crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
DNA methylation alterations in urothelial carcinoma.	In urothelial cancer, hypermethylation of specific genes and genome-wide hypomethylation, reflected in decreased methylation of LINE-1 retrotransposons, have both been reported, but were never investigated in the same specimens. We analyzed hypermethylation of six genes by methylation-specific PCR and LINE-1 hypomethylation by Southern blotting in 96 carcinoma tissues. Hypermethylation frequencies were: SFRP1 (55%), APC (45%), RASSF1A (35%), DAPK1 (29%), RARB2 (19%), and CDKN2A (2%). Three groups of cancers could be discerned, with escalating hypermethylation. Hypermethylation increased with tumor stage, particularly at the transition to invasive cancers, and RARB2 hypermethylation was indicative of lymph node involvement. A comparison to a previous study on prostate cancer using the same techniques suggests that hypermethylation in urothelial carcinoma occurs in a random rather than coordinated manner. LINE-1 hypomethylation was present in 90% of specimens, largely independent of hypermethylation. Lack of hypomethylation indicated a significantly better clinical prognosis. Bisulfite sequencing of SFRP1 demonstrated dense or patchy hypermethylation in tumor tissues that likely accounts for discrepant reported frequencies. In urothelial carcinoma cell lines, the same genes as in tissues were frequently hypermethylated. SFRP1 hypermethylation was concordant with lack of expression. 5-Aza-deoxycytidine induced its reexpression in some lines, whereas additional treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor was required in others. Thus, epigenetic SFRP1 inactivation occurs in a graduated manner. In conclusion, markers of genome-wide hypomethylation seem optimally suited for urothelial carcinoma detection, whereas combinations of hypermethylation and hypomethylation assays hold promise for classification.	bladder
[A case of hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) with tumor fever responding to docetaxel plus prednisolone therapy].	We have experienced a patient with tumor fever from hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) who was treated successfully using docetaxel plus prednisolone therapy. A 65-year-old male was diagnosed with prostate cancer (T4 N1 M1b). He received androgen-ablation therapy. But six months later he was confirmed to show failure of the previous hormone therapy and disease progression even after anti-androgen withdrawal. Then docetaxel plus prednisolone therapy was started. After two courses of this therapy, the PSA level decreased by 50% or more, and after ten courses an improvement was seen on the bone scan. The patient has survived for twelve months after starting docetaxel plus prednisolone therapy, without serious adverse events.	bladder
Early detection and measurement of urothelial tumors in mice.	OBJECTIVES: To establish reliable noninvasive in vivo methods to detect, measure, and monitor experimentally induced urothelial tumors in mice. METHODS: UPII-SV40T transgenic mice reliably develop bladder tumors by expression of simian virus 40 large T antigen specifically in bladder urothelium through the use of the uroplakin II promoter. Two wild-type and 10 UPII-SV40T transgenic mice were monitored for microhematuria two to three times weekly using dipstick analysis. A unique flat panel detector-based cone beam computed tomography (FPD-CBCT) system imaged the urinary tracts of anesthetized mice after tail vein injection of an iodinated contrast agent (Omnipaque) that is excreted in urine. Within 10 seconds, the FPD-CBCT system acquired 290 two-dimensional images, which produced three-dimensional volumes with true isotropic resolution (180 microm)3 using a filtered back projection-based modified Feldkamp reconstruction algorithm. Amira, version 3.1.1-1, for MacOSX was used for data analysis and advanced visualization of the three-dimensional reconstructed FPD-CBCT images. RESULTS: Hematuria was present in UPII-SV40T transgenic mice at 32 days of age; the wild-type animals exhibited no hematuria. Filling defects, associated with histologically confirmed tumors, in the bladders of the UPII-SV40T transgenic mice were visualized in the reconstructed FPD-CBCT images 1 to 45 minutes after contrast agent injection. Longitudinal FPD-CBCT imaging sessions showed the tumor position, volume, and growth. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of early detection of hematuria and high-resolution in vivo FPD-CBCT imaging of murine bladder tumors enabled accurate longitudinal assessment of tumor growth and progression in individual animals. This approach could provide an important alternative to serial sacrifice experimental designs, while refining statistical power and reducing animal use.	bladder
Can intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin reduce recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer? A meta-analysis of randomized trials.	OBJECTIVES: To determine whether intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) administration reduces recurrence after transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer using a meta-analysis. METHODS: Published data of randomized clinical trials comparing transurethral resection plus intravesical BCG to either resection alone or resection plus another treatment were analyzed, considering possible confounding factors such as disease type, maintenance therapy, and others. Both the fixed effect model and the randomized effect model were applied, and the odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was used as the effect size estimate. RESULTS: We searched 176 trials, eliminated 151 of them, and identified 25 trials with recurrence information on 4767 patients. Of 2342 patients undergoing BCG therapy, 949 (40.5%) had tumor recurrence compared with 1205 (49.7%) of 2425 patients in the non-BCG group. In the combined results, a statistically significant difference in the OR for tumor recurrence between the BCG and no BCG-treated groups was found (randomized combined effect OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.80, P <0.0001). Stratified by BCG maintenance and disease type, the combined results of the individual reports showed statistical significance for BCG maintenance (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.78, P = 0.004) and treatment of papillary carcinoma (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.75, P = 0.0008). Chemotherapy and BCG plus chemotherapy/immunotherapy were not better than BCG alone. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant intravesical BCG with maintenance treatment is effective for the prophylaxis of tumor recurrence in superficial bladder cancer. For patients with papillary carcinoma, adjuvant intravesical BCG with maintenance therapy should be offered as the treatment of choice.	bladder
MRI evaluation of bulky tumor masses in the mesentery and bladder involvement in peritoneal carcinomatosis.	AIM: Peritonectomy procedures with intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia are an effective but costly treatment for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Consequently a proper selection of patients is necessary. We evaluated the benefit of MRI prior to surgery, in the detection of two of the main surgery contraindications: bulky mesenteric tumors and bladder implants. METHODS: Three experts retrospectively reviewed abdominal and pelvic MRI from 19 cases of surgically proved PC (ovary: 7; colorectal: 7; gastric: 2; pseudomyxoma peritonei: 2; appendix: 1). RESULTS: Mesenteric tumors were always identified as hypersignal masses on axial and coronal fat suppression gadolinium-enhanced T1 images (n=3). Three out of five bladder implants were detected. The two cases of bladder implants that were not detected on MRI were missed because the bladder was not filled. The best sequence for the detection of bladder involvement was axial T2-weighted images with bladder filling. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating the preoperative resectability of PC is crucial for patient management. MRI seems to reliably detect bulky mesenteric tumors and bladder implants on condition the bladder is filled and appropriate sequences are used.	bladder
Clinical outcome after cystectomy in patients with lymph node-positive bladder cancer.	Whereas radical cystectomy is the standard of care in high-grade, invasive bladder tumors, the extent of lymphadenectomy and its diagnostic and/or therapeutic potential is controversial. Independent predictors for lymph node involvement are T-stage, histological grading and lymphovascular invasion. Preoperative assessment, including 3D magnetic resonance imaging and sentinel node detection, are promising concepts for the future. The extension of lymphadenectomy is not yet defined, although prospective data regarding the absence of skipped lesions in the case of pelvic lymphadenectomy and the damage of autonomic nerves in the case of extensive lymphadenectomy are arguments for a limited or stepwise approach. Outcome of N1 patients appears to be nearly equivalent to N0 patients in organ-confined tumors, whereas the outcome of N3 patients is poor in all studies presented to date. Therefore, it has been suggested that a meticulous lymphadenectomy in N1 patients, with positive lymph nodes almost exclusively localized within the endopelvic region, has a long-term therapeutic impact in terms of an improvement in the patient's clinical prognosis. For N2 patients, a long-term survival benefit from extensive lymphadenectomy remains to be demonstrated. Recognizing the inevitably poor clinical prognosis in cases with gross nodal involvement (N3), the clinical value of an extended lymph node dissection in these patients is very questionable.	bladder
[Clinical significance of pelvic lymph-node dissection for the patients with locally invasive bladder cancer--correlation between the number of retrieved lymph nodes and prognosis].	The objective of this study was to know the effects of pelvic lymph node dissection on the survival of the patients who received radical cystectomy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Between 1984 and 2000, 104 patients underwent operation at our institution for tumors clinically diagnosed as locally invasive bladder cancer (T2-4NxM0). Survival rates and 8 prognostic factors (age, sex, size, multiplicity, type, pT, N, pv) were analyzed by uni- and multivariate analysis. The significant factors were size, type, pT, N, pv by univariate analysis. Of these 5 factors, N factor was the most significant by multivariate analysis. Patients (N-) who had more than 20 lymph nodes retrieved showed better survival than the others.	bladder
Prognostic significance of bladder tumor history and tumor location in upper tract transitional cell carcinoma.	PURPOSE: We studied prognostic factors for 5-year disease specific and recurrence-free survival in patients treated for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Since July 1987, 72 patients with a mean age of 58.9 years have undergone nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision. Median followup was 62.2 months (range 6 to 192). Patient age, sex, detection duration and mode, bladder tumor history, smoking habit, stone disease history, and tumor stage, grade and location were evaluated as prognostic factors. RESULTS: Overall 5-year disease specific and recurrence-free survival rates were 74.9% and 67.8%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed anemia, positive bladder tumor history, T stage, grade and tumor location in the upper tract as significant prognostic factors. On multivariate analysis T stage, grade and tumor location in the urothelium were the only significant variables for the 5-year disease specific and recurrence-free survival rates. CONCLUSIONS: High tumor stage and grade, and ureteral location were significantly associated with worse disease specific and recurrence-free survival in patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Our results may help define the patient groups that need adjuvant therapy and they may form a basis for further controlled studies.	bladder
Virtual cystoscopy--a surgical planning and guidance tool.	Image guided-surgery systems facilitates surgical planning phases of endoscopic procedures. In this paper, we used a software package for 3D surface model generation and vizualization of the urinary bladder, based on magnetic resonance (MR) cross sectional images of the pelvis. The patients group consisted in 6 patients diagnosed with urinary bladder tumour. They were submitted to MRI exam. Twelve consecutive cross sectional images of the pelvis were aquired (TR (repetition time) = 600 msec, TE (echo time) = 19 msec, slice thickness = 6 divided by 7 mm, FOV (field of view) = 36 cm. All these images were transferred to a personal computer running the 3DSlicer software. We obtained, for each patient, a 3D model of the pelvis including the urinary bladder. In This way, the surgical enviroment was simulated and we are able to investigate the bladder by virtual cystoscopy. The virtual endoscopy may be used as a tool in the preoperative training and in surgical planning.	bladder
Radiation-induced biologic bystander effect elicited in vitro by targeted radiopharmaceuticals labeled with alpha-, beta-, and auger electron-emitting radionuclides.	Recent studies have shown that indirect effects of ionizing radiation may contribute significantly to the effectiveness of radiotherapy by sterilizing malignant cells that are not directly hit by the radiation. However, there have been few investigations of the importance of indirect effects in targeted radionuclide treatment. Our purpose was to compare the induction of bystander effects by external beam gamma-radiation with those resultant from exposure to 3 radiohaloanalogs of metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG): (131)I-MIBG (low-linear-energy-transfer [LET] beta-emitter), (123)I-MIBG (potentially high-LET Auger electron emitter), and meta-(211)At-astatobenzylguanidine ((211)At-MABG) (high-LET alpha-emitter). METHODS: Two human tumor cell lines-UVW (glioma) and EJ138 (transitional cell carcinoma of bladder)-were transfected with the noradrenaline transporter (NAT) gene to enable active uptake of MIBG. Medium from cells that accumulated the radiopharmaceuticals or were treated with external beam radiation was transferred to cells that had not been exposed to radioactivity, and clonogenic survival was determined in donor and recipient cultures. RESULTS: Over the dose range 0-9 Gy of external beam radiation of donor cells, 2 Gy caused 30%-40% clonogenic cell kill in recipient cultures. This potency was maintained but not increased by higher dosage. In contrast, no corresponding saturation of bystander cell kill was observed after treatment with a range of activity concentrations of (131)I-MIBG, which resulted in up to 97% death of donor cells. Cellular uptake of (123)I-MIBG and (211)At-MABG induced increasing recipient cell kill up to levels that resulted in direct kill of 35%-70% of clonogens. Thereafter, the administration of higher activity concentrations of these high-LET emitters was inversely related to the kill of recipient cells. Over the range of activity concentrations examined, neither direct nor indirect kill was observed in cultures of cells not expressing the NAT and, thus, incapable of active uptake of MIBG. CONCLUSION: Potent toxins are generated specifically by cells that concentrate radiohalogenated MIBG. These may be LET dependent and distinct from those elicited by conventional radiotherapy.	bladder
Hair dye use is not associated with risk for bladder cancer: evidence from a case-control study in Spain.	An increased bladder cancer risk has been suggested among users of hair dyes. We evaluated this association among females in a hospital-based case-control study in Spain (152 female incident cases, 166 female controls). The effect of hair dye use was also evaluated among potentially susceptible subgroups defined by NAT1, NAT2, CYP1A2, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotypes. Use of any hair dye (OR=0.8, CI 0.5-1.4) or of permanent hair dyes (OR=0.8, CI 0.5-1.5) was not associated with increased risk. Small non-significant increases in risks were observed in a lagged analysis that ignores exposures within ten years of diagnosis (OR=1.3, CI 0.8-2.2). No trend in risk with increasing exposure was seen for duration of use, average use or cumulative use. None of the polymorphisms examined significantly modified the hair dye associated risk. Overall, this study does not support an association between hair dye use and bladder cancer.	bladder
Myeloid sarcoma of the urinary bladder and epididymis as a primary manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16).	Myeloid sarcoma (MS) of the lower urinary tract is rare. We describe a 47-year-old man with hematuria, who was subsequently found to have MS involving bladder and epididymis. The neoplasm was composed predominantly of blasts that expressed CD68, CD117, myeloperoxidase, and lysozyme, with occasional immature eosinophils. Although blood and bone marrow examinations showed no morphologic evidence of leukemia, conventional cytogenetic studies of marrow demonstrated inv(16)(p13q22) in 4 of 20 metaphases; fluorescence in situ hybridization of the bladder neoplasm also showed inv(16). Following chemotherapy, the patient has been in complete remission for 32 months. In our literature review, we identified 7 cases of MS involving bladder, only 3 without evidence of an associated myeloid neoplasm in marrow, none with cytogenetic data. A high index of suspicion is required to establish the diagnosis of MS involving bladder. Cytogenetic analysis is useful for both demonstrating minimal marrow disease and classifying MS in paraffin-embedded tissue sections.	bladder
Cancer-testis antigen expression in bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential of cCancer-t/Testis antigens (CTAs) as targets for immunotherapy of bladder cancer, we evaluated the expression of 9 CTA genes or families of genes in normal urothelia, bladder tumours and bladder cancer human bladder tissuescell lines. As expression of most CTAs is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms, we also evaluated the effect of the DNA methylase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-DC), and/or theand histone deacetylase inhibitors Trichostatin A (TSA) on their expression in bladder cancer cell lines. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Expression of NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1, MAGE-A, MAGE-C1, BAGE, HOM-TES-85, SCP-1, SSX-1, SSX-2 and SSX-4 was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting on 10 normal urothelia, 23 24 superficial and 223 invasive tumours and on 10 cell lines treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-DC) and/or Trichostatin A (TSA). RESULTS: Expression of all CTA genes could be observed in at least 1 tumour except for HOM-TES-85 for which mRNA was never detected. MAGE-A, BAGE and NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 mRNAs were the most frequently detected, respectively in 5677%, 212% and 89% of superficial and in 6461%, 4139% and 276% of invasive tumours. With the exception of MAGE-A, CTA transcripts were rarely detected in the cell lines. However, expression of all CTA genes, except SCP-1, could be induced at various levels by the drugs and 5-AZA-DC was a much more potent inducer than TSA. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that immunotherapy of bladder cancer could target CTAs, especially those expressed at higher frequency such as MAGE-A, BAGE and NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1. Moreover, their induction by chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-AZA-DC, provides a potential pretreatment aimed at inducing the immunogenicity of the tumours.	bladder
Prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma in patients with bladder cancer and its prognostic significance.	To study the importance of prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in patients with bladder cancer, we examined the entire prostates by whole-mount sections from 214 radical cystoprostatectomy specimens for detailed patterns of involvement by TCC and correlated the results with lymph node metastasis and patients' survival. Prostatic involvement by TCC was detected in 69 (32%) of 214 cases. Among them, 30 (43%) patients had carcinoma in situ (CIS) and the other 39 (57%) were invasive TCC. Carcinoma in situ occurred in either prostatic urethra (n = 6, 20%) or, more commonly, in prostatic ducts/acini (n = 14, 47%), and in a combination of prostatic urethra and ducts (n = 10, 33%). Ten (26%) of the invasive TCC resulted from direct penetration from the primary tumor in the bladder, and the remaining 29 (72%) cases arose from prostatic urethra/ducts, of which 11, 13, and 5 invaded the lamina propria, prostatic stroma, and periprostatic or seminal vesical tissue, respectively. Both prostatic TCC involvement and nodal metastasis were highly significant prognostic factors for patients' survival and the survival significance of prostatic TCC involvement still existed regardless of lymph node status. Furthermore, the presence of prostatic CIS and degrees of prostatic invasion are associated with nodal metastasis and survival. Patients with prostatic CIS or urethral lamina propria invasion had a similar, but higher incidence of lymph node metastasis and lower long-term and 5-year survival than those patients without prostatic involvement. Similarly, prostatic stromal invasion and periprostatic/seminal vesical invasion had a similar, but much higher nodal metastasis and worse survival than patients with only prostatic CIS or urethral lamina propria invasion. In summary, presence of prostatic TCC involvement and levels of involvement are significant prognostic factors in patients with bladder cancer.	bladder
Thrombospondin-1 expression in urothelial carcinoma: prognostic significance and association with p53 alterations, tumour angiogenesis and extracellular matrix components.	BACKGROUND: Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is an extracellular matrix component glycoprotein, which is known to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and may be important in cancer invasiveness. We examined the TSP-1 expression in correlation with conventional clinicopathological parameters to clarify its prognostic significance in bladder cancer. In addition, the possible correlation of TSP-1 expression with microvessel count, VEGF expression, p53 expression as well as with the expression of the extracellular matrix components was studied to explore its implication in vascularization and tumour stroma remodeling. METHODS: The immunohistochemical expression of TSP-1 in tumour cells and in the tumour stroma was studied in 148 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded urothelial cell carcinoma tissue samples. RESULTS: TSP-1 was detected in perivascular tissue, at the epithelial-stromal junction, in the stroma and in tumour cells in the majority of the cases. In tumour cells, low TSP-1 expression was observed in 43% of the cases, moderate and high in 7%, while 50% showed absence of TSP expression. A higher TSP-1 immunoreactivity in well and moderately differentiated tumours compared to poorly differentiated was noted. PT1 tumours showed decreased TSP-1 expression in comparison to pTa and pT2-4 tumours. Increased tumour cell TSP-1 expression was related to increased microvessel density. In the tumour stroma, 37% of the cases showed small amount of TSP-1 expression, 7.5% moderate and high, while 55% of the cases showed absence of TSP-1 stromal immunoreactivity. Stromal TSP-1 expression was inversely correlated with tumour stage and tumour size. This expression was also positively correlated with microvessel density, VEGF expression and extracellular matrix components tenascin and fibronectin. Using univariate and multivariate analysis we didn't find any significant correlation of TSP-1 expression in superficial tumours in both tumour cells and tumour stroma in terns of the risk of recurrence and disease progression CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that both tumour and stromal TSP-1 expression may play a role in tumour aggressiveness and angiogenesis. In addition, the correlation of stromal TSP-1 expression with extracellular matrix components fibronectin and tenascin indicate its possible implication in tumour stroma remodeling.	bladder