced color detection software was used. Cyclooxygenase-2 was defined as over expressed when greater than 20% cells were positive. We assessed the relationship of cyclooxygenase-2 expression with pathological parameters and clinical outcome. RESULTS: The study included 99 male and 53 female patients with a mean age of 52 years who had squamous cell carcinoma, including 80.9% with bilharziasis. Presenting stage was T2 or greater and presenting grade was GII or less in 93.4% of patients. Median followup was 63.2 months. Cyclooxygenase-2 was over expressed in 74 cystectomy specimens (48.7%) and associated with higher pathological stage (p=0.003) and grade (p=0.049). On multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis cyclooxygenase-2 over expression was associated with disease recurrence (p=0.031) and bladder cancer specific mortality (p=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Cyclooxygenase-2 over expression is associated with pathological stage, grade and worse outcomes after radical cystectomy, suggesting a role in bladder squamous cell carcinoma progression. Our findings support the need for further evaluation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inflammatory signaling pathways, and cyclooxygenase-2 targeted prevention or therapy in patients with bladder squamous cell carcinoma.	bladder
Metastatic urothelial carcinoma with signet ring features: cytomorphologic findings in abdominal paracentesis.	Signet ring cells, characterized by large clear cytoplasmic vacuoles eccentrically displacing and indenting the nuclei, seen in cytopathology effusion specimens are most commonly due to metastatic adenocarcinoma of gastric, esophageal, and breast origin. Urothelial carcinoma can display a wide range of differentiation and is an extremely rare cause of metastatic signet ring cells. Here, we report the case of a 75-year-old male with high-grade urothelial carcinoma with signet ring features, who was status-post chemoradiation and radical cystoprostatectomy. The patient subsequently developed an abdominal mass and ascites. The paracentesis cytology revealed a hypercellular specimen with malignant cells dispersed singly as well as in small fragments displaying pleomorphism, nuclear irregularity, hyperchromasia, and binucleation. Numerous malignant cells displayed well-formed signet ring morphology, identical to adenocarcinoma. This is the first report of metastatic high-grade urothelial carcinoma manifesting as signet ring cells in peritoneal fluid.	bladder
Association of bladder cancer risk with an NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase polymorphism in an ethnic Kashmiri population.	NQO1 gene polymorphism at nucleotide 609 (Pro187Ser) results in a lowering of NQO1 detoxifying activity and is associated with susceptibility to various cancers. The NQO1 genotypes were identified by RFLP in 104 bladder cancer cases and 120 control subjects in an ethnic Kashmiri population. The frequency of the variant NQO1 alleles (CT/TT) was 23.3% for controls and 32.2% for cases (P < 0.05). Overall, the variant alleles were associated with a higher risk of bladder cancer in cases than in the control group (OR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.17-3.04; P < 0.01). In addition, the variant allele genotypes (CT/TT) were associated with a risk of bladder cancer that was more than threefold higher in smokers (OR = 3.47; 95% CI 1.84-6.3; P < 0.001). Results of this study strongly suggest that the variant allele of NQO1 (Pro187Ser) may affect individual susceptibility to bladder cancer, particularly among smokers, in this ethnic Kashmiri population.	bladder
Clinical significance of T-cadherin tissue expression in patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma.	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical significance of T-cadherin (T-cad) tissue expression in patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: T-cad expression in 113 bladder TCC specimens and 37 normal controls were examined by immunohistochemical staining, and the results were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters. The χ(2) test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard model were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: T-cad expression in bladder TCC samples was lower than in the controls. Decreased T-cad expression was correlated with advanced stage (p = 0.0027), high grade (p = 0.0078), large tumor size (p = 0.0262), and tumor relapse (p = 0.0293), but no association was found among T-cad expression and age (p = 0.1265), gender (p = 0.4236), tumor number (p = 0.0595) or tumor shape (p = 0.1779). Moreover, decreased T-cad expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (p = 0.0168), even though it is not an independent prognostic marker (p = 0.2005). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased T-cad expression in tumor tissues is closely associated with malignancy in bladder TCC.	bladder
Does the greater number of lymph nodes removed during standard lymph node dissection predict better patient survival following radical cystectomy?	PURPOSE: To determine whether the number of lymph nodes (LNs) removed during radical cystectomy (RC) and pelvic LN dissection (LND) is associated with patient survival. METHODS: Data on 450 patients who underwent RC and standard bilateral pelvic LND for urothelial bladder cancer without receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy were reviewed. The extent of LND included common iliac artery bifurcation proximally, genitofemoral nerve laterally and the pelvic floor caudally. The impact of the number of LNs removed, analyzed as both continuous and categorical variables, on cancer-specific survival (CSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was analyzed. RESULTS: The median number of LNs removed was 18 (mean 19.6, range 10-94). Of total 450 patients, 129 (28.7%) had node-positive (N +) disease. For entire patients, the number of LNs removed was not associated with CSS and RFS in the analysis with continuous variable (P = 0.715; P = 0.442, respectively), quartiles (P = 0.924; P = 0.676, respectively), or <18 versus ≥18 LNs removed (5-year CSS rates: 67.0% vs. 69.4%, P = 0.679; 5-year RFS rates = 59.4% vs. 60.6%, P = 0.725, respectively). Similarly, the number of LNs removed was not associated with CSS and RFS in both N0 and N + patients, and in each T stage. Multivariate analyses showed that T stage and lymphovascular invasion were significant predictors for survival in N0 patients, whereas adjuvant chemotherapy and LN density were predictors for survival in N + patients. CONCLUSIONS: If meticulous LND was performed based on standardized LND template during RC, the number of LNs removed was not associated with patient survival.	bladder
mTOR inhibitors show promising in vitro activity in bladder cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.	Bladder cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are frequent but lack efficient therapies especially in advanced disease. Almost no studies on mTOR function and inhibition in these tumor entities have been reported. We examined the gene and protein expression levels of mTOR and its activated form (pmTOR) in three human bladder carcinoma cell lines (RT-4, T24, EJ28) and three HNSCC cell lines (PCI-1, PCI-13, BHY). Furthermore, the consequences of mTOR inhibition by mTOR-specific siRNAs and the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus were analysed in vitro using immunohistochemical Ki-67 staining, mTOR and pmTOR western blot analysis, MTT assay, as well as cell cycle analysis with flow cytometry. Especially pmTOR protein expression levels showed marked differences between cell lines. siRNA transfection was associated with dose-dependent target protein reduction but not proliferation inhibition or apoptosis. On the contrary, temsirolimus significantly reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. According to these data, bladder cancer and HNSCC are promising tumor entities for mTOR inhibition with temsirolimus.	bladder
Red meat, dietary nitrosamines, and heme iron and risk of bladder cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).	BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiologic studies found inconsistent results for the association between red meat intake, nitrosamines [NDMA: N-nitrosodimethylamine, and ENOC (endogenous nitroso compounds)], and the risk of bladder cancer. We investigated the association between red meat consumption, dietary nitrosamines, and heme iron and the risk of bladder cancer among participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). METHODS: Data on food consumption and complete follow-up for cancer occurrence were available for a total of 481,419 participants, recruited in 10 European countries. Estimates of HRs were obtained by proportional hazard models, stratified by age at recruitment, gender, and study center and adjusted for total energy intake, smoking status, lifetime intensity of smoking, duration of smoking, educational level, and BMI. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 1,001 participants were diagnosed with bladder cancer. We found no overall association between intake of red meat (log2 HR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.99-1.13), nitrosamines (log2 HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.92-1.30 and HR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.92-1.05 for ENOC and NDMA, respectively) or heme iron (log2 HR: 1.05; 95 CI: 0.99-1.12) and bladder cancer risk. The associations did not vary by sex, high- versus low-risk bladder cancers, smoking status, or occupation (high vs. low risk). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support an effect of red meat intake, nitrosamines (endogenous or exogenous), or heme iron intake on bladder cancer risk.	bladder
Could patient age influence tumor recurrence rate in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients treated with BCG immunotherapy?	OBJECTIVE: The effect of local immunotherapy with bacille Calmette-Guérin in elderly patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer has not yet been fully evaluated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether patients' age influences the response to bacille Calmette-Guérin treatment for the prevention of tumor recurrence and whether the side effects were tolerable. METHODS: We reviewed 1252 cases with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with transurethral bladder tumor resection, and 447 cases who underwent bacille Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy were included. The associations between patient age or pathological findings and tumor recurrence were determined. Side effects were classified as minor or major and were analyzed on the basis of their incidences in each age group. RESULTS: The patients were divided into four age categories: younger than 55 (n= 86), 55-64 (n = 143), 65-74 (n = 132) and equal or older than 75 years (n = 86). The Kaplan-Meier curves of recurrence-free survival rates demonstrated that patients aged 55-64 had been continuously tumor-free than the equal or older than 75 group. The presence of previous bladder cancer and Grade 3 were independent predictors for tumor recurrence; however, patients' age was not selected. The incidence of fever was slightly higher and that of cystitis was lower in the younger group. CONCLUSIONS: Age does not certainly affect recurrence in patients with bladder cancer treated with bacille Calmette-Guérin therapy. The related side effects in the elderly patients were almost equal to those in the younger. With careful monitoring, bacille Calmette-Guérin therapy is safe even in elderly patients.	bladder
Contemporary management of low-risk bladder cancer.	Bladder cancer comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors, the majority of which are non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) at initial presentation. Low-risk bladder cancer--defined as pTa low-grade papillary tumors--is the type of NMIBC with the most favorable oncologic outcome. Although the risk of progression is less than 1% in 5 years, almost 15% will recur after 1 year, and 32% after 5 years. A complete transurethral resection, followed by an immediate single postoperative instillation of chemotherapy will reduce the risk of recurrence for the first 2 years. Follow-up cystoscopy is required to detect recurrence; in the vast majority of cases the recurrent tumor is of the same stage and grade as the primary tumor. The first follow-up visit, 3 months after surgery, is the most important in predicting risk of recurrence for the future. Recent developments in profiling urine and cancer tissue make it possible to better predict risk of progression and recurrence. In the future this profiling will play an important role in the timing and the choice of treatment, as well as guiding follow-up procedures.	bladder
Ganglioneuroma in the urinary bladder of a dog.	An 11-year-old male Labrador retriever presented with chronic oliguria. Ultrasonography findings revealed a protruding mass at the neck of the urinary bladder. A cystotomy was performed, and the mass was removed by ligation with surgical sutures. Histopathological examination revealed conspicuous foci with a variable number of ganglion cells in the tumor and abundant interwoven bundles of schwannian cells with fine fibers. The ganglion cells were positive for neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament. The schwannian cells were positive for vimentin, S-100 protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Thus, according to the classification of tumor with neuronal cell differentiation, the urinary tumor was diagnosed as a ganglioneuroma.	bladder
The value of diffusion-weighted MRI in the diagnosis of malignant and benign urinary bladder lesions.	OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) in the diagnosis of urinary bladder (UB) tumours by means of measuring apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. METHODS: A total of 83 people aged between 18 and 86 years were included in the study: 63 patients with UB pathology (46 malignant, 17 benign) constituted the case group; 20 individuals without any UB pathology constituted the control group. DWI was applied to all individuals. The ADC values were measured based on the tissue of the UB mass entities and normal UB wall in the control group. RESULTS: The mean ADC value in the UB carcinoma group was significantly lower than that in the control group: 1.0684 ± 0.26 × 10(-3) mm(2) s(-1) and 2.010 ± 0.11 × 10(-3) mm(2) s(-1), respectively (p<0.01). There was a significant difference among the mean ADC values of different grades of malignant tumours, corresponding to 0.9185 ± 0.20 mm(2) s(-1) and 1.281 ± 0.18 mm(2) s(-1) in high-grade and low-grade malignant UB carcinomas, respectively (p<0.01). The ADC value in the carcinoma group was significantly lower than that in the benign lesion group: 1.0684 ± 0.26 × 10(-3) mm(2) s(-1) and 1.803 ± 0.19 × 10(-3) mm(2) s(-1), respectively (p<0.01). All 46 malignant lesions displayed a restriction in diffusion; 4 of the 17 benign lesions displayed a mild restriction in diffusion. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of DWI in the diagnosis of malignant UB lesions was 100%, 76.5% and 93.65%, respectively. CONCLUSION: DWI can be beneficial in the differentiation of benign and malignant UB lesions, as well as of high-grade and low-grade UB carcinomas, using quantitative ADC measurements.	bladder