crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[Histopathologic analysis of 2 micron continuous wave laser for the partial cystectomy of bladder urothelial carcinoma].	OBJECTIVE: To observe the histopathologic characteristics of 2 micron continuous wave laser transurethral partial cystectomy for the treatment of bladder tumor. METHODS: A total of 54 patients with 65 bladder tumors underwent 2 micron laser via transurethral by caudal or surface anesthesia from October 2007 to December 2008. It included 41 male and 13 female cases, and the age ranged from 27 to 81 years old with a mean of (66.2 +/- 12.4) years old. The operation evaporated and exsected the wall of urinary bladder, including tumor, submucosa and all muscular layers. Specimens were sent for pathology examination. The histomorphologic changes of raw surfaces were observed 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year postoperation by cystoscopic and pathologic examinations. RESULTS: All the patients tolerated in the operation. Clinical stages of the tumor: T1 for 42 cases, T2 for 12 cases. All cases were followed-up for 1 to 14 months, with a mean of 8.5 months. Tumor recurrences were found in 2 cases, no one had recurrence in situ. The tumor, submucosa and all muscular layers can be resected completely by 2 micron continuous wave laser transurethral partial cystectomy. Pathologic staging can be judged correctly. The umbilication raw surface were infiltrated by fibrous connective tissue and chronic inflammatory cells 1 week postoperation. The umbilication changed shallow and transitional epithelial cells began to cover it 1 month postoperation. The umbilication disappeared and transitional epithelial cells cover the raw surface 3 months postoperation. There was no difference between the raw surface and normal bladder mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: 2 micron continuous wave laser for the treatment of bladder tumor can get the same clinical result as partial cystectomy. The pathologic staging can be judged correctly by the specimens.	bladder
Lifetime exposure to arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer: a population-based case-control study in Michigan, USA.	OBJECTIVE: Arsenic in drinking water has been linked with the risk of urinary bladder cancer, but the dose-response relationships for arsenic exposures below 100 microg/L remain equivocal. We conducted a population-based case-control study in southeastern Michigan, USA, where approximately 230,000 people were exposed to arsenic concentrations between 10 and 100 microg/L. METHODS: This study included 411 bladder cancer cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2004, and 566 controls recruited during the same period. Individual lifetime exposure profiles were reconstructed, and residential water source histories, water consumption practices, and water arsenic measurements or modeled estimates were determined at all residences. Arsenic exposure was estimated for 99% of participants' person-years. RESULTS: Overall, an increase in bladder cancer risk was not found for time-weighted average lifetime arsenic exposure >10 microg/L when compared with a reference group exposed to <1 microg/L (odds ratio (OR) = 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65, 1.86). Among ever-smokers, risks from arsenic exposure >10 microg/L were similarly not elevated when compared to the reference group (OR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.50, 1.78). CONCLUSIONS: We did not find persuasive evidence of an association between low-level arsenic exposure and bladder cancer. Selecting the appropriate exposure metric needs to be thoughtfully considered when investigating risk from low-level arsenic exposure.	bladder
Androgen receptor is a potential therapeutic target for bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether androgen receptor (AR) could serve as a potential molecular target for the treatment of bladder cancer. METHODS: Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration capacity were determined in human transitional carcinoma cell lines T24 and 253-J treated with small interfering RNA directed against AR, and expression levels of growth- and metastasis-related genes were assessed using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Tumor cell growth and apoptosis were also evaluated in vivo in T24 tumor-bearing nude mice receiving electroporation-assisted administration of anti-AR small interfering RNA. RESULTS: AR expression knockdown produced increased apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and migration of bladder cancer cells. Cyclin D1, Bcl-x(L), and matrix metallopeptidase-9 gene expression were also reduced with AR knockdown, which might have contributed to the altered biological behavior of cancer cells. In vivo experiments showed that silencing AR expression, by interference aided by electroporation, significantly suppressed AR-positive bladder tumor growth with decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptotic rates. CONCLUSIONS: Downregulation of AR expression inhibits bladder cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, implying that its use might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bladder cancer.	bladder
Clinical epidemiology of nonurothelial bladder cancer: analysis of the Netherlands Cancer Registry.	PURPOSE: Nonurothelial malignancies represent a small fraction of bladder malignancies and are less extensively studied, resulting in sparse empirical data on these tumors. We sought insight into tumor characteristics and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the nationwide Netherlands Cancer Registry on patient and tumor characteristics, and followup in all patients with primary invasive (T1 or greater) bladder tumors in The Netherlands between 1995 and 2006. Data were analyzed using frequency tables. Relative survival analysis was done. RESULTS: We identified 28,807 patients with invasive bladder cancer, of whom 7.7% presented with nonurothelial carcinoma. Mean patient age range at diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and soft tissue tumors was 66.4 years, and 78.3 years at diagnosis of nonspecified tumors. Most histological subtypes were more common in males except squamous cell carcinoma and lymphoma. Muscle invasion was seen in 52.2% of urothelial carcinoma cases vs 87.5%, 71.9% and 89.0% of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumor cases, respectively. For urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma women presented at more advanced stage. In the neuroendocrine group this stage difference was the opposite. Survival analysis showed a 5-year relative survival rate of 32.2%, 22.9%, 31.8% and 21.1% for T2 or greater urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with nonurothelial carcinoma present at more advanced stage and overall have worse survival. Relative survival of muscle invasive adenocarcinoma equals survival of muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma. For stage II and III disease these cases do even better. Muscle invasive squamous cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors show worse survival regardless of stage.	bladder
Accuracy of urine telomerase activity to detect bladder cancer in symptomatic patients.	"Telomerase activity assessment in voided urine is an important noninvasive tool for bladder cancer diagnosis. In a previous case-control study we verified that this method can detect tumor cells in urine with high sensitivity and specificity, but few data are still available on its accuracy to detect tumors in patients with symptomatic urinary tract diseases. Following recently published guidelines on bladder cancer, we aimed to define the diagnostic accuracy of urine telomerase levels in symptomatic patients. Telomerase activity, expressed in arbitrary enzymatic units (AEUs), was evaluated in urine collected from 515 patients: 197 with urinary tract symptoms and 318 with a first diagnosis of bladder cancer. Telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) sensitivity ranged from 93% to 61% and specificity varied from 42% to 88% at the different AEU cutoff values. At the cutoff of 50, the sensitivity was 87% (95% CI 83-91), the specificity was 70% (95% CI 63-75), and the overall accuracy, in terms of true positives and true negatives, was 80%. Sensitivity did not vary in relation to tumor grade or stage at diagnosis, or to patient age. Our results indicate that urine telomerase activity is a good marker for the early diagnosis of bladder tumors in symptomatic patients, a subset which represents an ""at-risk"" population requiring close surveillance."	bladder
Do liquid-based preparations of urinary cytology perform differently than classically prepared cases? Observations from the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Nongynecologic Cytology.	"CONTEXT: The cytomorphology of liquid-based preparations in urine cytology is different than classic slide preparations. OBJECTIVES: To compare the performance of liquid-based preparation specimens to classically prepared urine specimens with a malignant diagnosis in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Nongynecologic Cytology. DESIGN: Participant responses between 2000 and 2007 for urine specimens with a reference diagnosis of high-grade urothelial carcinoma/carcinoma in situ/dysplasia (HGUCA), squamous cell carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma were evaluated. ThinPrep and SurePath challenges were compared with classic preparations (smears, cytospins) for discordant responses. RESULTS: There were 18 288 pathologist, 11 957 cytotechnologist, and 8086 ""laboratory"" responses available. Classic preparations comprised 90% (n = 34 551) of urine challenges; 9% (n = 3295) were ThinPrep and 1% (n = 485) were SurePath. Concordance to the general category of ""positive-malignant"" was seen in 92% of classic preparations, 96.5% of ThinPrep, and 94.6% of SurePath challenges (P < .001). These results were statistically different for the exact reference interpretation of HGUCA (P < .001) but not for adenocarcinoma (P = .22). Cytotechnologists demonstrate statistically better performance for the general category of ""positive-malignant"" compared with pathologists for all urinary slide types and for the exact reference interpretation of HGUCA (94% versus 91.1%; P < .001) but not adenocarcinoma (96.3% versus 95.8%; P = .77) or squamous cell carcinoma (93.6% versus 87.7%; P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: Liquid-based preparations performed significantly better in urinary cytology challenges when evaluating malignant categories in the College of American Pathologists interlaboratory comparison program. The liquid-based preparation challenges also performed better for the exact reference interpretation of HGUCA, but no difference was observed for adenocarcinoma challenges. Cytotechnologists perform better than pathologists for all slide types, as well as those demonstrating HGUCA. These results suggest that liquid-based preparations facilitate a more accurate diagnosis than conventional preparations."	bladder
[The diagnostic value of microsatellite LOH analysis and the prognostic relevance of angiogenic gene expression in urinary bladder cancer].	Bladder cancer is the second most common malignancy affecting the urinary system. Currently, histology is the only tool that determines therapy and patients' prognosis. As the treatment of non-invasive (Ta/T1) and muscle invasive (T2-T4) bladder tumors are completely different, correct staging is important, although it is often hampered by disturbing factors. Molecular methods offer new prospects for early disease detection, confirmation of unclear histological findings and prognostication. Applying molecular biological methods, the present study is searching for answers to current diagnostic and prognostic problems in bladder carcinoma. We analyzed tumor, blood and/or urine samples of 334 bladder cancer patients and 117 control individuals. Genetic alterations were analyzed in urine samples of patients and controls, both by PCR-based microsatellite loss of heterozigosity (LOH) analysis using 12 fluorescently labeled primers and by DNA hybridization based UroVysion FISH technique using 4 probes, to assess the diagnostic values of these methods. Whole genome microsatellite analysis (with 400 markers) was performed in tumor and blood specimens of bladder cancer patients to find chromosomal regions, the loss of which may be associated with tumor stage. Furthermore, we assessed the prognostic value of Tie2, VEGF, Angiopoietin-1 and -2. We concluded that DNA analysis of voided urine samples by microsatellite analysis and FISH are sensitive and non-invasive methods to detect bladder cancer. Furthermore, we established a panel of microsatellite markers that could differentiate between non-invasive and invasive bladder cancer. However, further analyses in a larger cohort of patients are needed to assess their specificity and sensitivity. Finally, we identified high Ang-2 and low Tie2 gene expression as significant and independent risk factors of tumor recurrence and cancer related survival.	bladder
Intra-arterial chemotherapy is reliable in preventing high-risk superficial bladder cancer from recurrence and progression.	The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of intra-arterial chemotherapy in preventing high-risk superficial bladder cancer from recurrence and progression. from may 2003 to December 2007, 52 patients were divided randomly into 2 groups. Twenty-five patients were given intra-arterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin, and 27 patients received intravesical instillation with epirubicin. After 6-67 months of follow-up (median, 40 months), the overall recurrence-free rates of the intra-arterial chemotherapy and intravesical instillation groups were 83.3% and 33.4%, respectively (p=0.001 log rank). Tumor progression was not found in the intra-arterial chemotherapy group while 7 patients in the intravesical instillation group had tumor progression. The overall tumor progression-free rates were 100% and 58.5%, respectively (p=0.009 log rank). The patients with functional bladders were 100% and 81.5% in the intra-arterial chemotherapy and intravesical instillation groups after 67 months of follow-up, respectively. In conclusion, intra-arterial chemotherapy is more effective than intravesical instillation in preventing high-risk superficial bladder cancer from recurrence and progression.	bladder
A novel XPF -357A>C polymorphism predicts risk and recurrence of bladder cancer.	Xeroderma pigmentosum group F (XPF) has an essential role in the nucleotide excision repair pathway that removes a wide variety of DNA lesions. We hypothesized that genetic variants in XPF are associated with bladder cancer risk and recurrence. We selected three tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) from the HapMap database for the Chinese and genotyped them in a two-stage case-control study to evaluate the association and further examined the functionality of a novel polymorphism in the promoter. The two-stage analysis found that the rs744154 tagSNP in the XPF intron 1, which was linkage disequilibrium with the -357A>C polymorphism in the promoter region, was associated with a protective effect on bladder cancer risk. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) further revealed that the -357C allele decreased the binding ability of transcriptional factors to the XPF promoter. The vector construct containing the -357C allele had a lower luciferase expression than did the -357A allele. The -357C allele in the transcription factor-binding site was also associated with decreased expression levels of both XPF mRNA and protein in bladder cancer tissues. Furthermore, patients with the -357C allele had a shorter overall recurrence-free survival than did patients with the -357A allele. Our results suggest that the XPF promoter -357A>C polymorphism may regulate the expression of XPF and thereby contribute to susceptibility to and prognosis of bladder cancer. Further larger studies with different populations are warranted to confirm these findings.	bladder
The star chart to Ta bladder cancer: an unsophisticated analysis of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis proteome maps.	"OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) for analysing the proteome of clinically relevant tissue samples such as biopsies from transurethral resections of the bladder (TURB), by generating a Ta proteome map, possibly identifying technical or biological artefacts, and searching for biological subgroups associated with clinical data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Biopsies from 23 patients were homogenized and the protein content was separated by 2DE. The gels were silver stained and scanned, and the resulting pictures were analysed for similarities in the spot pattern. RESULTS: A majority of 18 patients displayed a consistent protein expression profile and a Ta proteome map was constructed by averaging the grey value of each pixel in all 18 pictures. Spot detection was performed on a project proteome map (based on all 23 samples) and resulted in 1583 detected spots. 416 of these which were positively detected in all 18 ""Ta-map"" samples. Three patients displayed a pattern with some marked alterations to the majority profile, possibly artefacts of yet unknown heredity. One patient revealed a protein pattern deemed to constitute a separate group, later revealed as a blinded control from a T4 tumour. Only one sample was sparse in protein spots, probably containing mostly blood owing to inadequate sampling. No biological subgroups associated with clinical data were identified. CONCLUSIONS: A Ta proteome map was successfully created from TURB samples. Deviating protein expression profiles were identified, indicating a future potential to reveal biologically relevant subgroups in this or other stages of urothelial cell carcinomas."	bladder
Orthotopic bladder substitution following radical cystectomy in women: comparative study between sigmoid and ileal neobladders.	The objective of this study was to retrospectively compare the clinical outcomes of sigmoid and ileal neobladders (NBs) created in women. This study included 18 and 14 women who underwent orthotopic NB reconstruction using sigmoid and ileal segment, respectively, after radical cystectomy, and postoperative clinical outcomes between the sigmoid and ileal NB groups (SNBG and INBG) were compared. Eighteen early and 7 late complications occurred in 12 and 6 women, respectively; however, there was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between SNBG and INBG. The proportion of patients who could void spontaneously in SNBG (94.4%) was significantly greater than that in INBG (64.3%), while there was no significant difference in continent status between these 2 groups. Despite the lack of significant differences in maximal flow rate and voided volume, post-void residual in SNBG (15.7 ml) was significantly smaller than that in INBG (62.0 ml). SF-36 survey for postoperative quality of life (QOL) did not show any significant differences in 7 of the 8 scores between the 32 women with NB and an age-matched control population; however, 3 of the 8 scores in SNBG were significantly superior to those in INBG. During the observation period of this study, urethral recurrence did not occur in any woman, and there was no significant difference in cancer-specific survival between the 2 groups. These findings suggest that it might be preferable to create sigmoid rather than ileal NB in women following radical cystectomy considering the favorable voiding function and QOL in SNBG.	bladder
Non-invasive papillary urothelial neoplasms: the 2004 WHO/ISUP classification system.	The classification and grading of papillary urothelial neoplasms has been a long-standing subject of controversy. Previously, numerous diverse grading schemes for bladder tumor, including the 1973 World Health Organization (WHO) classification, existed whereby one of the major limitations was poor inter-observer reproducibility among pathologists. The WHO/International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus classification system of urothelial neoplasms of the urinary bladder was developed in 1998 and was revised most recently in 2003 (published in 2004). Importantly, the current classification system provides detailed histological criteria for papillary urothelial lesions and allows for designation of a lesion (papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential) with a negligible risk of progression. Thus, the latest system is designed to be a universally acceptable one for bladder tumors that not only could be effectively used by pathologists, urologists, and oncologists, but also stratifies the tumors into prognostically significant categories. This article outlines the 2004 WHO/ISUP classification system regarding the specific histological criteria for non-invasive papillary urothelial neoplasms and the clinical significance of each category.	bladder
[Perioperative management for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt) associated with congenital antithrombin III deficiency].	Congenital antithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency is a hereditary disease that predisposes to thromboembolic complications. We report perioperative management for twice in a patient with congenital ATIII deficiency. A 69-year-old man with congenital ATIII deficiency, with history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in his left popliteal vein, was scheduled for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt). The plasma ATIII activity was 57% of normal vale. As ATIII concentrates 3,000U per day had been administered intravenously since the second day before the operation, the plasma ATIII activity was 147% on the operation day. TUR-Bt was performed in the lithotomy position under general anesthesia. ATIII concentrates 3,000 U per day were administered intravenously for two days after the operation and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) 2,500 U per day was administered subcutaneously for five days after the operation. One year later he had a recurrence of bladder tumor. The plasma ATIII activity was 54%. ATIII concentrates 3,000 U per day had been administered intravenously since the three days before the operation. The second TUR-Bt was also performed in the lithotomy position under general anesthesia. ATIII concentrates 1,500 U per day were administered intravenously for three days after the operation. LMWH was not administered due to postoperative bleeding from the bladder. He had no thromboembolism during each perioperative period. The lithotomy position with fixation of both hips and both knees may decrease venous blood flow, increase muscle compartment pressure of the lower extremities, predispose to DVT in the lower extremity, and lead to pulmonary thromboembolism (PE). Control of blood coagulation and maintenance of sufficient venous blood flow in the lower extremities with ATIII adjuvant therapy and LMWH administration during the perioperative period are important for TUR-Bt in a patient with congenital ATIII deficiency to prevent DVT and PE.	bladder
[Tumors of the urinary system. Current and old problems].	Principally there are two different types of bladder cancer. Non-invasive papillary low grade tumors (pTa G1-G2) are genetically stable, recur frequently but show a low risk of progression. On the other hand there are high grade tumors (pT1-4, carcinoma in situ), which are genetically unstable, show biologically aggressive behaviour and progress. The distinction between non-invasive (pTa) and minimal-invasive (pT1) is one of the most challenging areas in bladder pathology. Due to the lack of appropriate auxiliary analysis the diagnosis is based entirely on histopathology. P53 immunohistochemistry can be helpful in the assessment of recurring high grade neoplasia. Targeted therapy in bladder cancer is particularly interesting, since a high number of oncogenes are activated and overexpressed (e.g. HER2 and EGFR).	bladder