crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[Expression of survivin mRNA in urine exfoliated cells of patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma detected by real-time PCR].	BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Bladder cancer is the most malignant cancer of the urinary system. However a noninvasive and sensitive method of the early diagnosis for bladder cancer has not been developed. This study was to explore the expression of survivin mRNA in urine exfoliated cells of preoperative and postoperative patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC), and to analyze its value in early diagnosis and postoperative monitoring. METHODS: Urine of 30 patients with initially diagnosed BTCC was collected before operation and one week, one month, six months and 15 months after operation. Urine of 10 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with cystitis was used as control. Expression of survivin mRNA in urine exfoliated cells was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). RESULTS: The relative copy number of survivin mRNA in the patients was (96.01+/-42.33) before operation, which was significantly higher than that of healthy volunteers and cystitis patients (P <0.05). The level of survivin mRNA was apparently declined one week after operation (25.30+/-1.51) compared with its preoperative level (P <0.05); and the level became as low as the control group after one month (13.20+/-1.49) and six months (13.90+/-1.36) (P>0.05). Patients were followed up for 15 months, and three patients recurred, whose survivin mRNA level (97.83+/-27.47) was significantly higher than that at six months after operation (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Detecting survivin mRNA in urine exfoliated cells is sensitive for the diagnosis of BTCC. Detection survivin mRNA after operation can monitor recurrence.	bladder
[Imaging features of nonepithelial tumors of the bladder].	OBJECTIVE: To summarize the imaging features of nonepithelial tumors of the bladder. METHODS: The Imaging findings in 20 surgically treated patients with pathologically proved nonepithelial tumors of the bladder were retrospectively analyzed. The tumors included leiomyoma (n = 9), pheochromocytoma (n = 6), leiomyosarcoma (n = 2), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 1), carcinosarcoma (n = 1), inflammatory myofibroblastoma (n = 1). RESULTS: The leiomyomas were round or ellipse in shape with a sharp border and homogeneous density, and showed a low signal intensity on T1WI and T2WI in 1/1 case; slight enhancement on CT after contrast enhancement in 6/7 cases; and a poor blood supply on color Doppler ultrasonography in 3/4 cases. The pheochromocytoma had a round or oval shape and clear border, and slightly lobulated in 4/6 cases, homogeneous density/echo/signal in 5/6 cases, calcification in 1 case, low signal intensity on T1WI and high signal intensity on T2WI in 1/1 case, moderate or marked enhancement on CT and MRI in 4/5 cases, and strong blood supply on color Doppler ultrasonography in 3/4 cases. The inflammatory myofibroblastoma showed the same imaging features as the pheochromocytomas. Other malignant tumors showed an irregular configuration, with a poorly defined border, heterogeneous density/echo/signal and moderate to strong enhancement on CT. CONCLUSION: Most leiomyomas and pheochromocytomas of the bladder show some typical imaging features on CT, MRI and ultrasound, which are helpful in making correct diagnosis and treatment plan preoperatively. Other malignant nonepithelial bladder tumors do not show special imaging characteristics and can only be diagnosed qualitatively.	bladder
Narrow-band imaging cystoscopy to evaluate the response to bacille Calmette-Guérin therapy: preliminary results.	STUDY TYPE: Diagnostic (exploratory cohort). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether narrow-band imaging cystoscopy (NBIC) can identify bladder tumour suspected on follow-up white-light cystoscopy (WLC) after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy, as BCG causes an intense reaction in the bladder, appearing as red lesions on WLC, which might be residual tumour or BCG-induced inflammation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-one patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder tumours were evaluated 3 months after starting induction BCG therapy. All patients had abnormal erythematous lesions on WLC, suspected to be residual carcinoma in situ. After WLC, they were evaluated by NBIC, urine cytology and biopsy, followed by transurethral resection of all visible lesions. RESULTS: Of the 61 patients, 22 (36%) had residual tumour. NBIC correctly identified tumour in 21 patients, but another 10 had unnecessary biopsy (NBIC positive, negative biopsy). Only one of 30 patients who had negative NBIC findings had tumour. NBIC outperformed urine cytology in detecting residual tumour after BCG therapy. CONCLUSION: NBIC appears to better identify patients who have suspected residual tumour on follow-up WLC at 3 months after BCG therapy.	bladder
Biomarkers in bladder cancer.	Detailed molecular insights into bladder cancer biology might allow more detailed prognostication and optimization of treatment with the objective of improving patient outcome and quality of life. However, in bladder cancer research the search for biomarkers has been called into question and has even obtained notoriety. It is unlikely that any single marker will be able to improve prognostication for patients with bladder cancer above and beyond grade and stage, but a combination of multiple independent markers might more precisely predict the outcome. From a previous review, we identified seven biomarkers to study within the setting of the Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme (BCPP), a 5-year multicentre programme of research based at the University of Birmingham and funded by Cancer Research UK, investigating their effectiveness in predicting recurrence and progression. As part of the ongoing quality-assurance process for BCPP we present an updated review of our selected biomarkers, as well as highlighting other recent important developments in bladder cancer research.	bladder
Spectrum of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway gene alterations in bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway can be activated by alterations affecting several pathway components. For rational application of targeted therapies, detailed understanding of tumor biology and approaches to predict efficacy in individual tumors are required. Our aim was to assess the frequency and distribution of pathway alterations in bladder cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We examined the pathway components (PIK3CA, PTEN, TSC1, RHEB, and LKB1) and putative upstream regulators (FGFR3 and RAS genes) for mutation, allelic loss, copy number alteration, and expression in bladder tumors and cell lines. RESULTS: No mutations were found in RHEB and only a single mutation in LKB1. PIK3CA mutations were detected in 25% of tumors and 26% of cell lines with a significant excess of helical domain mutations (E542K and E545K). There was over-representation but not amplification of the gene. Loss of heterozygosity of the PTEN region and homozygous deletion were found in 12% and 1.4% of tumors, and reduced expression in 49%. Forty-six percent of cell lines showed alterations that implicated PTEN. Sixteen percent of tumors and 11% of cell lines showed TSC1 mutation, and 9q loss of heterozygosity was common (57%). Pathway alterations were independently distributed, suggesting that the mutation of two pathway members may have additive or synergistic effects through noncanonical functions. CONCLUSIONS: PI3K pathway alterations are common in bladder cancer. The lack of redundancy of alterations suggests that single-agent PI3K-targeted therapy may not be successful in these cancers. This study provides a well-characterized series of cell lines for use in preclinical studies of targeted agents.	bladder
Tumor recurrence in prostatic urethra following simultaneous resection of bladder tumor and prostate: a comparative retrospective study.	OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect on the oncological outcomes and recurrences at the prostatic urethra of simultaneous transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (TURP). METHODS: The records of 85 men (group 1) who had undergone simultaneous TURBT and TURP at our clinic between 1986 and 2006 and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were retrospectively analyzed and compared with those of 85 men (group 2) who had undergone TURBT only during the same period. Clinicopathologic parameters, recurrence and progression rates, and recurrence rates in the bladder neck and prostatic urethra were determined and compared. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in clinicopathologic parameters between the 2 groups. At a mean follow-up of 35.2 and 33.1 months in groups 1 and 2, respectively, only 1 patient developed recurrence in prostatic urethra or bladder neck in each group. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in follow-up time, recurrence, progression or recurrence in the prostatic urethra, and bladder neck. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, simultaneous transurethral TURP and TURBT can be safely performed without increasing the risk of tumor recurrence in the prostatic urethra.	bladder
The use of size-defined DNA-functionalized calcium phosphate nanoparticles to minimise intracellular calcium disturbance during transfection.	Calcium phosphate-based transfection methods are frequently used to transfer DNA into living cells. However, it has so far not been studied in detail to what extend the different transfection methods lead to a net calcium uptake. Upon subsequent resolution of the calcium phosphate, intracellular free ionic calcium-surges could result, inducing as side effect various physiological responses that may finally result in cell death. Here we investigated the overall calcium uptake by the human bladder carcinoma cell line T24 during the standard calcium phosphate transfection method and also during transfection with custom-made calcium phosphate/DNA nanoparticles by isotope labelling with (45)calcium. (45)Calcium uptake was strongly increased after 7h of standard calcium phosphate transfection but not if the transfection was performed with calcium phosphate nanoparticles. Time lapse imaging microscopy using the calcium-sensitive dye Fura-2 revealed large transient increases of the intracellular free calcium level during the standard calcium phosphate transfection but not if calcium phosphate nanoparticles were used. Consistently, the viability of cells transfected by calcium phosphate/DNA nanoparticles was not changed, in remarkable contrast to the standard method where considerable cell death occurred.	bladder
Multidrug resistance in a urothelial cancer cell line after 1-hour mitomycin C exposure.	PURPOSE: A factor pertinent to the design of cancer chemotherapy is multidrug resistance. Research in this area conventionally involves in vitro models using resistant cell lines generated by continuous low dose drug exposure for many months, unlike the exposure experienced by residual superficial bladder cancer cells during chemotherapy adjuvant to resection. Recently we noted a measure of multidrug resistance induced by 3 short exposures to mitomycin C during 10 weeks. We currently report detectable functional resistance after a single 1-hour insult. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RT112 bladder cancer cells (Catalog No. ACC 418, Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany) were exposed to a range of mitomycin C concentrations for 1 hour. Cells regrew in 3 of 24 cultures at 15.6, 3.91 and 0.98 mg/ml exposure. These cells were subjected to 3 functional tests of cross resistance to epirubicin, including MTT cytotoxicity assay, quantitative accumulation by flow cytometry and nuclear uptake or exclusion by live cell fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: MTT assay and flow cytometry revealed clear indications of resistance. Intracellular distribution, in which nuclear exclusion indicates resistance, was distinctively resistant in 1 subline and another 2 were equivocal. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that some multidrug resistance potential exists even in a cloned cell line that is capable of surviving 1 short drug exposure and expanding after that insult. The exposures used are consistent with those probably experienced by many superficial transitional cell carcinoma cells during an intravesical chemotherapy application. The result gives added weight to considering multidrug resistance induction in dose scheduling or drug combinations for topical chemotherapy.	bladder
[A case of primary urethral adenocarcinoma accompanied by vaginal wall infiltration in which the CA19-9 level was very high].	A 55-year-old woman had urinary frequency and a constant urge to urinate. Computed tomography confirmed a urethral tumor, and transurethral biopsy confirmed adenocarcinoma. She visited our hospital to undergo treatment, and we performed an anterior pelvic excenteration. On histology, the tumor had spread to the bladder, urethra, and vagina. However, the majority of the tumor was located in the bladder and urethra, a duct with intestinal metaplasia was present around the urethra, and carcinoma in situ was seen in the urethral mucosa. Based on the above findings, the patient was diagnosed as having primary urethral adenocarcinoma. No tumor cells were seen in the resection stump. Six months after surgery, the patient developed bone metastasis, followed by peritoneal and pleural dissemination, as well as multiple lung metastases. The patient died nine months after surgery. In the present patient, the carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 level changed with the clinical course, and it was a useful marker. Urethral tumor is relatively rare. A urethral tumor accompanied by vaginal wall infiltration is likely to be mistaken for a primary vaginal tumor. It was very difficult to identify the primary organ in our case. To the best of our knowledge, the present patient is the sixth reported case of primary urethral carcinoma accompanied by vaginal wall infiltration in Japan. The six reported cases are compared and analyzed.	bladder
Pathological upstaging during radical cystectomy is associated with worse recurrence-free survival in patients with bacillus Calmette-Guerin-refractory bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcomes of patients who were upstaged to pT2 at the time of radical cystectomy (RC) to those who were correctly staged as T2 before RC. METHODS: The clinical and pathologic data were reviewed of 496 patients who underwent RC from 1994 to 2008. Patients who underwent RC for high-grade T1 (HGT1) or carcinoma in situ (CIS) (184) were compared with those with known muscle-invasive cancer (312) before RC. Patients were substratified based on preoperative intravesical therapy status. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) for patients who were upstaged to muscle-invasive disease was compared with patients who were correctly staged T2 preoperatively. RESULTS: Patients who were upstaged to pT2 disease had significantly worse 3- and 5-year RFS compared with those who where accurately staged (cT2 = pT2) (64% and 61% vs 83% and 74%, respectively; P = .04). Upstaging to pT2 in patients with a history of bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment resulted in worse 3- and 5-year RFS rates compared with those accurately staged (69% and 57% vs 100% and 86%, respectively; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Upstaging to pT2 among patients with HGT1 or CIS is associated with worse RFS compared with patients with known muscle invasion before RC (HGT1/CIS = pT2 vs cT2 = pT2). This finding was most significant among patients with a history of bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment. Factors such as understaging of disease or treatment delay may contribute to worse outcomes among this subset of patients and should be considered when discussing treatment options.	bladder
Predictors of lymph node involvement in bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy.	OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical variables associated with prevalence of lymph node metastasis in patients with bladder cancer treated by radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy for primary bladder cancer. METHODS: Review of records of Ninety-five patients who underwent radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node (LN) dissection during the period of 1995-2008 from a prospectively maintained database. Eighteen patients were excluded due to lack of data on the nodal status, leaving 77 evaluable patients. Associations between LN metastasis and age, gender, duration of disease, number of transurethral resection (TUR) prior to cystectomy, pathological grade and tumour stage was analyzed. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software, version 15. Statistical tests applied were independent sample t test or the Mann Whitney U test, the chi-square test and the Fischer exact test. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 58 years in lymph node negative group and 63 years in lymph node positive group. There were 87% males and 13% females. LN metastasis was detected in 19 (25%) patients. Mean duration of disease in LN negative patients was 537 +/- 997 days compared to 509 +/- 708 days in LN positive patients. Mean number of TUR were same in both the groups, pathological grade was not found significantly different in both groups, where as primary tumour stage was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher in LN positive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Higher primary tumour stage at radical cystectomy is associated with higher prevalence of lymph node metastasis.	bladder
[Robotic radical cystoprostatectomy: oncological and functional analysis].	INTRODUCTION: The da Vinci robotic laparoscopic surgery, has been shown in radical prostatectomy, optimal functional and oncological results with a lower learning curve, greater comfort and vision for the surgeon, and proper preservation of the neurovascular bundles. This has led to begin the experience with robotic radical cystectomy (RRC). OBJECTIVES: Review our initial experience in CRR, evaluating surgical and functional results obtained, and also immediate and short-term complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between December 2007 and January 2009 we performed nine robotic radical cystoprostatectomy and in seven patients robotic lymphadenectomy (LDN). Five patients had a muscle-invasive disease and 4 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. The median age was 57 years (range 34-81). Urinary diversion was performed extracorporeally in all cases, 3 cases an ileal conduit and 6 an Studer neobladder in 3 of these 6 cases, the urethra-neobladder anastomosis was performed intracorporeally. RESULTS: The average time of surgery was 300 minutes (range 280-420) in the ileal conduit and 360 (range 330-540) in the Studer. No cases required conversion or blood transfusion. The median number of nodes removed by LDN robotics was 10 (range 6-18). The pathology revealed 3 pT0. 2 CIS, 3 pT3, 1 pT4b (positive margins). With a median follow up of 7 months there have been no peritoneal implant and only one ureteral stenosis. Oral diet was initiated in 5 cases at 48 hours. Of the 6 patients with preserved sexual function preoperatively and followup of more than 3 months, 2 had full erection at 1 month, 2 at 3 and 6 months, and the remaining 2 presented with a full erection with 5 PD inhibitors at 3 and 9 months. All patients with neobladder presented correct daytime continence. The average hospital stay was 8.5 days (range 7-19). CONCLUSIONS: The radical robotic cystectomy with extracorporeal reconstruction of the urinary diversion offers good early functional and surgical outcomes. The careful preservation of the neurovascular bundles in radical pelvic surgery provides excellent results in urinary and sexual function.	bladder
Phloroglucinols inhibit chemical mediators and xanthine oxidase, and protect cisplatin-induced cell death by reducing reactive oxygen species in normal human urothelial and bladder cancer cells.	Phloroglucinols, garcinielliptones HA-HE (1-5), and C (6) were studied in vitro for their inhibitory effects on chemical mediators released from mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. Compound 6 revealed significant inhibitory effect on release of lysozyme from rat neutrophils stimulated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)/cytochalasin B (CB). Compounds 3, 4, and 6 showed significant inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation in rat neutrophils stimulated with (fMLP)/(CB), while compounds 1 and 5 revealed inhibitory effects on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) formation in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Compounds 1 and 3-6 showed inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase (XO) and could inhibit the DNA breakage caused by O2(-*). Treatment of NTUB1 with 2 to 60 microM compound 3 and 5 microM cisplatin and SV-HUC1 with 9 to 60 microM 3 and 5 microM cisplatin, respectively, resulted in an increase of viability of cells. These results indicated that compounds 1 and 3-6 showed anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant activities. Compound 3 mediates through the suppression of XO activity and reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and protection of subsequent cell death.	bladder
Valrubicin in a topical formulation treats psoriasis in a xenograft transplantation model.	Valrubicin is a cytostatic drug currently approved by the American Federal Drug Administration as a trademarked Valstar sterile solution for the treatment of bladder cancer. Valrubicin has shown an excellent therapeutic potential with minimal toxicity. This study investigated the effect in vivo of treating psoriasis with a daily topical application of valrubicin cream in a psoriasis xenograft transplantation model. Psoriasis is characterized by an accelerated keratinocyte proliferation, resulting in increased epidermal thickness. We thus studied the cytostatic potential of valrubicin on epidermal keratinocytes. In vivo, valrubicin treatment resulted in a normalization of epidermal morphology and a reduction in epidermal thickness after 12 days. In addition, the dermal vessel pattern was reduced and the stratum granulosum was regained. Staining for a regenerative proliferation marker showed a decrease in keratinocyte proliferation, and scattered epidermal cells showed apoptosis. In vitro, valrubicin was shown to localize solely to the cell cytoplasm in cultured keratinocytes and to reduce keratinocyte proliferation as well as increase apoptosis by activation of caspases 3, 7, and 9. Our results indicated that valrubicin successfully treats psoriasis in a xenograft transplantation model, suggesting that topical valrubicin may become an upcoming treatment for psoriasis.	bladder