crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Isolation and identification of potential urinary microparticle biomarkers of bladder cancer.	Bladder cancer leads to approximately 13,000 deaths annually in the United States. Early disease is often treated with minimal morbidity and has good prognosis, while the opposite is true for advanced disease. Currently, no tools exist for early detection of this cancer. Microparticles are small, subcellular particles released by essentially all cells upon activation and are known to be produced constitutively by cancer cells. Since most bladder cancers originate in the urothelial cells lining the lumen of the organ, we hypothesize that these cells will release microparticles into the urine. The goal of this study was to identify potential biomarkers in the urinary microparticles of individuals with bladder cancer. Urine microparticles from five healthy individuals and four individuals with bladder cancer were isolated. Samples were delipidated by PAGE and trypsin-digested, peptides were extracted, and the proteome was examined by LC-MS/MS using a Thermo Finnigan LTQ and LTQ-FT ion trap mass spectrometer. Protein identification was determined by SEQUEST and relative quantitation was assessed by comparing spectral counts. Eight proteins were elevated in the microparticles from individuals with bladder cancer. They include five proteins associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway, the alpha subunit of GsGTP binding protein, resistin, and retinoic acid-induced protein 3. Further studies will be needed to validate these potential biomarkers.	bladder
The CYP2D6 extensive metabolizer genotype is associated with increased risk for bladder cancer.	Inheritance of certain polymorphic metabolizing genes is associated with the development of a number of environmental cancers and may also influence the clinicopathological tumor outcome. We have investigated the association between the inheritance of the polymorphic cytochrome P-450 2D6 (CYP2D6) gene and the development of transitional and squamous cell carcinomas (TCC and SCC) of the bladder in 37 Egyptian cancer patients and 27 matched controls. Genotypic analysis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays revealed that the CYP2D6 extensive metabolizer genotype (CYP2D6*1A) is over represented in bladder cancer patients compared to controls (79 versus 44%, respectively) and is significantly associated with increased risk for bladder cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 4.5, 95% confidence limit (CL) = 1.3-15.7, P = 0.006). Our results also indicate that individuals who have inherited this genotype are more likely to develop TCC (OR = 5.9, 95% CL = 1.4-27.9, P = 0.006) rather than SCC (OR = 3.1, 95% CL = 0.7-15.9; P = 0.09). When the relative risk associated with this genotype was estimated among subjects who were smokers or schistosoma infected, the same tendency towards the development of TCC was observed. These data suggest that the predisposing CYP2D6 gene may not only increase the risk for bladder cancer among Egyptians, but may also influence the clinicopathological tumor outcome.	bladder
Relationship between heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) mRNA expression and resistance to platinum analogues in human ovarian and bladder carcinoma cell lines.	Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) participates in protein assembly, folding and transport. Increased HSP60 mRNA expression is associated with cisplatin resistance in some in vitro models and with shorter survival among ovarian cancer patients. HSP60 mRNA expression was quantitated in three independent model systems by reverse-transcription PCR (A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cell line and sublines selected for cisplatin or oxaliplatin resistance in vitro and also in the UCRU-BL13 human bladder carcinoma cell line and a cisplatin-resistant subline). Increased HSP60 mRNA expression was observed in all resistant sublines (range 2.5-15 fold), correlated with relative resistance to cisplatin and oxaliplatin. No differences in HSP60 gene copy number were apparent in resistant sublines. These data provide further evidence of a strong association between in vitro resistance to platinum compounds and increased HSP60 mRNA expression.	bladder
Small (<2-cm) upper-tract urothelial carcinoma: evaluation with gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled echo MR urography.	PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the detection of small (<2-cm) urothelial tumors by using gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) spoiled gradient-recalled echo (GRE) magnetic resonance (MR) urography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This HIPAA-compliant study received institutional review board approval. All patients included had previously consented to the use of their medical records for research purposes. Eleven of 110 patients (10 men, one woman; mean age, 73.5 years) who underwent MR urography were ultimately identified to have 23 upper-tract urothelial carcinomas smaller than 2 cm or carcinoma in situ. Breath-hold coronal T2-weighted single-shot fast spin-echo and breath-hold coronal 3D T1-weighted spoiled GRE images with fat suppression during nephrographic and excretory phases after intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast material were obtained in all patients with a 1.5-T imager. Two radiologists reviewed the MR images in consensus for the presence of tumors. Lesion detectability was compared between each sequence by using the McNemar test. RESULTS: Of 23 tumors, 17 (74%) were detected by using at least one sequence, eight (35%) were detected with T2-weighted imaging, 15 (65%) were detected on nephrographic phase images, and 15 (65%) were detected on excretory phase images. Two lesions each were detected only on either nephrographic or excretory phase images. Detectability was significantly higher on nephrographic and excretory phase images compared with T2-weighted images (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Gadolinium-enhanced 3D spoiled GRE MR urography helped detect 74% of small urothelial carcinomas. Nephrographic and excretory phase images are essential for helping detect small urothelial carcinomas.	bladder
Superficial bladder cancer metastatic to the lungs: two case reports and review of the literature.	Bladder cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, with mortality related predominantly to metastasis. Approximately 70% of newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer represent superficial disease that, despite a high risk of local recurrence, rarely progress to invasive or metastatic disease. The present cases demonstrate isolated pulmonary metastases associated with low-grade superficial bladder cancer, without previous evidence of muscle-invasive disease. Distant spread of low-grade superficial tumors is extremely unusual, and we review the literature and discuss the management of this rare entity.	bladder
Mortality after urologic cancer surgery: impact of non-index case volume.	OBJECTIVES: To quantify the degree to which overall urologic oncology volume either reduces or enhances the effect of single procedure volume on short-term outcomes after urologic oncology surgery. METHODS: Urologic oncology procedures for prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer performed between 1988 and 2003 were identified in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Procedure-specific volume and urologic oncology volume (excluding the procedure of interest) were determined for each cancer and each hospital. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to measure the independent effect of urologic oncology volume (non-index procedures) on operative mortality after prostatectomy, cystectomy, and nephrectomy (index procedures) after adjusting for patient and hospital factors. RESULTS: Unadjusted operative mortality for prostatectomy, cystectomy, and nephrectomy was 0.2%, 2.8%, and 1.4%, respectively. For prostatectomy and cystectomy, the magnitude of the volume-mortality association was reduced after adjusting for non-index urologic oncology case volume. For example, the relationship between surgical volume and mortality was reduced by 20% for radical prostatectomy and 60% for radical cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The volume-outcome effect for index urologic oncology procedures is modified by experience with other non-index specialty-related procedures. Efforts to identify transferable, effective processes of care should focus on a subset of high-volume centers.	bladder
Relationship between patient age and superficial transitional cell carcinoma characteristics.	OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between patient age and the characteristics of superficial transitional cell carcinoma. METHODS: The clinical and pathologic records of 576 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were classified into three groups: those 40 years or younger, those 41 to 59 years old, and those 60 years or older. The transitional cell carcinoma characteristics of three groups were analyzed to define the relationship, if any, with age. RESULTS: The male/female ratio was 4.1:1, 3.6:1, and 2.3:1 in the three age groups, with significant differences between the 60 years or older group and the 40 years or younger group and 41 to 59 year group (P <0.05). The percentage of patients with poorly differentiated tumor increased with increasing age, and a significant difference was found between the 60 years or older group and the 40 years or younger and 41 to 59 year groups (P <0.05). The overall recurrence rate was 34.2% at 12 months and 40.8% at 24 months. The nonrecurrence rate was significantly greater in those 40 years or younger compared with those 60 years or older in all three risk groups (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study have shown that the percentage of female patients with bladder cancer increases with increasing age and that elderly patients are more likely to present with poorly differentiated bladder cancer. Also, the recurrence-free survival rate decreased with increasing age.	bladder
Intravesical treatments of bladder cancer: review.	For bladder cancer, intravesical chemo/immunotherapy is widely used as adjuvant therapies after surgical transurethal resection, while systemic therapy is typically reserved for higher stage, muscle-invading, or metastatic diseases. The goal of intravesical therapy is to eradicate existing or residual tumors through direct cytoablation or immunostimulation. The unique properties of the urinary bladder render it a fertile ground for evaluating additional novel experimental approaches to regional therapy, including iontophoresis/electrophoresis, local hyperthermia, co-administration of permeation enhancers, bioadhesive carriers, magnetic-targeted particles and gene therapy. Furthermore, due to its unique anatomical properties, the drug concentration-time profiles in various layers of bladder tissues during and after intravesical therapy can be described by mathematical models comprised of drug disposition and transport kinetic parameters. The drug delivery data, in turn, can be combined with the effective drug exposure to infer treatment efficacy and thereby assists the selection of optimal regimens. To our knowledge, intravesical therapy of bladder cancer represents the first example where computational pharmacological approach was used to design, and successfully predicted the outcome of, a randomized phase III trial (using mitomycin C). This review summarizes the pharmacological principles and the current status of intravesical therapy, and the application of computation to optimize the drug delivery to target sites and the treatment efficacy.	bladder
Body mass index (BMI) and mutations of tumor suppressor gene p53 (TP53) in patients with urinary bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVE: Obesity is estimated to account for up to 20% of all cancer deaths. Mutations of TP53 are frequently correlated with tumor development and progression. We evaluated the effect of body mass index (BMI) and mutation status of tumor suppressor gene p53 (TP53) on patients with urinary bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical samples were used from 75 patients with tumors of the urinary bladder. Mutation status in TP53 exons 5, 6, 7, and 8 was analyzed by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of exon-specific PCR products and by sequence analysis. Statistical analysis included Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: For noninvasive bladder cancer, the mutation frequency in TP53 was 44.6%, while for invasive bladder cancer the mutation frequency in TP53 was 84.2%. Normal weight, overweight, and patients with obesity had a TP53 mutation frequency of 68.4%, 44.8%, and 25%, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: TP53 mutation frequently occurs in higher stages of bladder tumors. Body mass index is not associated with a higher TP53 mutation frequency in our study, but BMI should be included for collecting data of bladder cancer risk profile.	bladder
Growth factors and receptors as prognostic markers in urothelial carcinoma.	Growth factors and their receptors are significant to the biology of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. In this context, characterization of gene expression, amplification, and mutation has established the relevance of receptors as potential targets of novel therapeutic agents. Because these characteristics vary across disease states, they may serve as prognostic indicators of recurrence, progression, response to therapy, and mortality. This review focuses on the prognostic value of the human epidermal growth factor receptor family, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human EGFR-2 (HER2), HER3, HER4, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR3). EGFR and HER2 seem to indicate a poor prognosis, and HER4 and FGFR3 appear to be favorable prognostic indicators. However, validation studies are required to answer many remaining questions.	bladder
Genetic variants in cell cycle control pathway confer susceptibility to bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND: Cell cycle checkpoint regulation is crucial for the prevention of carcinogenesis in mammalian cells. METHODS: To test the hypothesis that common sequence variants in the cell cycle control pathway may affect bladder cancer susceptibility, the effects of a panel of 10 potential functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 7 cell cycle control genes, P53, P21, P27, CDK4, CDK6, CCND1, and STK15, were evaluated on bladder cancer risk in a case-control study of 696 bladder cancer cases and 629 healthy controls. RESULTS: Overall, on individual SNP analysis only individuals with the p53 intron 3 16-bp duplication polymorphism variant allele had a significantly reduced bladder cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-0.96). This effect was more evident in former smokers and younger subjects. We then applied the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) statistical approach to explore the high-order gene-gene and gene-smoking interactions. In the CART analysis, smoking status was identified as the most influential factor for bladder cancer susceptibility. The final decision tree by CART contained 6 terminal nodes. Compared with the second-lowest risk group the ORs for terminal nodes 1 and 3 to 6 ranged from 0.46 to 6.30. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that cell cycle genetic polymorphisms may affect bladder cancer predisposition through modulation of host genome stability and confirm the importance of studying gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in bladder cancer risk assessment.	bladder
Laparoscopic pelvic sling placement facilitates optimum therapeutic radiotherapy delivery in the management of pelvic malignancy.	BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy has a significant role in the management of pelvic malignancies. However, the small intestine represents the main dose limiting organ. Invasive and non-invasive mechanical methods have been described to displace bowel out of the radiation field. We herein report a case series of laparoscopic placement of an absorbable pelvic sling in patients requiring pelvic radiotherapy. METHODS: Six patients were referred to our minimally invasive unit. Four patients required radical radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer, one was scheduled for salvage localised radiotherapy for post-prostatectomy PSA progression and one patient required adjuvant radiotherapy post-cystoprostatectomy for bladder carcinoma. All patients had excessive small intestine within the radiation fields despite the use of non-invasive displacement methods. RESULTS: All patients underwent laparoscopic mesh placement, allowing for an elevation of small bowel from the pelvis. The presence of an ileal conduit or previous surgery did not prevent mesh placement. Post-operative planning radiotherapy CT scans confirmed displacement of the small intestine allowing all patients to receive safely the planned radiotherapy in terms of both volume and radiation schedule. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic mesh placement represents a safe and efficient procedure in patients requiring high-dose pelvic radiation, presenting with unacceptable small intestine volume in the radiation field. This procedure is also feasible in those that have undergone previous major abdominal surgery.	bladder
Collection fluid helps preservation in voided urine cytology.	OBJECTIVES: Degenerative change caused by delay in processing contributes to false-negative and false-positive diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma in cytology. The aim of the study was to see if the use of a collection fluid for urine samples made a significant difference to urine cytology diagnosis, and if one was better suited for routine use in the hospital laboratory. Three cell collection fluids were evaluated by analysing the preservation and degeneration of cells in urine samples, as was the routine preparation which did not use a collection fluid. METHODS: In the design study 50 voided urine specimens were taken at random from the hospital haematuria clinic. Three commercially available collection fluids cytolyt, cytospin and cytoRich Blue and the hospital's routine conventional preparation of urine were compared. The degree of degeneration, and so preservation, was assessed by a table of chosen criteria; then ranked and analysed by Friedman's nonparametric test, at P = 0.05. A second table showing the cell content of each slide was also made. RESULTS: These showed no significant diagnostic difference between the collection fluids, but there was a significant difference between the collection fluids and the routine preparation. Minor differences that do not affect diagnosis, such as crystals and ghost red blood cells, were noted in cytospin and cytoRich Blue. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that a collection fluid is used. This choice should be made after health and safety issues and cost are considered.	bladder
Antitumor effect of dsRNA-induced p21(WAF1/CIP1) gene activation in human bladder cancer cells.	We recently reported that synthetic dsRNAs targeting promoter regions can induce gene expression in a phenomenon referred to as dsRNA-induced gene activation/RNA activation (RNAa) [Li et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:17337-42]. The present study investigates the in vitro antitumor activity RNAa can elicit through triggering the expression of cell cycle repressor protein p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21) in human bladder cancer cells. Transfection of a 21-nucleotide dsRNA targeting the p21 promoter (dsP21) was used to induce p21 expression in T24 and J82 bladder cancer cell lines. Reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis accessed the increase p21 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in transfected cells. In association to p21 induction, dsP21 transfection significantly inhibited bladder cancer cell proliferation and clonogenicity. Further analysis of cell viability and cell cycle distribution revealed that dsP21 transfection also enhanced apoptotic cell death and caused an accumulation in the G(1) phase in both cell lines. In conclusion, p21 activation by RNAa has antitumor activity in vitro in bladder cancer cells. These results suggest that RNAa could be used for cancer treatment by targeted activation of tumor suppressor genes.	bladder
Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 expression in bilharzial squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: which protein is prognostic?	OBJECTIVES: Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL are the most important antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family frequently overexpressed in bladder cancer. Overexpression of Bcl-XL bilharzial-related bladder cancer was associated with tumor progression. However, the negative prognostic value of Bcl-2 expression is still questionable. This work studied the expression of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 immunohistochemically in bilharzial-related squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and determined their prognostic value in relation to recurrence after radical cystectomy. METHODS: A total of 72 patients with muscle-invasive bilharzial squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder underwent radical cystectomy at our institution. The specimens were examined immunohistochemically for Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 expression. The patients were followed up for 3 years or until recurrence. The expression of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 were related to the other prognostic indicators and patient survival. RESULTS: The expressions of both Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL were significantly different according to the grade of malignancy. Bcl-XL expression was significantly related to tumor recurrence, but Bcl-2 expression was not. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, the present study is the first report of a negative prognostic value for Bcl-XL in bilharzial squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. However, this is another negative report on the prognostic value of bcl-2 in bilharzial bladder tumors.	bladder
[PTa bladder tumours: prognostic factors of recurrence and progression].	OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work has been to study the prognostic factors of recurrence and progression of stage pTa bladder tumours. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The case files of 193 patients, consecutively undergoing transurethral resection for primary pTa bladder tumour between 1980 and 2003, were retrospectively reviewed. Recurrence, progression and specific survival rates were studied. Prognostic factors associated with this type of tumour were then investigated. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 58 months, the recurrence rate was 56.5% and the rate of progression to stage T1 was 9.3%. The 10-year specific survival was 95.8%, but the 10-year recurrence-free survival rate was only 22.5%. Two risk factors for recurrence were identified on univariate analysis: haematuria at the time of diagnosis (p=0.009) and tumour size (p=0.01). Two factors were associated with a risk of progression: tumour size (p=0.03) and relapse during the first year after initial resection (p=0.003). None of these factors were independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: pTa bladder tumours present a high risk of recurrence. However, with attentive follow-up, the risk of progression is low and their 10-year specific survival rate is greater than 95 %. Tumour size at the initial diagnosis and early relapse increase the risk of progression to more aggressive disease.	bladder