crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Genitourinary cancer predisposition syndromes.	Despite epidemiologic data supporting a significant genetic contribution to the cause of genitourinary malignancies, their diagnosis rarely results in clinical genetics referral and the heritability of prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancer remains poorly understood. Little of this inheritance has been explained by rare, high-penetrance predisposition syndromes and, although rare genetic variation may explain some of the remaining familial predisposition, recent genome-wide association studies support an important causal role for more common genomic variation and other structural variants. Susceptibility loci associated with risk of prostate, bladder, and testicular cancer have been identified that may improve our understanding of the cause and natural history of these malignancies. It remains to be seen whether this emerging knowledge of genetic predisposition can meaningfully contribute to the clinical management of genitourinary malignancies.	bladder
Management of superficial bladder carcinoma: time to rethink the treatment strategies in the era of orthotopic neo-bladder.	The objective of this study was to evaluate the recurrence and progression, on long-term follow-up, of patients with superficial bladder cancer managed with bladder sparing approach. A total of 48 patients with superficial bladder cancer, initially treated with bladder sparing approach between 1990 and 1992, were available for long-term follow-up ranging between 10 and 15 years; the remaining patients were lost to follow-up. All patients had undergone transurethral resection and adjuvant intravesical therapy. Recurrence was treated with resection and adjuvant therapy or radical cystectomy in cases of progression. Out of 48 study subjects, 11 had T1G1, 23 had T1G2 and 14 had T1G3 tumor. In the T1G1 group, 45.5% had recurrence. Four had single recurrence managed successfully with TURBT and intravesical therapy. One had multiple recurrences and underwent radiotherapy after the fifth recurrence. In the T1G2 group, 82.6% had recurrence and majority (60.8%) had multiple recurrences. Out of 14 cases with multiple recurrences, eight patients ultimately progressed to invasive bladder carcinoma and underwent radical cystectomy. Majority of these underwent ileal conduit because ileal neobladder could not be created due to severe fibrosis. All 14 patients with T1G3 had recurrence, of whom three (21.4%) had single recurrence. Out of the 11 other patients (78.6%) who had multiple recurrences, nine developed invasive bladder carcinoma and underwent radical cystectomy. Orthotopic neo-bladder could be performed only in one patient and the remaining had ileal conduit or Mainz pouch. We conclude that in the era of orthotopic neo-bladder offering good quality of life, radical cystectomy should be considered at the earliest opportunity in patients with aggressive superficial bladder cancer.	bladder
[Establishment of a bladder cancer cell line with toll-like receptor 2 gene knockdown and identification of its biological characteristics].	OBJECTIVE: To establish a murine bladder cancer cell line with stable silencing of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression. METHODS: Three different recombinant plasmids pcDNA 6.2-GW/EmGFPmiR-TLR2 were constructed and transfected into T739 cells via lipofectamine. The recombinant plasmid with the strongest interference effect was selected by RT-PCR and transfected into T739 cells. The Blasticidin-resistant cell clones were screened to obtain bladder cancer cell lines with TLR2 gene knockdown, and the biological characteristics of the stable cell lines were observed. RESULTS: Sequencing showed that the target DNA fragment was correctly inserted into the vector. The recombinant plasmid with the strongest silencing effect (pcDNA 6.2-GW/EmGFPmiR- TLR2.949) was screened, and transfection of this plasmid in T739 cells resulted in a cell line with stable TLR2 gene silencing (T739-TLR2delta), in which the expression of TLR2 mRNA and receptor were downregulated by over 95% and 90%, respectively. Compared with the negative control cells, T739-TLR2delta cell line exhibited significant different cell proliferation index with extended cell population doubling time. CONCLUSION: The recombinant plasmid pcDNATM6.2-GW/EmGFPmiR-TLR2 can effectively suppress the expression of TLR2 gene, and the established cell line with stable TLR-2 gene knockdown allows further functional study the TLR2 gene in T739 cells.	bladder
[Analysis and verification of the interaction network of differentially expressed genes in invasive bladder cancer].	OBJECTIVE: To study the data of gene expression microarray by protein interaction network analysis, establish an interaction network of differentially expressed genes in invasive bladder cancer and verify the central nodes of the network. METHODS: A total of 152 differentially expressed genes in invasive bladder cancer detected by gene expression microarray were inputted into STRING database online for analysis and establishment of the interaction network. The interaction data were imported into Cytoscape 2.6.2 software for screening the central nodes of the network. KEGG database was exploited for pathway analysis and functional study of the central node genes. Real-time RT-PCR was used for verification, and the genes with maximal differential expressions were screened for exploring the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis of invasive bladder cancer. RESULTS: The protein products of 103 differentially expressed genes in bladder cancer had interactions, forming a complicated interaction network. Twenty-six nodes involved in several signal pathways were confirmed by Cytoscape as the central nodes of the network, among which UBE2C, VEGF, TGFBR2, and CAV1 nodes were verified by real-time RT-PCR as the genes with maximal differential expressions between the bladder cancer and normal tissues, and the 2(-delta delta Ct) of these genes were 9.45, 4.17, 0.13 and 0.18 (GAPHD as the internal control), respectively. CONCLUSION: The interaction network of the differentially expressed genes, especially the central nodes of this network, can provide clues to the carcinogenesis, early diagnosis and molecular targeted therapy of invasive bladder cancer.	bladder
Estrogen exposure and bladder cancer risk in Egyptian women.	OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between reproductive history and urinary bladder cancer in Egyptian women. METHODS: We used questionnaire data from an ongoing, multicenter case-control study in Egypt. Controls were matched on age and residence area. This analysis focused on female cases with confirmed urothelial (UC) and squamous cell (SCC) carcinoma of the bladder. RESULTS: We recruited 779 women (540 controls, 239 cases; >98.0% nonsmokers). Younger age at menopause (<45 y) and older age at first pregnancy (>18 y) were factors significantly associated with increased risk of bladder cancer, even after adjusting for schistosomiasis history and other covariates in the multivariable logistic model; adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were 1.98 (1.41, 2.77) and 6.26 (3.46, 11.34), respectively. On the other hand, multiple pregnancies or use of oral contraceptives were associated with decreased odds of having bladder cancer. Similar associations were observed with UC and SCC when analyzed separately; however, the magnitude of association with SCC was lower than with UC. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that early estrogen exposure, or the relative lack of it, plays a role in urinary bladder carcinoma development among Egyptian women.	bladder
Novel bladder preservation therapy for locally invasive bladder cancer: combined therapy using balloon-occluded arterial infusion of anticancer agent and hemodialysis with concurrent radiation.	We investigated the effect of balloon-occluded arterial infusion (BOAI) of anticancer agent (cisplatin/gemcitabine), used concomitantly with hemodialysis, which delivers an extremely high concentration of anticancer agent to the site of a tumor without systemic adverse effects, along with concurrent radiation (referred to as the OMC-regimen) in patients with advanced bladder cancer. One hundred and ninety-two patients were assigned to receive either the OMC-regimen (n=96) or total cystectomy (n=96). Patients in the OMC-regimen group who failed to achieve CR underwent cystectomy, or secondary BOAI with an increased amount of CDDP or gemcitabine (1600 mg). The OMC-regimen allowed >89% (69/77) of patients with locally invasive tumors to achieve CR [>70% (70/96) of all patients including those with T4 and N(+) disease]. Most (68/69) of the CR patients were still alive with no evidence of recurrence after a mean follow-up of 161 (range 12-805) weeks. The 5- and 15-year overall survival rates were 91.5 and 81.3% (vs. 59.8% and 40.1% for cystectomy, P<0.0001), respectively. No patients suffered Grade III or more severe toxicities. In contrast, at 5 and 15 years after surgery in the total cystectomy group, about 50 and 60% of patients had suffered disease progression or had died, respectively. The OMC-regimen, a new bladder-preservation strategy for patients with locally invasive bladder cancer, can be curative not only in patients for whom cystectomy is indicated, but also in patients whose condition is not amenable to curative treatment and for whom merely palliative therapy would otherwise seem the only option.	bladder
Discovery of novel bladder cancer biomarkers by comparative urine proteomics using iTRAQ technology.	A urine sample preparation workflow for the iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) technique was established. The reproducibility of this platform was evaluated and applied to discover proteins with differential levels between pooled urine samples from nontumor controls and three bladder cancer patient subgroups with different grades/stages (a total of 14 controls and 23 cancer cases in two multiplex iTRAQ runs). Combining the results of two independent clinical sample sets, a total of 638 urine proteins were identified. Among them, 55 proteins consistently showed >2-fold differences in both sample sets. Western blot analyses of individual urine samples confirmed that the levels of apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1), apolipoprotein A-II, heparin cofactor 2 precursor and peroxiredoxin-2 were significantly elevated in bladder cancer urine specimens (n = 25-74). Finally, we quantified APOA1 in a number of urine samples using a commercial ELISA and confirmed again its potential value for diagnosis (n = 126, 94.6% sensitivity and 92.0% specificity at a cutoff value of 11.16 ng/mL) and early detection (n = 71, 83.8% sensitivity and 94.0% specificity). Collectively, our results provide the first iTRAQ-based quantitative profile of bladder cancer urine proteins and represent a valuable resource for the discovery of bladder cancer markers.	bladder
[Beyond the photodynamic diagnosis: Searching for excellence in the diagnosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer].	Cystoscopy is gold-standard method in non muscule invasive bladder cancer diagnosis. In the cistoscopic exploratión 30% of tumors could be overlooked: it is due to a flat forms, little size tumours or difficult visualization. Photodynamic diagnosis reduces overlooked tumours rate, and has improved diagnosis on flat forms, with the consequence of increasing lap time to recurrence and decreasing the number of iterative cistoscopy; nevertheless the false positive rate is high. In the last years developed new optical devices who try to improve alone or associated diagnostic sensibility in cistoscopy without reduction of specificity. Among new devices we must emphasize some like Narrow Band Imaging, Optical Coherence Tomography or Laser Confocal Endomicroscopy.	bladder
[Characterisation of DNA methylation biomarkers for bladder cancer].	Despite considerable advances in recent years in our understanding of the genetic changes occurring in urinary bladder cancer, similar progress in the field of epigenetics has hitherto been lacking. Increasingly, however, focus has shifted in the direction of aberrant DNA methylation as a result of recent studies showing the direct impact of such promoter hypermethylation on the loss of tumor suppressor gene expression and function, therefore potentially affecting tumor genesis and progression. The purpose of this study is the identification and characterization of new DNA methylation markers in urinary bladder cancer, with the expectation that these markers could then be incorporated in a multi-gene panel for clinical use in early cancer detection. In addition, better understanding of the signalling pathways involved will undoubtedly impact the development of new treatment strategies. Potential candidate genes, including the Wnt antagonist SFRP5 among others, will be validated by different epigenetic techniques using invasive and superficial urothelial cell lines as well as tumor and urine samples from bladder cancer patients.	bladder
[Ruptures of orthotopic ileoneocystis].	Urgent surgical treatment was conducted in 3 patients admitted to hospital with neocystic rupture which occurred 6, 10 and 22 months after removal of the bladder with orthotopic cystoplasty. Two patients have undergone laparotomy, neocystic defect repair and drainage. In the third patient mobilization of the reservoir was accompanied with accidental cut of the ureters. Relaparotomy was made with bilateral ureterocutaneostomy. Intestinal plastic reconstruction of both ureters followed after stabilization of the patients' condition. Thus, all the patients with ileoneocystis rupture were successfully rehabilitated.	bladder
Upregulation of TRAG3 gene in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.	Conventional chemotherapy is commonly used for advanced stages of bladder cancer with modest success and high morbidity. Identifying markers of resistance will allow clinicians to tailor treatment to a specific patient population. T24-tumorigenic cell line was grown orthotopically in nude mice and monitored using bioluminescence imaging and microcomputed tomography until they developed metastases. Stable sublines were then developed from primary bladder (T24-P), lung (T24-L) and bone (T24-B) tissues. Chromosomal analysis and DNA microarray were used to characterize these sublines. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used for validation. Epigenetic modifiers were used to study gene regulation. The cell viability was quantified with MTT assay. Chromosomal analysis revealed multiple alterations in metastatic cell lines compared to T24-P. DNA microarray analysis showed that taxol resistance-associated gene (TRAG) 3 was the most upregulated gene. From real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, TRAG3 was significantly higher in T24-L and T24-B than T24-P. TRAG3 gene expression is likely controlled by DNA methylation but not histone acetylation. Interestingly, T24-B and T24-L cells were more resistant than T24-P to treatment with antimicrotubule agents such as docetaxel, paclitaxel and vinblastine. TRAG3 mRNA expression was higher in 20% of patients with ≤ pT2 (n = 10) and 60% of patients with ≥ pT3 (n = 20) compared to normal adjacent tissue (p = 0.05). In addition, the median TRAG3 expression was 6.7-fold higher in ≥ pT3 tumors compared to ≤ pT2 tumors. Knowing the status of TRAG3 expression could help clinicians tailor treatment to a particular patient population that could benefit from treatment, while allocating patients with resistant tumors to new experimental therapies.	bladder
Intrauterine device-associated actinomycosis of the ovary and urinary bladder: a case report.	Actinomycosis of the urinary bladder is rare, mostly subsequent to abdomino-pelvic infection, and usually affects women with long-term use of an intrauterine device. We describe a case of vesical actinomycosis mimicking a papillary bladder tumour in a 56-year-old woman with primary manifestation of the disease in the genital tract, subjected to two transurethral resections after relapse of a polypoid mass in the bladder. Urological procedures are necessary to differentiate actinomycosis from bladder cancer and the diagnosis is often made histologically.	bladder
The use of placental S100 (S100P), GATA3 and napsin A in the differential diagnosis of primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder and bladder metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the lung.	Primary bladder adenocarcinoma accounts for 0.5-2% of all malignant bladder tumours. Literature data indicate the bladder as the second most common site of metastatic genitourinary tumours, with the kidney as the most frequent location. Secondary tumours of the bladder account for about 2.3% of all bladder malignancies encountered in surgical specimens. Herein, we describe an adenocarcinoma deeply infiltrating the bladder wall, with no morphologic features of transitional cell carcinoma, in a patient with a previous diagnosis of primary lung adenocarcinoma, mixed subtype. In this case, the use of a limited immunohistochemical panel including napsin A, a recently described highly sensitive marker for lung adenocarcinoma, GATA3 and S100P, two novel markers of urothelial differentiation, was of crucial importance in differentiating between lung adenocarcinoma metastatic to the bladder and primary bladder adenocarcinoma.	bladder
A review on the current state of urine cytology emphasizing the role of fluorescence in situ hybridization as an adjunct to diagnosis.	"Urinary cytology has a significant role in the detection and surveillance of patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC), which has a high morbidity rate in the United States. Examination of the urine is a comprehensive screen of both the upper and lower urinary tract and is ideal for detecting both primary bladder UC and synchronous or metachronous, multifocal UCs that commonly occur because of a ""field effect."" This field effect is the result of both clonal and random genetic abnormalities that have resulted from exposure to carcinogens (most frequently in tobacco smoke) in conjunction with the individual's ability to repair DNA damage. Although urinary cytology has high specificity for the detection of UC, its sensitivity is relatively low, especially for more prevalent low-grade tumors. Consequently, several urine-based tests have been investigated, some of which are available commercially and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, these tests also have their limitations and often have lower specificity than urinary cytology. Consequently, urinary cytology, which is a noninvasive, cost-effective test, continues in mainstream use because of its ability to detect high-grade, flat lesions that can be difficult to detect clinically and that often have more aggressive biologic behavior."	bladder
Meta-analysis of epidemiological studies of association of P53 codon 72 polymorphism with bladder cancer.	Although there have been many studies investigating a possible association between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and risk of bladder cancer, the results have been inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis of six epidemiological studies, which included 597 bladder cancer cases and 731 controls. Patients with bladder cancer had a significantly lower frequency of Pro/Arg [odds ratio (OR) = 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-0.99], when compared to controls. Stratifying for race, we found that among Caucasians, patients with bladder cancer had a significantly higher frequency of Arg/Arg (OR = 1.64, 95%CI = 1.18-2.28) and a lower frequency of Pro/Arg (OR = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.44-0.86), compared to controls. Stratifying various studies by the stage of bladder cancer, we found that invasive bladder cancers had a significantly lower frequency of Arg/Arg (OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.36-0.93) and a higher frequency of Pro/Arg (OR = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.44-0.86) than did non-invasive bladder cancers. No significant association was found between this genotype and human papilloma virus. Based on our meta-analysis, we suggest that p53 codon 72 polymorphism is associated with bladder cancer and that genotypic distribution of this polymorphism varies with the stage of bladder cancer.	bladder
Interobserver reproducibility in the diagnosis of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the urinary tract among urologic pathologists.	"Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the urinary tract is a well-described variant of the urothelial carcinoma with aggressive clinical behavior. Recent studies have proposed that patients with IMPC on transurethral resection should be treated with radical cystectomy regardless of the pathologic stage. Despite the potentially important therapeutic implications of this diagnosis, interobserver variation in the diagnosis of IMPC has not been studied. Sixty digital images, each from hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides, representing 30 invasive urothelial carcinomas (2 images per case), were distributed to 14 genitourinary subspecialists and each pathologist was requested to classify cases as IMPC or not. These cases included ""classic"" IMPC (n=10) and urothelial carcinoma with retraction and variably sized nests that might potentially be regarded as IMPC (n=20). The following 13 morphologic features were recorded as positive/negative for all cases independent of the reviewers' diagnoses: columnar cells, elongate nests or processes, extensive stromal retraction, lumen formation with internal epithelial tufting, epithelial ring forms, intracytoplasmic vacuolization, multiple nests within the same lacunar space, back-to-back lacunar spaces, epithelial nest anastomosis/confluence, marked nuclear pleomorphism, peripherally oriented nuclei, randomly distributed nuclei, and tumor nest size. In addition, a mean tumor nest size was calculated for each image based on the number of nuclei spanning the width of the nests. Interobserver reproducibility was assessed and the morphologic features were correlated with the classic IMPC and nonclassic/potential IMPC groups. In addition, the relationships between morphologic features, pathologists' interpretations, and case type (classic IMPC vs. nonclassic/potential IMPC) were evaluated using unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis. Interobserver reproducibility for a diagnosis of IMPC in the 30 study cases was moderate (kappa: 0.54). Although classification as IMPC among the 10 ""classic"" IMPC cases was relatively uniform (93% agreement), the classification in the subset of 20 invasive urothelial carcinomas with extensive retraction and varying sized tumor nests was more variable. Multiple nests within the same lacunar space had the highest association with a diagnosis of classic IMPC. These findings suggest that more study of IMPC is needed to identify the individual pathologic features that might potentially correlate with an aggressive outcome and response to intravesical therapy."	bladder
A single episode of haematospermia can be safely managed in the community.	INTRODUCTION: This study is a ten-year single institution retrospective study of patients presenting with haematospermia, to establish standard tests for investigation, and what tests have low yield and can be omitted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Investigations that were used were analysed to establish their diagnostic yield. The parameters examined were: digital rectal examination (DRE) findings, prostate specific antigen (PSA), abdominal and scrotal ultrasound, TRUS biopsy result (wherever applicable), flexible cystoscopy findings and final diagnosis. RESULTS: The central findings were that abdominal ultrasound never yielded an abnormality and that flexible cystoscopy never showed bladder tumours. TRUS prostate biopsies were performed in 17% of patients, and prostate cancer was confirmed in 5% of patients. Testicular malignancy was found in 2%. In 90% of patients, no specific diagnosis was made, and 85% of patients were discharged at review. CONCLUSIONS: A single episode of haematospermia is usually benign. Flexible cystoscopy and abdominal ultrasound appear valueless. Assessment should consist of clinical examination (including testicular), DRE and PSA testing. It can safely be managed in the community and only referred in the presence of, abnormal examination, elevated PSA or recurrent symptoms.	bladder