crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Pathology of the prostate in radical cystectomy specimens: a critical review.	Our aim was to critically review clinico-pathological features of incidental prostate tumors in cystoprostatectomy specimens and to evaluate implications for patients' management. Data were identified by a structured MEDLINE search. Studies addressing incidence, pathological characteristics, and/or clinical significance of prostate tumors or related pre-malignant lesions from cystoprostatectomy series were reviewed in detail. The reported incidence of prostate adenocarcinoma in cystectomy specimens is highly variable and mostly depending on the histopathology technique of sampling. The clinical significance of these incidentally discovered cancers remains questionable, as the outcome of patients depends on the prognosis of the bladder tumor. For those candidates for prostate sparing surgery, it seems reasonable to include a routine prostate biopsy in the standard preoperative work-up as relevant PSA values to exclude cancer are lacking. Reports of prostatic urethral involvement at the time of radical cystectomy are mostly retrospective. Thus, it is likely that the true incidence of involvement with urothelial carcinoma is underreported. It has been suggested that multifocal bladder tumors, CIS in the bladder and bladder tumor location in the bladder neck are independent risk factors for prostatic urothelial carcinoma. Prostatic stromal involvement, which reflects the depth of invasion, is the most important prognostic factor. Poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma often share overlapping morphologic features and it can be sometimes difficult to differentiate between these two entities.	bladder
Muscle invasive bladder cancer in Upper Egypt: the shift in risk factors and tumor characteristics.	BACKGROUND: In Egypt, where bilharziasis is endemic, bladder cancer is the commonest cancer in males and the 2nd in females; squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the commonest type found, with a peculiar mode of presentation. The aim of this study is to identify and rank the risk factors of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) in Upper Egypt and describe its specific criteria of presentation and histopathology. METHODS: This is an analytical, hospital based, case controlled study conducted in south Egypt cancer institute through comparing MIBC cases (n = 130) with age, sex and residence matched controls (n = 260) for the presence of risk factors of MIBC. Data was collected by personal interview using a well designed questionnaire. Patients' records were reviewed for histopathology and Radiologic findings. RESULTS: The risk factors of MIBC were positive family history [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 7.7], exposure to pesticides [AOR = 6.2], bladder stones [AOR = 5], consanguinity [AOR = 3.9], recurrent cystitis [AOR = 3.1], bilharziasis [odds ratio (OR) = 5.8] and smoking [OR = 5.3]. SCC represented 67.6% of cases with burning micturition being the presenting symptom in 73.8%. CONCLUSION: MIBC in Upper Egypt is usually of the SCC type (although its percentage is decreasing), occurs at a younger age and presents with burning micturition rather than hematuria. Unlike the common belief, positive family history, parents' consanguinity, exposure to pesticides and chronic cystitis seem to play now more important roles than bilharziasis and smoking in the development of this disease in this area.	bladder
Targeting the endothelin system: novel therapeutic options in gynecological, urological and breast cancers.	The endothelin system comprises the three peptide hormones endothelin (ET)-1, -2, -3, their G protein-coupled receptors, endothelin-A-receptor (ET(A)R) and endothelin-B-receptor (ET(B)R), and the enzymes of endothelin biosynthesis and degradation. In the past two decades, an impressive amount of data has been accumulated investigating the role of the endothelin system in a variety of malignancies. In many cancers, ET-1/ET(A)R interaction induces proliferation, angiogenesis, antiapoptosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Data indicate a pivotal role of the endothelin system in tumorigenesis, local progression and metastasis. Subsequently, novel drugs have been designed inhibiting ET-1 biosynthesis or ET(A)R interaction. A wide range of preclinical data is available on the role of ET(A)R antagonists in gynecological, urological and breast cancers providing evidence for their antiangiogenic, proapoptotic and growth inhibitory effects. Of particular interest is the anti-invasive and antimetastatic efficacy of ET(A)R antagonists and synergism when co-administered with established cancer therapies. Data indicate a future role of ET(A)R antagonists in oncologic therapies.	bladder
Decreased expression of Bax-interacting factor-1 (Bif-1) in invasive urinary bladder and gallbladder cancers.	AIMS: Mounting evidence indicates that deregulation of apoptosis is involved in the mechanisms of cancer development. Bax-interacting factor-1 (Bif-1) interacts with both Bax and Bak that are crucial for the intrinsic apoptosis signalling. Functionally, loss of Bif-1 expression has been proven to enhance tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to explore whether loss of Bif-1 expression occurs in urinary bladder (UB) and gallbladder (GB) cancer tissues. METHODS: We analysed Bif-1 protein expression in 41 transitional cell carcinomas of UB and 26 GB adenocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In both UB and GB, normal mucosal epithelial cells strongly expressed Bif-1 protein. In the UB cancers, Bif-1 expression was strongly positive in 25 cases (61.0%), but the remaining 16 cases showed no (14.6%) or markedly decreased (24.4%) Bif-1 immunostaining compared with the normal mucosal epithelial cells. Similarly, in the GB cancers, Bif-1 immunostaining was strong in 17 cases (65.4%), while the remaining nine cases showed no (15.4%) or markedly decreased (19.2%) Bif-1 immunostaining compared with the normal mucosal epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: The decreased expression of Bif-1 in large fractions of both UB and GB cancers (39.0% and 34.6%, respectively) compared with their normal mucosal cells suggested that loss of Bif-1 expression might play a role in tumorigenesis in both UB and GB cancers, possibly by inhibiting apoptosis mediated by Bif-1.	bladder
Multitarget siRNA inhibition of antiapoptotic genes (XIAP, BCL2, BCL-X(L)) in bladder cancer cells.	BACKGROUND: The knockdown of XIAP, BCL2 and BCL-X(L) by siRNAs represents a promising treatment option for bladder cancer (BCa) since the overexpression of antiapoptotic genes is often associated with tumor progression and treatment resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EJ28 BCa cells were transfected with siRNAs--separately and combined--followed by analysis of target expression, viability, clonogenic survival, apoptosis and cell cycle. Furthermore, a possible chemosensitization by siRNA pretreatment was investigated. RESULTS: The siRNA-mediated inhibition of these targets--either separately or combined--reduced the targets' expression, reduced cell growth and sensitized cells to a subsequent chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Since tumor cells may bypass the inhibition of a single gene by changing their expression profile, e.g. switch from BCL2 to BCL-X(L), the combined knockdown of multiple genes of the same pathway might be more effective in killing cancer cells. The siRNAs used represent appropriate tools for this aim since they reduced their targets' expression significantly and long-lastingly.	bladder
Outcomes of patients after aborted radical cystectomy for intraoperative findings of metastatic disease.	OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical outcome of patients with bladder cancer who underwent attempted radical cystectomy (RC) with curative intent, but whose procedures were aborted due to intraoperative findings of metastatic disease, as the presence of metastatic disease at RC is associated with a poor prognosis and there are no data on the optimum management strategy in this situation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 248 consecutive patients with bladder cancer had attempted RC at one academic institution between 1994 and 2003. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 35 patients who had an aborted RC due to intraoperative findings of metastatic disease. The pathological characteristics, time to recurrence, overall survival, disease-specific survival, and suitability for adjuvant or salvage therapies were examined. RESULTS: Of the 35 patients who had an aborted RC for metastatic disease, 21 (60%) died from the disease within the study period (median time to cancer-specific death 26.4 months), 11 (31%) are alive with evidence of persistent disease or progression, and three (9%) are alive with no evidence of recurrence or progression. Seven patients had a salvage RC after successful adjuvant treatment, of whom three died from recurrent disease (at a mean of 46.5 months after initial exploration, 31.9 months after salvage RC), one is alive with bladder cancer recurrence to the rectum 10 months after salvage cystectomy, and three have no evidence of disease progression at a mean of 10 months after salvage RC. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of patients who undergo an aborted attempt at curative RC due to intraoperative findings of metastatic disease is poor. Although a few patients might subsequently have salvage RC, many of these patients still have poor outcomes even if adjuvant treatments are used. When metastatic disease is discovered at RC, completing the cystectomy should be considered, although further studies are needed to show a clinical benefit.	bladder
Long-term survival after combined modality treatment in metastatic bladder cancer patients presenting with supra-regional tumor positive lymph nodes only.	AIMS: To evaluate if combined treatment should be offered to bladder cancer patients presenting with supra-regional lymph node metastases only and a clinical complete or partial response after chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified 14 patients with supra-regional lymph node metastases out of 394 patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) treated in our institute with cystectomy and regional and supra-regional lymph node dissection between 1987 and 2007. Prior to cystectomy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy had been given. The patients received a total of four cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy. RESULTS: Five patients had a CR, nine patients had a PR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Histopathological proof of complete response in the bladder was confirmed in all five cases. One of these five patients had a CR in the bladder but pelvic lymph nodes still contained vital tumor. Five patients had no tumor in the lymph nodes, whereas four had tumor in the lymph nodes. Eleven patients died due to bladder cancer, seven of them within 1 year after cystectomy. The 3- and 5-year disease-specific survival rates were 36% (95% CI: 10-60%) and 24% (95% CI: 0-49%). Mean follow-up was 2.5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy consisting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery in selected patients with tumor positive supra-regional lymph nodes only can result in durable long-term survival rates (24% 5-year survival). Response evaluation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy might play a decisive role in the selection of patients undergoing subsequent surgical removal of all known tumor sites.	bladder
The duration of intrathecal bupivacaine mixed with lidocaine.	BACKGROUND: Although spinal bupivacaine may have too long duration to be useful in the ambulatory setting, recent animal data suggest that lidocaine added to spinal bupivacaine may reduce the duration of bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. We explored whether lidocaine added to spinal bupivacaine could shorten the duration of bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in humans similarly to what has been reported in animals. METHODS: Ninety patients presenting for transurethral resection of bladder tumor or prostate were assigned to one of three groups by double blind randomization to receive intrathecal 1.5 mL of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine, plus 0.6 mL of one of three solutions: saline (Group I, n = 30, control), 1% lidocaine (Group II, n = 30), and 2% lidocaine (Group III, n = 30). Peak sensory block level, time to peak sensory block, times to two-segment, L1, and S2 regressions from peak sensory block, motor blocks at peak sensory block, L1, and S2 regressions, and postanesthesia care unit stay time (PACU time) were measured. RESULTS: Times to peak sensory block were similar in all three groups. Times to two-segment, L1, and S2 regressions from peak sensory block, and PACU time were significantly reduced in Group II compared to Group I. Times to L1, S2 regressions, and PACU times in Group III were significantly prolonged. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that lidocaine (6 mg) mixed to spinal bupivacaine (7.5 mg) can shorten the duration of bupivacaine spinal anesthesia, therefore provide more rapid recovery from the spinal anesthesia compared to the same dose of bupivacaine (7.5 mg) alone.	bladder
Diabetes mellitus, body size and bladder cancer risk in a prospective study of Swedish men.	Epidemiologic studies on diabetes and body size in relation to risk of bladder cancer have yielded inconsistent results. We examined prospectively the associations between a history of diabetes, height, weight, body mass index and waist circumference, and the incidence of bladder cancer in the Cohort of Swedish Men, a prospective study of 45,906 men aged 45-79 years at baseline. During follow-up from 1998 through December 2007, 414 incident cases of bladder cancer were ascertained. A history of diabetes was not associated with risk of bladder cancer (multivariate rate ratio=1.16; 95% confidence interval=0.81-1.64). Similarly, no associations were observed for height, weight, body mass index or waist circumference. These findings in men do not support a role for diabetes, height or excess body mass in the aetiology of bladder cancer.	bladder
The clinical utility of atypical cytology is significantly increased in both screening and monitoring for bladder cancer when indexed with nuclear matrix protein-22.	OBJECTIVES: To assess atypical cytology as a positive bladder tumour marker and to determine if indexing atypical cytology to nuclear matrix protein-22 (NMP22) can decrease the false-positive results or increase the positive predictive value (PPV). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 197 patients at risk of bladder cancer were identified as having atypical urine cytology; 126 were incident (screening) cases and 71 were prevalent (monitoring) cases of bladder cancer. All patients with atypical cytology were evaluated using office cystoscopy. All cancers were confirmed histologically and patients had a negative upper tract study within a 1-year interval. The atypical cytology was then indexed with NMP22 values in an effort to decrease the false-positive results. RESULTS: Atypical cytology detected 17 cancers in the 126 patients who were screened, giving a PPV of 13% (17/126). When stratified by NMP22, using a threshold of >10 U/mL, the PPV increased to 71% (15/21). In the 71 patients who were being monitored, atypical cytology detected 43 cancers, for a PPV of 61% (43/71). When stratified by NMP22 using a threshold of >6 U/mL, the PPV increased to 92% (35/38). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical utility of atypical cytology was significantly increased in both screening and monitoring for bladder cancer when indexed with NMP22 levels.	bladder
[A rare form of urinary bladder cancer metastasis to lung].	"Sixty-seven year old male patient has attended with cough and sputum complaint. He had been operated because of transitional cell urinary bladder carcinoma four years ago. He had previous medical history of pulmonary tuberculosis 27 years ago. In chest X-ray, multiple cavitary appearances were present. In computerized tomography (CT) of the thorax, bilateral multiple cavities were seen. Sputum smear examinations for acido resistant bacilli (ARB) were negative for nine times. CT guided fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed and he was diagnosed as ""pulmonary metastasis of transitional cell urinary bladder cancer"". This patient is presented because of the interesting radiological appearance and rare presentation of the case."	bladder
Changes in specimen preparation method may impact urine cytologic evaluation.	"This study was performed to identify differences in the frequency of specific cytologic diagnoses obtained between specimens prepared by the filtration and ThinPrep (Cytyc, Marlborough, MA) techniques and to assess how these cytologic diagnoses correlated with pathologic findings. Data were collected from 2,347 voided urine specimens analyzed 8 months before and after ThinPrep implementation. Urine cytologic and bladder biopsy specimens were obtained as part of clinical follow-up, and positive diagnoses were considered evidence of malignancy. After ThinPrep implementation, the proportion of specimens diagnosed as negative significantly decreased (85.5% vs 78.6%; P<.001), clusters (5.8% vs 5.6%; P=.597) and positive (2.8% vs 3.3%; P=.143) diagnoses remained similar, and atypical (3.1% vs 8.4%; P<.001) and ""suspicious"" diagnoses (2.7% vs 4.1%; P<.001) increased. After 1 year of follow-up, there was no significant difference in the percentage of patients diagnosed with bladder carcinoma between the 2 methods for all cytologic categories."	bladder
[German Association for Bladder Cancer Research].	"The ""German Association for Bladder Cancer Research"" was founded in May 2008 by urologists, scientists, and pathologists. The purpose of this association is to concentrate research activities on a national level, to facilitate collaborations with an interdisciplinary background, and to define standard methodology for a higher quality of scientific results. Additionally, a national database for bladder cancer specimens will be initiated. The website http://www.forschungsverbund-blasenkarzinom.de will provide further information about the German Association for Bladder Cancer Research."	bladder
GFP image analysis in the mouse orthotopic bladder cancer model.	Precise and objective measurements of tumor response have yet to be standardized in the mouse orthotopic bladder cancer model. In this study, we used image analysis and green fluorescent protein (GFP) to objectively measure tumor size in response to chemotherapy. KU-7 human bladder cancer cells transfected with GFP were intravesically inoculated into 8-week-old female nude mice. Fourteen days after tumor cell inoculation, the mice were assigned into a control (PBS) group or a doxorubicin (conc. 1.0 mg/ml) treatment group and received a single instillation of treatment. Fourteen days after treatment, the bladders were surgically exposed and fluorescent images were captured and later analyzed using image analysis. Bladders were processed for histological examination. Tumor incidence determined by GFP expression and histology was 100 and 80%, respectively, in the doxorubicin treatment group. A 9-fold (histology) vs. 12-fold (GFP expression) difference in tumor regression measured by tumor area (P<0.05) and a 5-fold (histology) vs. 9-fold (GFP expression) difference in tumor regression measured by the percent of tumor area in the bladder (P<0.001) were observed in the doxorubicin treatment group. Our findings suggest that using image analysis provides a precise, sensitive and objective means to measure tumor growth and treatment response in the mouse orthotopic bladder cancer model in lieu of histological methods. Consequently, the number of mice required in an experiment can be reduced since tissue samples are not needed for histology, thus making tissue samples readily available for additional assays in both a labor-effective and cost-effective manner.	bladder
Evaluation and management of a patient with a bladder mass of uncertain etiology.	BACKGROUND: A healthy, parous, nonsmoking, 36-year-old woman consulted her gynecologist for nonspecific bladder pain. Urinary tract infection was ruled out. Vaginal ultrasonography and MRI revealed an undefined tumor between the bladder and the uterus. The patient refused further testing until tumor growth was detected at a scheduled appointment 5 months after presentation. She was referred to a urology department at this time. INVESTIGATIONS: Physical examination, urine culture, medical history, cystoscopy, MRI, angiography, intraoperative frozen section analysis, and final histology. DIAGNOSIS: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder. Management Partial cystectomy with complete excision of the tumor from the trigonal and posterior wall of the bladder by median laparotomy.	bladder
Increasing patient comfort by optimized postoperative administration of intravesical mitomycin C.	OBJECTIVE: To report a prospective controlled study to compare the acceptance of two different ways of administering intravesical mitomycin C, as the immediate intravesical administration of chemotherapy after surgery decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer, but response rates are variable, partly because of inadequate drug delivery and thus an adequate administration time is important for optimum oncological efficacy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between October 2004 and June 2005, 60 patients were divided after transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer into two groups. Both groups received an intravesical instillation of 40 mg mitomycin C diluted in 40 mL distilled water at <or=6 h after surgery. In group A the catheter was clamped; in group B the catheter was not clamped but the urine bag was elevated to 1 m above the level of the supine patient to enable bladder contractions with no rigid resistance, and mitomycin C was retained within the bladder by hydrostatic pressure. Discomfort and pain were documented by the patient every 15 min. The instillation was terminated after 2 h, or earlier if the pain was not tolerable. The relapse rate during the follow-up was also recorded. RESULTS: Histology and the number of tumours resected was not significantly different between the groups. In group A the mean (SD, range) instillation time was 83.4 (3.1, 15-120) min and 11 (37%) patients tolerated all 120 min of treatment. The instillation time in group B was 110.4 (20.9, 60-120) min and 25 (83%) patients completed 120 min. The mean (SD) overall pain levels measured were significantly lower (P <or= 0.05) in group B, at 2.7 (2.4) in group A and 1.8 (1.3) in group B. There was no remarkable difference between the groups in recurrence rates. CONCLUSION: Elevation of the urine bag instead of clamping the catheter was associated with a significantly longer instillation, more patients completing the full 2 h of treatment and significantly lower pain sensations. There was no remarkable difference in the groups in recurrence rate during the follow-up, but this might be because there were few patients in this pilot study.	bladder
Clinical activity of vinflunine in transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium and other solid tumors.	Vinflunine is a novel microtubule inhibitor of the vinca alkaloid class currently in development for the treatment of advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium (TCCU) and other solid tumors. This review summarizes the clinical activity of vinflunine as a single agent or in combination with other antineoplastic drugs. Vinflunine is active against a variety of tumor types, including advanced TCCU, metastatic breast cancer, advanced non-small cell lung cancer, and malignant pleural mesothelioma. It has a manageable and noncumulative toxicity profile, and its specific mechanism of action has been linked to a reduced potential for peripheral sensory neuropathy. The activity and tolerability of this agent warrant further investigation. Phase 3 trials are underway to further define the extent of clinical benefit provided by vinflunine in patients with advanced solid malignancies.	bladder