crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Association between NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 rs1800566 polymorphism and risk of bladder cancer.	quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) rs1800566 (Pro187Ser) is a functional polymorphism which leads to a proline-to-serine amino acid substitution at codon 187 in the NQO1 protein and enzyme activity changes. NQO1 rs1800566 polymorphism was implicated to be associated with a risk of bladder cancer, but published studies showed inconclusive results. We performed a meta-analysis of nine publications with a total of 2,661 cases and 2,738 controls on the association between NQO1 rs1800566 polymorphism and risk of bladder cancer. Data were extracted from those included studies, and the pooled odds ratio (OR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated to assess the association. We found that there was no association between NQO1 rs1800566 polymorphism and risk of bladder cancer under all four genetic models (Ser vs. Pro, OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.97-1.16, P = 0.21, I(2) = 31%; SerSer vs. ProPro, OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.89-1.42, P = 0.33, I(2) = 44%; SerSer/ProSer vs. ProPro, OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.96-1.21, P = 0.20, I(2) = 27%; SerSer vs. ProPro/ProSer, OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.85-1.32, P = 0.59, I(2) = 36%). Meta-analysis of those eight studies from Europeans also showed that there was no association between NQO1 rs1800566 polymorphism and risk of bladder cancer under all four genetic models (Ser vs. Pro, OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.93-1.13, P = 0.66, I(2) = 20%; SerSer vs. ProPro, OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.75-1.30, P = 0.93, I(2) = 38%; SerSer/ProSer vs. ProPro, OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.92-1.17, P = 0.55, I(2) = 6%; SerSer vs. ProPro/ProSer, OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.75-1.28, P = 0.87, I(2) = 39%). This meta-analysis suggests that the NQO1 rs1800566 polymorphism is not associated with a risk of bladder cancer. Further studies with larger samples are needed, especially for studies in Asians and Africans.	bladder
Target protein for Xklp2 (TPX2), a microtubule-related protein, contributes to malignant phenotype in bladder carcinoma.	Increasing evidence demonstrated that TPX2 was highly expressed and tightly associated with human tumor development and progression. However, its precise role in bladder carcinoma remains to be delineated. In the present study, we revealed the high expression of TPX2 at both mRNA and protein levels in bladder carcinoma tissues and cells, and TPX2 levels in pN1-3 and pT2-4 status were significantly higher than those in pN0 and pTa-T1 status, respectively. Additionally, high TPX2 level was strongly associated with pT status (P = 0.001), higher histological grade (P = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.022), and shorter survival time (P = 0.0279). Further investigation showed that TPX2 level in T24 cells was markedly higher than those in 5637, J82 and RT4 cells, in which RT4, a well-differentiated cell line derived from bladder carcinoma with low-grade non-invasive T0, displayed the lowest TPX2 mRNA and protein levels. Besides, TPX2 overexpression promoted proliferation and tumorigenicity, shortened cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, and suppressed cell apoptosis in T24 cells; conversely, TPX2 depletion exhibited opposite effects. Furthermore, TPX2 overexpression evoked the elevation of cyclin D1 and cdk2 levels as well as reduction of p21 level and caspase-3 activity, whereas reversed effects were observed in TPX2-depleted T24 cells. Taken altogether, TPX2 may play a central role in the development and progression of bladder carcinoma, and thus inhibition of TPX2 level may be a novel strategy for therapy of the patients with bladder carcinoma.	bladder
Technologic developments in the field of photonics for the detection of urinary bladder cancer.	Bladder cancer is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide in an aging population. Each year, thousands of people, mostly men, are diagnosed with this disease, but many of them present too late to receive optimal treatment. As with all cancers, early diagnosis of bladder cancer significantly improves the efficacy of therapy and increases survival and recurrence-free survival rates. Ongoing research has identified many limitations about the sensitivity of standard diagnostic procedures in detecting early-stage tumors and precancerous changes. The consequences of this are often tumor progression and increased tumor burden, leading to a decrease in patient quality of life and a vast increase in treatment costs. The necessity for improved early detection of bladder cancer has spurred on research into novel methods that use a wide range of biological and photonic phenomena. This review will broadly discuss standard detection methodologies and their major limitations before covering novel photonic techniques for early tumor detection and staging, assessing their diagnostic accuracy for flat and precancerous changes. We will do so in the context of both cystoscopic examination and the screening of voided urine and will also touch on the concept of using photonic technology as a surgical tool for tumor ablation.	bladder
Extensive hypermetabolic pattern of brown adipose tissue activation on 18F-FDG PET/CT in a patient diagnosed of catecholamine-secreting para-vesical paraganglioma.	The widespread use of (18)F-FDG PET-CT scanning in oncological patients has allowed to demonstrate the existence of metabolically active brown fat, also called brown adipose tissue (BAT), in adult humans, and specifying its anatomical distribution in vivo. As physiological determinants to BAT (18)F-FDG uptake has been identified gender, age, temperature, and body mass index. We have observed extensive activation of the BAT, including the mesenteric region, in a patient with a catecholamine-secreting para-vesical paranganglioma. The extensive BAT activation could be secondary to adrenergic stimulation due to excess of circulating norepinephrine concentration.	bladder
[Long-term anti-cancer implants inhibiting the activity of tumor growth in animal models].	This study was aimed to establish rat bladder tumor animal models to investigate the in viva antitumor effect of polyanhydride-pirarubicin (PAD-THP), a long-lasting anti-cancer implant, in the bladder tumor of animal models. The model of bladder cancer was set up with N-butly-N-(4 hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) feeding into rats. The PAD-THP long-acting anti-cancer implants containing the drugs and the same dose of the THP naked drug were placed under the bladder mucosa of bladder tumor model in vivo. The pirarubicin plasma concentration was measured with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection in vivo. The effective drug concentration and lasting period were observed and compared in the animal bodies. The tumor sizes were measured before and after the treatment. The in viva antitumor effects were analyzed and compared. The results showed that more significant antitumor effect of PAD-THP implants on the local drug release characteristics were presented compared with that of the same dose of THP bare drug group and there were significant differences (P<0. 05) between the two methods. All the results indicated that the PAD-THP anti-cancer implants in the postoperative local treatment of bladder tumors would show prosperous in the future for clinical application.	bladder
Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit tumor growth in a rat model of bladder cancer.	"Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids have been tested on prevention and treatment of several cancer types, but the efficacy on ""in vivo"" bladder cancer has not been analyzed yet. This study aimed at evaluating the chemopreventive efficacy of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) mixture in an animal model of bladder cancer. Forty-four male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups during a 20-week protocol: control; carcinogen-N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN); ω-3 (DHA + EPA); and ω-3 + BBN. BBN and ω-3 were given during the initial 8 weeks. At week 20 blood and bladder were collected and checked for the presence of urothelium lesions and tumors, markers of inflammation, proliferation, and redox status. Incidence of bladder carcinoma was, control (0%), ω-3 (0%), BBN (65%), and ω-3 + BBN (62.5%). The ω-3 + BBN group had no infiltrative tumors or carcinoma in situ, and tumor volume was significantly reduced compared to the BBN (0.9 ± 0.1 mm(3) versus 112.5 ± 6.4 mm(3)). Also, it showed a reduced MDA/TAS ratio and BBN-induced serum CRP, TGF-β1, and CD31 were prevented. In conclusion, omega-3 fatty acids inhibit the development of premalignant and malignant lesions in a rat model of bladder cancer, which might be due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-angiogenic properties."	bladder
Validation of RiskCheck Bladder Cancer ©, version 5.0 for risk-adapted screening of bladder cancer.	INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess the strength of the online tool RiskCheck Bladder Cancer©, version 5.0 (RCBC) for early detection of bladder cancer (BC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: RCBC was evaluated retrospectively based on the data of 241 patients, of which 141 were suffering from BC. Statistical analysis was performed by descriptive statistics, nonparametric group comparison, classification tree analysis and ROC analysis. RESULTS: ROC analysis of the risk classification showed a sensitivity of 71.6%, a specificity of 56.5%, a positive predictive value of 67.8%, a negative predictive value of 52% and an accuracy of 63.5%. BC risk factors ranked by importance are time of smoking (p < 0.0001), gender (within the nonsmoking group: p < 0.009), occupational toxin exposure (within the group <35 years of smoking: p < 0.048) and amount of consumed cigarettes resulting in a 95% association with BC (within the group >35 years of smoking: p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The high predictive power of RCBC for the identification of asymptomatic patients living under risk could be demonstrated.	bladder
Observational follow-up of the PROactive study: a 6-year update.	AIMS: The PROactive study investigated pioglitazone for secondary prevention of macrovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pioglitazone showed a 10% (non-significant) relative risk (RR) reduction for the primary composite endpoint and a significant 16% reduction for the main secondary endpoint (death, myocardial infarction, stroke) after a mean 34.5 months. There was no difference in cumulative malignancy incidence, but an imbalance in bladder malignancies (pioglitazone 14, placebo 5). We present a pre-specified 6-year interim analysis of a 10-year observational follow-up. METHODS: Any patient completing PROactive was eligible. No study treatments were provided. A Cox proportional hazard model compared non-adjudicated macrovascular events (same endpoints as PROactive excluding acute coronary syndrome) based on original randomization. Malignancies were compared using conventional RR ratios. RESULTS: Of 5238 randomized patients, 3599 (74%) entered the follow-up. For the follow-up (mean 5.8 years) or combined double-blind and follow-up periods (≤9.5 years, mean 8.7), there were no statistically significant differences in primary or main secondary endpoints. For the combined period, a similar percentage of patients had any diagnosed malignancy (RR = 1.05, 95% CI [0.89, 1.24]) or bladder malignancy (RR = 1.06, 95% CI [0.59, 1.89]) in the pioglitazone and placebo groups. There were fewer cases of bladder malignancy with pioglitazone (15 [0.6%] vs. 19 [0.7%] for placebo) for the combined period when events diagnosed in the first 365 days were excluded, and fewer cases for the follow-up period alone (10 [0.5%] vs. 17 [1.0%] for placebo). Further analyses of pioglitazone use (including use during follow-up) found no significant difference in bladder malignancies between any and no pioglitazone use for the combined period. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that improved macrovascular outcomes seen with pioglitazone subside without continued pioglitazone treatment. The double-blind period bladder cancer imbalance did not persist in follow-up.	bladder
Adverse reactions related to treatment compliance during BCG maintenance therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the factor of adverse reactions related to compliance with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance therapy in patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. METHODS: This study was a post hoc analysis using the database of a randomized controlled trial that examined the efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (Connaught strain) maintenance therapy. Among the 42 patients assigned to the bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance therapy group, six patients dropped out or withdrew consent before the bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance therapy. The adverse reactions and clinical backgrounds of the remaining 36 patients who underwent bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance therapy were compared between the two groups: the patients who completed the bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance therapy (the Completed group), and those who discontinued the bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance therapy (the Discontinued group). RESULTS: Of the 36 patients who underwent bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance therapy, 15 (41.7%) were in the Completed group and 21 (58.3%) were in the Discontinued group. Local adverse reactions (≥G2) were observed during maintenance therapy in 86.7% of the Completed group and 95.2% of the Discontinued group. As for adverse reactions during the induction therapy (bacillus Calmette-Guérin induction therapy), the frequencies of gross hematuria and systemic adverse reactions (any grade) tended to be higher in the Discontinued group than in the Completed group, although not significantly so. In the Cochran-Armitage trend test, the linear T trend (i.e. the trend in the risk of an increased rate of discontinuation according to gross hematuria and systemic adverse reactions with bacillus Calmette-Guérin induction therapy) was statistically significant (P = 0.0179). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients who completed bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance therapy experienced local adverse reactions (≥G2) during the maintenance therapy. Gross hematuria and systemic adverse reactions during bacillus Calmette-Guérin induction therapy might be related to the discontinuation of bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance therapy because of severe adverse reactions.	bladder
[Innovative treatments of non muscle invasive bladder cancer].	Bladder cancer represents the second most common neoplasm of the urinary tract and the fourth in general among all the neoplastic pathologies for the male gender; in females, it is the eighth most frequent among all cancers. At the initial diagnosis, 70% of bladder tumors are non-muscle invasive. Treatment of this stage is multimodal, both surgical and pharmacological; the aim is not only to remove the tumor completely but also to prevent tumor recurrence and to inhibit its progression. The treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is a current topic in the scientific community and it is represented by the endoscopic resection of the tumor, which is generally followed by the adjuvant intravesical treatment with chemotherapy or immunotherapy agents, according to the different risk groups. Benefits and limits of intravesical therapies have been known for long; the aim of this study is to present new drugs or new treatment patterns which could emerge as a valid therapeutic alternative to conventional treatments, given the fact that, regardless of the type of treatment, 2/3 of the patients with a diagnosis of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer have a disease recurrence, and the 10-20% of these show a progression to a muscle-invasive tumor. Furthermore, the failure of intravesical therapy implies another therapeutic option, such as radical cystectomy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. According to this fact, new strategies include the activation of host immune system and the optimization of cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Although most of these studies are still in a pre-clinical phase, the experimental outcomes and the initial results in humans are encouraging.	bladder
[Intravesical therapy with mitomycin through electromotive drug administration].	In the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), high-level evidence supports the widespread practice of intravesical therapy with mitomycin-C (MMC). Randomized trials showed a significant reduction in short-term recurrence compared with transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) alone, but little effect on long-term and no impact at all in preventing progression. Electromotive drug administration (EMDA®) offers a means of controlling and enhancing the tissue transport of certain drugs, in order to increase their efficacy. In both laboratory and clinical studies, intravesical electromotive drug administration (EMDA) increases MMC bladder uptake, resulting in an improved clinical efficacy in NMIBC without systemic side effects. New frameworks for treatment of NMIBC - e.g., sequential intravesical BCG and EMDA/MMC, as well as intravesical EMDA/MMC immediately before TURBT - have provided promising preliminary results with higher remission rates and longer remission times, and they are a priority to minimise the costs of disease management. These findings suggest EMDA-enhanced MMC efficacy against urothelial cancer could be a major therapeutic breakthrough in the treatment of NMIBC.	bladder
Quality of life in patients with ileal conduit cystectomy due to bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVE: To determine the variables that affect quality of life of patients treated by radical cystectomy with ileal conduit. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We analyzed quality of life using the EQ-5D-3L questionnaire. This questionnaire evaluates mobility, personal care, daily activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression and a self-rating scale of the health condition. We compared the result with demographic variables (gender, age, work situation, studies, income, partner) and clinical variables (ASA classification, tumor stage, time since cystectomy was performed, adjuvant chemotherapy, recurrent and complications of the stoma). The statistical analysis included a descriptive study, univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 59 patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 69 years (47-84). Mean time from cystectomy was 43 months (12-83), with 61% complications associated to the stoma. Stoma complications were related with limitations in personal care, pain/discomfort, anxiety, depression and quality of life in general. Female gender was associated with limitations in daily activities and adjuvant chemotherapy with anxiety/depression and quality of life in general. The rest of the variables were not statistically significant in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The limitations in quality of life in patients with cystectomy and ileal conduit are associated with the stoma-associated complications. Other related variables are female gender and administration of adjuvant chemotherapy.	bladder
Optimizing systemic therapy for bladder cancer.	Over the past several decades, few new systemic agents have been incorporated into the treatment paradigm for bladder cancer. Platinum-based therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment in the perioperative and metastatic settings. Despite level one evidence, use of cisplatin-based therapy in the neoadjuvant setting has been dismal. Second-line therapy for metastatic disease has only modest activity with no survival benefit. However, the elucidation and investigation of novel molecular targets, new therapeutics, and associated biomarkers with strong biologic rationale are actively changing the landscape in bladder cancer. Although the field is moving rapidly, no new drug approvals are currently pending and a need remains to continue to educate the medical oncology and urology communities on the optimal use of currently available treatments. This article outlines the evidence, including that from prospective studies and meta-analyses, providing the basis for the current recommendations from NCCN, and details previous and ongoing studies of targeted therapy for bladder cancer.	bladder
Optimal schedule of bacillus calmette-guerin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of comparative studies.	BACKGROUND: To explore the necessity of maintenance, efficacy of low-dose and superiority of various combination therapies of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in treatment of superficial bladder cancer (BCa). METHODS: Comprehensive searches of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) were performed, then a systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 9 retrospective comparative studies were carried out according to predefined inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Significantly better recurrence-free survivals (RFS) were observed respectively in patients who received BCG maintenance, standard-dose and BCG plus epirubicin therapy comparing to those received induction, low-dose and BCG alone. BCG maintenance therapy was also associated with significantly better progression-free survival (PFS), but there were more incidences of adverse events. Pooled results showed no remarkable advantage of BCG combined with Mitomycin C or with interferon α-2b in improving oncologic outcomes. Sensitivity-analyses stratified by study-design and tumor stage led to very similar overall results and often to a decrease of the between-study heterogeneity. Our data confirmed that non-RCT only affected strength rather than direction of the overall results. CONCLUSIONS: All patients with superficial BCa should be encouraged to accept BCG maintenance therapy with standard-dose if well tolerated. Patients can benefit from BCG combined with epirubicin but not from BCG combined with Mitomycin C or interferon α-2b.	bladder
Toward a molecular pathologic classification of urothelial carcinoma.	We recently defined molecular subtypes of urothelial carcinomas according to whole genome gene expression. Herein we describe molecular pathologic characterization of the subtypes using 20 genes and IHC of 237 tumors. In addition to differences in expression levels, the subtypes show important differences in stratification of protein expression. The selected genes included biological features central to bladder cancer biology, eg, cell cycle activity, cellular architecture, cell-cell interactions, and key receptor tyrosine kinases. We show that the urobasal (Uro) A subtype shares features with normal urothelium such as keratin 5 (KRT5), P-cadherin (P-Cad), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression confined to basal cells, and cell cycle activity (CCNB1) restricted to the tumor-stroma interface. In contrast, the squamous cell cancer-like (SCCL) subtype uniformly expresses KRT5, P-Cad, EGFR, KRT14, and cell cycle genes throughout the tumor parenchyma. The genomically unstable subtype shows proliferation throughout the tumor parenchyma and high ERBB2 and E-Cad expression but absence of KRT5, P-Cad, and EGFR expression. UroB tumors demonstrate features shared by both UroA and SCCL subtypes. A major transition in tumor progression seems to be loss of dependency of stromal interaction for proliferation. We present a simple IHC/histology-based classifier that is easy to implement as a standard pathologic evaluation to differentiate the three major subtypes: urobasal, genomically unstable, and SCCL. These three major subtypes exhibit important prognostic differences.	bladder