crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Pre-treatment hemoglobin levels are important for bladder carcinoma patients with extravesical extension undergoing definitive radiotherapy.	PURPOSE: To evaluate prognostic factors affecting local control (LC), distant metastases-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS) in bladder carcinoma patients undergoing extravesical extension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 61 consecutive patients with T3 or T4 bladder carcinoma, treated with definitive radiotherapy from 1999 through 2007. RESULTS: Median age was 69 years and follow-up was 29 months. The LC rate was 33% at 4 years and was increased in patients with a Hb< 12 g/dl (p= 0.003) or a LDH< 180 U/L (p= 0.021) and in those who received concurrent chemotherapy (p= 0.022) on univariate analysis. DMFS was affected by anemia (Hb< 12 g/dl) (p= 0.039), the absence of chemotherapy (p= 0.034) and the presence of newly-diagnosed disease (p= 0.01). The OS rate was 19% at 4 years. Non-pure transitional cell carcinoma histological type (p= 0.024), anemia (p= 0.004), elevated LDH (p= 0.003), and newly diagnosed disease (p= 0.011) were poor prognostic factors on univariate analyses for OS. Anemia was the only negative prognostic factor for LC (p= 0.03), DMFS (p= 0.002) and OS (p< 0.0001) on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Pre-treatment Hb level is the most important prognostic factor in patients treated with definitive radiotherapy, so that anemia may act as a surrogate biological marker for aggressive disease.	bladder
Detection of circulating tumor cells in bladder cancer patients.	The methods employed for the detection of circulating bladder cancer cells (CBCs) and their use as a molecular staging tool in clinical settings are thoroughly reviewed. CBC isolation and enrichment methods are discussed according to their advantages and pitfalls along with the clinical data of PCR-based techniques used for CBC detection. In addition, we review the specificity of molecular markers that have been proposed so far for CBC identification, and we comment on the controversial clinical data, proposing laboratory approaches which may improve the clinical significance of CBC detection in bladder cancer.	bladder
[Expressions of MMP-2 and COX-2 mRNA in bladder transitional cell carcinoma and their correlation].	OBJECTIVE: To determine the levels of MMP-2 and COX-2 mRNA in bladder transitional cell carcinoma tissues and explore their relationship. METHODS: We enrolled in this study 42 patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma, including Ta-T1 (n = 18), T2-T4 (n = 24), G1 (n = 12), G2 (n = 19), G3 (n = 11), metastasis (n =26) and non-metastasis (n = 16). Another 5 cases of normal bladder tissues were taken as controls, and the levels of MMP-2 and COX-2 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: The relative expressions of COX-2 mRNA were 1.038 +/- 0. 484 in Ta-T1, 1.489 +/- 0.584 in T2-T4, 0.920 +/- 0.442 in G1, 1.338 +/- 0.584 in G2 and 1.632 +/- 0.515 in G3, all significantly higher than that of the controls (0.460 +/- 0.224, P < 0.05). And the corresponding relative levels of MMP-2 mRNA were 1.107 +/- 0.384, 1.604 +/- 0.425, 0.971 +/- 0.370, 1.445 +/- 0.378 and 1.755 +/- 0.387, also significantly higher than that of the latter group (0.423 +/- 0.227, P < 0.05). The COX-2 and MMP-2 mRNA levels in the tumor tissues with and without metastasis were 1.591 +/- 0.455 vs 0.815 +/- 0.430 and 1.676 +/- 0.339 vs 0.927 +/- 0.228, (P < 0.01), respectively, with a positive correlation between the mRNA level of COX-2 and that of MMP-2 (r = 0. 703, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: MMP-2 and COX-2 mRNA are highly expressed in bladder transitional cell carcinoma tissues and their expressions are positively correlated with the degree of malignancy. MMP-2 and COX-2 might play a synergetic role in the pathogenesis and progression of bladder transitional cell carcinoma.	bladder
Mutations of RAS gene family in specimens of bladder cancer.	"INTRODUCTION: Studies have shown different types of RAS mutations in human bladder tumors with a wide range of mutation frequencies in different patient populations. This study aimed to assess the frequency of specific-point mutations in the RAS gene family of a group of Iranian patients with bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the tumor specimens of 35 consecutive patients with transitional cell carcinoma. The DNA samples were evaluated for the occurrence of HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS activation using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. RESULTS: None of the patients had mutations in the RAS gene family ""hot spots"" including codons 12, 13, and 61. CONCLUSION: We failed to find RAS mutations in our bladder tumor samples. These observations may reflect the involvement of different etiological factors in the induction of bladder tumor of which RAS mutation might not be present in all populations."	bladder
[Continuous wave laser of 2 microm for bladder tumor treatment].	OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics of 2 microm continuous wave laser vaporization resection for the treatment of bladder tumors. METHODS: A total of 56 patients with 68 bladder tumors underwent 2 microm laser vaporization resection via a transurethral cystoscope under caudal anesthesia. In the operation, the wall of the urinary bladder was vaporized and cut, the muscular layers were removed, and then the specimens were sent for pathological inspection separately. The following variables were recorded: operation time, blood loss, complications during and after the operation, pathology staging of the tumors, and follow-up visit time. RESULTS: All patients endured the operation. The mean surgery time was 8.8 +/- 3.3 minutes (range, 4 to 15 minutes). Blood loss was minimal, no patient experienced an obturator nerve reflection, or a hemorrhage after the operation. The pathology staging of the tumors were as follows: 40 cases (total 47 tumors) were T1 stage; 16 cases (total 21 tumors) were T2 stage. The follow-up periods were between 12 to 17 months, and the mean period was 14.5 months. Tumor recurrences were found in 3 cases, and one patients suffered two recurrences, the total recurrence rate was 5.3%. There was no primary recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The 2 microm continuous wave laser is a new, safe and efficacious method for the treatment of bladder tumors. Because the 2 microm laser can vaporize and cut the muscular layers of the bladder finely, it can not only treat superficial bladder tumors efficiently, but also treat some types of invasive tumors of the bladder.	bladder
Angiogenic switch of angiopietins-Tie2 system and its prognostic value in bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietins (Ang-1 and Ang-2), and their receptor Tie2 are critically involved in both normal and pathologic angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to explore the role of Ang-1, Ang-2, VEGF, and Tie2 in the development and progression of bladder cancer as well as to examine their prognostic value in this tumor type. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Tumor samples of 113 bladder cancer patients, normal bladder epithelium of 5 noncancer patients, and two low-grade (UMUC3 and RT4) and two high-grade (J82 and T24) bladder cancer cell lines were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression data were analyzed performing Wilcoxon rank-sum and Kaplan-Meier log-rank tests as well as univariate Cox analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: In tissues of noninvasive bladder tumors, Ang-1 expression was significantly lower (P < 0.001), whereas VEGF expression was significantly higher (P = 0.031) than in normal bladder tissue. These findings were also confirmed at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. In contrast, Tie2 and Ang-2 abundance in tumor did not differ significantly from that in normal bladder tissue. Multivariate analysis identified Ang-2 as a strong and independent predictor of tumor recurrence [hazard ratio (HR), 10.18; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.69-38.49; P < 0.001] and Tie2 expression as an independent favorable prognostic factor for both metastasis (HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11-0.89; P = 0.029) and disease-specific survival (HR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.10-0.62; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: These data show the strongest change in expression of VEGF and Ang-1 in superficial bladder cancer in comparison with normal bladder epithelium and the invasive tumor stages. The prognostic significance of Ang-2 and Tie2 underlines the essential role of angiopoietins-Tie2 system in progression of bladder cancer.	bladder
Allelic imbalance analysis using a single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray for the detection of bladder cancer recurrence.	PURPOSE: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a frequently occurring cancer, with an extremely high recurrence risk. Recurrence detection is based on cytology and urethrocystoscopy. A previous study suggested that a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array may be effective for noninvasive detection of allelic imbalances in urine. We investigated whether this method is suitable to detect allelic imbalance as an indicator of recurrences in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer follow-up. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: DNA from blood and urine from 158 patients (113 with and 45 without recurrence) was hybridized to the Affymetrix GeneChip Mapping 10K 2.0. Allelic imbalance detection was based on SNPs showing changes from heterozygosity in blood to homozygosity in urine and on automatic analysis of copy number changes using Copy Number Analyser for GeneChip. RESULTS: Urine samples with tumor showed allelic imbalance at 0.4% of all informative SNPs. In samples without tumors, 0.04% of these SNPs were affected (P = 0.07). In addition, Copy Number Analyser for GeneChip analysis showed more copy number changes in samples with a tumor (P = 0.001). Losses and gains of chromosomal regions showed clustering, overlapping with known bladder cancer loci. However, 25 (22%) patients with a tumor recurrence did not display any regions with copy number changes, whereas 24 (53%) individuals without a recurrence did. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis using the number of SNPs displaying copy number changes from the Copy Number Analyser for GeneChip analysis resulted in an area under the curve of only 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.76). CONCLUSION: Single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis of allelic imbalance in urine cannot replace urethrocystoscopy and cytology for the detection of recurrences in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer follow-up.	bladder
Role of lymph node density in predicting survival of patients with lymph node metastases after radical cystectomy: a multi-institutional study.	OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prognostic role of different clinico-pathological parameters in node-positive patients treated by radical cystectomy. METHODS: A retrospective multi-institutional study of 435 patients who underwent radical cystectomy between 1990 and 2005 was carried out. Of them, pathological lymph node (LN) metastases were found in 83 patients. Sixty of these 83 patients, whose clinical information and follow-up data were available, were included in the analysis. Twenty-five patients had undergone adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas 35 had not. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the impact of the following clinico-pathological parameters on patient survival: number of resected LNs, number of positive LNs, LN density (defined as the ratio of the number of positive LNs divided by the total number of resected LNs) and adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: Median follow-up for surviving patients was 41 months (range 4-138) after surgery. The median survival time for all patients was 22 months (95% confidence interval, 15-42 months). At multivariate analysis, LN density of 25% or less, adjuvant chemotherapy and pure urothelial carcinoma were independently significant predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node density predicts survival in patients with node-positive bladder cancer.	bladder
Appearance of lung metastasis from osteosarcoma 21 years after initial treatment.	This report describes a case of metastasis to the lung 21 years after the initial treatment of primary osteosarcoma in a 79-year-old man. The osteosarcoma was in the right femur and had resulted in amputation. The patient presented with painless hematuria, and a workup revealed a squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with invasion into the perivesicular fat. The patient received radiation therapy. Follow-up computed tomography of the chest revealed a nodule measuring 21x14 mm in the right upper lobe of the lung. Repeated transbronchial lung biopsies and needle biopsies were unsuccessful, so wedge resection of the right upper nodule was performed by video-assisted thoracic surgery to obtain a definitive diagnosis. The final pathological diagnosis was consistent with metastasis from the primary osteosarcoma removed 21 years earlier.	bladder
Radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: morbidity of laparoscopic versus open surgery.	PURPOSE: We compared the morbidity and mortality of laparoscopic vs open surgery in radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, nonrandomized study was conducted between January 2003 and July 2007 in 68 patients (7 women and 61 men) who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. A total of 38 cystectomies were performed laparoscopically and 30 by open surgery. Mean patient age was 68.0 +/- 9.0 years. Median preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists score was 2 (range 1 to 3) in both groups. RESULTS: Intraoperative blood loss and transfusion rate were significantly lower in the laparoscopic surgery group. Postoperatively the incidence of minor complications and mortality were also significantly lower. Postoperative opioid consumption was significantly less in the laparoscopic surgery group in amount and duration. Resumption of oral fluid and solid intake as well as return to normal bowel function were significantly more rapid in the laparoscopic surgery group, and mean hospital stay was significantly shorter. Mean patient followup was 30.5 +/- 17.2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy for bladder cancer has a lower morbidity rate than cystectomy by open surgery. It allows more rapid resumption of oral fluid and solid intake as well as return to normal bowel function and shorter hospital stay.	bladder
Alcohol, coffee, and bladder cancer risk: a review of epidemiological studies.	The objective was to review epidemiological studies that evaluated the association between consumption of coffee and alcohol and urinary bladder cancer. We searched the Medline database for observational studies of bladder neoplasms that included information on coffee or alcohol drinking, and looked for papers quoted as references in reviews of risk factors for bladder cancer and in studies that had been selected for inclusion. Results from epidemiological studies allow excluding a strong association between coffee and bladder cancer. Several studies reported a moderate increase in risk in coffee drinkers as compared with nondrinkers, but no trend with dose has been established. Epidemiological data on alcohol drinking and bladder cancer are suggestive of no association, although findings were not always consistent. For both habits, an explanation of the moderate increase in risk observed in some investigations might be attributed to residual confounding by smoking, or to an association between alcohol, coffee, and yet unidentified risk factors for bladder cancer.	bladder
Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a 15-year retrospective review of treatment and survival in the Anglian Cancer Network.	OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical experience and management of patients with small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder, treated in the Anglia Cancer network from 1992 to 2007, and to review published studies, as SCC is a rare condition, accounting for <1% of all bladder tumours, and there is no established treatment strategy for managing these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed retrospectively data from all patients diagnosed with SCC of the urinary bladder between 1992 and 2007, with an emphasis on stage, treatment and overall survival. RESULTS: Twenty patients were identified with primary bladder SCC (male: female ratio 3:1; mean age 68 years; mean follow-up 15.8 months). Nine patients (45%) had extensive-stage disease at diagnosis. Four patients received best supportive care, three had a radical cystectomy, one radical radiotherapy and six sequential chemo-radiotherapy. In all, 13 patients were treated with chemotherapy, with six receiving cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine, three receiving carboplatin and etoposide, and the remainder receiving alternative platinum-based regimens. For 12 patients with assessable disease, six had a complete response, three a partial response and three had progressive disease after chemotherapy. No patient received prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). At the time of analysis, 14 (70%) patients had died, with one (5%) developing brain metastasis. The median survival was 33 months for patients receiving chemotherapy, vs 3 months with no chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: SCC of the bladder tends to occur in an older population, more commonly in men. It is an aggressive tumour with a propensity for early metastasis. The response rate to chemotherapy is high but the overall prognosis is poor. Brain secondaries are less common than for SCC of the lung and currently the role of PCI is unclear. As there is no standard of care for these patients, they are treated according to local protocols. Further efforts should be made to develop more effective treatments and the role of PCI should be assessed in the setting of a clinical trial, in conjunction with other extrapulmonary SCCs.	bladder
Bladder outlet obstruction accelerates bladder carcinogenesis.	OBJECTIVE: To examine the correlation between partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) and bladder carcinogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female Wistar rats (6 weeks old) were divided into three groups of 10 each: group 1 was exposed to n-butyl-n-butanol nitrosamine (BBN, a carcinogen) in drinking water for 8 weeks; group 2 had PBOO induced surgically after exposure to BBN for 8 weeks; group 3 had a sham operation and the rats drank normal water (control group). After 20 weeks, all of the rats were killed humanely and their bladders analysed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in body weight among the groups. The bladder weight of group 2 was significantly greater than either group 1 or group 3. Histopathologically, bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy was the major cause of the increased bladder weight for group 2. In group 2 there were increases in bladder wall thickness and many nipple-shaped urothelial tumours. Basic fibroblast growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression were significantly greater in group 2 than in groups 1 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of the bladder to carcinogens during bladder hyperplasia and hypertrophy induced by PBOO results in a greater incidence of superficial bladder carcinoma.	bladder
1,1-Bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)methane activates the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 and inhibits bladder cancer growth.	Nurr1 is an orphan nuclear receptor and a member of the nerve growth factor I-B subfamily of transcription factors with no known endogenous ligand or stimulator. We show, for the first time, evidence that Nurr1 is expressed in a panel of 11 human bladder cancer cell lines. A new class of methylene-substituted diindolylmethanes (C-DIM) were screened and 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhCl) activated the ligand-binding domain of Nurr1. Treatment of bladder cancer cells with Nurr1-active C-DIM resulted in decreased cell survival (MTT assay) and induction of cell death pathways, resulting in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and DNA fragmentation. The specificity of the Nurr1-active compound was shown using RNA interference in 253J B-V cells, whereby small interfering RNA against Nurr1 attenuated ligand-dependent activation of Nurr1 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Furthermore, activation of Nurr1 resulted in stimulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and small interfering RNA experiments attenuated tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand production. In an orthotopic model of human bladder tumors established in nude mice, administration of a Nurr1-active C-DIM suppressed bladder cancer growth. These results identify Nurr1 as a potential target for bladder cancer therapy and also identify a novel agent for activating Nurr1.	bladder
Sex and racial differences in bladder cancer presentation and mortality in the US.	BACKGROUND: Sex, race, and age at diagnosis have a significant impact on mortality from bladder cancer (BC). Women, African Americans of both sexes, and the elderly, all experience higher mortality rates. Tumor grade, stage, and histologic type at presentation also affect outcome. To determine whether age and tumor characteristics alone explain the excess hazard of death from BC observed in some demographic groups, the authors queried the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) limited-use database for the presentations and outcomes from BC between 1990 and 2005. METHODS: Tumors were characterized by grade, stage, and histologic type. Hazards rates for BC-specific mortality were compared by race and sex using a piecewise Cox regression model, adjusting for factors (age, stage, grade, and histologic type) that differed significantly between the groups that were compared. RESULTS: Excess hazard of death from BC was present during the first 2 to 3 years of follow-up among women and during the first 4 years of follow-up among African Americans. Adjustment for age and tumor characteristics eliminated approximately 30% of this excess hazard in sex comparison among whites. In sex comparison among blacks and in racial comparisons within each sex, approximately 50% to 70% of excess hazard could be eliminated by adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in tumor characteristics and age at presentation did not fully account for the excess hazard of death from BC among women and African Americans. Other factors, such as choice and efficacy of therapies, differences within a given tumor characteristic group, and/or host factors also may play important roles.	bladder
[Metastastic urothelial carcinoma: is there a role for surgery?].	Although surgery has a limited role in the management of metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients, it can be envisaged in association with chemotherapy. In highly symptomatic patients and for complete response patients, cystectomy can be part of a multimodal approach. Metastasis resection can also be proposed in association with chemotherapy in case of complete response. In case of non responsive metastasis, metastasectomy can also de discussed in order to improve quality of life.	bladder
[Metastases from urothelial carcinoma : future and prospects].	Although bladder cancer is a chemosensitive tumor, results concerning metastatic lesions are poor. Nevertheless, Cisplatin-based chemotherapies are still the treatment of choice. Nowadays, the arrival of new active molecules especially anti-angiogenic drugs incites urooncologists to test their activity on urothelial carcinoma. Furthermore, the development of the concept of individualized treatment through identification of molecular prognostic factors and the application of targeted therapy have gained huge interest.	bladder