crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Higher Expression of miR-182 in Cytology Specimens of High-Grade Urothelial Cell Carcinoma: A Potential Diagnostic Marker.	OBJECTIVE: MicroRNAs (miRs) are short noncoding RNA molecules that posttranscriptionally modulate protein expression. There are distinct miR alterations characterizing urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the urinary bladder. STUDY DESIGN: In this study, we investigate the possibility of using miR as a noninvasive marker in the screening of UCC. The total RNA was extracted from 75 cytology specimens including bladder or renal washings and voided urines. Cases comprise UCC (21 high grade and 6 low grade), 25 normal controls and 23 cases with a history of UCC but negative at the time of testing (negative with a positive history). The expressions of miR-96, miR-182, miR-183, miR-200c, miR-21, miR-141 and miR-30b were determined using quantitative TaqMan real-time PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This study shows that the level of miR-182 is higher in cytology specimens from high-grade UCC patients as compared to normal controls. Measuring miR-182 may provide a potential alternative or adjunct approach for screening high-grade UCC.	bladder
Three-tiered nodal classification system for bladder cancer: a new proposal.	AIM: To evaluate a three-tiered prognostic stratification using one, two to five and >five positive lymph nodes (LNs) and this nodal staging system performs across different pelvic LN dissection (PLND) templates and adjuvant chemotherapy status. METHODS: We evaluated 244 patients with positive LN urothelial cancer who underwent radical cystectomy and PLND between 2000 and 2011. Survival analyses utilizing the Kaplan-Meier method and log rank test were performed. Median follow-up was 55.3 months (range: 0.4-141). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were built to evaluate the prognostic stratification. RESULTS: Extended PLND template was performed on 152 (62.3%) patients and standard on 92 (37.7%). The median number of LNs resected was 14 in the standard group vs 22 in the extended group (p < 0.01) and positive LNs was 2 vs 3 (p = 0.09), respectively. Stratification in patients with: one positive LN, two to five positive LNs or >five positive LNs lead to 5-year recurrence-free survival of: 48.6, 34.5 and 15.9% for each group, while the 5-year overall survival was: 43.0, 22.1 and 11.3%, respectively. Stratification in the three groups was also verified irrespective of PLND template and adjuvant chemotherapy. Two multivariable models confirmed the findings when controlling for demographic features and known pathologic risk factors. CONCLUSION: Three-tiered nodal classification system using the number of metastatic LNs (one, two to five and >five) stratifies patients with lymphatic disease into distinct prognostic groups.	bladder
[Epidemiology of and risk factors for bladder cancer and for urothelial tumors].	Bladder cancer is the 5th most commonly diagnosed cancer in France, and most of cases occur in men and patients aged more than 65 years. The incidence and mortality are declining except in women in whom the incidence is increasing in recent years. Urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract are less common but have similar aetiology to the bladder tumours. The recurrent aspect of superficial tumors and the morbidity of invasive tumors are an economic burden in the Western health systems. The two main risk factors for urothelial tumors are tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to chemicals carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, aromatic amines and arsenic. Other risk factors include urinary schistosomiasis, pelvic radiation therapy, the use of cyclophosphamide and probably diet and lifestyle factors. Prevention of bladder tumors is based on the control of these risk factors and individual screening in high-risk patients. Recognition as an occupational disease is an important part of the social management of patient, which is today inadequately performed.	bladder
Outpatient holmium laser treatment for recurrent low-grade superficial bladder cancer under local anesthesia.	"BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper is to analyze the results of a prospective study conducted on a cohort of patients undergoing outpatient holmium laser fulguration. The ""gold standard"" treatment of superficial bladder cancer is transurethral resection, although in recent years improvements in laser technology and endoscopy equipment have allowed further therapeutic alternatives. METHODS: This is a descriptive study of a cohort of 37 patients with low-risk recurrent superficial bladder cancer undergoing holmium laser fulguration after bladder instillation of local anesthesia. The study included patients with a history of low-risk primary superficial bladder cancer with papillary tumor recurrence, tumor size ≤10 mm, fewer than 5 tumors, absence of carcinoma in situ, negative cytology, no coagulation disorders and no local anesthesia allergies. Demographic variables, previous history of transurethral resection, safety and oncological results after fulguration were analyzed using the SPSS software. Statistical analyses include calculating mean and frequency, and Kaplan-Meier curve for recurrence. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 69.2 years with 86.5% being male. The number of tumors was 1.5±0.8 and the overall average size of 5.5±2.7 mm. The mean duration of the endoscopic procedure was 12±4.3 minutes. Hundred percent of patients had scores on the Visual Analogue Scale ≤3. There was only one case of hematuria, who required hospitalization. After a median follow-up period of 13 months, there was a 35.1% recurrence rate with one case of tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS: Holmium laser treatment of recurrent low-risk superficial bladder tumor is a safe and effective alternative, but long-term clinical trials are necessary to increase the current scientific evidence base."	bladder
Bladder cancer: molecular determinants of personalized therapy.	Several molecular and genetic studies have provided new perspectives on the histologic classification of bladder tumors. Recent developments in the field of molecular mutational pathway analyses based on next generation sequencing technology together with classic data derived from the description of mutations in the FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) gene, mutations on TP53 gene, and cDNA technology profiling data gives support to a differentiated taxonomy of bladder cancer. All these changes are behind the use of non-traditional approach to therapy of bladder cancer patients and are ready to change our daily practice of uro-oncology. The observed correlation of some molecular alterations with tumor behavior and the identification of their targets at cellular level might support the use of molecular changes together with morphological data to develop new clinical and biological strategies to manage patients with urothelial cancer. The current review provides comprehensive data to support personalized therapy for bladder cancer based on an integrated approach including pathologic and clinical features and molecular biology.	bladder
Research on the bioactivity of isoquercetin extracted from marestail on bladder cancer EJ cell and the mechanism of its occurrence.	Research studies in recent years have found that isoquercetin has an inhibiting effect on multiple carcinogens, but research studies filed on isoquercetin in bladder cancer are quite few. This paper observed the influence of isoquercetin on biological activity of the EJ cell of bladder cancer through HC dyeing and trypan blue counting, studied the EJ cell cycle by flow cytometry (FCM), and then analyzed the influence of isoquercetin and its effect on the protein expression of STAT3 and STAT3-inhibiting factors (PIAS3) in EJ cells. Research has shown that isoquercetin has an inhibitory effect on the EJ cells of bladder cancer, but it is not obvious.	bladder
The role of genomics in the management of advanced bladder cancer.	"Advanced bladder cancer (ABC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. For the last 30 years, the standard of care for this disease has consisted of combination chemotherapy with a platinum-containing regimen as first-line therapy. Cisplatin is the most active cytotoxic agent against bladder cancer, but because of competing comorbidities, many patients are ineligible for this agent and instead receive carboplatin. The two-drug regimen of cisplatin and gemcitabine was found to be better tolerated and have comparable efficacy as the four-drug regimen of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) in a randomized study of patients with advanced disease. Therefore, cisplatin (or carboplatin) and gemcitabine is the most commonly used first-line regimen in this setting. No agents have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for second-line therapy in ABC. If patients are eligible for additional systemic treatment at the time of progression, options include single-agent therapy such as a taxane or pemetrexed, though given the lack of standard approaches participation in a clinical trial should be strongly encouraged. Recent molecular characterization of ABC reveals significant genetic heterogeneity and actionable genomic alterations in the majority of tumors. Emerging therapies may effectively target known molecular drivers of ABC, including the FGFR2, EGFR/HER2, VEGF, MET, and PI3/AKT/mTOR pathways. Reports of dramatic and prolonged responses to targeted therapy provide additional support for the use of genome sequencing in the rationale selection of treatment for subsets of patients. The current focus of clinical trial development is to design molecularly driven studies that ""match"" tumors with driver mutations and appropriate targeted therapies rather than a ""one-size-fits-all"" approach based on clinical and pathologic parameters of disease. The hope of patients and clinicians alike is that this therapeutic approach combined with novel agents may usher in a new era of effective treatments for patients with ABC."	bladder
Serum CA 19-9 as a good prognostic biomarker in patients with bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BC) is the second leading malignant tumors of the genitourinary system. CA 19-9 has served as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for pancreatic carcinoma for years. In recent year, although a few studies have evaluated the roles of CA 19-9 in BC, the results are conflicting and the number of the patients studied is very small. AIM: To investigate the potential of serum CA 19-9 to serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of BC in a larger number of patients. METHODS: A total of 272 (144 BC patients and 128 healthy subjects) were enrolled. Patients were followed-up routinely at 3-month intervals for 5 years. Serum CA 19-9 level was detected by ELISA. RESULTS: CA 19-9 level was much higher than that in healthy subjects (43.69 ± 6.92 U/ml vs. 12.31 ± 4.39 U/ml, p < 0.001). However, when the value of 37 U/ml of serum CA 19-9 was used as the cut-off value for BC the sensitivity of CA 19-9 for BC was dropped to 38.8%. CA 19-9 was much higher in muscle invasive tumor subgroup than that in superficial tumor subgroup (38.09 ± 7.14 U/ml vs. 20.71 ± 4.15 U/ml, p < 0.027). CA 19-9 level was comparable in both subgroups (29.78 ± 5.07 U/ml vs. 26.13 ± 5.97 U/ml, p = 0.565). BC patients with more than 5 years survival time had lower serum CA 19-9 level than the rest (15.86 U/ml vs 46.68 U/ml, p < 0.001). Survival rate (>5 years) of patients with lower CA 19-9 levels (<29 U/ml) was significantly increased in comparison to those with elevated serum CA 19-9 levels (>29 U/ml) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: serum CA 19-9 is not a good diagnostic maker, but a very powerful prognostic marker for BC. Such a study might be helpful for urologists to manage patients with BC.	bladder
Robot-assisted radical cystectomy using a side-docking technique.	PURPOSE: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) was first introduced in 2003. Although there have been modifications to the surgical techniques over the years, in every published RARC series the surgical robot is invariably docked between the patient's legs. We evaluated the use of a side-docking approach in RARC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten RARCs using a side-docking technique were performed at a single institute between February 2013 and February 2014. The patients' clinical notes and operative findings were reviewed. The results were compared with results from RARCs using the conventional central-docking method from our historical cohort. RESULTS: There were no significant arm collisions in the side-docking RARC procedures. The perineum was readily accessible in all cases that used the side-docking method. A simultaneous urethrectomy was performed in 1 case with a side-docking approach. The median operative times were 417.5 minutes (range, 345-515 minutes) and 405.0 minutes (range, 330-500 minutes) in the central-docking and side-docking groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in operation time, transfusion rate, complication rate, or hospital stay between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: A side-docking approach in RARC provides better perineal access with the advantage of allowing simultaneous urethrectomy and transvaginal retrieval of the specimen without compromising the dexterity and precision of the robotic surgical system.	bladder
Overexpression of HMGB3 protein promotes cell proliferation, migration and is associated with poor prognosis in urinary bladder cancer patients.	Human urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is the fourth most common cancer and the eighth most common cause of cancer death in the USA. High mobility group box 3 (HMGB3), a member of a family of proteins containing one or more high mobility group DNA binding motifs, was reported to be overexpressed in a variety of human cancers. However, the expression and role of HMGB3 in human UBC remains unclear. Here, we found that UBC patients had upregulated HMGB at both mRNA and protein levels. Immunochemistry (IHC) evaluation of HMGB3 expression in 113 UBC clinical specimens showed that high expression of HMGB3 had positive correlation with UBC tumor size (P = 0.019), tumor WHO grade (P = 0.031), stage (P = 0.028), and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.017). Moreover, patients with higher HMGB3 expression showed a poorer overall survival rate than those with relatively low HMGB3 (P = 0.0079, log-rank test). Multivariate analysis revealed that HMGB3 expression is an independent prognostic marker. The UBC cancer cell proliferation and migration ability were measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and wound healing assays, respectively. RNA interference of HMGB3 in UBC cell lines inhibited cancer cell growth and migration, along with the downregulation of PCNA and MMP2 protein levels. In sum, our data suggests HMGB3 may serve as an important oncoprotein and indicate that overexpression of HMGB3 in UBC could be used as a potential prognostic marker.	bladder
Expression of cytokeratin 7, 20, 14 in urothelial carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the Egyprian urinary bladder cancer.	This study estimated the expression of CK-7, CK14, and CK-20 protein in human bladder carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma (UC) in comparison to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and to show its possible correlation to clinicopathologic parameters (grade and stage and bilharziasis), and investigate whether cytokeratin 14 immunostaining may be useful to detect early squamous metaplasia in bladder biopsies and in association with UC. We evaluated the bladder tissues of 200 patients with bladder carcinoma, 150 patients had UC, and 50 patients had SCC. Imunohistochemical technique was used for detection of CK7, CK14 and CK20 monoclonal antibodies. The mean age of the patients was 55 years (range 51-70 years). The UC were classified according to grades into grade I, II and III in 20, 40 and 90 cases, respectively. Stages of UC were: Ta in 10, T1 in 60 and 90 patients with muscle-invasive T2-3. In UC cases 105 /150 (70%) were positive for over expression of CK20. In the same group of UC 120/150 (80) were positive for over expression of CK7. Negative expression was found in SCC cases. A High grades of the UC were associated with decrease expression of CK 20, there were 20 (100%) in GI, 35 (87.5%) in GII, 50 (68.6%) in GIII (P <0.01), and an increase expression of CK7 4 (20%) in GI, 26 (65%) in GII, 90(100%) in GIII (P <0.01). CK20 expression decreased as the tumor stages increased, it was 15 (100%) in Ta, 50 (83.3%) in T1, 40 (50%) in T2-3 (P <0.01), while CK7 showed increase expression in 2 cases with Ta tumor (20%), 38 (47.5%) in T1, 80 (100%) in T2-T3 (P <0.01). The present study confirmed that CK14 is expressed in SCC and in UC with squamous differentiation.	bladder
Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies.	This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between fruit and vegetable intake and bladder cancer risk. Eligible studies published up to August 2014 were retrieved both through a computer search of PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library and through a manual review of references. The summary relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest versus the lowest intakes of fruits and vegetables were calculated with random-effects models. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also evaluated. Potential sources of heterogeneity were detected with metaregression. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also performed. A total of 27 studies (12 cohort and 15 case-control studies) were included in this meta-analysis. The summary relative risks for the highest versus lowest were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.72-0.96) for vegetable intake and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73-0.89) for fruit intake. The dose-response analysis showed that the risk of bladder cancer decreased by 8% (relative risk=0.92; 95% CI: 0.87-0.97) and 9% (relative risk=0.91; 95% CI: 0.83-0.99) for every 200 g/day increment in vegetable and fruit consumption, respectively. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results. Our findings suggest that intake of vegetables and fruits may significantly reduce the risk of bladder cancer. Further well-designed prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.	bladder
ERBB2 Mutations Characterize a Subgroup of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancers with Excellent Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.	A pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) containing platinum is a strong prognostic determinant for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Despite comprehensive molecular characterization of bladder cancer, associations of molecular alterations with treatment response are still largely unknown. We selected pathologic complete responders (ypT0N0; n=38) and nonresponders (higher than ypT2; n=33) from a cohort of high-grade MIBC patients treated with NAC. DNA was isolated from prechemotherapy tumor tissue and used for next-generation sequencing of 178 cancer-associated genes (discovery cohort) or targeted sequencing (validation cohort). We found that 9 of 38 complete responders had erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2) missense mutations, whereas none of 33 nonresponders had ERBB2 mutations (p=0.003). ERBB2 missense mutations in complete responders were mostly confirmed activating mutations. ERCC2 missense mutations, recently found associated with response to NAC, were more common in complete responders; however, this association did not reach statistical significance in our cohort. We conclude that ERBB2 missense mutations characterize a subgroup of MIBC patients with an excellent response to NAC. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this report we looked for genetic alterations that can predict the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in bladder cancer. We found that mutations in the gene ERBB2 are exclusively present in patients responding to NAC.	bladder
A cost-effectiveness analysis of management of low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer using office-based fulguration.	OBJECTIVE: To examine the cost-effectiveness of endoscopic treatment of low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) via office-based fulguration vs operating room-based transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB). METHODS: A Markov state-transition model was created to simulate and compare the economic burden of managing patients with office-based fulguration vs TURB. Direct procedural and hospitalization costs were queried from our institution. Patients were modeled as being followed up routinely with flexible cystoscopy, whereas tumor recurrences were treated with either fulguration or TURB. RESULTS: A strategy of office-based fulguration was more cost-effective than TURB ($1171 per quality-adjusted life year [QALY] vs. $1208 per QALY) to treat recurrent NMIBC over a 5-year period. Fulguration was both more effective (14.94 vs. 14.91 QALYs) as well as less expensive ($17,494 vs. $18,005), thus dominating TURB. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was -$18,440 per QALY. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the relative costs of the procedures are more significant in determining cost-effectiveness than their respective utilities. CONCLUSION: Office-based cystoscopy and fulguration was more cost-effective than TURB for treating recurrent low-risk NMIBC. Adherence to an office-based treatment plan can lead to significant cost savings with a decreased therapeutic burden over the lifetime of a patient with NMIBC.	bladder
Synchronously detected secondary signet ring cell urinary bladder malignancy from the stomach masquerading as genitourinary tuberculosis.	Secondary bladder neoplasms are very rare and represent 1% of all malignant bladder tumours. Among secondary bladder tumours, metastasis from the stomach accounts for about 4% of cases. These secondary tumours are generally detected during follow-up of patients already treated for gastric cancer. We report a case of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder from an occult primary poorly differentiated signet ring cell type gastric carcinoma masquerading clinically as genitourinary tuberculosis. Our case illustrates the importance of obtaining a bladder biopsy in suspected chronic inflammatory conditions such as urinary tract tuberculosis before starting medical management to avoid the serious consequences of missing a bladder malignancy.	bladder