crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
The expanding repertoire of targets for immune checkpoint inhibition in bladder cancer: What lies beneath the tip of the iceberg, PD-L1.	Over the last decade, a new understanding of tumor-immune system interplay has been ushered in, lead in large part by the discovery of immune checkpoints mediated through B7-CD28 family interactions. Therapeutic blockade of the PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway has already shown great success as a cancer immunotherapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma, leading to durable clinical remissions in an otherwise incurable disease. There are newly described members of the B7-CD28 family including B7-H3, B7x, and HHLA2. These ligands are thought to play an essential role in suppressing T-cell response, leading to immune tolerance of tumors. This feature makes them attractive targets for novel immunotherapy treatment paradigms. Here, we review the literature of current strategies and future directions of immune checkpoint blockade therapy for bladder cancer.	bladder
Ki-67 and Cell Cycle Regulators p53, p63 and cyclinD1 as Prognostic Markers for Recurrence/ Progression of Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma.	Deregulation of the cell cycle regulating genes is common in urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC). We aimed to examine the prognostic significance of ki-67, p53, p63 and cyclinD1expression in UBC and to identify optimal cut-off points to help identifying patients at high risk of tumor recurrence. We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of ki-67, p53, p63 and cyclinD1 in 100 UBCs. The conventional and the classification and regression trees-guided (CART-guided) methods were utilized to determine the independent predictors of tumor recurrence. The p53 and Ki-67 expression didn't associate significantly with tumor recurrence.p63 and cyclinD1 exhibited significant hazard ratios. Using CART, no recurrence was observed when p63 was ≥87.5%. The recurrence incidence increased and the disease free survival (DFS) time shortened as the p63 decreased. CyclinD1 associated significantly with tumor recurrence only if p63 was <35%. Using the CART cut-off values¬, cases were categorized into three groups; (groups I: p63 ≥ 35%, II: p63 < 35% and cyclinD1 < 10% and III: p63 < 35% and cyclinD1 ≥ 10%). Group I patients revealed the least incidence of recurrence at the longest DFS. Group III had the worst prognosis followed by Group II. p63 represents a surrogant biomarker to predict UBC recurrence.CyclinD1 can be used only when p63 is <35%. CART proved helpful with data among which the number of cases with positive outcomes is too small relative to the number of studied predictors. Large cohort studies for ki-67 and p53 are recommended to be performed with standardized criteria as regards patients' characteristics, cut-off values, and follow-up time.	bladder
[Spontaneous regression of methotrexate-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma following bladder lesion resection].	A 71-year-old woman who had been treated with methotrexate (MTX) and prednisolone for rheumatoid arthritis since 2010 presented with hematuria. Cystitis was diagnosed. Chest and abdominal CT images revealed a bladder tumor, with lung and bilateral adrenal metastases. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TUR-BT) confirmed these findings in September 2014. Histological findings of the bladder included large atypical lymphoid cells indicating diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. After TUR-BT, CT imaging showed that the tumor had shrunk. Still, MTX was continued. She was diagnosed with MTX-related lymphoproliferative disorders in November 2014 and MTX was discontinued. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography on March 2015 showed a complete response.	bladder
A Rare Case of Urachal Carcinoma Metastatic to Thoracic Vertebra Detected by FDG PET/CT.	Both chest radiography and MRI scan showed compression fracture of the T6 vertebral body in a 33-year-old man who presented with back pain. Because of the absence of predisposing factors for compression fracture, a pathologic fracture was considered. For this reason, an FDG PET/CT was performed. The images revealed not only the abnormal activity in the known T6 vertebral body but also an additional activity immediately anterosuperior to the urinary bladder in a partially calcified soft tissue nodule. A mucinous adenocarcinoma of urachus with solitary bone metastasis was confirmed histopathologically.	bladder
In Vivo Demonstration of PSMA Expression in Adenocarcinoma Urinary Bladder Using 68Ga-PSMA 11 PET/CT.	In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression in various malignant and benign tumors. Based on the recent immunohistochemical study showing PSMA expression in adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder, we hypothesized that PSMA expression in adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder can be demonstrated in vivo using Ga-PSMA 11 PET/CT. We present a man with exstrophy bladder, presenting with adenocarcinoma urinary bladder referred for staging PET/CT. Both F-FDG and Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT were done, which showed PSMA expression in the primary tumor as well as metastatic lymph nodes.	bladder
Copenhagen Airport Cohort: air pollution, manual baggage handling and health.	PURPOSE: Copenhagen Airport Cohort 1990-2012 presents a unique data source for studies of health effects of occupational exposure to air pollution (ultrafine particles) and manual baggage handling among airport employees. We describe the extent of information in the cohort and in the follow-up based on data linkage to the comprehensive Danish nationwide health registers. In the cohort, all information is linked to the personal identification number that also is used in Denmark Statistics demographic and socioeconomic databases and in the nationwide health registers. PARTICIPANTS: The cohort covers 69 175 men in unskilled positions. The exposed cohort includes men in unskilled jobs employed at Copenhagen Airport in the period 1990-2012 either as baggage handlers or in other outdoor work. The reference cohort includes men in unskilled jobs working in the greater Copenhagen area. FINDINGS TO DATE: The cohort includes environmental Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in Copenhagen Airport, information on job function/task for each calendar year of employment between 1990 and 2012, exposure to air pollution at residence, average weight of baggage lifted per day and lifestyle. By linkage to registers, we retrieved socioeconomic and demographic data and data on healthcare contacts, drug subscriptions, incident cancer and mortality. FUTURE PLANS: The size of the cohort and the completeness of the register-based follow-up allow a more accurate assessment of the possible health risks of occupational exposure to ultrafine particles and manual baggage handling at airports than in previous studies. We plan to follow the cohort for the incidence of ischaemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular disease, lung and bladder cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and further for associations between heavy manual baggage handling and musculoskeletal disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION: number 2012-41-0199.	bladder
Restrictive transfusion in radical cystectomy is safe.	INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Perioperative blood transfusion (PBT) is commonplace in radical cystectomy (RC) and has been linked to poorer oncologic outcomes. Limiting PBT in this largely elderly and comorbid population has not been studied. Herein, we first investigate the safety of a restrictive transfusion protocol (RTP) in patients undergoing RC for urothelial carcinoma and then compare oncologic outcomes between patients who did and did not receive PBT. METHODS: Outcomes for 173 consecutive patients meeting inclusion criteria undergoing RC for urothelial carcinoma from April 2010 to June 2014 by a single surgeon employing RTP were analyzed from an institutional review board-approved, prospectively collected database. Pairwise matching to a cohort undergoing RC during an earlier era of more liberal PBT was performed, and 90-day outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Median follow-up for the RTP cohort was 3.1 years (range: 0-5.1y). Median age was 70 years (range: 38-93y). Forty-six patients (26.6%) received PBT. Eighty-seven matched pairs were generated from RTP cohort and liberal era where PBT rate was 94%. There were no differences in 90-day complication rates, mortality, or readmission rates (P>0.05). In the RTP cohort, patients who underwent PBT had higher estimated blood loss (500 vs. 350, P = 0.001), lower baseline hematocrit (28.9 vs. 33.3, P = 0.005), and similar operative time (5.8 vs. 5.3h, P = 0.01) and length of stay (5.5 vs. 5, P = 0.07). At discharge and 3-week follow-up, there was no difference in hematocrit (P>0.05). In the no-PBT group, 90-day (65.6% vs. 86.7%, P = 0.007) and high-grade (15.6% vs. 34.8%, P = 0.003) complication rates were lower. On multivariable analysis, predictors of PBT were age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06, 95% CI [1.01-1.11]), Charlson comorbidity index≥2 (OR = 2.68, CI [1.09-7.04]), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (OR = 3.74, CI [1.46-10.19]),≥pT3 (OR = 5.5, CI [2.33-13.73]), baseline hematocrit (OR = 0.95, CI [0.87-1.00]), and estimated blood loss (OR = 1.001, CI [1-1.003]). PBT was associated with lower recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio = 2.16; CI [1.13-41.12]; P = 0.02) and overall survival (hazard ratio =2.25; CI [1.25-4.88]; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The use of RTP in RC is safe. PBT was associated with poorer recurrence-free survival and overall survival independent of clinicopathologic characteristics.	bladder
Targeting and Internalization of Liposomes by Bladder Tumor Cells Using a Fibronectin Attachment Protein-Derived Peptide-Lipopolymer Conjugate.	A synthetic peptidolipopolymer conjugate, incorporated into liposomes to promote specific binding to the fibronectin (FBN) matrix surrounding bladder tumor cells and promote cellular internalization of FBN-integrin complexes, is reported. The peptide promotes association with MB49 mouse model bladder tumor cells in a sequence-specific and concentration-dependent manner, with the maximum cell association occurring at 2 mol % RWFV-PEG2000-DSPE. Double PEGylation of the liposome membrane (i.e., 4 mol % mPEG1000-DSPE + 2 mol % RWFV-PEG2000-DSPE) enhanced binding by >1.6-fold, by improving ligand presentation on the liposome surface. The sequence specificity of the peptide-lipopolymer construct was confirmed by comparing liposomes containing RWFV-PEG2000-DSPE with scrambled and nonpeptidic lipopolymer liposomal formulations. MB49 tumor-bearing mice showed greater mean radiance values for FAP peptide-targeted liposomes in tumor-associated regions of interest than for nontargeted and scrambled peptide liposome formulations. These findings suggest that peptide-modified liposomes may be an attractive vehicle for targeted delivery to bladder tumors in vivo.	bladder
Bayesian bivariate meta-analysis of diagnostic test studies with interpretable priors.	In a bivariate meta-analysis, the number of diagnostic studies involved is often very low so that frequentist methods may result in problems. Using Bayesian inference is particularly attractive as informative priors that add a small amount of information can stabilise the analysis without overwhelming the data. However, Bayesian analysis is often computationally demanding and the selection of the prior for the covariance matrix of the bivariate structure is crucial with little data. The integrated nested Laplace approximations method provides an efficient solution to the computational issues by avoiding any sampling, but the important question of priors remain. We explore the penalised complexity (PC) prior framework for specifying informative priors for the variance parameters and the correlation parameter. PC priors facilitate model interpretation and hyperparameter specification as expert knowledge can be incorporated intuitively. We conduct a simulation study to compare the properties and behaviour of differently defined PC priors to currently used priors in the field. The simulation study shows that the PC prior seems beneficial for the variance parameters. The use of PC priors for the correlation parameter results in more precise estimates when specified in a sensible neighbourhood around the truth. To investigate the usage of PC priors in practice, we reanalyse a meta-analysis using the telomerase marker for the diagnosis of bladder cancer and compare the results with those obtained by other commonly used modelling approaches. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	bladder
Determining optimal maintenance schedules for adjuvant intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.	OBJECTIVES: To figure out optimal bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) maintenance schedules for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients by comparing different schedules in a systematic review using conventional and network meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature was searched in the databases of Medline, Embase, Cochrane library, Clinicaltrials.gov, Wanfang, CNKI and SinoMed in April 2016 and 9 randomized clinical trials comparing intravesical BCG maintenance therapy with BCG induction-only therapy or comparing different BCG maintenance schedules (induction-only, 1 year, 1.5 year, 2 year, 3 year maintenance) in NMIBC patients were included. Conventional and network meta-analyses within a Bayesian framework were performed to calculate odds ratios of tumor recurrence, progression and side effects (cystitis, hematuria, general malaise and fever). The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) mean ranking was used to obtain schedule hierarchy. RESULTS: Data from 1951 patients showed that longer-term maintenance BCG therapy does not significantly decrease tumor recurrence and progression rate of NMIBC compared to shorter-term maintenance BCG therapy. However, longer-maintenance therapy does not increase side effect incidence compared to induction-only therapy. According to SUCRA results, induction-only therapy has the highest probability of recurrence and progression but least probability of side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Longer BCG maintenance therapy (such as 3 years) is not superior to shorter maintenance therapy (such as 1 year). But maintenance therapy overall is better than induction-only BCG therapy while not increasing side effects. Though further evidence and clinical practice with balanced confounding factors (risk stratification and BCG strain) are wished for, the current study suggests the common use of 1 year intravesical BCG instillation for NMIBC patients.	bladder
Breaking the ritual metabolic cycle in order to save acetyl CoA: A potential role for mitochondrial humanin in T2 bladder cancer aggressiveness.	INTRODUCTION: Cancer cells may exhibit outsourcing of their high energy need in order to avoid the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis. Reduced mitochondrial respiration and accumulation of mitochondrial genome mutations are among metabolic transformations in this regard. Mitochondrial humanin (MT-RNR2) is a small peptide with anti-apoptotic activities attributed to binding some pro-apoptotic proteins. AIM OF THE WORK: The current study aims at investigating the expression of mitochondrial humanin in bladder tumor cells and the possible casting of humanin anti-apoptotic action through orchestrating some of the mitochondrial metabolic enzymes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Here messenger RNA of humanin, succinate dehydrogenase, glutaminase, isocitrate dehydrogenase were compared in tissues from patients with T2 bladder carcinoma in comparison to tumor associated normal tissues from the same patients. Levels of lactate and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC1) mRNA were determined to scrutinize the prevalence of aerobic glycolysis. RESULTS: The present study found that tumor cells had suppressed aerobic glycolysis, augmented mitochondrial respiration and interrupted tricarboxylic acid cycle, all of which were suggested to serve tumor aggressiveness. MT-RNR2 was found closely related to the alterations in mitochondrial activity. CONCLUSION: MT-RNR2 plays its anti-apoptotic role partly by avoiding deploying energy from complete oxidation of organic compounds to inorganic wastes. Thus MT-RNR2 can potentially serve as a new biomarker in the diagnosis of bladder carcinoma especially that it is present in blood circulation.	bladder
Clinical and patient-reported outcomes of SPARE - a randomised feasibility study of selective bladder preservation versus radical cystectomy.	OBJECTIVES: To test the feasibility of a randomised trial in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and compare outcomes in patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy (RC) or selective bladder preservation (SBP), where definitive treatment [RC or radiotherapy (RT)] is determined by response to chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: SPARE is a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing RC and SBP in patients with MIBC staged T2-3 N0 M0, fit for both treatment strategies and receiving three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients were randomised between RC and SBP before a cystoscopy after cycle three of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with ≤T1 residual tumour received a fourth cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in both groups, followed by radical RT in the SBP group and RC in in the RC group; non-responders in both groups proceeded immediately to RC following cycle three. Feasibility study primary endpoints were accrual rate and compliance with assigned treatment strategy. The phase III trial was designed to demonstrate non-inferiority of SBP in terms of overall survival (OS) in patients whose tumours responded to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Secondary endpoints included patient-reported quality of life, clinician assessed toxicity, loco-regional recurrence-free survival, and rate of salvage RC after SBP. RESULTS: Trial recruitment was challenging and below the predefined target with 45 patients recruited in 30 months (25 RC; 20 SBP). Non-compliance with assigned treatment strategy was frequent, six of the 25 patients (24%) randomised to RC received RT. Long-term bladder preservation rate was 11/15 (73%) in those who received RT per protocol. OS survival was not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Randomising patients with MIBC between RC and SBP based on response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was not feasible in the UK health system. Strong clinician and patient preferences for treatments impacted willingness to undergo randomisation and acceptance of treatment allocation. Due to the few participants, firm conclusions about disease and toxicity outcomes cannot be drawn.	bladder
[ORTHOTOPIC URINE DERIVATION AFTER RADICAL CYSTECTOMY (REVIEW)].	İn this article modern methods of choice in orthotopic urine derivation and reconstruction of urine reservoir from different parts of digestive trac are reviewd. Orthotopic replacement of urinary bladder is a standart after radical cystectomy, which provides recovery of urination, full social and psychological rehabilitation of patients. But radical cystectomy with orthotopic reservoir is the method of treatment which causes many complications in early and late postoperative periods. That requires multimodal approach to correction. Strongly recommended methods of urine derivation should be widely used in specialized surgical centers.	bladder
A conceptual framework for patient-reported outcomes in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a chronic condition requiring repeated treatment and endoscopic examinations that can be life-long. In this context, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is important to patients and managing clinicians, and integral to treatment recommendations for NMIBC. The aim of this study was to develop a conceptual framework of patient-reported NMIBC symptoms, treatment side effects, and HRQOL impacts from three sources: (1) literature, (2) patients and (3) treating clinicians. METHODS: First, we undertook a scoping literature review for studies reporting patient-reported outcomes associated with NMIBC. Outcomes were extracted and grouped conceptually. Then, we conducted semi-structured interviews with patients with NMIBC and treating clinicians. Patients were asked about symptoms and HRQOL impacts experienced from their NMIBC and treatments. Clinicians were asked about commonly reported outcomes, and outcomes they felt were important to assess clinically. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and content analysed. RESULTS: A total of 125 symptom- and functioning-related expressions from 18 studies, 26 patients and 20 clinicians were coded into three themes and 18 sub-themes. Patients commonly reported blood in urine and frequent urination. Clinicians considered BCG sepsis and flu-like symptoms important outcomes to assess during treatment for NMIBC. CONCLUSION: Our empirically derived conceptual framework identifies patient-reported outcomes that are important to people with NMIBC, provides the basis for the development of a new NMIBC-specific symptom index, and guides the design of a comprehensive PRO assessment plan for clinical practice in NMIBC and future clinical trials of treatments for NMIBC.	bladder
Effect of cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy on survival in patients with bladder cancer: a meta-analysis.	PURPOSE: Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has been shown to improve survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) who underwent radical cystectomy as compared with patients who underwent surgery alone. It has also been suggested as current standard of care in surgically-fit patients with MIBC. This meta-analysis assessed the effect of cisplatin-based NAC on survival in patients with bladder cancer. SOURCE: PubMed, CENTRAL, and Embase were searched until November 22, 2016. Two-arm randomized controlled trials that compared cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus local treatment versus the same local treatment without neoadjuvant chemotherapy were selected. Patients with histologically-confirmed bladder cancer (adenocarcinoma, transitional, or squamous-cell carcinoma) were included. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Of the 292 articles initially identified, 14 were included in the final analysis. Patients in the NAC group had similar OS as the local treatment (i.e., radiation therapy or cystectomy) group (pooled hazard ratio [HR] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84 to 1.00, P=0.056). No difference in progress-free survival between two groups was observed (P=0.725). Subgroup analysis showed that OS was similar in patients treated with NAC plus radiotherapy or cystectomy compared with patients who received local treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS: Platinum-based NAC was associated with similar survival benefit as patients undergoing cystectomy and/or radiotherapy. No conclusion can be drawn about the optimal platinum-based combination to be used in the neoadjuvant setting.	bladder