crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Molecular analysis of the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) tumor suppressor gene in vesical tumors of cattle with chronic enzootic hematuria (CEH).	The FHIT (fragile histidine triad) gene is a tumor suppressor gene known to be inactivated in many tumors including bladder tumors and is spanning FRA3B, a very active common fragile site in the human genome. We have recently isolated the bovine gene, and the aim of this study was to test whether FHIT presents altered expression patterns in vesical tumors of cattle with CEH (chronic enzootic hematuria). CEH is a common syndrome affecting Mediterranean cattle: clastogenic, mutagenic and cancerogenic substances released by the bracken fern (Pteridium spp) grazed by animals induce the formation of neoplastic lesions, among which bladder tumors have a high incidence. We analysed FHIT in 23 bladder tumors of CEH cattle looking at: 1) the methylation status of the CpG island comprising the promoter and part of exon 1; 2) the presence of altered FHIT transcripts; 3) the mRNA expression levels measured with a quantitative real time PCR (QRT-PCR) approach. Our results suggest that unlike in human tumors, FHIT in vesical tumors of CEH cattle is largely unmethylated. Furthermore, the same mRNA isoforms of FHIT were detected in tumors and in healthy tissues, including a novel isoform that was found in this study. Finally, QRT-PCR data did not reveal significantly altered expression profiles of FHIT transcripts. Further studies and larger sets of cases will be useful to confirm this finding, but the data seem to suggest that epigenetic modifications of FHIT and altered expression profiles are not a hallmark of bovine vesical tumors like they are in human tumors.	bladder
Computer recognition of cancer in the urinary bladder using optical coherence tomography and texture analysis.	The vast majority of bladder cancers originate within 600 microm of the tissue surface, making optical coherence tomography (OCT) a potentially powerful tool for recognizing cancers that are not easily visible with current techniques. OCT is a new technology, however, and surgeons are not familiar with the resulting images. Technology able to analyze and provide diagnoses based on OCT images would improve the clinical utility of OCT systems. We present an automated algorithm that uses texture analysis to detect bladder cancer from OCT images. Our algorithm was applied to 182 OCT images of bladder tissue, taken from 68 distinct areas and 21 patients, to classify the images as noncancerous, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ (CIS), or papillary lesions, and to determine tumor invasion. The results, when compared with the corresponding pathology, indicate that the algorithm is effective at differentiating cancerous from noncancerous tissue with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 62%. With further research to improve discrimination between cancer types and recognition of false positives, it may be possible to use OCT to guide endoscopic biopsies toward tissue likely to contain cancer and to avoid unnecessary biopsies of normal tissue.	bladder
Phase 2 trial of pemetrexed disodium and gemcitabine in advanced urothelial cancer (E4802): a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.	BACKGROUND: There is a need to identify active new regimens in patients with advanced urothelial cancer. Pemetrexed and gemcitabine are active agents in advanced urothelial cancer. A phase 2 trial of the combination of these 2 agents was performed in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who were previously untreated for metastatic disease. METHODS: Forty-six patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma received pemetrexed disodium 500 mg/m2 and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 intravenously on Day 1, with gemcitabine repeated on Day 8. Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks for a maximum of 6 cycles. RESULTS: Two patients attained a complete response, and 12 patients attained a partial response for an overall response rate of 31.8% (90% confidence interval, 20.4%-45.2%). The median time to disease progression was 5.8 months, and the median overall survival was 13.4 months. Thirty-three patients (75%) experienced grade>or=3 neutropenia, and 5 patients (11%) had febrile neutropenia. There were 2 therapy-related deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of pemetrexed and gemcitabine had moderate antitumor activity in previously untreated patients with advanced urothelial cancer at the expense of significant myelosuppression.	bladder
Immortalized human urothelial cells as a model of arsenic-induced bladder cancer.	Arsenical-induced carcinogenesis in human bladder has been established through epidemiological evidence, and UROtsa cells, a normal, immortalized cell culture model of human urothelium, have proven to be a good model for the bladder epithelium. This cell line does not form tumors when injected into immuno-compromised mice nor does it have anchorage-independent growth. UROtsa can be easily manipulated for acute studies related to arsenical exposure. They have been shown to be sensitive to all arsenicals, in particular, the trivalent species, arsenite and monomethylarsonous acid. UROtsa cells have also opened the area of cellular signaling alterations following subcytotoxic exposure to arsenicals in both the acute and long-term time points. In addition, UROtsa cells were shown to be malignantly transformed following low-level exposure to both As(III) and MMA(III) providing additional models for studying arsenical-induced carcinogenesis of the bladder. These transformed cell lines allow researchers the ability to investigate the process of urothelial tumorigenesis at multiple time points of arsenical exposure. Overall, UROtsa cells are an effective model for cellular insult following arsenical exposure.	bladder
Role of cystitis cystica et glandularis and intestinal metaplasia in development of bladder carcinoma.	OBJECTIVES: Cystitis cystica et glandularis (CCEG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) have been suggested to represent precursors of bladder adenocarcinoma. The relationship between these entities and the subsequent development of bladder carcinoma remains unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the association among florid CCEG, IM, and bladder carcinoma. The records and imaging findings of patients with a pathologic diagnosis of florid CCEG and/or IM were reviewed for a concurrent or future diagnosis of bladder carcinoma or pelvic lipomatosis. RESULTS: We identified 136 patients from 1982 to 2006 with florid CCEG (n = 117) or IM (n = 19). Of the 117 patients with CCEG, a subset was identified with concurrent mucinous adenocarcinoma (n = 1; <1%), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 4; 3%), or urothelial carcinoma (n = 34; 29%) at diagnosis. Pure IM was identified concurrently with adenocarcinoma in 2 (10%), urothelial carcinoma in 4 (21%), and urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation in 1 (5%) of 19 patients. Follow-up for 103 patients (75%) ranged from 7 days to 23.7 years (median 2.6 years, mean 4.4). Only 1 new case of urothelial carcinoma was identified after 3 months in 1 patient with CCEG. None of the patients in our series had associated pelvic lipomatosis. CONCLUSIONS: Both florid CCEG and IM can be identified in benign bladder specimens or in conjunction with bladder carcinoma. Although IM can be associated with a concurrent diagnosis of carcinoma, we found no evidence that it increases the future risk of malignancy and our findings do not support a recommendation for surveillance cystoscopy in such patients. No association was identified between either CCEG or IM and pelvic lipomatosis.	bladder
Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in diagnosis of superficial and invasive urinary bladder carcinoma: a preliminary prospective study.	We conducted a prospective study to demonstrate the feasibility of using diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of urinary bladder carcinomas. Between January to June 2007, 43 patients with single bladder tumor were included in our study. Before taking a biopsy, DW MRI was obtained in the axial plane under free breathing scanning with a multisection, spin-echo type, single-shot echo planar sequence with a body coil. Moreover, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value was measured in a circular region of interest within the carcinoma, urine, normal bladder wall, prostate, and seminal vesicle. All carcinomas in the 43 patients were clearly shown as high signal intensity relative to the surrounding structure. The sensitivity and positive predictive values of DW MRI were 100% in terms of correctly detecting the carcinomas. The ADC value in the carcinoma (1.40 +/- 0.51) was significantly lower compared with that of urine (3.50 +/- 0.43) (p < 0.001), normal bladder wall (2.29 +/- 0.78) (p < 0.001), peripheral zone of prostate (1.77 +/- 0.44) (p < 0.05), transition zone of prostate (1.88 +/- 0.54) (p < 0.05), and the seminal vesicle (2.12 +/- 0.43) (p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in ADC values between different histological subtypes. There was no overlap between the ADC values of the tumors and the urine, but there was no clear cutoff between the tumor and bladder wall, prostate, or seminal vesicles. Bladder carcinomas have significantly lower ADC when compared to surroundings. Clinical experience with this method is still preliminary and further studies are required.	bladder
The role of succinylcholine in the prevention of the obturator nerve reflex during transurethral resection of bladder tumors.	OBJECTIVE: To present our 8 year experience in the prevention of the obturator nerve reflex during transurethral resection of bladder tumors. METHODS: This study was performed in Ataturk University Hospital between 1999 and 2007. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 89 patients with inferolateral bladder tumors, who underwent transurethral resection under epidural or general anesthesia and requested obturator nerve reflex inhibition. Epidural anesthesia was administered to 57 patients, while the remaining 32 patients underwent general anesthesia via mask; and succinylcholine was administered prior to resection. RESULTS: Of the 57 patients received epidural anesthesia, 18 were diagnosed as inferolateral bladder tumors during endoscopy and had to undergo general anesthesia. Obturator nerve block was attempted preoperatively in 39 patients. However, a nerve identification failure, a hematoma, and 4 obturator nerve reflex events, despite the block, were observed and these patients were subjected to general anesthesia with succinylcholine. Fifty-six patients (32 patients initially had general anesthesia and 24 converted from epidural to general anesthesia) were all given succinylcholine prior to resection. CONCLUSION: Due to its mechanism of action, succinylcholine is completely effective and represents a simple alternative to obturator nerve block. No contraction was observed in any patient given succinylcholine.	bladder
Low levels of WWOX protein immunoexpression correlate with tumour grade and a less favourable outcome in patients with urinary bladder tumours.	AIMS: To correlate the immunohistochemical detection of WWOX with histological measures and disease progression within the whole spectrum of urothelial bladder neoplasms. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and one patients with primary bladder tumours were retrospectively analysed. Immunohistochemically, a polyclonal antibody was utilized and the level of WWOX protein expression was analysed by using a combined score system based on intensity of the reaction and percentage of immunoreactive tumour cells. WWOX protein expression was consistently expressed in non-neoplastic urothelium, whereas a progressive loss of immunoreactivity was observed as tumour grade and stage increased (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis showed that reduced WWOX immunoexpression was significantly associated with high histological grades (P = 0.001), advanced stage (P = 0.002), tumour size (P = 0.04) and cancer progression (P = 0.028). Invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder with squamous metaplasia presented the lowest levels of WWOX protein. Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated a significant correlation between loss of WWOX expression and a shorter progression-free survival (P = 0.042), whereas the prediction of overall survival achieved borderline significance (P = 0.053). CONCLUSION: Loss of WWOX immunoexpression strongly correlates with classical clinicopathological factors and appears to be a potential predictive marker of progressive disease.	bladder
Possible role of cyclooxygenase-2 in schistosomal and non-schistosomal-associated bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an angiogenic factor that is strongly related to inflammatory diseases and the development of cancer and metastasis in several cancers. It is overexpressed in a variety of premalignant and malignant conditions, including urinary bladder cancer. Our aim was to investigate and compare the expression of COX-2 enzyme in patients with bladder cancer, chronic cystitis, and normal bladder tissue. The results were correlated to the classic prognostic factors, mainly tumor stage and grade, in a trial to determine the prognostic significance of COX-2 marker. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five bladder samples were taken, including 50 cases with bladder cancer (31 were schistosomal-associated and 19 non-schistosomal-associated), 20 samples from cases with chronic cystitis (7 were nonschistosomal and 13 were schistosomal cystitis), and 5 samples from normal bladder tissue taken as control. The specimens were stained by streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemistry protocol, with COX-2 monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: Although no notable expression of COX-2 was observed in the normal bladder, it was slightly expressed in chronic cystitis especially in areas of dysplasia and squamous metaplasia, whereas there was a significant increase in COX-2 (P < .001) with moderate-to-strong granular cytoplasmic expression in all malignant histologic types. The COX-2 reactivity was higher in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) than in squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) (P < .01). COX-2 expression was significantly higher in schistosomal-associated TCC than in non-schistosomal-associated TCC (P < .01). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between COX-2 expression and tumor grade (P = .0052). COX-2 expression was significantly higher in grade 3 bladder TCC than in grades 1 and 2 bladder TCC (P < .05, P < .01). A correlation between COX-2 expression and progression of bladder TCC also was observed (P = .001). There was a significant difference in COX-2 expression level between the bladder TCCs at different clinical stages (P < .01). CONCLUSION: COX-2 is overexpressed in schistosomal-associated bladder cancer. COX-2 may be of significance to the development and proliferation of bladder TCC, consistent with a potential role for COX-2 inhibitors in the prevention and management of this disease.	bladder
Rapid activation of Stat3 and ERK1/2 by nicotine modulates cell proliferation in human bladder cancer cells.	Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for bladder cancer. The main component in cigarette smoke, nicotine, can be detected in the urine of smokers. Nicotine has been implicated as a cocarcinogen that promotes lung cancer development through prosurvival pathways. Although the mechanisms of nicotine-induced cell proliferation have been well studied in lung epithelial cells, the molecular mechanism of its action in bladder epithelial cells is still unclear. The aims of this study were to investigate whether there is nicotine-induced bladder epithelial cell proliferation and to identify the signaling transduction pathway regulated by nicotine. We found that nicotine simultaneously activates Stat3 and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in T24 cells. Stat3 activation via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)/protein kinase C signaling pathway was closely linked to Stat3 induction and nuclear factor-kappaB DNA binding activity, which is associated with Cyclin D1 expression and cell proliferation. ERK1/2 activation through nAChR and beta-adrenoceptors plays a dual role in cell proliferation; it phosphorylates Stat3 at Ser727 and regulates cell proliferation. We conclude that through nAChR and beta-adrenoceptors, nicotine activates ERK1/2 and Stat3 signaling pathways, leading to Cyclin D1 expression and cell proliferation. This is the first study to investigate signaling effects of nicotine in bladder cells. The current findings suggest that people exposed to nicotine could be at risk for potential deleterious effects, including bladder cancer development.	bladder
Cancer survivors' adherence to lifestyle behavior recommendations and associations with health-related quality of life: results from the American Cancer Society's SCS-II.	PURPOSE: To examine the prevalence and clustering of physical activity (PA), fruit and vegetable consumption (5-A-Day), and smoking across six major cancer survivor groups and to identify any associations with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: A total of 9,105 survivors of six different cancers completed a national cross-sectional survey that included the lifestyle behavior questions and the RAND-36 Health Status Inventory. RESULTS: Only a minority of cancer survivors were meeting the 5-A-Day (14.8% to 19.1%) or PA (29.6% to 47.3%) recommendations, whereas most were meeting the smoking recommendation (82.6% to 91.6%). In terms of the lifestyle behavior clusters, only 5% of cancer survivors were meeting all three recommendations. Analyses of covariance generally showed higher HRQoL in survivors who were meeting versus not meeting each lifestyle behavior recommendation with the strongest associations emerging for PA. Trend analyses showed a steep positive association between the number of lifestyle behavior recommendations being met and HRQoL for breast (P < .001), prostate (P < .001), colorectal (P < .001), bladder (P < .001), uterine (P < .001), and skin melanoma (P < .001) cancer survivors. CONCLUSION: Few cancer survivors are meeting the PA or 5-A-Day recommendations, and even fewer are meeting all three lifestyle recommendations. The association between the current lifestyle recommendations and HRQoL in cancer survivors appears to be cumulative. Interventions to increase PA and fruit and vegetable consumption and reduce smoking are warranted and may have additive effects on the HRQoL of cancer survivors.	bladder
Telomerase-associated apoptotic events by mushroom ganoderma lucidum on premalignant human urothelial cells.	The chemopreventive effects of Ganoderma lucidum was tested, using a tumorigenic transformable human urothelial cell (HUC-PC) model. These in vitro data show that G. lucidum can inhibit the viability and growth of HUC-PC. This could be explained by a concomitant induction of apoptosis and inhibition of telomerase activity. Significant exteriorization of phosphatidylserine was detected by Annexin-V on cell surface, and the cells subsequently lost membrane integrity for uptake of 7-amino-actinomycin D dye. Additionally, the levels of hydrogen peroxide and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) production of the apoptotic cells were significantly increased. The induction of apoptosis and suppression of telomerase activity help to explain the anti-HUC-PC growth properties; however, the induction of oxidative stress requires further study. This study strongly suggests that G. lucidum is a potential source of chemopreventive agents for bladder cancer based on its effectiveness in controlling the premalignant urothelial cell growth and carcinogen-induced transformation.	bladder
An embryonic stem cell-like gene expression signature in poorly differentiated aggressive human tumors.	Cancer cells possess traits reminiscent of those ascribed to normal stem cells. It is unclear, however, whether these phenotypic similarities reflect the activity of common molecular pathways. Here, we analyze the enrichment patterns of gene sets associated with embryonic stem (ES) cell identity in the expression profiles of various human tumor types. We find that histologically poorly differentiated tumors show preferential overexpression of genes normally enriched in ES cells, combined with preferential repression of Polycomb-regulated genes. Moreover, activation targets of Nanog, Oct4, Sox2 and c-Myc are more frequently overexpressed in poorly differentiated tumors than in well-differentiated tumors. In breast cancers, this ES-like signature is associated with high-grade estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors, often of the basal-like subtype, and with poor clinical outcome. The ES signature is also present in poorly differentiated glioblastomas and bladder carcinomas. We identify a subset of ES cell-associated transcription regulators that are highly expressed in poorly differentiated tumors. Our results reveal a previously unknown link between genes associated with ES cell identity and the histopathological traits of tumors and support the possibility that these genes contribute to stem cell-like phenotypes shown by many tumors.	bladder
Oncological outcome after radical cystectomy and orthotopic bladder substitution in women.	AIM: The pathological outcome after radical cystectomy and orthotopic bladder substitution in women and the possibility of genital sparing are studied in a prospective way. METHODS: Between January 1995 and June 2003, 180 women with bladder cancer (mean age 50.6 years) underwent orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. Histopathologic assessment of the cystectomy specimens was performed. Involvement of the internal genitalia by primary or secondary cancer was evaluated by preoperative CT or MRI. Histopathological evaluation of these organs was made in the cystectomy specimens. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 57 months. At follow-up, isolated urethral recurrence developed in two patients. Local pelvic recurrence developed in 30 patients, distant metastasis in 14 and both in nine. Uterine infiltration, which was suspected by preoperative CT, was confirmed by definitive histopathology after radical cystectomy in only two cases; otherwise there were no primary or secondary malignancies of the internal genitalia. Isolated recurrence of bladder cancer in the vaginal remnant during follow-up after cystectomy was not noted in any woman. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of urethral recurrence and oncological failure after orthotopic bladder substitution in women is low and acceptable and thus justifies the continued performance of this type of diversion. Proper selection of cases is mandatory. In women with absence of malignant involvement of the internal genitalia on preoperative imaging, the risk of secondary malignant involvement of these organs in cystectomy specimens is very low. Therefore, preservation of the uninvolved gynecologic organs during radical cystectomy in premenopausal women with unifocal, organ-confined tumor above the bladder base, is justified.	bladder