crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[Second-line intravesical therapy. What is the present role of device-assisted therapy?].	Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a common urinary malignancy whose management is a challenge: strong evidence supports the use of passive intravesical chemotherapy in the management of this tumor. Despite current guidelines, the treatment is suboptimal as illustrated by the high risk of recurrence and progression. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the gold standard for the treatment of high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, but in case of disease persistence, after 2 consecutive induction courses of BCG, patients must undergo radical cystectomy. We discuss options for second-line adjuvant therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in standard treatment non-responder patients. We investigated the use and application of device-assisted therapy for the intravesical treatment of bladder cancer, such as thermochemotherapy (TCT) and electromotive drug administration (EMDA). Many studies demonstrate their synergistic therapeutic effect, greater than the single treatment with chemotherapy, inducing an increased absorption of the chemotherapeutic agent (Mitomycin C) to the urothelium. TCT and EMDA are safe and effective in terms of outcomes. For the future it will be important to encourage the use of the existing technology within the appropriate clinical indications.	bladder
[Endovesical treatment as an alternative to BCG for intermediate or high-risk NMI bladder cancer].	A shortage of BCG is foreseen till the end of 2013. Which will be the management of intermediate and high-risk NMI-BC if BCG will not be available? In patients harboring high-risk NMI tumors, particularly T1G3 and Tis, the first therapeutic choice is radical cystectomy. Device-assisted therapies, although showing promising results, should be considered only for selected patients. In intermediate risk patients, intravesical chemotherapy remains a legitimate option even if BCG is available. Thus, in a period of BCG shortage, intravesical chemotherapy should be offered, preferably preceded by early instillation, according to the EAU guidelines.	bladder
Association of micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and BK viruria in kidney transplant recipients.	INTRODUCTION: BK virus (BKV) is an ubiquitous human polyomavirus that establishes latency in urothelium. BKV is known to re-activate in immunosuppressed individuals, and is an increasingly important cause of nephropathy and graft loss in kidney transplant recipients. Animal studies have demonstrated BKV has a potential role as a tumor virus. However, its role in precipitating or facilitating oncogenesis in humans is still debated. REPORT: We report 2 cases of aggressive micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder in kidney transplant recipients with persistent BK viruria and preserved graft function. RESULTS: In both cases, polyomavirus immunohistochemistry performed on the tumor specimens was strongly positive, and limited to the malignant tissue. BKV DNA, viral protein 1, and large T antigen mRNA were detected in the tumor; however, no viral particles were seen on electron microscopy. CONCLUSION: In one of the cases, BKV integration into the host genome was identified, leading to the truncation of the major viral capsid gene. This finding raises the concern that persisting BK viruria may be a risk factor for this aggressive form of bladder cancer. Further studies to determine screening and management strategies are required.	bladder
Infantile neuroblastoma of the urinary bladder detected by hematuria.	Malignant tumors of the urinary bladder in infants are extremely rare. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most likely tumor in this site, whereas neuroblastoma of the urinary bladder is exceedingly uncommon and is not listed as a differential diagnosis for tumors of this site. We present a case of neuroblastoma arising from the dome of the bladder wall, detected by hematuria. Only six cases of neuroblastoma originating from the bladder, including the present case have been reported. Of the cases, five arose from the dome of the bladder wall. In this report, the differential diagnosis of bladder tumors in children is discussed. A diagnosis of neuroblastoma should be taken into consideration, especially in the case of tumors arising from the dome of the bladder wall despite an uncommon location.	bladder
Diagnostically challenging cases: what are atypia and dysplasia?	This article addresses the spectrum of atypia and dysplasia within the bladder epithelium and the diagnostic categories developed to further classify challenging lesions. In addition, the effects of inflammation, specific therapies, and instrumentation on the bladder mucosa as well as the associated difficulty in achieving the appropriate diagnosis are also discussed.	bladder
New imaging techniques for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: ready for primetime.	Treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMBIC) requires direct visual appreciation of the tumor. Transurethral resection that is dependent solely on white light cystoscopy (WLC) often fails to accurately stage or completely resect NMIBC. These deficiencies of WLC are significant contributors to the high rates of recurrence and eventual progression to muscle invasive disease. This article looks at technologies that are being used in adjunct to WLC to augment the urologist's ability to identify, stage, and treat NMIBC.	bladder
The costs of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.	Bladder cancer is a common diagnosis, affecting 70,000 Americans each year. Because the diagnosis, management, and long-term follow-up of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer requires advanced imaging and invasive testing, economic evaluations have shown bladder cancer to be the costliest cancer to treat in the US on a per capita basis. Adjunctive tests for surveillance have not obviated the need for cystoscopy and cytology. Indirect costs to patients include loss of work, decreased productivity, and diminished quality of life associated with diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. Improved value may be achieved with better compliance with evidence-based practices for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer care.	bladder
Office-based Bladder Tumor Fulguration and Surveillance: Indications and Techniques.	This article summarizes the current literature on office-based management of low-grade, noninvasive bladder cancer. Discussion includes differences in recurrence and progression rates between neoplasm grades and stages, role of visual grading for diagnosis, cost advantages of treatment outside the operating room, and a step-by-step description of office-based procedures.	bladder
Elevated 4-aminobiphenyl and 2,6-dimethylaniline hemoglobin adducts and increased risk of bladder cancer among lifelong nonsmokers--The Shanghai Bladder Cancer Study.	BACKGROUND: 4-Aminobiphenyl (ABP) is an established human bladder carcinogen, with tobacco smoke being a major source of human exposure. Other arylamine compounds, including 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA), have been implicated as possible human bladder carcinogens. Hemoglobin adducts of 4-ABP and 2,6-DMA are validated biomarkers of exposure to those compounds in humans. METHODS: The Shanghai Bladder Cancer Study enrolled 581 incident bladder cancer cases and 604 population controls. Each participant was solicited for his/her history of tobacco use and other lifestyle factors and donation of blood and urine specimens. Red blood cell lysates were used to quantify both hemoglobin adducts of 4-ABP and 2,6-DMA. Urine samples were used to quantify total cotinine. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for bladder cancer were estimated using unconditional logistic regression methods. RESULTS: Among lifelong nonsmokers, ORs (95% CIs) of bladder cancer for low (below median of positive values) and high versus undetectable levels of 2,6-DMA hemoglobin adducts were 3.87 (1.39-10.75) and 6.90 (3.17-15.02), respectively (Ptrend < 0.001). Similarly, among lifelong nonsmokers, ORs (95% CIs) of bladder cancer for third and fourth versus first/second quartiles of 4-ABP hemoglobin adducts was 1.30 (0.76-2.22) and 2.29 (1.23-4.24), respectively (Ptrend = 0.009). The two associations were independent of each other. CONCLUSION: Hemoglobin adducts of 4-ABP and 2,6-DMA were significantly and independently associated with increased bladder cancer risk among lifelong nonsmokers in Shanghai, China. IMPACT: The findings of the present study in China with previous data in Los Angeles, California strongly implicate arylamines as potential causal agents of human bladder cancer.	bladder
Network views for personalized medicine.	"Clinical Proteomics has traveled a long way pinpointing potential biomarkers for a variety of diseases. However, the absence of clinical implementation of proteomics findings has led to a frank evaluation and reconsideration of applied practices in biomarker discovery, recruitment of technological tools for biomarker verification and generation of new guidelines for data reporting. Nevertheless, considering the need for vast clinical resources for biomarker validation, the frequent lack of clear definitions of contexts of use, in combination to the biomarker ""high offer,"" progress toward biomarker implementation will even more require the adoption of an extensive open-minded approach: disease-focused networks are needed to ensure rapid exchange of information, initiation of appropriate studies, parallel validation of multiple biomarkers and sharing of valuable clinical resources. This viewpoint article targets to reflect on these issues and advocates the added value of multidisciplinary networks in biomarker development using bladder cancer as a paradigm."	bladder
A case of urothelial carcinoma, lipid cell variant.	The lipid cell variant of urothelial carcinoma is a rare variant of urinary bladder cancer, comprised of lipoblast-like cells. In this report, we describe a case of the lipid cell variant of aggressive urothelial carcinoma. A 78-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of gross hematuria. On cystoscopy, an ulcerative lesion, non-papillary architecture, was observed in the lateral wall of the bladder. Transurethral resection was performed. Histopathological findings of the bladder tumor indicated neoplastic cells forming irregular solid nests and sheets. Lipoblast-like neoplastic cells that had eccentric nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuoles were observed, not only in the resected specimen, but also in urine samples. On mucin histochemistry, the tumor cell cytoplasm contained no neutral or acidic mucus. The lipoblast-like cells were positive for cytokeratins (AE1/AE3, CK7) and adipophilin, known as a protein associated with neutral lipid synthesis. In general, it is difficult to prove the existence of intracytoplasmic lipid in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded materials. This is the first report in which the presence of lipid in vacuoles of the lipid cell variant has been verified by immunohistochemistry.	bladder
The different morphologies of urachal adenocarcinoma do not discriminate genomically by micro-RNA expression profiling.	Urachal adenocarcinoma has several morphologic presentations that include mucinous, enteric, signet ring cell, and not otherwise specified. Mixtures of these morphologies can occur, and percentage cut-offs are used for classification. The clinical significance of these morphologic types is currently unknown, and genetic analysis that could elucidate possible intertumoral differences has not been performed. In this study, we analyzed the micro-RNA expression profiles of 12 urachal adenocarcinomas classified using strict morphologic criteria (3 pure enteric, 3 pure mucinous, 2 signet ring cell [both 90% signet ring cell], 2 pure not otherwise specified, and 2 mixed cell types). Of 598 unique human micro-RNAs, 333 were expressed in more than 50% of the samples. Hierarchal clustering showed no distinct patterns in the genetic profiles of the morphologic types. However, there were individual micro-RNA differences when the different types were compared individually or grouped together, either by intracellular mucin production or by grouping enteric and signet ring cell together. In the later group, 13 messenger RNA species were differentially expressed (adjusted P value of ≤.05). However, these micro-RNA differences were small, suggesting more biologic similarity than differences among these entities. Thus, this study suggests that the different morphological subtypes may represent patterns of differentiation or a continuum of a single biological tumor type rather than several distinct types that arose from the urachal remnant epithelium. This finding, if further validated in larger studies, may have implications in future clinical therapeutic trials for urachal adenocarcinoma with regard to patient grouping and choice of therapy.	bladder
CXCR4-mediated Stat3 activation is essential for CXCL12-induced cell invasion in bladder cancer.	CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling plays important roles in tumor cell metastasis in many types of cancers, and CXCR4 is the key regulator of cell motility in bladder cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that transcription-3 (Stat3) activation is associated with bladder cancer cell growth and survival, while the relationship between CXCL12/CXCR4 signal and Stat3 activation remains unclear. In this study, expression analysis of bladder cancer and adjacent normal tissues showed that higher CXCR4 expression was associated with Stat3 phosphorylation. CXCR4 knockdown in bladder cancer T24 cells impaired CXCL12-induced cell invasion and Stat3 activation. Furthermore, blocking Stat3 activity with the chemical inhibitor Stattic inhibited CXCL12-triggered Stat3 phosphorylation and cell invasion in T24 cells, suggesting that Stat3 activation is required for CXCL12 function in the mobility of bladder cancer. Taken together, CXCR4 is necessary for CXCL12 signal transduction in bladder cancer, and CXCL12/CXCR4 promotes invasion of bladder cancer cells through activation of Stat3 transcriptional activity.	bladder
Higher expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ or its activation by agonist thiazolidinedione-rosiglitazone promotes bladder cancer cell migration and invasion.	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in bladder cancer (BCa) progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The gene copy number of PPARγ in human BCa tissue samples was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The migration and invasive ability of human BCa cell lines with different PPARγ expression levels or treated with thiazolidinedione-rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist and an antidiabetic drug, were investigated. RESULTS: PPARγ amplification was increased dramatically in BCa tissue compared with normal urothelium (38.1% vs 4.3%, P = .0082) and in tumors with lymph node metastasis compared with those without metastasis (75.0% vs 15.4%, P = .0176). The human BCa cell line 5637 with strong PPARγ expression demonstrated a greater ability for cell migration and invasion than the UMUC-3 cell line with weak PPARγ expression. Knocking down PPARγ in BCa 5637 cells led to decreased cell migration, and activation of PPARγ with thiazolidinedione-rosiglitazone promoted their migration and invasive ability. CONCLUSION: PPARγ amplification in BCa could play an important role in BCa cell migration and invasion. Alteration of PPARγ expression by PPARγ-small interfering ribonucleic acid or activation by its agonist rosiglitazone, a diabetic thiazolidinedione drug, could lead to alternation of BCa cell migration and invasion.	bladder
[Systemic radiotherapy options in the treatment of metastatic skeletal involvement].	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of treatment using various systemic radiotherapies for metastatic skeletal involvement in patients with breast or prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case histories of 350 patients treated at the Department of Radiation Medicine in 2006 to 2010 for multiple metastatic skeletal involvement in cancers at various sites were analyzed. The efficiency of treatment for pain syndrome and the magnitude of a myelosuppressive effect were estimated in the use of various systemic radiotherapies. For this, the authors compared: 1) two patient groups treated by 89Sr chloride monotherapy in the standard activity of 150 MBq or by that in combination with teleradiotherapy (TRT); 2) two patient groups treated by the monotherapy in the standard activity of 150 MBq or by 89Sr chloride fractional injection. RESULTS: The efficiency of treatment using various systemic radiotherapies was estimated. That was comparatively evaluated in the patient groups having various treatments. Algorithms of indications were elaborated to choose a systemic radiotherapy option depending on the clinical situation. An 89Sr chloride injection procedure was developed for patients with significant myelosuppression. CONCLUSION: 1. Various systemic radiotherapies as second-line therapy may be used to treat metastatic skeletal involvement in patients with cancer at various sites. 2. The most pronounced analgesic effect was found when 89Sr chloride in the standard activity of 150 MBq had been injected in combination with TRT (a 36% reduction in the intensity of pain syndrome); a less pronounced effect was produced by 89Sr chloride monotherapy (27%). The lowest analgesic effect was observed when 89Sr chloride had been fractionally injected (14%). 3. The levels of white blood cells and platelets were decreased in all the groups. 4. 89Sr chloride fractional injection is the method of choice when its single administration is impossible in patients with evident leukocyto- and thrombocytopenia.	bladder
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy: history, techniques and outcomes.	OBJECTIVE: Robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is a less invasive means of performing the radical cystectomy operation, which holds promise for improved patient morbidity. We review the history, technique and current literature pertaining to RARC and place the current results in context with the open procedure. METHODS: All articles regarding RARC found in PubMed after January 2000 were examined. We selected articles that appeared in high-impact journals, had large patient population size (>80 patients), or were novel in technique or findings. We chose key laparoscopic articles to give reference to the history in transition to robotic radical cystectomy. In addition, we chose classic articles from open radical cystectomy to give reference regarding the newer robotic perioperative outcomes. RESULTS: Studies suggest that a 20-patient learning curve is needed to reach an operative time of 6.5 h, with 30 surgeries performed to reach lymph node counts in excess of 20 (International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium). The only randomized surgical trial comparing open and robotic techniques showed equivalent lymph node yield, which may be surgeon and volume dependent. Literature demonstrates lower estimated blood loss, transfusion rates, early return of bowel function and decreased complications in early small series. CONCLUSION: RARC and urinary diversion are still early in development and limited to centers with extensive robotic experience and volume, although adoption of the robotic approach is becoming more common. Early studies have shown promise to reduce complications with equivalent oncologic results.	bladder
Accidental finding of bladder cancer in 99mTc methylene diphosphonate whole-body bone scan.	A 53-year-old woman with a history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma underwent (99m)Tc methylene diphosphonate (MDP) whole-body scintigraphy for tumor staging. An MDP-avid lesion located in the urinary bladder was found. Computed tomography showed a protruding mass with calcific surface in the left inferolateral wall of the urinary bladder. A biopsy was conducted and the pathological report confirmed the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma. The patient received transurethral resection and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin intravesical therapy. Four months later, she underwent an (18)F-FDG PET/CT scan. Unfortunately, tumor recurrence in the bladder cancer was diagnosed by the (18)F-FDG PET/CT scan.	bladder
Incidental paraganglioma of the urinary bladder in a 66-year-old woman.	A 66-year-old female patient was referred to drology department when a bladder mass was incidentally found on a transvaginal ultrasound scan. Cystoscopy revealed a small, smooth mass just above the trigone which appeared to be covered with normal urothelium. The histology from this growth after transurethral resection revealed a paraganglioma of the bladder. We will discuss the management of this case and literature review of this finding in this study.	bladder
[Urachal cancers].	Urachal cancer is a rare pathology (less than 1% among all bladder tumors) with a poor prognosis for all stages, because of clinical delay leading to a late diagnosis, difficult differential diagnosis with bladder cancer, and no consensus for the treatment, mostly about the chemotherapy for advanced stages, because there are no data from prospective studies. A surgical treatment can be performed for the localized stages, but there are no real guidelines for local relapses and metastatic progression treatment. Those cancers are not radio- or chemosensitive; nevertheless data from fundamental research are missing. As this pathology is really uncommon, there are no clinical studies with targeted therapies. The purpose of this review is to introduce the most important clinical and paraclinical features of those cancers, and the usual treatment performed.	bladder
Hiding in plain view: genetic profiling reveals decades old cross contamination of bladder cancer cell line KU7 with HeLa.	PURPOSE: KU7 is a popular urothelial carcinoma cell line that was isolated from the bladder of a patient at Keio University in 1980. It has subsequently been widely used in laboratories around the world. We describe how routine cell line authentication revealed that KU7 was cross contaminated almost 30 years ago with HeLa, a cervical carcinoma cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Presumed KU7 clones dating from 1984 to 1999 were provided by M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Vancouver Prostate Centre, Kyoto University, Tokyo Medical University and Keio University. HeLa was obtained from ATCC. Genomic DNA was isolated and short tandem repeat analysis was performed at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Characterized Cell Line Core Facility, Johns Hopkins University Fragment Analysis Facility and RIKEN BioResource Center, Ibaraki, Japan. Comparative genomic hybridization was performed on a platform (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California) at Vancouver Prostate Centre. RESULTS: The short tandem repeat profile of all KU7 clones was an exact match with that of HeLa. Comparative genomic hybridization of all samples revealed an abundance of shared chromosomal aberrations. Slight differences in some genomic areas were explained by genomic drift in different KU7 clones separated by many years. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis identified that cross contamination of KU7 with HeLa occurred before 1984 at the source institution. All KU7 clones in the urological literature should be considered HeLa and experimental results should be viewed in this light. Our results emphasize the need to authenticate cell lines in oncological research.	bladder