crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Bladder cancer in patients with spinal cord injury.	OBJECTIVE: The incidence of bladder cancer in spinal cord injury (SCI) is 16 to 28 times higher than that in the general population. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of bladder cancer that are unique to the SCI population. DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: The charts of 16 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer from 1982 to 2001 were reviewed for type of cancer, exposure to risk factors, presenting symptoms, and survival time. RESULTS: The presenting manifestations were gross hematuria in 14 patients, papillary urethral growth in 1 patient, and acute obstructive renal failure in 1 patient. The diagnosis was made on initial cystoscopic evaluation in 16 patients; 3 patients required further evaluation. Eight of the 11 screening cytologies were suspicious for a malignancy prior to the diagnosis. Seven patients had transitional cell carcinoma, 6 patients had squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA), and 3 patients had both. The bladder wasmanaged with chronic indwelling catheter in 12 patients. Nine patients died of bladder cancer metastases and the remaining 3 patients died of other causes. Six patients survived 5 years or more; 4 were still alive at the completion of this study. CONCLUSION: Gross hematuria in individuals with SCI warrants aggressive assessment for bladder cancer. Chronic indwelling catheter, smoking, and renal and bladder stones are important risk factors for cancer. The incidence of SCCA in the SCI popullation is much higher than in the general population. Cystoscopic and cytologic evaluation in patients with advanced disease may fail to confirm the diagnosis in a high proportion of patients.	bladder
Comparison of the ImmunoCyt test and urinary cytology with other urine tests in the detection and surveillance of bladder cancer.	Despite several new urine markers urinary cytology remains the gold standard for the non-invasive detection of bladder carcinoma. The use of monoclonal antibodies against tumor associated antigens offers a promising approach to improve urinary cytology. The aim of this study was to compare fluorescence immunocytology (ImmunoCyt/Ucyt+ test), alone and in combination with the conventional cytology, with other urine markers. Urine samples from 126 patients undergoing cystoscopy were included in the study. Among them, 42 patients had urothelial carcinoma, two dysplasia, two other malignancies, and 78 had no evidence of bladder cancer. Urine samples were taken before any manipulation. We used the ImmunoCyt test and Papanicolaou staining for conventional cytology. The ImmunoCyt slides were examined under a fluorescence microscope. Evaluations of the tests were blinded to clinical and pathological data and were carried out by three independent observers. The results of cytology and ImmunoCyt were compared with the BTAstat, NMP22, Lewis X, 486p3/12, and Urovision tests. The sensitivity for the ImmunoCyt test was 78.3% and for conventional cytology 84.6%. The combination of ImmunoCyt and cytology showed a sensitivity of 89.1%. The specificity was 73.8% for the ImmunoCyt alone, 80.0% for the cytology, and 72.5% for the combination of ImmunoCyt and cytology. Sensitivities for the other tests were 68.8% for (FISH), 66.6% (BTA-Stat), 68.8% (486p3/12), 95.5% (Lewis X), and 71.1% for (NMP22). Specificity was 89.1% for (FISH), 78.2% (BTA-Stat), 76.4% (486p3/12), 32.8% (Lewis X), and 65.5% for (NMP22). Urinary cytology can be improved by immunostaining with monoclonal antibodies against tumor-associated antibodies. The combination of ImmunoCyt with conventional cytology offers a superior sensitivity to other commercial tests. The ImmunoCyt test provides a useful supplement to urinary cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.	bladder
[Cystectomy for indications other than bladder cancer].	A cystectomy for indications other than transitional cell cancer of the bladder or general bladder cancer is frequently performed in cooperation with other surgical specialties such as general surgery or gynecology. In these cases the urological procedure as well as the oncological and surgical concepts of other specialties have to be combined. We studied our cystectomy patients who had undergone such a combined procedure for a non-urothelial indication concerning perioperative and postoperative complications.A total of 204 cystectomies were performed by the Department of Urology at the University of Hamburg, Germany between 1995 and 2003. Bladder cancer was the indication for cystectomy in 162 patients, but 42 patients had a non-urothelial indication for this procedure. These patients included 12 cases of advanced rectal cancer, 9 cases of advanced cervical cancer, 6 cases of advanced sigmoid cancer, 4 cases of advanced prostate cancer, 1 case of prostate sarcoma, 5 cases of complex vesicointestinal fistulae, 2 cases of urachal cancer, 1 leiomyosarcoma, 1 rhabdomyoma, and 1 rhabdomyosarcoma, respectively. Perioperative and postoperative complications of those patients were compared to patients who underwent cystectomy for transitional cell cancer of the bladder.Those 42 patients who underwent cystectomy for non-urothelial indications included 14 male and 28 female patients. The mean age was 58.2 years with a range of 3-78 years. For urinary diversion 30 ileum conduits, 4 sigma conduits, and 8 ileum neobladders were used. The mean operative time was 6.25 h. The mean blood loss was 2200 ml. An average of four red blood cell concentrates (RBC) had to be given. Postoperative hydronephrosis had to be treated in three (7%) patients unilaterally and in two (5%) patients bilaterally with a temporary nephrostomy. Postoperative urinary leakage lasting more than 30 days was found in two (5%) patients. A deep vein thrombosis as well as an ileus was found in five (12%) patients each, respectively. There was no perioperative mortality in this study. When comparing the complications of those patients with the 162 patients who underwent cystectomy for bladder cancer, the only significant difference ( p=0.033, chi-square test) was a higher ileus rate in the patients with cystectomy for a non-urothelial indication. Complications with cystectomy for non-urothelial indications are in large comparable to those for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The higher ileus rate in non-urothelial patients can be explained by the more radical procedures in this group of patients. Even though the group of patients undergoing cystectomy for indications other than bladder cancer was small in this trial, the procedure is standardized in combination with other specialties. Larger patient numbers and a longer follow-up will lead to more data in this special group of patients.	bladder
[Tips and tricks for nerve-sparing cystectomy].	The aim of radical cystectomy with subsequent urinary diversion is to combine a safe oncological outcome with a satisfactory lower urinary tract function. Recent findings on the anatomy, physiology and nerve supply of the pelvis have resulted in a modified nerve-sparing cystectomy technique. A number of studies have shown that the oncological outcome is not compromised by such a technique; in particular the rate of local recurrences is not enhanced. Nerve-sparing cystectomy is of importance for the lower urinary tract function, including continence status after orthotopic bladder substitution and erectile function. Prerequisites for a nerve-sparing technique are a profound knowledge on the nerve supply of the pelvic organs and a subtle surgical technique. Recent surgical developments, for example in prostate and seminal vesicle sparing cystectomy techniques, indicate that it will be feasible to restore lower urinary tract and also sexual function after radical cystectomy and orthotopic bladder substitution.	bladder
Tumour angiogenic activity and vascular survival ability in bladder carcinoma.	"BACKGROUND: Tumour angiogenic activity (TAA) is an important prognostic factor in many human tumours, including transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. The new tumour vessels are formed in the invading tumour front. This peripheral tumour area is internalised as soon as the growing tumour forms a new front. AIMS: To investigate and compare TAA with the ability of the tumour vasculature to survive (VSA) in inner tumour areas. METHODS: Fifty one cystectomy specimens with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were studied. Sections were stained immunohistochemically for endothelial cells and proliferation activity, using the monoclonal antibodies CD31 and MIB-1, respectively. TAA was studied at the invading tumour edge-designated as the mean number of blood vessels in three ""hot spots"" at this site. VSA was assessed by comparing the vascular density in peripheral and inner tumour areas. RESULTS: High TAA at the invading tumour edge significantly correlated with lymph node involvement, but not with patient survival. Extensive lymphocytic infiltration was more frequent in tumours with high TAA. VSA was significantly higher in tumours of high proliferation index, high histological grade, advanced T stage, and poor prognosis. However, there was no association with metastasis to regional lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: VSA and TAA provide a more complete profile of the tumour vasculature and are associated with aggressive tumour behaviour in transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. The qualitative information provided by VSA may be important for the identification of angiogenic tumours with differential responses to various antiangiogenic treatments."	bladder
Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma: a report of four paediatric cases and review of the literature.	AIMS: To report a series of four paediatric cases of interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma (IDCS) and add to the known extranodal sites of occurrence for this tumour. Neoplasms derived from interdigitating dendritic cells are rare, with only 33 cases being reported in the literature (Medline search). These tumours usually occur in lymph nodes in the adult population. METHODS AND RESULTS: The patients were a 10-year-old girl with a large soft tissue mass bulging into the left chest, a 12-year-old girl with a right paraspinal mass, a 21-month-old boy with generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly and a 6-year-old girl with a large bladder mass. Paraffin blocks and haematoxylin and eosin slides were available in all cases. In addition, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were performed. A diagnosis of IDCS was made in all cases. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of IDCS can rarely be entertained on clinical information alone. Microscopically, there is a wide spectrum of features. Thus, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are crucial in making the diagnosis. The differential diagnosis includes inflammatory pseudotumour, follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, true histiocytic lymphoma, malignant Langerhans cell histiocytosis, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, melanoma, and a range of sarcomas. IDCS displays aggressive behaviour and approximately half of the patients die of the disease.	bladder
[Expression of cyclooxygenase in bladder transitional cell carcinoma].	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the development of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. METHODS: Thirty-four specimens were obtained from patients with bladder transitional carcinoma, and 7 specimens of normal bladder tissues were obtained from renal transplantation donors. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were performed to study the expression of COX-1 and COX-2. RESULTS: No marked expression of COX-2 was observed in the normal bladder, but higher level of COX-2 expression was noted in the malignant cells. The extent and intensity of COX-2 expression in cancer cells were statistically greater than those in the cells from normal bladder tissue. Correlation between COX-2 expression and progression of bladder transitional cell carcinoma was observed. COX-2 expression was significantly higher in Grade 3 bladder transitional cell carcinoma than in Grades 1 and 2 (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in COX-2 expression level between the bladder transitional cell carcinomas at different clinical stages (P > 0.05). The expression of COX-1 was seen in some bladder transitional cell carcinoma and normal bladder. CONCLUSION: COX-2 might be of significance to the proliferation and development of bladder transitional cell carcinoma.	bladder
Combined effects of p53, p21, and pRb expression in the progression of bladder transitional cell carcinoma.	PURPOSE: To determine the combined effects of p53, p21, and pRb alterations in predicting the progression of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: p53, p21, and pRb expression was examined immunohistochemically on archival radical cystectomy samples from 164 patients with invasive or high-grade recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC; lymph node-negative, 117 patients; lymph node-positive, 47 patients). Median follow-up was 8.6 years. Based on percentage of nuclear reactivity, p53 was considered as wild-type (0% to 10%) or altered (>10%); p21 was scored as wild-type (>10%) or altered (<10%); and pRb status was considered wild-type (1% to 50%) or altered (0% or >50%). RESULTS: As individual determinants, the p53, p21, and pRb status were independent predictors of time to recurrence (P<.001, P<.001, and P<.001, respectively), and overall survival (P<.001, P=.002, and P=.001, respectively). By examining these determinants in combination, patients were categorized as group I (no alteration in any determinant, 47 patients), group II (any one determinant altered, 51 patients), group III (any two determinants altered, 42 patients), and group IV (all three determinants altered, 24 patients). The 5-year recurrence rates in these groups were 23%, 32%, 57%, and 93%, respectively (log-rank P<.001), and the 5-year survival rates were 70%, 58%, 33%, and 8%, respectively (log-rank P<.001). After stratifying by stage, the number of altered proteins remained significantly associated with time to recurrence and overall survival. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that alterations in p53, p21, and pRb act in cooperative or synergistic ways to promote bladder cancer progression. Examining these determinants in combination provides additional information above the use of a single determinant alone.	bladder
[Clinical significance of macroscopic 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-inducer fluorescence in transurethral resection of non-invasive bladder cancer].	Macroscopic fluorescence which is induced with aminolevulinic acid (ALA) allows visualizing of small flat tumors, carcinoma in situ, true neoplasm margins and dysplasias of the bladder. Following ALA instillation, cystoscopy was performed under both standard and blue light illumination. In a prospective randomized multicenter study, 102 patients underwent TUR of bladder tumor(s) either with white light or ALA-fluorescence. Significant reduction in the number of residual tumours was detected in 59% (p = 0.005) after 8 weeks, 3 months--in 58% (p = 0.002) and 6 months in 38% (p = 0.01) respectively.	bladder
Peptic ulcer disease and the risk of bladder cancer in a prospective study of male health professionals.	Helicobacter pylori is a risk factor for gastric and duodenal ulcers, but gastric ulcers generally occur in individuals who have low acid production and diffuse gastritis, whereas duodenal ulcers are more likely to occur with high acid output and antrum-predominant gastritis. Low acid production, gastritis, and ulcer healing each contribute to poor antioxidant absorption, oxidative stress, and elevated nitrite levels in the stomach. N-Nitrosamines are known carcinogens, and nitrate ingestion has been related to bladder cancer risk. Consequently, we hypothesized that the gastric conditions associated with gastric ulcers may contribute to elevated bladder cancer risk. We thus examined the association between self-reported history of peptic ulcer disease and the risk of bladder cancer (414 cases) over 14 years of follow-up in the Health Professional Follow-Up Study. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to adjust for known risk factors of bladder cancer. Men who reported a gastric ulcer before 1986 had a significantly higher risk of bladder cancer compared with those with no history of gastric ulcer (relative risk = 1.55, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-2.33, controlling for smoking and other potential confounders). No association was observed for duodenal ulcers (multivariate relative risk = 0.97, 95% confidence interval = 0.68-1.38). The ulcers in this study were based solely on self-report and not medical records; consequently, misclassification of ulcers may have occurred. Although intriguing, these findings need to be replicated.	bladder
Comparative study on the prevalence of clinically detectable prostate cancer in patients with and without bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of prostate cancer in patients with a past or present history of bladder cancer compared with age-matched control subjects in population-based screening for prostate cancer. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2000, 106 patients who were followed up in the outpatient clinic for bladder cancer (case cohort) and 1060 age-matched men who participated in screening for prostate cancer (control cohort) were enrolled in this study. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were measured for all participants, and all participants underwent digital rectal examination (DRE). The PSA distribution and prevalence rate of prostate cancer were compared between these two cohorts. RESULTS: The serum PSA levels were significantly greater in the case cohort than in the control cohort. The detection rate of prostate cancer was 12.3% (13 of 106) and 1.5% (16 of 1060) in the case and control cohorts, respectively. The biopsy compliance for those with abnormal PSA and/or DRE findings was significantly lower (31%) in the control cohort than in the case cohort (84%). If all those in the control cohort with abnormal PSA and/or DRE findings had undergone prostate biopsies, another 26 cases of prostate cancer might have been detected. The expected detection rate of prostate cancer in the control cohort was high at 4.0% (42 of 1060); however, this was still significantly lower than that in the case cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a present or past history of bladder cancer could be a high-risk group for developing or having prostate cancer. Additional studies should be conducted to confirm this.	bladder
The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder is correlated with cancer progression.	Vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates neovascualrization in malignant cells. VEGF as a mitogen is thought to alter cancer cell formation and tumor progression. We aimed to investigative the expression of the VEGF gene to evaluate their clinical significance in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of urinary bladder. Tissue samples from 161 patients with TCC were examined with an immunohistochemical stain for the expression of the VEGF gene. The expression rate was compared to 32 normal bladder mucosal samples obtained from transurehtral surgery from noncancer patients. The results revealed significant differences between normal urothelium (0%) and cancer tissue (54.7%) for the positive staining of VEGF protein (P < 0.001). With the progression of tumor grade and clinical staging, the positive rate of VEGF gene expression significantly increased. Expression of the VEGF gene in the invasive group was greater than that in the noninvasive group (P < 0.001). The results revealed that expression of the VEGF gene is proportional to the formation and progression of TCC. Therefore, abnormal expression of VEGF genes can be used as a prognostic marker in TCC of urinary bladder.	bladder
Deletions of chromosome 8p and loss of sFRP1 expression are progression markers of papillary bladder cancer.	Many molecular alterations are known to occur in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, but their significance for tumor progression is poorly understood. Deletions of chromosome 8p are frequently found in several tumor types and are often associated with progressive disease. In all, 99 bladder tumors were screened for deletions at 8p using loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH analyses. Allelic loss on chromosome 8p in at least one marker was found in 25/99 (25%) tumors. There was a significant correlation of 8p deletions with invasive tumor growth and a highly significant association with papillary growth pattern in patients with invasive disease. cDNA array analyses revealed that secreted Frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1), an antagonist of Frizzled receptors and Wnt pathway activation on chromosome 8p12-11.1, is frequently downregulated in bladder cancer. To investigate sFRP1 as a candidate for a putative progression-related gene on 8p, urothelial cell lines and primary urothelial carcinomas were screened for sFRP1 expression using quantitative real-time PCR, Northern blot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Of the investigated bladder cancers, 38% showed loss of sFRP1 expression by quantitative RT-PCR. Evaluation of the protein expression by IHC using tissue microarrays containing 776 bladder cancers revealed loss or strong reduction of sFRP1 expression in 66% of cases. SFRP1 loss was associated with higher tumor stage and grade and shorter overall survival. In addition, loss of sFRP1 was an independent indicator of poor survival in patients with papillary but not with muscle invasive bladder cancer. There were neither mutations in the coding region of sFRP1 nor homozygous deletions at 8p12-11.21. However, promoter methylation was detected using methylation-specific PCR in 29% of cases. In conclusion, we could show a close correlation of chromosome 8p deletions and progression of papillary bladder tumors. The sFRP1 gene on chromosome 8p12-11.1 could be a candidate gene for the predicted, progression-related tumor suppressor gene in bladder cancer and could contribute to urothelial carcinogenesis.	bladder
Two case reports of obturator nerve block for transurethral resection of bladder tumour.	This report describes two cases of severe adductor muscle spasm during transurethral resection of bladder tumours and subsequent successful management with the help of obturator nerve block. Obturator nerve blocks are useful during surgery to remove large, advanced tumours in the distal lateral wall of the bladder.	bladder
[Computerization of protocols for tumor follow-up].	OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the effectiveness of the surveillance tumoral by means of computerized protocols. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: We have carried out a retrospective study, taking as example the superficial bladder cancer, where we have compared the execution of the tumoral surveillance of the computerized protocols regarding the conventional ones. RESULTS: It has been demonstrated that the execution percentage and the adjustment to the predetermined terms of the explorations requested by the facultative are superior in the computerized protocols that in the conventional ones. CONCLUSION: The computerization of the tumoral protocols is user-friendly, it improves the execution degree and it saves time, providing bigger effectiveness and scientific rigor.	bladder