crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Local and global panoramic imaging for fluorescence bladder endoscopy.	Endoscopic treatment of bladder cancer is more and more often based on photodynamic diagnostics (PDD), a specialized endoscopic technique where a narrow-band bluish illumination causes tumors to fluoresce reddish. Contrast between tumors and healthy bladder tissue is thus noticeably increased compared to white light endoscopy. A downside of PDD is the low illumination power, which requires that the distance between endoscope and bladder wall be kept low, thus resulting in a small field of view (FOV). We therefore describe an approach to combine several successive frames into a local PDD panorama, which provides a larger and sufficiently bright FOV for treatment. Furthermore, the endoscopic cancer treatment generally starts with a complete scan of the bladder to detect the tumors. For diagnosis, navigation and reporting, a global overview image of the bladder wall is often desired. While construction of such a global panorama can be based on the same algorithm as the local panorama, direct planar visualization of the sphere-shaped bladder may cause severe distortions. Apart from the global panorama computation itself, we therefore analyze these distortions, and provide an alternative visualization which is based on bladder depictions used in standard reporting forms and anatomy textbooks.	bladder
[Bladder replacement and cancer of the bladder].	Urothelial tumours which infiltrate the vesical muscle or more superficial tumours which resist localised treatment (resection+/-BCG or mytomicin C) should be considered for excision. Excision is successful in female cystectomy and in male radical cystoprostatectomy. For local tumours of the bladder (<T3), this treatment allows for a specific survival of 5 years at 90 % to be obtained. After the excision of the bladder, several types of urinary diversions may be proposed. The replacement neo-bladder by ilioplasty (orthotopic replacement) should be chosen when possible (conservation of the urether). Numerous techniques were proposed. The ilieum would appear to be the segment of the intestine best adapted for this use and of a short segment is preferable (less than 50 cm). For the creation of the neo-bladder it is necessary that the established surgical rules are followed carefully. Pre-operative preparation and post-operative treatment have become easier but must be well respected. Patients have a check-up every 6 months for the first 3 years, then annually, in order to detect possible local or secondary relapses. The correct functioning of the neo-bladder should be verified regularly in order to ensure that the bladder is emptied properly. Continence returns through auto-exercise.	bladder
Down-regulation of type I interferon receptor sensitizes bladder cancer cells to vesicular stomatitis virus-induced cell death.	The intrinsic oncolytic specificity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is currently being exploited to develop alternative therapeutic strategies for bladder cancer and other cancers. Previously we reported that oncolytic VSV is a potent agent for intravesical treatment of high risk bladder cancer. We observed that VSV preferentially targeted bladder cancer cells resistant to type I interferon (IFN) treatment. The goal of the current study was to further elucidate the nature of the molecular defect of IFN signaling by which bladder cancer cells become susceptible to VSV infection. Using a tissue microarray composed of human bladder cancer cores, we observed that expression of type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) was decreased relative to normal bladder tissue. Advanced bladder cancers had even lower expression of IFNAR. We found that bladder cancer cells susceptible to VSV-induced lysis had low expression of IFNAR as well. We hypothesized that down-regulation of IFNAR in bladder cancer cells may be a molecular mechanism responsible for resistance to type I IFN treatment and sensitivity to VSV oncolysis. SiRNA knockdown of IFNAR indeed facilitated replication of VSV in cells previously resistant to VSV treatment. Blocking IFNAR with a neutralizing antibody showed a similar effect. Hence down-regulation of IFNAR in bladder cancer may be one of the primary molecular mechanisms for clinical IFN resistance. However, this also facilitates VSV replication and oncolysis in high risk bladder cancers and provides a basis for selecting bladder cancer patients for IFN or oncolytic VSV therapy in future clinical trials.	bladder
Implantation metastasis of prostate cancer in a suprapubic cystostomy tube needle tract.	A 64-year-old male patient with a serum PSA value of 51.91 ng ml(-1) and an magnetic resonance imaging scan suggestive of prostate cancer was admitted with bilateral hydronephrosis and anemia. A suprapubic cystostomy had been inserted 6 months earlier, owing to voiding difficulties. The patient was found to have huge multiple bladder stones and a massively thickened bladder wall. A sectio alta with bladder stone removal and bilateral ureteral stenting was performed. Histopathological examination revealed the growth of prostate cancer cells in the cystostomy tube needle tract.	bladder
[Clinical outcomes of sexuality preserving cystectomy and Roux-y sigmoid neobladder].	OBJECTIVE: To assess the penile erectile function, urinary continence and voiding, and cancer recurrence in 18 bladder cancer patients after sexuality preserving cystectomy and Roux-y sigmoid neobladder reconstruction. METHODS: Eighteen male patients with bladder cancer underwent sexuality preserving cystectomy and Roux-y sigmoid neobladder reconstruction, and were followed up for cancer recurrence and such clinical outcomes as erectile function and urinary continence and voiding. RESULTS: The patients were followed up for an average of 41 months, of whom, all achieved day- and night-time urinary continence, but 2 with positive lymph nodes died of extensive metastasis at 10 and 15 months, respectively, after surgery. Among the total number, potency was maintained in 11 patients (61.1%), impaired in 2 and lost in 5, and the post-operative IIEF-5 score was (10.83 +/- 8.25) as compared with (13.72 +/- 6.39) before the operation, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Erectile function and urinary continence are fairly good in bladder cancer patients after sexuality preserving cystectomy and Roux-y sigmoid neobladder reconstruction, and the oncological results are fairly acceptable, but still need to be confirmed by longer follow-ups and larger trials.	bladder
[Prognostic significance of vascular invasion in patients with urothelial carcinoma treated with radical cystectomy].	A retrospective clinicopathological study of 82 patients with invasive urothelial carcinoma treated with radical cystectomy was performed. There were 62 men and 20 women, median age at operation was 68-years-old and the 5-year overall cancer-specific survival rate was 82.5%. Univariate analyses demonstrated that female patients had poor prognosis, and that lymphovascular invasion was a predictor of recurrence. Multivariate Cox regression analyses including age, grade, and vascular invasion, showed that vascular invasion was an independent predictor of recurrence (HR4.46, P=0.008).	bladder
Characteristics and outcomes of patients with pT4 urothelial carcinoma at radical cystectomy: a retrospective international study of 583 patients.	PURPOSE: We describe cancer specific outcomes in patients with pT4 bladder urothelial carcinoma at radical cystectomy in a large international cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 4,257 patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder urothelial carcinoma at 12 centers. No patient received any preoperative systemic chemotherapy or radiotherapy. RESULTS: Of the 4,257 patients 583 (14%) had pT4 bladder urothelial carcinoma, of whom 83.7% were male, 85.2% had substage pT4a disease, 24.9% had positive soft tissue surgical margins, 57.8% had lymphovascular invasion and 53.5% had lymph node metastasis. Median followup was 55.0 months. Overall estimated 5-year recurrence-free and cancer specific survival was 29% (95% CI 22-32) and 31% (95% CI 25-36), respectively. On multivariate analysis female gender (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001), positive soft tissue surgical margins (p = 0.014 and p <0.001), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.016 and p = 0.005), pT4b substage (p = 0.041 and p = 0.002, respectively) and lymph node involvement (each p <0.001) were independently associated with disease recurrence and cancer specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with pT4 bladder urothelial carcinoma have highly variable outcomes. Features associated with metastatic tumor dissemination (ie lymph node invasion and lymphovascular invasion) and local disease burden (ie soft tissue surgical margins and pT4 substage) are associated with poor outcomes in patients with pT4 bladder urothelial carcinoma. Further research is needed to understand why female patients with pT4 bladder urothelial carcinoma have a worse outcome than their male counterparts.	bladder
[Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma by the general practitioner--significance of haematuria].	In general practice, physicians are confronted with a newly diagnosed bladder cancer patient less than once a year. The role of general practitioners is restricted to just the initial phase of diagnosis and sometimes to the final, palliative stage of the disease. The diagnostic phase, as described in the guideline on urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, is hampered by the absence of clear signs and signals of bladder cancer. Painless gross haematuria is the most important clinical sign with a high predictive value, especially in older men. The value of microscopic haematuria is unclear and most patients with microscopic haematuria do not have a malignancy. Yet despite this, current guidelines still advise additional tests for all types of haematuria. However, we recommend that these patients are not subjected to such tests until their added value has been demonstrated.	bladder
The diagnostic value of abdominal ultrasound, urine cytology and prostate-specific antigen testing in the lower urinary tract symptoms clinic.	INTRODUCTION: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) affect 18-26% of men aged 40-79 years, many of whom present with a fear of having cancer. Current guidelines for the assessment of LUTS focus mainly upon benign prostatic hypertrophy. It has been our practice to perform an abdominal ultrasound scan (USS), a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and urine cytology during the assessment of males presenting with LUTS to investigate the alternative potentially life-threatening causes for LUTS. We report on the added value of these tests during the assessment of men with LUTS. RESULTS: A total of 263/3976 (6.6%) patients investigated for LUTS were found to have incidental urological malignancies, urinary tract calculi or abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Abdominal USSs resulted in the incidental diagnosis of four renal carcinomas (0.1%), 45 AAAs (incidence = 1.1%) and 44 urinary tract calculi (1.1%). Urine cytology testing and bladder USSs helped diagnose 17 new bladder cancers (0.4%), five of which did not present with haematuria. Patients found to have an elevated age-specific PSA had a 23.6% chance of being diagnosed with prostate cancer (3.8%). CONCLUSION: The addition of abdominal ultrasound scanning, urine cytology and PSA testing as part of an LUTS assessment protocol can help to diagnose significant, potentially life-threatening conditions in up to 6.6% of patients. While the pick up rate of each individual condition is not higher in the LUTS patient than in the general population, the combined pick up rate may justify these additional investigations.	bladder
[Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Literature review].	Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent and incident neoplastic conditions in the Western world. Its clinical management involves significant costs for health systems. Diagnosis and treatment are based on direct visualization of the disease and on detection of flat forms having no specific morphology and which are sometimes overlooked. Prognosis of NMIBC often depends on quality of transurethral resection and on early detection of undifferentiated flat forms. Cystoscopy using photosensitive substances such as 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) or hexyl aminolevulinic acid (HAL) achieves overdetection rates of 29 % for bladder neogrowths and 59% for carcinoma in situ. This overdetection ability results in an increased disease-free survival and a longer time to the first relapse. Increased costs resulting from use of these resources are compensated by a lower number of or delayed performance of cystectomies, resections, and instrumentations. It is concluded that PDD should be universally used, rather than in high risk patients only.that has been shown in both animal studies and human tumors.	bladder
XPC gene variants: a risk factor for recurrence of urothelial bladder carcinoma in patients on BCG immunotherapy.	PURPOSE: To investigate the association between two Xeroderma pigmentosum group C polymorphism (XPC Lys939Gln and insertion/deletion PAT -/+ in intron 9) and bladder cancer (BC) susceptibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genotyping was performed in 208 BC patients and 245 controls by PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: XPC PAT +/+ genotype was associated with elevated risk of BC (p = 0.021, OR = 2.49). XPC Lys939Gln AC + CC genotype was significantly associated with risk in invasive stage of BC (p = 0.041, OR = 2.52). Haplotype analysis revealed that variant genotypes C of XPC Lys939Gln and + of PAT, C+ were significantly associated with risk of BC (p = 0.004, OR = 1.70). The CC genotype of Lys939Gln was associated with high risk for recurrence in BCG-treated patients (HR = 3.21, p = 0.036) thus, showing reduced recurrence-free survival (AC + CC/AA = 36/60 months; log rank p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms and haplotypes in XPC appear to influence susceptibility to BC risk. The variant C allele at Lys939Gln may be responsible for early recurrence in BCG-treated patients.	bladder
Clinical implications and prognostic values of topoisomerase-II alpha expression in primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between expression levels of topoisomerase-II alpha (TOP-2alpha) and prognosis in primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). TOP-2alpha, a marker of cell proliferation, has been assessed as a prognostic indicator in several types of cancer. However, currently available data on the role of TOP-2alpha in prognosis are inconsistent. METHODS: Top-2alpha messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were examined in 103 tumor specimens from patients with primary NMIBC by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 39 matched tumor samples. The median follow-up period for all patients was 51.8 months (range, 3.2-137). RESULTS: The mRNA expression levels of TOP-2alpha were significantly elevated in subjects with high-grade (P<.001) and high-stage (P=.041) tumors as compared with subjects with low-grade and low-stage tumors. Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed significant variation in tumor recurrence and progression depending on the level of TOP-2alpha expression (log-rank test, P<.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the level of TOP-2alpha expression is a strong predictor of recurrence (hazard ratio, 2.507; 95% confidence interval, 1.228-5.116; P=.012) and progression (hazard ratio, 4.192; 95% confidence interval, 1.002-17.536; P=.049) for NMIBC. The results of immunohistochemical staining generally correlated with mRNA expression levels. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced expression of TOP-2alpha is positively associated with a high rate of recurrence and progression in NMIBC. Thus, TOP-2alpha represents a promising marker of prognosis for NMIBC.	bladder
The aggressiveness of urothelial carcinoma depends to a large extent on lymphovascular invasion--the prognostic contribution of related molecular markers.	AIMS: Bladder cancer is the second most common malignancy of the urogenital region. The majority of bladder cancer deaths occur as a consequence of metastatic disease. Blood vessel density (BVD), a surrogate marker for angiogenesis, has been shown to be predictive of progression and poor prognosis, as well as lymphatic vessel density (LVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate, in human urothelial bladder cancer (UBC), the clinical and prognostic significance of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and lymphovascular invasion, assessed with the use of specific immunohistochemical markers. METHODS AND RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry for CD31 (a blood vessel endothelial cell marker), D2-40 (a lymphatic vessel endothelial cell marker), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-receptor 3 antibodies was performed in 83 patients with urothelial carcinoma who underwent radical cystectomy. The classic histopathological characteristics, associated with lymphovascular invasion and loco-regional dissemination, had a negative influence on 5-year overall survival (OS) rates. BVD and LVD were correlated with advanced and poorly differentiated UBC with lymphovascular invasion. Blood vessel invasion (BVI) by malignant emboli assessed by CD31 staining, and lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) by isolated malignant cells assessed by D2-40 staining significantly affected OS. VEGF-C overexpression was correlated with both BVI and LVI by single malignant cells assessed by CD31 and D2-40, respectively. BVI by malignant emboli assessed by CD31 staining remained as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with UBC with embolic BVI assessed by CD31 and LVI by isolated malignant cells assessed by D2-40 have a worse prognosis and may benefit from adjuvant therapies.	bladder
Gemcitabine and carboplatin in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: a single centre experience and review of the literature.	The objectives of this study are to evaluate patient outcomes in clinical practice using gemcitabine and carboplatin (GCarbo) as first-line treatment in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urothelium, and to review the published evidence on the use of GCarbo in this setting. From July 2003, all cases of metastatic TCC of the urothelium referred to a single consultant were treated using 3-weekly gemcitabine 1200 mg/m(2) i.v. days 1 and 8 plus carboplatin AUC 5-6 i.v. day 1 to a maximum of six cycles. Fifteen patients (median age 67 years) were treated. Grade 3 or 4 toxicity included neutropenia (47%), anaemia (27%) and thrombocytopenia (20%). No patients required admission for neutropenic pyrexia/sepsis, and there were no treatment-related deaths. The overall response rate was 67%. The median survival was 9 months (95% CI 7.4-10.6), and 1-year survival 42%. Gemcitabine and carboplatin is well tolerated, and has activity as first-line treatment in metastatic TCC of the urothelium. However, there is now evidence suggesting that gemcitabine and cisplatin may be more efficacious, and until the appropriate randomized phase 3 trials have been carried out, gemcitabine and cisplatin should probably remain the preferred first-line therapy. Gemcitabine and carboplatin is an effective alternative in those patients not deemed fit enough for cisplatin.	bladder
A population-based study of subsequent primary malignancies after endometrial cancer: genetic, environmental, and treatment-related associations.	PURPOSE: To examine the risk of subsequent primary malignancies (SPMs) in women diagnosed with endometrial cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The National Cancer Institute's Survival, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to determine the risk of SPM after endometrial cancer in 69,739 women diagnosed between 1973 and 2005. Standardized incidence ratios were calculated (observed/expected [O/E]) for SPM sites. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 11.2 years, representing 757,567 person-years of follow-up. The risk of SPM was significantly increased for small intestine (O/E = 1.48; 99% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-2.05), colon (O/E = 1.16; CI, 1.09-1.24), vagina (O/E = 2.71; CI, 1.86-3.8), and urinary bladder (O/E = 1.41; CI, 1.25-1.59) SPMs and decreased for oral cavity and pharynx (O/E = 0.75; CI, 0.6-0.93), lung and bronchus (O/E = 0.78; CI, 0.72-0.84), and esophagus (O/E = 0.58; CI, 0.37-0.86) SPMs. Patients receiving external-beam radiotherapy for endometrial cancer had an increased risk of colon (p < 0.001), bladder (p < 0.001), vagina (p = 0.04), and soft-tissue (p = 0.014) SPMs. Patients treated with brachytherapy had an increased risk of bladder SPM (p = 0.006). A positive bidirectional association with endometrial cancer was observed for colorectal cancer, with a negative bidirectional association for oropharyngeal and lung cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic, environmental, and treatment-related factors influence SPM risk. Genetic factors may contribute to the increased risk of colorectal cancer. Smoking's negative effect on endometrial cancer risk factors might explain the decreased risk of lung and oropharyngeal cancer. Patients treated with radiotherapy likely have a small but significantly increased risk of bladder, vagina, colon, and soft-tissue SPM.	bladder
Robot-assisted radical cystectomy: intermediate survival results at a mean follow-up of 25 months.	OBJECTIVE: To assess the overall and disease-specific survival rates of patients undergoing robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) compared with historical open cystectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Survival, pathological and demographic data were collected on all patients undergoing RARC for bladder cancer from both Tulane University Medical Center and Mayo Clinic Arizona. Of a total of 80 RARCs we only included those with a follow-up of > or =6 months from surgery. Survival curves were compared with those from historical series of open cystectomy. RESULTS: Of the 80 patients 59 were identified as having a follow-up of > or =6 months from the date of surgery. The mean (range) follow-up was 25 (6-49) months. Overall survival rates at 12 and 36 months were 82% and 69%, respectively, and disease-specific survival rates were 82% and 72% at 12 and 36 months, respectively. These results are comparable to survival rates from open cystectomy. As expected, patients with lymph node-positive disease fared worse than those with lymph node-negative disease. Patients with extravesical lymph node-negative disease (pT3, pT4) fared worse than patients with organ-confined lymph node-negative disease. Also, patients with lymph node-positive disease fared worse than those with extravesical lymph node-negative disease, which is consistent with historical results of open cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: RARC has a comparable survival rate to open cystectomy in the intermediate follow-up. Further study with a longer follow-up and more patients is necessary to determine any long-term survival benefits.	bladder