crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Intake of cruciferous vegetables modifies bladder cancer survival.	BACKGROUND: Intake of cruciferous vegetables, a rich source of dietary isothiocyanates, has been inversely associated with risk of bladder cancer. Due to the potent antiproliferative effects of dietary isothiocyanates on bladder cancer in in vitro and in vivo models, cruciferous vegetable intake may also play a role in survival among patients with bladder cancer. METHODS: Using information obtained from the Roswell Park Cancer Institute Tumor Registry, patient medical records, and routinely collected questionnaire data, we examined potential associations between intake of cruciferous vegetables and survival among bladder cancer patients. As cooking can substantially reduce or destroy isothiocyanates, consumption of raw versus cooked cruciferous vegetables was examined separately. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: A total of 239 bladder cancer patients were included in the study. After an average of 8 years of follow-up, 179 deaths occurred, with 101 deaths attributable to bladder cancer. After adjustment for other prognostic factors, a strong and significant inverse association was observed between bladder cancer mortality and broccoli intake, in particular raw broccoli intake (> or =1 versus <1 serving per month; HR for overall death, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.39-0.83; HR for disease-specific death, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.25-0.74). There were no significant associations for total vegetables, total fruits, or other individual cruciferous vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the strong preclinical evidence, intake of broccoli may improve bladder cancer survival. IMPACT: Further prospective investigation is warranted to confirm the potential role of cruciferous vegetables in bladder cancer prognosis.	bladder
Bladder cancer mortality of workers exposed to aromatic amines: a 58-year follow-up.	We previously investigated bladder cancer risk in a cohort of dyestuff workers who were heavily exposed to aromatic amines from 1922 through 1972. We updated the follow-up by 14 years (through 2003) for 590 exposed workers to include more than 30 years of follow-up since last exposure to aromatic amines. Expected numbers of deaths from bladder cancer and other causes were computed by use of national mortality rates from 1951 to 1980 and regional mortality rates subsequently. There were 394 deaths, compared with 262.7 expected (standardized mortality ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence interval = 1.36 to 1.66). Overall, 56 deaths from bladder cancer were observed, compared with 3.4 expected (standardized mortality ratio = 16.5, 95% confidence interval = 12.4 to 21.4). The standardized mortality ratio for bladder cancer increased with younger age at first exposure and increasing duration of exposure. Although the standardized mortality ratio for bladder cancer steadily decreased with time since exposure stopped, the absolute risk remained approximately constant at 3.5 deaths per 1000 man-years up to 29 years after exposure stopped. Excess risk was apparent 30 years or more after last exposure.	bladder
[Clinicopathological study of the 1973 who classification and the WHO/ISUP classification in pTa bladder carcinoma].	PURPOSE: To compare the usefulness of the World Health Organization (WHO) 1973 classification with the WHO/International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) classification in pTa bladder tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 132 patients (107 men and 25 women; mean age 69 years) with a initial diagnosis of pTa bladder carcinoma. Median follow-up were 67 months. On the WHO 1973 classification, histopathological evaluation of initial diagnostic specimens revealed 51 cases with grade1, 68 cases with grade 2, 13 cases with grade3. All histological slides were examined by one genitourinary pathologist blinded with respect to clinical outcome and were classified according to the WHO/ISUP classification. Disease progression was defined as up stage (> or = pT1). Actual probability of progression-free and recurrence-free survival rate were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Log rank test was used to determine statistical difference between actual curves. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done using Cox regression analysis. The independent variables were multiplicity, histopathological grade, and adjuvant intravesical therapy. The dependent variable was disease progression and recurrence. RESULTS: The tumors were reclassified as low grade carcinoma in 77 and high grade carcinoma in 55. During the follow-up, 68 patients experience recurrence, 14 patients experienced disease progression. On the WHO 1973 classification, the risk of recurrence was significantly lower in patients with grade 1 compared to those with grade3 (p = 0.007). On the WHO/ISUP classification, the risk of recurrence and disease progression were significantly lower in patients with low grade compared to those with high grade (p = 0.003, P = 0.01). After adjustment for tumor multiplicity and adjuvant therapy, the relative risks of recurrence and progression in the low grade carcinoma versus the high grade carcinoma was 2.0 (95% confidence intervals 1.26-3.31), 5.6 (95% confidence intervals 1.54-20.48). CONCLUSIONS: In pTa bladder carcinoma, the WHO/ISUP classification was more useful prognostic factor than the WHO 1973 classification.	bladder
[Treatment strategies for metastatic patients in bladder cancer].	Advanced urothelial cancer remains a very serious disease. The mainstray of patients' care is systemic chemotherapy. In the last three decades, most of the progress resulted in limiting the toxicity of treatments either by using granulocytic growth factors or by using drug combinations which proved to be less toxic than that described previously. However, very little changed in terms of efficacy, median overall survival remaining in the range of 14 months. One step forward consisted in definishing subgroups of patients, according to prognostic factors. This takes a particular importance at a time when a new drug, vinflunine succeeded in showing a survival advantage as a second line chemotherapy versus best supportive care alone in these patients. Further improvement is expected from a better knowledge of tumor biology, which may allow targeted therapies to be beneficial for these patients.	bladder
[Perioperative strategies in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer].	Radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection is the standard of care for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, with 5-year survival rates not exceeding 60%. Consequently a multidisciplinary approach including perioperative chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy is required to improve these results. Data from clinical trials and meta-analyses with neoadjuvant chemotherapy have shown a significant benefit in overall survival, with a 5% absolute benefit at five years, provided cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy is used. Reported trials do not support the routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy. The current role of radiation therapy is limited to highly selected cases with a combination of external radiotherapy, partial cystectomy and interstitial brachytherapy.	bladder
Biodistribution of PVP-hypericin and hexaminolevulinate-induced PpIX in normal and orthotopic tumor-bearing rat urinary bladder.	PURPOSE: In this preclinical study, we examined the biodistribution of hypericin formulated as its water-soluble PVP-hypericin complex in the different layers (urothelium, submucosa, muscle) of a normal rat bladder and a rat bladder bearing a malignant urothelium composed of syngeneic AY-27 tumor cells. The results were compared with the biodistribution of hexaminolevulinate (HAL)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). METHODS: Freshly prepared PVP-hypericin and HAL solutions were instilled in both normal as well as tumor-bearing rat bladders. Following instillation, bladders were removed and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Fluorescence of PVP-hypericin or PpIX-induced HAL was measured in the bladder layers and quantified using image analysis software. RESULTS: The results of these experiments show that PVP-hypericin (30 μM) accumulated about 3.5-fold more in malignant urothelial tissue when compared to normal urothelium, whereas PpIX accumulated to the same extent in malignant and normal urothelium, both after intrabladder instillation of 8 or 16 mM HAL. Besides, PVP-hypericin and PpIX accumulated selectively in the urothelium with a tumor-to-muscle ratio of 30.6 for PVP-hypericin and 3.7-8.3 for 16 and 8 mM HAL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that PVP-hypericin appears to have great potential as a photodynamic agent against non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers after intravesical administration, with a limited risk of affecting the deeper layers of the bladder.	bladder
The application of adjuvant autologous antravesical macrophage cell therapy vs. BCG in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a multicenter, randomized trial.	INTRODUCTION: While adjuvant immunotherapy with Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) is effective in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC), adverse events (AEs) are considerable. Monocyte-derived activated killer cells (MAK) are discussed as essential in antitumoural immunoresponse, but their application may imply risks. The present trial compared autologous intravesical macrophage cell therapy (BEXIDEM) to BCG in patients after transurethral resection (TURB) of BC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This open-label trial included 137 eligible patients with TaG1-3, T1G1-2 plurifocal or unifocal tumours and >or=2 occurrences within 24 months and was conducted from June 2004 to March 2007. Median follow-up for patients without recurrence was 12 months. Patients were randomized to BCG or mononuclear cells collected by apheresis after ex vivo cell processing and activation (BEXIDEM). Either arm treatment consisted of 6 weekly instillations and 2 cycles of 3 weekly instillations at months 3 and 6. Toxicity profile (primary endpoint) and prophylactic effects (secondary endpoint) were assessed. RESULTS: Patient characteristics were evenly distributed. Of 73 treated with BCG and 64 with BEXIDEM, 85% vs. 45% experienced AEs and 26% vs. 14% serious AEs (SAE), respectively (p<0.001). Recurrence occurred significantly less frequent with BCG than with BEXIDEM (12% vs. 38%; p<0.001). DISCUSSION: This initial report of autologous intravesical macrophage cell therapy in BC demonstrates BEXIDEM treatment to be safe. Recurrence rates were significantly lower with BCG however. As the efficacy of BEXIDEM remains uncertain, further data, e.g. marker lesions studies, are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial has been registered in the ISRCTN registry http://isrctn.org under the registration number ISRCTN35881130.	bladder
[Nocardiosis in immunocompromised host presenting as cellulitis].	BACKGROUND: Nocardia is a rare pathogen of mainly immunocomprised patients. Only two cases of nocardiosis have previously been identified in Iceland. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 92-year-old male on glucocorticoid therapy with metastatic bladder cancer presented with two weeks history of progressive swelling and erythema of the hand and deteriorating cognitive functioning. A brain lesion and pulmonary nodules were identified and Nocardia farcinia was cultured from a hand abscess. The patient was initially treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole but because of rapid deterioration and old age an end-of-life decision was made. CONCLUSION: This case of nocardiosis illustrates the importance of uncommon opportunistic infections in immunocompromised Icelandic patients.	bladder
Urinary cytologic features of primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report.	BACKGROUND: Little is known about urine cytology of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the bladder. We report a case of primary LCNEC of the bladder, focusing on urinary cytology. CASE: A 76-year-old woman who had a history of transurethral resection for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder visited our hospital because of intermittent gross hematuria. Urinary cytology on this visit identified atypical cells, interpreted initially as urothelial carcinoma. Cystoscopy detected a tumor apart from the previous bladder urothelial carcinoma. The diagnosis of LCNEC was pathologically confirmed after the transurethral resection; subsequently radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed. Based on the review of urine cytology for this tumor, neoplastic cells possessed rosette and nuclear molding arrangements with finely or coarsely granular, hyperchromatic nuclei. The average nuclear size of the neoplastic cells was 10.3 microm, whereas the average cell size was 14.9 microm. These cells were immunocytochemically positive for synaptophysin, consistent with LCNEC. The operative course for this patient was uneventful, and LCNEC had not recurred in the 48 months since cystectomy. CONCLUSION: Our observations suggest that urinary cytology in combination with morphometry and immunocytochemistry may be a potentially useful method for the detection of LCNEC of the bladder.	bladder
Mouse models of human bladder cancer as a tool for drug discovery.	Muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a deadly condition in dire need of effective new treatments. This unit contains a description of mouse models suitable for the evaluation of potential new therapies. Included is a genetically engineered mouse model of bladder cancer generated by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase into the bladder lumen. Also described is an orthotopic mouse model created by the instillation of human bladder tumor cells into the bladder lumen of immune deficient mice. Protocols are also provided on the use of these models for the preclinical evaluation of new chemical entities, with mTOR inhibitors shown as an example.	bladder
Contentious controversies: a report from the 3rd World Congress on Controversies in Urology (February 25-28, 2010, Athens, Greece).	The 3rd World Congress on Controversies in Urology held in Athens earlier this year offered a renewed opportunity to discuss many divisive issues in urology, most notably urinary incontinence and prostate cancer, which were the two main topics of discussion. The following is a review of major topics directly related to urological therapy as presented during the meeting.	bladder
Identification of genes correlated with early-stage bladder cancer progression.	Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder ranks fourth in incidence of all cancers in the developed world, yet the mechanisms of its origin and progression remain poorly understood. There are also few useful diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for this disease. We have combined a transgenic mouse model for invasive bladder cancer (UPII-SV40Tag mice) with DNA microarray technology to determine molecular mechanisms involved in early TCC development and to identify new biomarkers for detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of TCC. We have identified genes that are differentially expressed between the bladders of UPII-SV40Tag mice and their age-matched wild-type littermates at 3, 6, 20, and 30 weeks of age. These are ages that correspond to premalignant, carcinoma in situ, and early-stage and later stage invasive TCC, respectively. Our preliminary analysis of the microarray data sets has revealed approximately 1,900 unique genes differentially expressed (> or =3-fold difference at one or more time points) between wild-type and UPII-SV40Tag urothelium during the time course of tumor development. Among these, there were a high proportion of cell cycle regulatory genes and a proliferation signaling genes that are more strongly expressed in the UPII-SV40Tag bladder urothelium. We show that several of the genes upregulated in UPII-SV40Tag urothelium, including RacGAP1, PCNA, and Hmmr, are expressed at high levels in superficial bladder TCC patient samples. These findings provide insight into the earliest events in the development of bladder TCC as well as identify several promising early-stage biomarkers.	bladder
Clinical significance of Her2/neu overexpression in urothelial carcinomas.	HER2/neu is a defective transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, homologue to the epidermal growth factor receptor, showing overexpression in a large variety of tumor cells. There are no studies published so far regarding HER2/neu overexpression and sensitivity of the urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder to anti-HER2/neu therapy. There are a relatively high number of articles in the literature referring to HER2/neu expression in urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder, but only two of them had investigated HER2/neu expression in patients with urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract. We have studied HER2/neu overexpression in 59 patients with urothelial carcinomas of the urinary tract by immunohistochemistry. Normal urothelium and the elements of the neighboring renal parenchyma were negative. Out of the 59 cases of urothelial carcinomas, 38 were negative (0 and +1) and 21 were positive: eight were moderately and 13 were intensely positive (+2 and +3). The percentage of positive cases was 35.59%. The negative cases were mostly well-differentiated, G1 tumors, no matter the T-tumor stage. Most of the cases were diagnosed as papillary or, rarely, infiltrative. There is no correlation between HER2/neu overexpression and the tumor stage. The same was true for the lymph node status. The expression intensity, however, was significantly correlated with the differentiation grade. Overexpression was most likely present in tumors with high differentiation grade (p<0.05).	bladder
[A case of metastatic bladder cancer occurring after surgery for differentiated gastric cancer controlled by combination therapy of paclitaxel/S-1].	A 70-year-old male visited the hospital with a complaint of stomachache. Hydronephrosis was observed in the right kidney, and further examination confirmed a diagnosis of metastatic cancer limited to the bladder and rectovesical pouch after surgery for differentiated gastric cancer. Chemotherapy using paclitaxel(PTX)/S-1 was initiated. One course included 14 days of administration of S-1 (100 mg/body) followed by a 7-day interval, and the administration of PTX (60 mg/body) on the 1st and 15th days. General malaise developed after 4 courses, the dose of S-1 was reduced (80 mg/body), and PTX was administered only on the 1st day. CT conducted 9 months after the start of chemotherapy revealed the disappearance of ascites, decreased thickness of the bladder wall, and reduced size of the tumor in the rectovesical pouch. No new distal metastasis or peritoneal metastatic nodule has been observed, and there has been no tendency toward exacerbation for one year after the initial diagnosis. PTX/S-1 was suggested to be an effective treatment for metastatic cancer limited to the bladder and rectovesical pouch after surgery for differentiated gastric cancer.	bladder
Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro anticancer activity of some novel isopentenyladenosine derivatives.	The present study describes the synthesis, the characterization and the evaluation of some derivatives of N(6)-isopentenyladenosine on T24 human bladder carcinoma cells. In particular we have modified the hydroxyl groups in the ribose moiety, the position of the isopentenyl chain in the purine ring and the base moiety. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by standard studies of NMR, MS and elemental analysis. We here show that only two derivatives, 1-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-9-(3'-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-purine hydrobromide and 2-amino-6-(3-methyl-2- butenylamino)-9-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-purine, inhibit the growth of T24 cells, although to a lower extent than N(6)-isopentenyladenosine. We conclude that the integrity of ribosidic and purine moiety and the N(6) position of the chain are essential for maintaining the antiproliferative activity.	bladder
Increasing medical staff safety by using a closed system for intravesical instillation of mitomycin C.	OBJECTIVES: Intravesical treatment with mitomycin C (MMC) after trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor is indicated by the guidelines of the European Association of Urology and the American Urology Association. MMC solution is highly irritative to skin and mucous membranes and may be of potential harm to staff handling it. We describe a closed-system device that we have developed for MMC intravesical instillation immediately after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) for bladder cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A design was developed based on three requirements of a closed system for intravesical instillation of cytotoxic drug: (1) the connection of the system with the MMC administration device (e.g., syringe) must prevent any spillage or spraying of the drug solution. (2) the system should automatically close in the absence of a syringe at the connecting hub.(3) the system should have a draining mode to enable rapid drug and urine drainage into a commercially available urine bag using conventional attachments. RESULTS: In the system developed, MMC syringe is screwed to the connector. The valve is directed to the urinary bladder, and the MMC is injected. At the end of the therapy, the valve is directed to the collecting bag and the MMC and connector are disposed according to the guidelines for hazardous material disposal. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a closed system specifically designed to reduce staff exposure during instillation of MMC. No single case of MMC spill or occupational exposure has been reported since the closed system was introduced.	bladder
[The French clinical trials ongoing (GETUG and AFU) on urothelial carcinomas, kidney and prostate cancers].	The collaboration of the Association Française d'Urologie (AFU) and of the Groupe d'Etude des Tumeurs Uro-Genital (GETUG) has lead to increase more and more the credibility of French clinical trials in onco-urology. These trials are on the same level ast North American or European studies. The involvement of urologists is essential. Therefore it seemed necessary to do an update on ongoing trials to further increase recruitment from all practitioners involved in onco-urology.	bladder
[Bladder tumour treatment: the real BCG definitive contra-indications].	The contra-indications of BCG instillations were described at commercialization in 1996 and have not been revised since. The objective of this review has been to revise the rational of the contra-indications of BCG and then to review the reported cases of transgressions against them. The definite contra-indication remain: a history of systemic reaction to BCG, tuberculosis, fever with unknown etiology, alteration of the urine/blood barrier from trauma or cystitis (infectious or radiation), the deficits of cellular immunity, the combined deficits and defects in phagocytosis. However, there were no serious adverse effects of BCG therapy with immunosuppressive treatment for organ transplantation or in case of chronic inflammatory disease, nor with previous irradiation of the bladder area without radiation cystitis. These specific circumstances require more studies and data if they are no longer to be considered as a contra-indication.	bladder
Positron Emission Tomography and Computer Tomography (PET/CT) in Prostate, Bladder, and Testicular Cancers.	Positron emission computed tomography (PET) is a functional, noninvasive method for imaging regional metabolic processes that is nowadays most often combined to morphological imaging with computed tomography (CT). Its use is based on the well-founded assumption that metabolic changes occur earlier in tumors than morphologic changes, adding another dimension to imaging. This article will review the established and investigational indications and radiopharmaceuticals for PET/CT imaging for prostate cancer, bladder cancer and testicular cancer, before presenting upcoming applications in radiation therapy.	bladder