crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Intravesical radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.	Although many treatment modalities and schedules for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) exist, all yet prove to have limitations. Therefore the search for new forms of therapy continues. One of these forms consists of combining intravesical chemotherapy, typically mitomycin C (MMC), with hyperthermia achieved by a microwave-applicator. We aimed to review the current status of intravesical radiofrequency (RF) induced chemohyperthermia (CHT) for NMIBC with regard to efficacy, adverse-events (AEs) and its future perspective. A search for RF-induced CHT in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was performed. Relevant conference abstracts were searched for manually. If applicable, experts on the area were consulted. Papers were selected based on abstract and title. A table of newly published clinical trials since 2011 was constructed. No meta-analysis could be performed based on these new papers. Efficacy proved to be better for RF-induced CHT compared to both MMC alone and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillations, with the latter being based on just one abstract of a randomised controlled trial. The AE rate in CHT is higher compared to MMC instillation, but is similar compared to BCG, albeit different in the type of AE. In almost all studies no severe AEs are reported. Although heterogeneity in methodology exists, RF-induced CHT seems promising. However, alternative methods of applying hyperthermia are starting to present their first results, imposing as effective options too. Intravesical RF-induced CHT may become an alternative for BCG instillation, and possibly for cystectomy, although further level 1 evidence is required for both reliable and reproducible data on efficacy and adverse events.	bladder
Small-area spatio-temporal analyses of bladder and kidney cancer risk in Nova Scotia, Canada.	BACKGROUND: Bladder and kidney cancers are the ninth and twelfth most common type of cancer worldwide, respectively. Internationally, rates vary ten-fold, with several countries showing rising incidence. This study describes the spatial and spatio-temporal variations in the incidence risk of these diseases for Nova Scotia, a province located in Atlantic Canada, where rates for bladder and kidney cancer exceed those of the national average by about 25% and 35%, respectively. METHODS: Cancer incidence in the 311 Communities of Nova-Scotia was analyzed with a spatial autoregressive model for the case counts of bladder and kidney cancers (3,232 and 2,143 total cases, respectively), accounting for each Community's population and including variables known to influence risk. A spatially-continuous analysis, using a geostatistical Local Expectation-Maximization smoothing algorithm, modeled finer-scale spatial variation in risk for south-western Nova Scotia (1,810 bladder and 957 kidney cases) and Cape Breton (1,101 bladder, 703 kidney). RESULTS: Evidence of spatial variations in the risk of bladder and kidney cancer was demonstrated using both aggregated Community-level mapping and continuous-grid based localized mapping; and these were generally stable over time. The Community-level analysis suggested that much of this heterogeneity was not accounted for by known explanatory variables. There appears to be a north-east to south-west increasing gradient with a number of south-western Communities have risk of bladder or kidney cancer more than 10% above the provincial average. Kidney cancer risk was also elevated in various northeastern communities. Over a 12 year period this exceedance translated in an excess of 200 cases. Patterns of variations in risk obtained from the spatially continuous smoothing analysis generally mirrored those from the Community-level autoregressive model, although these more localized risk estimates resulted in a larger spatial extent for which risk is likely to be elevated. CONCLUSIONS: Modelling the spatio-temporal distribution of disease risk enabled the quantification of risk relative to expected background levels and the identification of high risk areas. It also permitted the determination of the relative stability of the observed patterns over time and in this study, pointed to excess risk potentially driven by exposure to risk factors that act in a sustained manner over time.	bladder
Cavernous hemangioma of the bladder: an additional case managed by partial cystectomy and augmentation cystoplasty.	Cavernous Hemangioma of the Bladder (CHB) is benign and rare lesions. Clinical presentation has no pathognomonic signs although gross painless hematuria is the most frequent complain. CHB is suspected by cystoscopy and radiologic findings and confirmed by pathologic examinations. Management is controversial due to the bleeding risk of this highly vascularized lesion. Partial cystectomy is the treatment of choice for surgically accessible lesions. However, it appears that small lesions could be treated using transurethral resection. Since CHB is a rare case, we report another case treated successfully with a partial cystectomy associated with an augmentation cystoplasy.	bladder
[NURSING CARE TO A PATIENT WITH INTRAVESICAL TREATMENT].	INTRODUCTION: Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent in developed countries. It is the 4th most frequent cancer in men and the 9th in women. The main risk factor is the smoking habit and its main symptom is hematuria. One of the therapies used in its treatment is the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical (BCG). OBJECTIVE: TO carry out a specific care plan to a patient treated with BCG and improve the information delivered to the patient and family. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational study of a nursing plan of care through a clinical case. A bibliographical research was carried out in the main Spanish and English databases to collect articles published in the last 5 years. Subsequently, the studies of the Spanish M.a T Luis, C. Ferndndez and M.a V. Navarro were adopted in the model suggested by V. Henderson and NANDA, NIC and NOC taxonomy. RESULTS: The nursing assessment is performed through V. Henderson's 14 needs and the Collaboration Problem was detected: Hematuria, secondary to bladder cancer and the nursing diagnosis: <<Disposition to improve the management of the own health expressed by the wish of managing the disease>>. For the planning and execution the following NOC were selected: Knowledge: management of the cancer and Knowledge: therapeutic procedure, and the NIC and its corresponding activities and their evaluation. CONCLUSION: The Nursing Care Process application with a personalised and standardised language, guarantees a quality healthcare and continuity. Moreover, it sets common targets for the nursing team. It tries to show how an appropriate control of the symptoms can be carried out at home, when the cares are taught and organised by adapting the oral or written information to each patient.	bladder
Malpingian carcinoma of the urinary bladder: A case series.	CONTEXT: Malpingian carcinoma (MC) of the bladder is a rare entity. Although distant metastases are very rare it is, usually, diagnosed in the advanced stage, and most patients die. AIMS: The aim was to reveal the characteristics of this tumor and discuss reasons explaining its particular biological behavior. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The pathologic and clinical characteristics, as well as treatment and outcome of six consecutive cases, were retrospectively studied. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Medical records of patients with bladder tumors who were treated in our hospital from 2004 onward were reviewed in order to identify those with MC of the bladder. RESULTS: We identified found seven cases. Almost all had locally advanced disease. Three developed visceral metastases and died within few months from the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring protocols required for the early control of local recurrence.	bladder
Oncologic surveillance in bladder cancer following radical cystectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	PURPOSE: The existing guidance on bladder cancer surveillance following radical cystectomy is limited and variable. Additionally, the effect of surveillance on mortality is debatable. Herein, we perform a systematic review to evaluate the characteristics of alternative oncologic surveillance protocols and determine the association of detection of asymptomatic vs. symptomatic recurrences on mortality. METHODS: An electronic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases was performed from 1970 to 2015. In all, 3 reviewers independently assessed the 1,729 candidate studies for eligibility and abstracted data based on an a priori established protocol. Outcomes were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: We identified 7 studies for inclusion that were uncontrolled and thereby represented a body of evidence at high risk of bias; 5 studies developed surveillance protocols using a methodology similar to that of established guidelines. The majority proposed a pathologic stage-stratified approach, but ended surveillance for all patients at 5 years. Detection of asymptomatic recurrences was associated with a nonsignificant reduction in mortality (relative risk = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.58-1.04). This effect became statistically significant when upper and lower urinary tract recurrences were included in the analyses (relative risk = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.59-0.79). CONCLUSIONS: Only sparse evidence supports alternative oncologic surveillance protocols for bladder cancer following radical cystectomy. The majority of existing protocols proposed similar strategies to those recommended by published guidelines. Detecting asymptomatic recurrences may lead to a reduction in overall mortality, which could provide a rationale for surveillance.	bladder
Prognostic Significance of Preoperative Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase in Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.	BACKGROUND: Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC) is one of the uncommon malignancies lacking of prognostic indicators. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been demonstrated to correlate with clinical outcomes in human cancers. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic implication of the preoperative LDH in UUTUC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 100 UUTUC samples along with the preoperative LDH value was recruited from January 1990 to June 2011. The cutoff value was set at 245 u/L for the upper value of normal limitation. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the association of LDH with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high level of LDH (> 245 u/L) was significantly associated with poor OS (P < .001) and DFS (P = .002). Multivariate Cox proportional analysis indicated LDH, controlled by vascular invasion, pathological stage, lymph node status, subsequent bladder tumor, tumor grade, tumor necrosis, architecture, and multifocality, was as an independent predictor of OS (hazard ratio, 3.181; 95% confidence interval, 1.223-8.276; P = .018) and DFS (hazard ratio, 3.041; 95% confidence interval, 1.247-7.417; P = .015). Stratified showed that elevated serum LDH was correlated with the worse OS in patients without lymph node metastasis (P = .002) and those at advanced pathological stage (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The preoperative LDH was an independent prognostic factor for patients with UUTUC and could be used as a risk factor to predict the tumor aggressiveness.	bladder
Evaluation of the local carcinogenic potential of mesh used in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.	"INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate the carcinogenic potential of implanted synthetic mesh midurethral slings in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. METHODS: We identified female patients undergoing implantation of mesh materials for stress urinary incontinence at our institution from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2012. This was accomplished by querying the medical records for CPT code 57288 (""sling operation for stress incontinence"") and a subsequent chart review to identify patients who underwent synthetic mesh sling placement. Medical records were then evaluated for the documentation of bladder, urethral, vaginal, cervical, uterine or ovarian cancers via the International Classification of Disease (ninth edition) coding. A chart review of patients with a cancer diagnosis was performed for verification of the diagnosis and evaluation of the temporal relationship with sling placement. RESULTS: During the study period, 2,474 patients underwent polypropylene midurethral sling placement. The median age was 57 years (IQR 47, 69) and the median follow-up was 60 months (IQR 23.3, 94.9). Overall, 51 patients also had a cancer diagnosis (8 bladder cancers, 7 vaginal malignancies, 8 ovarian carcinomas, 26 endometrial cancers, 2 cervical malignancies); however, only 2 cancers (0.08 %, 2 out of 2,474) developed following sling placement (a vaginal melanoma 3 years after sling placement and an ovarian tumor 1 year after sling placement). No cases of sarcoma formation, bladder, urethral or squamous cell carcinomas were identified. CONCLUSIONS: With a median follow-up of 5 years after synthetic midurethral sling placement, development of pelvic malignancy was rare (0.08 %) and unlikely to be secondary to foreign body reaction from the implanted material."	bladder
Survival after Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer in Relation to Prior Non-Muscle Invasive Disease in Quebec.	INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess if there is a difference in survival after radical cystectomy (RC) when examined in relation to prior non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) disease vs. invasive cancer de novo at time of diagnosis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of all patients who underwent RC within Quebec health insurance medical services database during the years (2000-2009). Overall survival (OS) outcome was assessed with Kaplan-Meier curves and hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for age and gender. RESULTS: A total of 2,671 subjects met the eligibility criteria. Among them, 19.8% had presumed prior NMIBC that further progressed to invasive disease. Median survival after RC for patients with presumed prior NMIBC was 4.3 years as compared to patients with presumed invasive disease de novo 3.7 years (p = 0.007, Wilcoxon test). Patients with presumed NMIBC at the time of diagnosis had a 16% decrease in the risk of mortality after RC, when compared to patients with presumed invasive BC de novo (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.96 (p = 0.0166)). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a slightly better prognosis, regarding OS after RC for patients with presumed NMIBC who progressed to invasive disease, when compared to patients with presumed invasive disease de novo at the time of diagnosis.	bladder
FGFR3 and Cyclin D3 as urine biomarkers of bladder cancer recurrence.	AIM: To assess the diagnostic performance of FGFR3 and Cyclin D3 urinary protein levels in detecting bladder cancer recurrence. PATIENTS & METHODS: Urine of 321 patients in follow-up for bladder cancer and 150 non-neoplastic urine controls was included. Cytology, cystoscopy and FGFR3 and Cyclin D3 expression by western blot were performed. RESULTS: One hundred ten (34.3%) patients had evidence of tumor recurrence. The sensitivity and specificity of cytology/cystoscopy was 80 and 84%, and for FGFR3/Cyclin D3 was of 73 and 90%. CONCLUSION: Combined urinary FGFR3/Cyclin D3 expression shows improved detection rates for bladder cancer recurrence with high specificity and sensitivity, and within the same range of detection shown by cystoscopy, therefore supporting its potential use as noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for bladder cancer recurrence.	bladder
Inhibiting malignant phenotypes of the bladder cancer cells by silencing long noncoding RNA SChLAP1.	BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in process of cancer cell growth and apoptosis and have received increasing attention. SChLAP1 is a novel lncRNA that is required for development and progression of prostate cancer. We hypothesized that SChLAP1 also has important biological functions in human bladder cancer which is another type of urological cancer. METHODS: The expression of SChLAP1 in bladder cancer was determined using real-time qPCR. Bladder cancer T24 and 5637 cells were transfected with SChLAP1 siRNA or negative control siRNA. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration were determined using CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry analysis and wound healing assay, respectively. RESULTS: SChLAP1 was overexpressed in bladder cancer tissues compared to paired normal bladder tissues. Cell growth arrest, apoptosis induction and migration inhibition were also observed in bladder cancer T24 and 5637 cells after transfection with SChLAP1 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that SChLAP1 plays oncogenic roles and can be used as a therapeutic target for treating human bladder cancer.	bladder
Cost Differential of Chemotherapy for Solid Tumors.	PURPOSE: A significant portion of national cancer expenditure is attributed to chemotherapy.Although the National Comprehensive Cancer Network has generated recommendations for the treatment of various solid tumors, the outlined chemotherapeutic strategies lack information about the cost differential for increasing effectiveness. METHODS: Chemotherapy regimens (curative [adjuvant/neoadjuvant] and metastatic therapy) and dosages outlined in the 2013 National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines were acquired for four common cancers: bladder, breast, colon, and lung. Baseline drug and treatment costs (in US dollars)were calculated for the average US adult male on the basis of the payment allowance in the 2013 Medicare Part B average sales price (ASP) drug pricing files. Costs were extrapolated for a treatment period of 6 months. RESULTS: Of the 62 regimens included, the 6-month mean cost of chemotherapy was $26,989 ± $29,971, and the median cost was $9,611 (interquartile range, $6,305-$39,383). The mean cost of metastatic cancer therapy regimens (n = 32) was $35,315 ± 32,962 compared with $18,107 ± 23,873 for curative therapy (P = .02). Of the 13 regimens with biologics used, the mean costs were $77,278 versus $13,646 for 49 regimens that did not use biologics (P<.001). The cost differential between extremes of costs for regimens with presumed similar efficacy was $90,843 ($79,165 for curative therapy and $90,210 for metastatic cancer therapy). The highest cost differential was noted in breast cancer regimens at $71,041 for metastatic cancer therapy and $63,926 for curative therapy. CONCLUSION: A significant cost differential exists between chemotherapeutic regimens for the most common solid tumors. Incorporation of costs and incremental effectiveness in current guidelines may encourage socially responsible practice patterns.	bladder
Future directions in bladder cancer immunotherapy: towards adaptive immunity.	The clinical management of bladder cancer has not changed significantly in several decades. In particular, intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy has been a mainstay for high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer since the late 1970s/early 1980s. This is despite the fact that bladder cancer has the highest recurrence rates of any cancer and BCG immunotherapy has not been shown to induce a tumor-specific immune response. We and others have hypothesized that immunotherapies capable of inducing tumor-specific adaptive immunity are needed to impact bladder cancer morbidity and mortality. This article summarizes the preclinical and clinical development of bladder cancer immunotherapies with an emphasis on the last 5 years. Expected progress in the near future is also discussed.	bladder
[MARKERS OF KIDNEY DAMAGE AND NEPHROPROTECTIVE THERAPY IN RADICAL CYSTECTOMY].	The comparative analysis of changes of the functional (osmolar clearance and fractional excretion of urea) and structural (NGAL, β2-microglobulin in the blood plasma, and NGAL, β2-microglobulin, microalbumin in the urine) biomarkers of kidney damage before and at various stages after radical cystectomy was performed. The study included patients with T2N0M0 stage bladder cancer. The main group consisted of 37 patients receiving nephroprotective treatment (N-acetylcysteine), the comparison group--31 patients receiving background therapy. It was revealed that severity of kidney dysfunction and the incidence of chronic kidney disease in the long-term period after surgery decreased in the main group.	bladder
Arteriovenous Malformation Masquerading as a Bladder Tumor. A Case Report.	BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the urinary bladder is an extremely rare benign vascular lesion. The clinical significance of bladder AVM lies in its presentation with painless hematuria and a hyperemic sessile bladder wall mass. CASE REPORT: A 47-year-old man presented with irritative symptoms and hematuria. Cystoscopically the lesion appeared as an erythematous, broad-based mass obscuring the right ureteral orifice. The patient underwent cystoprostatectomy for suspected mass lesion. Histologically the bladder tumor was composed of numerous malformed blood vessels of various calibers with myxoid degeneration. Immunohistochemically the bland endothelial cells lining in the vessels were reactive for markers of CD31 and CD34. Ki67 index was < 1%. The patient was free of disease 24 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Our findings broaden the morphologic spectrum of bladder arteriovenous malformation and emphasize its deceptive presentation.	bladder
Inhibition of cholesterol metabolism underlies synergy between mTOR pathway inhibition and chloroquine in bladder cancer cells.	Mutations to fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) signalling pathway components (for example, PTEN loss, PIK3CA, AKT1, TSC1/2) are common in bladder cancer, yet small-molecule inhibitors of these nodes (FGFR/PTENi) show only modest activity in preclinical models. As activation of autophagy is proposed to promote survival under FGFR/PTENi, we have investigated this relationship in a panel of 18 genetically diverse bladder cell lines. We found that autophagy inhibition does not sensitise bladder cell lines to FGFR/PTENi, but newly identify an autophagy-independent cell death synergy in FGFR3-mutant cell lines between mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway inhibitors and chloroquine (CQ)-an anti-malarial drug used as a cancer therapy adjuvant in over 30 clinical trials. The mechanism of synergy is consistent with lysosomal cell death (LCD), including cathepsin-driven caspase activation, and correlates with suppression of cSREBP1 and cholesterol biosynthesis in sensitive cell lines. Remarkably, loss of viability can be rescued by saturating cellular membranes with cholesterol or recapitulated by statin-mediated inhibition, or small interfering RNA knockdown, of enzymes regulating cholesterol metabolism. Modulation of CQ-induced cell death by atorvastatin and cholesterol is reproduced across numerous cell lines, confirming a novel and fundamental role for cholesterol biosynthesis in regulating LCD. Thus, we have catalogued the molecular events underlying cell death induced by CQ in combination with an anticancer therapeutic. Moreover, by revealing a hitherto unknown aspect of lysosomal biology under stress, we propose that suppression of cholesterol metabolism in cancer cells should elicit synergy with CQ and define a novel approach to future cancer treatments.	bladder