crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Creation of bladder assembloids mimicking tissue regeneration and cancer.	Current organoid models are limited by their inability to mimic mature organ architecture and associated tissue microenvironments(1,2). Here we create multilayer bladder 'assembloids' by reconstituting tissue stem cells with stromal components to represent an organized architecture with an epithelium surrounding stroma and an outer muscle layer. These assembloids exhibit characteristics of mature adult bladders in cell composition and gene expression at the single-cell transcriptome level, and recapitulate in vivo tissue dynamics of regenerative responses to injury. We also develop malignant counterpart tumour assembloids to recapitulate the in vivo pathophysiological features of urothelial carcinoma. Using the genetically manipulated tumour-assembloid platform, we identify tumoural FOXA1, induced by stromal bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), as a master pioneer factor that drives enhancer reprogramming for the determination of tumour phenotype, suggesting the importance of the FOXA1-BMP-hedgehog signalling feedback axis between tumour and stroma in the control of tumour plasticity.	bladder
Rural Medicare patients less likely to undergo penile prosthesis implantation following radical cystectomy.	INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction is common after radical cystectomy; however, research on sexual dysfunction after this procedure is relatively scarce. Our goal was to evaluate the incidence of penile prosthesis implantation after radical cystectomy, with a focus on rural/urban disparity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used the SEER-Medicare database to identify patients with bladder cancer diagnosed between 1991-2009 who had a radical cystectomy (ICD-9 codes 57.7, 57.71, 57.79). The outcome was placement of a penile implant (ICD-9 codes 64.95 and 64.97). Covariates extracted included rural county status, age, race, ethnicity, marital status, geographic region, socioeconomic status, Charlson comorbidity, pathologic cancer stage, and type of urinary diversion. RESULTS: A total of 95 penile implants were performed in the 11,477 cystectomy patients (0.83%). Patients who had a penile implant were mostly from urban counties (85.1%) and in the Western region of the United States (83.9%). After controlling for covariates, rural patients who underwent an ileal conduit for urinary diversion were less likely to have a penile prosthesis procedure after radical cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Penile prosthetic procedures are uncommon in bladder cancer patients who have undergone radical cystectomy; therefore, sexual health should be considered and discussed with patients after radical cystectomy.	bladder
Evaluation of epithelial and mesenchymal cell markers in canine urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma.	Canine transitional cell carcinoma (cTCC) is the most common malignant tumour in the urinary bladder: it is highly invasive and exhibits metastatic characteristics. Inflammation is also strongly related to cTCC. Epithelial tumours often exhibit a mesenchymal cell phenotype during tumour invasion and metastasis owing to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is often induced in chronic inflammation. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal cell markers in tumour cells and to evaluate its relationship with prognosis of cTCC. In this study, 29 dogs with cTCC who underwent surgical treatment were enrolled. Clinical parameters were reviewed using medical records. Tissue expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. The association between the expression of mesenchymal cell markers and clinical parameters, including prognosis, was statistically examined. In five normal bladder tissues used as controls, no expression of mesenchymal markers was observed, except for one tissue that expressed fibronectin. Conversely, epithelial tumour cells expressed vimentin and fibronectin in 23/29 and 19/28 cTCC tissues, respectively. Regarding clinical parameters, vimentin score in Miniature Dachshunds was significantly higher than those in other dog breeds (P < 0.001). Multivariate survival analyses revealed that age>12 years was related to shorter progression-free survival (P = 0.02). Higher vimentin score, lower fibronectin score, and advanced clinical T stage were significantly correlated with shorter median survival time (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that vimentin expression was associated with cTCC progression. Further studies are needed to examine the incidence and relevance of EMT in cTCC.	bladder
Utilization of systemic treatment for metastatic bladder cancer in everyday practice: Results of a nation-wide population-based cohort study.	BACKGROUND: With the introduction of new therapeutic options, the landscape of metastatic bladder cancer (mBC) management is shifting. We describe current clinical practice and outcomes of mBC patients as a benchmark for translation of developments into clinical practice in the near future. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nation-wide population-based cohort study including all patients diagnosed with synchronous metastatic bladder cancer in the Netherlands in 2016-2017, identified through the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR). Clinical data on patient and disease characteristics, treatments and survival from the NCR were supplemented with specific information from electronic health records and descriptively analyzed. This study was part of the Prospective Bladder Cancer Infrastructure. RESULTS: Synchronous metastatic bladder cancer was diagnosed in 636 patients in the Netherlands in 2016 and 2017. 35% (221 patients) received systemic treatment, of whom 88 received multiple treatment lines. Most common first-line regimen was carboplatin-based chemotherapy (49%), followed by cisplatin-based chemotherapy (41%) and immunotherapy (8%). Factors associated with systemic treatment were: young age, <2 comorbidities, adequate renal function and performance-status (WHO-0-1/Karnofsky-80-100), urothelial carcinoma and lymph node only metastases. Median overall survival was 4.4 months for the total cohort, and 12.3, 12.9 and 11.1 months for patients treated with first-line immunotherapy, cisplatin-based and carboplatin-based chemotherapy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Many mBC patients received no systemic treatment or received carboplatin-based chemotherapy, partly because of cisplatin-ineligibility. Observed survival corresponded relatively well with rates reported from trials among chemotherapy-treated patients. These data can serve as a benchmark for future studies evaluating the application of immunotherapy outside a trial setting.	bladder
The pancancer landscape of Wnt family expression reveals potential biomarkers in urinary system tumors.	Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have been particularly effective in treating tumors of the urinary system; however, the mechanisms of the Wnt family of proteins in the tumorigenesis, development, and immune response of urinary system tumors are not fully understood. Here, we show that the Wnt family was extensively upregulated in and impacted the prognosis of patients with prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) and bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA). Moreover, the Wnt family correlated with the levels of infiltrating immune cells, including B cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The expression levels of Wnt family members were closely related to neoantigens, the mismatch repair system (MMRS) and DNA methyltransferases, and the mutation rate was generally low. Wnt family members are potential biomarkers for precision immunotherapy of urinary system tumors.	bladder
LINC01106 post-transcriptionally regulates ELK3 and HOXD8 to promote bladder cancer progression.	Bladder cancer (BCa) is a kind of common urogenital malignancy worldwide. Emerging evidence indicated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the progression of BCa. In this study, we discovered a novel lncRNA LINC01116 whose expression increased with stages in BCa patients and closely related to the survival rate of BCa patients. However, the molecular mechanism dictating the role of LINC01116 in BCa has not been well elucidated so far. In our study, we detected that the expression of LINC01116 was boosted in BCa cells. Moreover, the results of a series of functional assays showed that LINC01116 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BCa cells. Thereafter, GEPIA indicated the closest correlation of LINC01116 with two protein-coding genes, ELK3 and HOXD8. Interestingly, LINC01116 was mainly a cytoplasmic lncRNA in BCa cells, and it could modulate ELK3 and HOXD8 at post-transcriptional level. Mechanically, LINC01116 increased the expression of ELK3 by adsorbing miR-3612, and also stabilized HOXD8 mRNA by binding with DKC1. Rescue experiments further demonstrated that the restraining influence of LINC01116 knockdown on the progression of BCa, was partly rescued by ELK3 promotion, but absolutely reversed by the co-enhancement of ELK3 and HOXD8. More intriguingly, HOXD8 acted as a transcription factor to activate LINC01116 in BCa. In conclusion, HOXD8-enhanced LINC01116 contributes to the progression of BCa via targeting ELK3 and HOXD8, which might provide new targets for treating patients with BCa.	bladder
Histologic Investigation of the Female Vesicourethral Junction and Adjacent Tissues for Nerve-sparing Radical Cystectomy.	OBJECTIVE: To understand the structures around the vesicourethral junction and to improve functional outcomes after nerve-sparing radical cystectomy with orthotopic urinary diversion for female patients, we histologically elucidated the fibromuscular construction and nerve distribution around the vesicourethral junction. METHODS: Pelvic specimens containing all the pelvic viscera were obtained from 33 donated female cadavers. Macroslices that included the urethra, the anterior wall of the vagina, and the inferomedial edge of the levator ani muscle were made and performed elastica Masson and immunohistochemical staining. The intraoperative findings were collected in 3 female patients undergoing nerve-sparing radical cystectomy. RESULTS: In 18 out of the 33 cadavers, smooth muscle mass occupied a space between the urethra and the inferomedial edge of the levator ani muscle and covered the inferior margin of the bladder detrusor. We termed this mass the hiatal smooth muscle. The detrusor nerves entered the bladder, and the cavernous and sphincter nerves ran between the hiatal smooth muscle and vesicourethral junction. The boundary between hiatal smooth muscle and urethral smooth muscle was easily distinguished intraoperatively during dissection of the vesicourethral junction. CONCLUSION: We found that more than half of elderly women have hiatal smooth muscle between the urethra and inferior edge of the levator ani. Autonomic nerve fibers innervating the urethral sphincter, run between the hiatal smooth muscle and vesicourethral junction in female cadavers with hiatal smooth muscle. When performing female radical cystectomy before neobladder reconstruction, nerve sparing can be reliably performed using the hiatal smooth muscle as a landmark.	bladder
PDE based geometry model for BCG immunotherapy of bladder cancer.	BCG immunotherapy has shown significant success for bladder cancer treatment, but due to the complexity of the interaction between immunity and cancer, clinical outcomes vary significantly between patients. A possible approach to overcome this difficulty may be to develop new methodologies for personally predicting the results of therapy by integrating patient data with dynamic mathematical model. We present a model describing a BCG immunotherapy dynamic taking into consideration an approximation of the bladder's geometry using PDE. We show that the proposed model takes into account the initial distribution of the cancer cells in the geometry of the bladder and as such can provide more customized treatment by providing tumor polyp depth in the urothelium. In addition, time optimal treatment protocol for the average case and recover-rate optimal, personalized treatment protocol based on initial tumor distribution have been analyzed.	bladder
Serum soluble B7-H3 is a prognostic marker for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND: B7-H3 is a member of the B7 family of immune-regulatory ligands and is a costimulatory molecule promoting the T cell response in vitro. We herein investigated the clinical utility of serum soluble B7-H3 (sB7-H3) in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). METHODS: We analyzed 555 patients in whom NMIBC was diagnosed at Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center between 2008 and 2013. We measured the serum sB7-H3 (sB7-H3) level using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and evaluated the utility of sB7-H3 as a prognostic biomarker for NMIBC. We used the Cox proportional hazards regression model to assess recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) with the sB7-H3 level. RESULTS: We detected high levels of sB7-H3 in the sera of 47% of patients with NMIBC versus only 8% in healthy donors. The increase of sB7-H3 was significantly associated with poor RFS and PFS. Multivariate analysis showed that elevated sB7-H3 was an independent prognostic factor of RFS and PFS. According to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), in intermediate-low and intermediate-high risk groups, the presence of sB7-H3 significantly determined the rate of recurrence and progression. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggested that evaluating serum sB7-H3 expression is a useful tool for predicting the prognosis of patients with NMIBC.	bladder
Complications of Ileal Conduits after Radical Cystectomy: Interventional Radiologic Management.	Since their introduction into clinical practice in the 1950s, ileal conduits have been the most common type of urinary diversion used after radical cystectomy worldwide. Although ileal conduits are technically simpler to construct than other forms of urinary diversion, a variety of complications can occur in the early and late postoperative periods. Early complications include urine leakage, urinary obstruction, postoperative fluid collection (eg, urinoma, hematoma, lymphocele, or abscess), and fistula formation. Late complications include ureteroileal anastomotic stricture, stomal stenosis, conduit stenosis, and urolithiasis. Although not directly related to ileal conduits, ureteroarterial fistula can occur in patients with an ileal conduit. Interventional radiologists can play a pivotal role in diagnosis and management of these complications by performing image-guided minimally invasive procedures. In this article, the authors review the surgical anatomy of an ileal conduit and the underlying pathophysiology of and diagnostic workup for complications related to ileal conduits. The authors also discuss and illustrate current approaches to interventional radiologic management of these complications, with emphasis on a collaborative approach with urologists or endourologists to best preserve patients' renal function and maintain their quality of life. (©)RSNA, 2020.	bladder
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the lower urinary tract: biologic behavior of a rare entity.	The spectrum of neuroendocrine (NE) tumors in the genitourinary tract ranges from the aggressive large and small cell carcinomas to the often benign paraganglioma and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (WD-NET). At least 15 pure lower urinary tract (LUT) WD-NETs have been described. Owing to the rarity of WD-NET in the LUT and the limited number of reported cases, a better definition of their biologic long-term behavior is warranted. Herein, we aim to describe 10 new cases of WD-NET arising in the LUT and expand on follow-up findings. Ten consultation cases were identified and included 6 men and 4 women who ranged from 45 to 73 years of age. Seven cases arose in the bladder with one located in the bladder neck, 1 arose in the prostatic urethra, 1 arose in the female urethra, and 1 arose in the left ureteral orifice. All lesions were confined to the lamina propria, and tumor architecture was pseudoglandular in all cases. Associated cystitis cystica et glandularis was identified in 5 cases; urothelial papilloma and florid von Brunn's nests were found in 2 additional cases. Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin and chromogranin was diffusely positive in 9 cases and focal in 1 case, and the Ki-67 proliferation index was 5% or less in all tumors. Follow-up ranged from 37 to 137 months (mean = 82; median = 77), and there was no evidence of residual disease or recurrence in any of the 10 patients during the follow-up period.	bladder
[Enhanced imaging in urological endoscopy].	"White light cystoscopy and the concise documentation of pathological findings are standard diagnostic procedures in urology. Additional imaging modalities and technical innovations may support clinicians in the detection of bladder tumors. Modern endoscopy systems provide ultra-high-resolution imaging and the option of digital contrast enhancement. Photodynamic diagnostics and narrow band imaging are well-established in clinical routine and have shown significant benefits in the detection of bladder cancer. By means of multispectral imaging, different modalities can now be combined in real-time. Probe-based procedures such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or Raman spectroscopy can further contribute to advanced imaging through an ""optical biopsy"" which may primarily improve diagnostics in the upper urinary tract. The aim of all techniques is to optimize the detection rate in order to achieve a more accurate diagnosis, resection and lower recurrence rates. Current research projects aim to digitalize the documentation of endoscopy and also make it more patient- and user-friendly. In the future, the use of image processing and artificial intelligence may automatically support the surgeon during endoscopy."	bladder
Mortality after radical cystectomy is strongly related to the institution's volume of surgeries.	OBJECTIVE: To analyze mortality rates and hospitalization data after radical cystectomy in each public healthcare center in São Paulo in the last decade, considering the number of surgeries performed at each center. METHODS: This study included patients from the Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde from the state of São Paulo, who underwent radical cystectomy between 2008 and 2018. Data analyzed included organization name, number of procedures/year, in-hospital death rates and hospital length of stay. RESULTS: A total of 1,377 radical cystectomies were registered in the public health system in São Paulo, between 2008-2018. A total of 91 institutions performed at least one radical cystectomy in the decade analyzed. The number of radical cystectomies performed per organization during the years analyzed ranged from one to 161. Only 45.6% of patients were operated in organizations that performed more than five radical cystectomies yearly. A total of 684 patients were operated in organizations with higher surgical volume. There were 117 in-hospital deaths, representing an 8.5% mortality rate for the state of São Paulo during the last decade. Whereas highest volume organizations (>6 radical cystectomies/year) had a mortality rate of 6.1%, the lowest volume (<1 radical cystectomy /year) had a 17.5% in-hospital mortality rate. CONCLUSION: There was a strong relation between organization volume of radical cystectomy and in-hospital mortality rate after radical cystectomy in São Paulo from 2008-2018. Unfortunately, we could not observe a trend toward centralization of such complex procedures, as it has occurred in developed countries during the last decades.	bladder
Our laparoscopic cystectomy experiences.	PURPOSE: We aimed to present our laparoscopic cystectomy experience and demonstrate that it is a feasible technique with safe oncologic principles. METHODS: Total 19 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in our urology clinic (Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital) were retrospectively evaluated. Demographic data, operation technique and complications, tumour pathology and follow-up details of patients were recorded. RESULTS: Patients ranged from 40 to 73 years, with the average age of 60.8 and female/male rate was 2/17. The mean total operation time was 375 min (range 260-500). Mean hospitalisation time of patients was 10.3 days. The mean follow-up time was 11.2 months. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive approaches in urology are becoming the first line treatment by the time. Due to the high costs and limited availability, robotic surgery is still not exactly widespread in the world. Our series showed that conventional laparoscopic cystectomy is an appropriate approach until robotic surgery becomes widespread.	bladder
Cdc20 induces the radioresistance of bladder cancer cells by targeting FoxO1 degradation.	Ionizing radiation is a conventional therapy for cancer patients, but patients often experience distant metastasis and recurrence, which lead to a poor prognosis after the implementation of this treatment. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms by which radioresistance contributes to metastatic potential is still elusive. Here, we explored the molecular mechanisms that contribute to radioresistance in bladder cancer. To achieve this, we established two irradiation-resistant (IR) cell lines, T24R and 5637R, which were derived from parental bladder cancer cell lines. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay, while migration and invasion abilities were examined by wound healing and Transwell chamber assays, respectively. Furthermore, the role of Cdc20 in the regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in IR cells was explored by Western blotting, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining. The IR cells exhibited EMT properties, and our data showed that Cdc20 expression was significantly elevated in IR cells. Remarkably, Cdc20 silencing reversed the EMT phenotype in IR cells. Mechanistically, Cdc20 governed IR-mediated EMT in part by governing forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) degradation. Taken together, our findings showed that the inactivation of Cdc20 or the activation of FoxO1 might be a potential strategy to overcome radioresistance in bladder cancer.	bladder
Promoting roles of long non-coding RNA FAM83H-AS1 in bladder cancer growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis through the c-Myc-mediated ULK3 upregulation.	Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) FAM83H-AS1 has been recently identified with oncogenic roles in many human cancers. But its role in bladder cancer (BCa) pathogenesis and the mechanisms are largely unstudied. This study aims to evaluate the roles of FAM83H-AS1 in the malignant behaviors and the angiogenesis of BCa cells and the mechanical molecules involved. High expression of FAM83H-AS1 was found in 82 BCa tissues and in BCa cell lines compared to the normal ones. FAM83H-AS1 downregulation in T24 and BK10 cells inhibited viability, colony formation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of BCa cells and increased cell apoptosis. FAM83H-AS1 was found to bind to the transcription factor c-Myc to activate ULK3 expression. Overexpression of ULK3 was further introduced into T24 and BK10 cells in the presence of FAM83H-AS1 silencing, which blocked the inhibitory effects of FAM83H-AS1 downregulation on BCa cell growth. The activity of the Hedgehog signaling pathway was suppressed by FAM83H-AS1 while recovered by ULK3. Suppression of the Hedgehog pathway reduced the malignant behaviors of BCa cells promoted by ULK3. The in vitro experiment results were reproduced in vivo. This study evidenced that FAM83H-AS1 upregulates ULK3 expression through the transcription factor c-Myc and promotes the progression of BCa.	bladder