crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Multiple organ failure and granulomatous hepatitis following intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation.	Intravesical instillations of Bacillus-Calmette Guérin are widely used in the treatment of superficial bladder carcinoma. Although relatively safe, it has potentially lethal systemic side effects. In this case report a 68 year old patient presented with septic shock and multiple organ failure three days after instillation with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. After treatment with fluid, vasopressors, broad spectrum antibiotics and antimycobacterial drugs the patient's condition improved. Ten days after admission there was a dramatic increase in bilirubin levels. A liver biopsy revealed granulomatous hepatitis. After the initiation of methylprednisolone the overall condition of the patient improved and serum bilirubin levels returned to normal.	bladder
Fluorescent in situ hybridization of DNA probes in the interphase and metaphase stages of the cell cycle.	In the past decade, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used routinely in detecting molecular abnormalities in the interphase and metaphase stages of the cell cycle. Many of the molecular anomalies which are detected in this manner are diagnostic of a prenatal, postnatal, or neoplastic genetic disorder. With the continuous isolation of commercially available DNA probes specific to a particular chromosome region, FISH analysis has become standardized in its ability to detect characteristic chromosomal anomalies in association with genetic and neoplastic diseases. In recent years, FISH has also become automated to accommodate the increased volume of slide preparations necessary for the number of DNA probes needed to detect characteristic molecular anomalies in cancer tissues and bone marrow samples. FISH technology provides essential information to the physician regarding the diagnosis, response to treatment, and ultimately the prognosis of their patients' disorder. It has become an important source of information routinely used in conjunction with chromosome analyses, and presently to confirm molecular alterations detected by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analyses. In this chapter we describe the methods for performing FISH analyses in order to determine the presence or the absence of genetic abnormalities which define whether the patient has either a genetic syndrome or malignant disease.	bladder
Characteristic imaging features of desmoplastic small round cell tumour.	BACKGROUND: Desmoplastic small round cell tumour (DSRCT) is a rare malignant neoplasm. Its radiological features have rarely been described. OBJECTIVE: To assess the CT parameters characteristic of DSRCT. We also report our experience with combined FDG PET/CT in staging and follow-up for DSRCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The pretreatment diagnostic CT's of 65 patients with DSRCT were evaluated. Pertinent imaging findings were catalogued, with histopathology or serial follow-up studies as reference standard. Combined FDG PET/CT examinations of 11 of these patients who underwent pretreatment imaging were also reviewed. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients presented with primary intra-abdominal disease; three had primary extra-abdominal tumours at presentation. The most common imaging finding of patients with intra-abdominal DSRCT was multiple peritoneal soft tissue masses, with a dominant mass in the retrovesical or rectouterine location in more than half of the cases. Forty percent had metastatic disease to the liver, lungs, spleen or bones at diagnosis. FDG PET/CT accurately detected 97.4% of all DSRCT lesions. CONCLUSION: DSRCT typically presents as a large abdominopelvic mass with widespread peritoneal involvement predominantly in young males. Familiarity with its radiological features can help guide diagnosis and treatment. Functional imaging with PET/CT offers advantage over anatomical imaging for accurate disease staging.	bladder
Interleukin-11, an interleukin-6-like cytokine, is a promising predictor for bladder cancer prognosis.	Numerous studies have suggested that interleukin 11 (IL-11) has roles in human gastric, prostate and bone cancer and endometrial carcinoma. Hence, we evaluated the expression of IL-11 in bladder cancer and the correlation of IL-11 levels and clinico-pathological features. The expression of IL-11 in primary human bladder cell culture, human bladder cancer cell lines, transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and non-cancerous bladder tissues (NATs) were analyzed by western blotting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for urinary IL-11 was performed to compare the IL-11 levels in healthy subjects and subjects diagnosed with bladder cancer. Our study suggested that the expression of IL-11 in human bladder cancer cell lines and TCC was downregulated compared with primary human bladder cell culture and matched NATs. We also demonstrated reduced urinary levels of IL-11 in subjects with bladder cancer compared with healthy subjects. Furthermore, we revealed that the levels of IL-11 were associated with tumor grade and stage. The results suggested that reduced levels of IL-11 may play an important role in the carcinogenesis and progression of TCC. They also indicated that IL-11 may be a promising predictor for prognosis of TCC.	bladder
Reduced expression of microRNA-100 confers unfavorable prognosis in patients with bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVE: MicroRNA-100 (miR-100) has been demonstrated to be downregulated in bladder cancer tissues, and enforced expression of this miRNA may inhibit cell growth and colony formation of human bladder cancer 5637 cells in vitro. However, the clinical significance of miR-100 in human bladder cancer has not yet been elucidated. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic values of miR-100 in this disease. METHODS: Expression levels of miR-100 in 126 pairs of bladder cancer and adjacent normal tissues were detected by TaqMan real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay. In order to determine its prognostic value, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS: Expression levels of miR-100 in bladder cancer tissues were significantly lower than those in adjacent normal tissues (mean expression level: 2.6 ± 1.2 vs. 3.9 ± 1.5, P < 0.001). When categorized into low vs. high expression, low miR-100 expression was negatively associated with the stage (P = 0.01), the recurrence (P = 0.008), the progression (P = 0.01), and the death (P < 0.001) of patients with bladder cancer. Moreover, low miR-100 expression clearly predicted poorer PFS (P = 0.001) and OS (P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, low miR-100 expression was an independent prognostic factor for both PFS (P = 0.01) and OS (P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our data offer the convincing evidence that miR-100 may play an important role in the progression of bladder cancer and that the reduced expression of this miRNA may be independently associated with shorter PFS and OS of patients, suggesting that miR-100 might be a potential marker for further risk stratification in the treatment of this cancer. VIRTUAL SLIDES: The virtual slides' for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1105483419841671.	bladder
Diphtheria toxin-epidermal growth factor fusion protein DAB389EGF for the treatment of bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: The novel fusion protein, DAB(389)EGF, is composed of both the catalytic and the translocation domains of diphtheria toxin that are fused to the human EGF, providing a targeting and a toxicity component. We tested DAB(389)EGF for antitumor activity in both in vitro and in vivo urinary bladder cancer models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Human bladder cancer lines were treated with DAB(389)EGF and assessed for growth inhibition and clonogenic suppression. Using 6- to 8-week-old female athymic nude mice implanted orthotopically with HTB9 cells, DAB(389)EGF was administered intravesically twice weekly for 2 weeks. The response of the luciferase-expressing HTB9 cells was monitored via bioluminescence as the primary endpoint. RESULTS: Treatment response with DAB(389)EGF was specific and robust, with an IC(50) ranging from 0.5 to 15 ng/mL in eight tested bladder cancer cell lines, but greater than 50 ng/mL in the EGF receptor (EGFR)-negative H520 control cell line. Simulating short-duration intravesical therapy used clinically, a 2-hour treatment exposure of DAB(389)EGF (10 ng/mL) produced clonogenic suppression in three selected bladder cancer cell lines. In vivo, luciferase activity was suppressed in five of six mice treated with DAB(389)EGF [70 μL (1 ng/μL) per mouse], as compared with only one of six mice treated with a control diphtheria toxin (DT) fusion protein. Histologic assessment of tumor clearance correlated with the bioluminescent changes observed with DAB(389)EGF treatment. Immunocompetent mice treated with intravesical DAB(389)EGF did not show any nonspecific systemic toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The intravesical delivery of targeted toxin fusion proteins is a novel treatment approach for non-muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer. With appropriate targeting, the treatments are effective and well-tolerated in vivo.	bladder
Risk stratification of pT1-3N0 patients after radical cystectomy for adjuvant chemotherapy counselling.	BACKGROUND: In pT1-T3N0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) patients, multi-modal therapy is inconsistently recommended. The aim of the study was to develop a prognostic tool to help decision-making regarding adjuvant therapy. METHODS: We included 2145 patients with pT1-3N0 UCB after radical cystectomy (RC), naive of neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. The cohort was randomly split into development cohort based on the US patients (n=1067) and validation cohort based on the Europe patients (n=1078). Predictive accuracy was quantified using the concordance index. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 45 months, 5-year recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival estimates were 68% and 73%, respectively. pT-stage, ge, lymphovascular invasion, and positive margin were significantly associated with both disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality (P-values ≤ 0.005). The accuracies of the multivariable models at 2, 5, and 7 years for predicting disease recurrence were 67.4%, 65%, and 64.4%, respectively. Accuracies at 2, 5, and 7 years for predicting cancer-specific mortality were 69.3%, 66.4%, and 65.5%, respectively. We developed competing-risk, conditional probability nomograms. External validation revealed minor overestimation. CONCLUSION: Despite RC, a significant number of patients with pT1-3N0 UCB experience disease recurrence and ultimately die of UCB. We developed and externally validated competing-risk, conditional probability post-RC nomograms for prediction of disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality.	bladder
Inducing cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and motility reduction by silencing long noncoding ribonucleic acid metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.	OBJECTIVE: To study the expression patterns of long noncoding ribonucleic acid (RNA) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) and the cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and motility changes induced by silencing MALAT1 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression levels of MALAT1 were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in cancerous tissues and paired normal tissues in a total of 36 patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Expression differences were analyzed according to the grade and stage. Bladder urothelial carcinoma T24 and 5637 cells were transfected with MALAT1 small interfering RNA or negative control small interfering RNA. The cell proliferation changes of the transfected bladder urothelial carcinoma cells were determined using the MTT assay. Apoptosis caused by silencing MALAT1 was evaluated using the flow cytometry assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The motility changes induced by silencing MALAT1 were measured using the wound healing assay. RESULTS: MALAT1 was upregulated in bladder urothelial carcinoma compared with matched normal urothelium (P=.008). The MALAT1 expression levels were greater in high-grade carcinomas than in low-grade carcinoma (P=.001). The MALAT1 expression levels were greater in invasive carcinoma than in noninvasive carcinoma (P=.018). Cell proliferation inhibition, increased apoptosis, and decreased motility were observed in MALAT1 small interfering RNA-transfected bladder urothelial carcinoma T24 and 5637 cells. CONCLUSION: MALAT1 plays an oncogenic role in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Silencing MALAT1 is a potential novel therapeutic approach for this cancer.	bladder
Knockdown of Ki-67 by dicer-substrate small interfering RNA sensitizes bladder cancer cells to curcumin-induced tumor inhibition.	Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder is the most common cancer of the urinary tract. Most of the TCC cases are of the superficial type and are treated with transurethral resection (TUR). However, the recurrence rate is high and the current treatments have the drawback of inducing strong systemic toxicity or cause painful cystitis. Therefore, it would be of therapeutic value to develop novel concepts and identify novel drugs for the treatment of bladder cancer. Ki-67 is a large nucleolar phosphoprotein whose expression is tightly linked to cell proliferation, and curcumin, a phytochemical derived from the rhizome Curcuma longa, has been shown to possess powerful anticancer properties. In this study, we evaluated the combined efficacy of curcumin and a siRNA against Ki-67 mRNA (Ki-67-7) in rat (AY-27) and human (T-24) bladder cancer cells. The anticancer effects were assessed by the determination of cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. Ki-67-7 (10 nM) and curcumin (10 µM), when treated independently, were moderately effective. However, in their combined presence, proliferation of bladder cancer cells was profoundly (>85%) inhibited; the rate of apoptosis in the combined presence of curcumin and Ki-67-7 (36%) was greater than that due to Ki-67-7 (14%) or curcumin (13%) alone. A similar synergy between curcumin and Ki-67-7 in inducing cell cycle arrest was also observed. Western blot analysis suggested that pretreatment with Ki-67-7 sensitized bladder cancer cells to curcumin-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by p53- and p21-independent mechanisms. These data suggest that a combination of anti-Ki-67 siRNA and curcumin could be a viable treatment against the proliferation of bladder cancer cells.	bladder
Magnetic resonance imaging for extramammary Paget's disease: radiological and pathological correlations.	Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare cutaneous neoplasm that is thought to represent intraepithelial adenocarcinoma developing in an area rich in apocrine glands. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings for this disease are not well established. We report three cases of pathologically confirmed EMPD in which MRI was performed before surgery. The lesions were widespread in the epidermis and the dermis. Lesions were sharply well enhanced on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted imaging and appeared hyperintense on diffusion-weighted imaging in all cases. Areas with enhancement in depth corresponded well with the pathological lesion. In addition, different malignant legions were found on the same images from MRI in two cases, indicating potential associations with other malignancies. We describe the MRI findings and their pathological correlation. MRI could be useful for preoperative evaluation of disease spread and detection of associated malignancies.	bladder
Size of bladder cancers: correlation among different types of measurement.	OBJECTIVE: It was the aim of this study to evaluate the accuracy of the measurement of tumor size comparing the objective size with that measured by preoperative cystoscopy, by preoperative ultrasound (US) and with the diameter described by the operator before the transurethral resection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 100 patients with bladder papillary endoscopic features of single or multiple neoplasms who were candidates for transurethral resection. The sizes of the same neoplasms measured during preoperative cystoscopy, preoperative US and described by the operator before the transurethral resection were evaluated. A statistical analysis of the errors of measurement was performed if compared with an objective measurement done with an ureteral catheter. RESULTS: The statistical analysis of the data shows that there are no substantial differences between the objective and subjective measurement, and therefore, the measurements reported by individual operators are reliable. On the contrary, the diameters given by preoperative cystoscopy and US differ significantly from the objective measurement. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the most reliable measurement is the subjective measurement made directly by the urologist in the operating room.	bladder
Role of immediate radical cystectomy in the treatment of patients with residual T1 bladder cancer on restaging transurethral resection.	WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Bladder cancer patients with lamina propria invasion (T1 disease) and residual T1 disease on restaging transurethral resection of bladder tumour (re-TURBT) are at a very high risk for recurrence and progression. Despite this risk, most patients are treated with a bladder preserving approach and not immediate radical cystectomy (RC). In this study we have shown that a quarter of patients with T1 bladder cancer and residual T1 on re-TURBT who are treated with immediate RC are found to have carcinoma invading bladder muscle at RC and 5% have lymph node metastases. We have also found that >30% of patients treated with deferred RC after initial bladder-preserving therapy harbour carcinoma invading bladder muscle and almost 20% of these patients have lymph node metastases. Thus, immediate RC should be considered in all patients with T1 bladder cancer and residual T1 on re-TURBT. OBJECTIVE: To report the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients with residual T1 bladder cancer on restaging transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (re-TURBT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 150 evaluable patients treated for T1 bladder cancer with residual T1 disease found on re-TURBT between 1990 and 2007. Patients were treated with immediate radical cystectomy (RC) or a bladder-preserving approach (deferred or no RC). A univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to test the association between treatment approach and survival. RESULTS: Residual T1 bladder cancer was found in 150 evaluable patients, of whom 57 received immediate RC and 93 were treated with a bladder-preserving approach. Fourteen out of 57 patients receiving immediate RC and 8/26 patients receiving deferred RC had carcinoma invading bladder muscle in the RC specimen. Three out of 57 and 5/26 patients had lymph node metastases in the RC specimen. Median follow-up was 3.74 years. Thirty-nine patients died during follow-up, 16 from bladder cancer. There was no significant association between immediate RC and CSS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-3.09, P = 0.8) or OS (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.4-1.53, P = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Because of the low number of events we cannot conclude whether RC offers a survival advantage in patients with residual T1 bladder cancer on re-TURBT. Since a quarter of patients had carcinoma invading bladder muscle, RC should be considered in these patients. A larger, preferably randomized, study with longer follow-up is needed.	bladder
Design and performance evaluation of a minimally invasive telerobotic platform for transurethral surveillance and intervention.	Bladder cancer, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, presents a unique opportunity for aggressive treatment due to the ease of transurethral accessibility. While the location affords advantages, transurethral resection of bladder tumors can pose a difficult challenge for surgeons encumbered by current instrumentation or difficult anatomic tumor locations. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a telerobotic system for transurethral surveillance and surgical intervention. The implementation seeks to improve current procedures and enable development of new surgical techniques by providing a platform for intravesicular dexterity and integration of novel imaging and interventional instrumentation. The system includes a dexterous continuum robot with access channels for the parallel deployment of multiple visualization and surgical instruments. This paper first presents the clinical conditions imposed by transurethral access and the limitations of the current state-of-the-art instrumentation. Motivated by the clinical requirements, the design considerations for this system are discussed and the prototype system is presented. Telemanipulation evaluation demonstrates submillimetric RMS positioning accuracy and intravesicular dexterity suitable for improving transurethral surveillance and intervention.	bladder
Expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A in bladder cancer: association with prognosis and regulation by estrogen.	Although UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A (UGT1A) plays an important role in preventing bladder cancer initiation by detoxifying carcinogenic compounds, its contribution to bladder cancer progression is poorly understood. We immunohistochemically stained for UGT1A in bladder specimens. UGT1A was positive in 130/145 (90%; 28 [19%] weak, 53 [37%] moderate, and 49 [34%] strong) urothelial neoplasms, which was significantly weaker than in matched non-neoplastic urothelial tissues (100/101 [99%]; 2 [2%] weak, 17 [17%] moderate, and 81 [80%] strong). Fifty (98%) of 51 low-grade/79 (99%) of 80 non-muscle-invasive tumors were immunoreactive to UGT1A, whereas 80 (85%) of 94 high-grade/51 (78%) of 65 muscle-invasive tumors were UGT1A-positive. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed strong associations between lower UGT1A expression versus the risk of recurrence in high-grade non-muscle-invasive tumors (P = 0.038) or disease-specific mortality in muscle-invasive tumors (P = 0.016). Multivariate analysis further revealed UGT1A loss as an independent prognosticator for disease-specific mortality in patients with muscle-invasive tumor (P = 0.010). Additionally, the expression of UGT1A was positively and negatively correlated with those of estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β, respectively. We then assessed UGT1A/Ugt1a levels in human cell lines/mouse tissues. 17β-Estradiol increased and decreased UGT1A expression in normal urothelium and bladder cancer lines, respectively, and an anti-estrogen abolished these effects. Ovariectomy in mice resulted in down-regulation of Ugt1a subtypes. These results suggest the involvement of UGT1A in not only bladder carcinogenesis but tumor progression. Moreover, UGT1A is likely regulated by estrogens in non-neoplastic urothelium versus bladder tumor in opposite manners, which could be underlying mechanisms of gender-specific differences in bladder cancer incidence and progression.	bladder