crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Zhuling polyporus polysaccharide with BCG to inhibit bladder carcinoma.	There is growing interest in reducing Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) side effects while keeping intact its therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of Sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus FRIES (Zhuling) and its main ingredient Polyporus Polysaccharide (PPS) to attenuate side effects of BCG therapy in vivo. The results show that bladder cancer development in model rats exhibited significantly reduced cancer invasiveness with Zhuling PPS combined with BCG. Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis showed expression of costimulatory molecules CD86, CD40, and TLR4/CD14 significantly increased with Zhuling PPS in combination with BCG. Similarly, immunohistochemical analysis revealed stronger CD86 and CD40 staining. Our findings show Zhuling PPS strongly reduced side effects and displayed synergistic effects during BCG instillation in rat bladder cancer models. The findings also suggest that the attenuation effect may result from direct activation of dendritic cell (DC) TLR4.	bladder
Bladder cancer biomarker discovery using global metabolomic profiling of urine.	Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common malignancy worldwide and has a high probability of recurrence after initial diagnosis and treatment. As a result, recurrent surveillance, primarily involving repeated cystoscopies, is a critical component of post diagnosis patient management. Since cystoscopy is invasive, expensive and a possible deterrent to patient compliance with regular follow-up screening, new non-invasive technologies to aid in the detection of recurrent and/or primary bladder cancer are strongly needed. In this study, mass spectrometry based metabolomics was employed to identify biochemical signatures in human urine that differentiate bladder cancer from non-cancer controls. Over 1000 distinct compounds were measured including 587 named compounds of known chemical identity. Initial biomarker identification was conducted using a 332 subject sample set of retrospective urine samples (cohort 1), which included 66 BCa positive samples. A set of 25 candidate biomarkers was selected based on statistical significance, fold difference and metabolic pathway coverage. The 25 candidate biomarkers were tested against an independent urine sample set (cohort 2) using random forest analysis, with palmitoyl sphingomyelin, lactate, adenosine and succinate providing the strongest predictive power for differentiating cohort 2 cancer from non-cancer urines. Cohort 2 metabolite profiling revealed additional metabolites, including arachidonate, that were higher in cohort 2 cancer vs. non-cancer controls, but were below quantitation limits in the cohort 1 profiling. Metabolites related to lipid metabolism may be especially interesting biomarkers. The results suggest that urine metabolites may provide a much needed non-invasive adjunct diagnostic to cystoscopy for detection of bladder cancer and recurrent disease management.	bladder
The promise of novel molecular markers in bladder cancer.	Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in the US and is associated with the highest cost per patient. A high likelihood of recurrence, mandating stringent surveillance protocols, has made the development of urinary markers a focus of intense pursuit with the hope of decreasing the burden this disease places on patients and the healthcare system. To date, routine use of markers is not recommended for screening or diagnosis. Interests include the development of a single urinary marker that can be used in place of or as an adjunct to current screening and surveillance techniques, as well identifying a molecular signature for an individual's disease that can help predict progression, prognosis, and potential therapeutic response. Markers have shown potential value in improving diagnostic accuracy when used as an adjunct to current modalities, risk-stratification of patients that could aid the clinician in determining aggressiveness of surveillance, and allowing for a decrease in invasive surveillance procedures. This review discusses the current understanding of emerging biomarkers, including miRNAs, gene signatures and detection of circulating tumor cells in the blood, and their potential clinical value in bladder cancer diagnosis, as prognostic indicators, and surveillance tools, as well as limitations to their incorporation into medical practice.	bladder
World Urologic Oncology Federation Bladder Cancer Prevention Program: a global initiative.	Bladder cancer is an international public health problem, and the incidence and mortality are closely tied to cigarette smoking. Urologists are, mostly, not involved in smoking cessation with their patients. The World Urologic Oncology Federation has launched a global initiative to incorporate smoking cessation into urological practice. We believe that urologists can readily be influenced to engage their patients, primary care physicians, and communities in bladder cancer prevention. The World Urologic Oncology Federation, a federation of 17 regional/national societies of urologic oncology around the world, is well positioned to lead this global effort. The results would be an extremely cost-effective program, which has the potential to substantially improve the health of the world's population.	bladder
Expression of Momordica charantia MAP30 and its antitumor effect on bladder cancer cells.	BACKGROUND: Momordica charantia (MC) is an edible medicinal plant that is known for its diversified biological functions. Momordica Antiviral Protein 30kD (MAP30) is a type I single chain ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) isolated from the mature fruit and seeds of MC. Since MAP30 content in MC is limited, the study aim was to generate the recombinant MAP30 protein using prokaryotic expression system and determine its apoptotic/growth inhibitory effects on bladder cancer 5637 cells. METHODS: MAP30 gene was amplified by PCR from MC genomic DNA and identified by sequencing. The target gene was inserted into pET-28a (+) vector and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Positive clones were selected by PCR. Recombinant protein was efficiently expressed under induction with 1.0 mM Isopropylthio-β-D-galactoside (IPTG) at 30° C for 4 hours. Cytotoxicity studies were performed using MTT assay by treating 5637 bladder cancer cells with 100 µg/mL, 200 µg/mL, and 400 µg/mL concentrations of MAP30 for 24 hours and 48 hours, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to measure the apoptosis of MAP30-treatedcells in time course experiments. RESULTS: Full-length MAP30 gene was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 strain and MAP30 recombinant protein inhibited the growth of bladder cancer 5637 cells at 200 µg/mL and 400 µg/mL concentrations by inducing apoptosis of target cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: It was, therefore, concluded that the MAP30 recombinant protein displayed potent antitumor activity in vitro.	bladder
ApoD mediates binding of HDL to LDL and to growing T24 carcinoma.	Apolipoprotein (Apo) D is an important protein produced in many parts of the body. It is necessary for the development and repair of the brain and protection from oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which apoD interacts with lipoproteins in human plasma. By using detergent-free ELISA, we show that immobilized monoclonal antibodies against apoD very efficiently bind to low density lipoprotein (LDL) from plasma; this binding is as equally efficient as binding to an anti-apoB monoclonal antibody. Adding detergent to the plasma inhibited the binding, suggesting that the binding is dependent on the presence of intact lipoprotein particles. Reversing the system by using immobilized anti-apoB revealed that the affinity of apoD for LDL is rather low, suggesting that multiple bindings are needed for a durable connection. Biosensor experiments using purified lipoproteins also showed that purified apoD and high density lipoprotein 3 (HDL3), a lipoprotein fraction rich in apoD, were both able to bind LDL very efficiently, indicating that the HDL3-LDL interaction may be a physiological consequence of the affinity of apoD for LDL. Furthermore, we found that apoD increases the binding of HDL to actively growing T24 bladder carcinoma cells but not to quiescent, contact-inhibited, confluent T24 cells. This result is especially intriguing given that the T24 supernatant only contained detectable levels of apoD after growth inhibition, raising the possibility that alternating the expression of apoD and a putative apoD-receptor could give direction to the flow of lipids. In the current paper, we conclude that apoD mediates binding of HDL to LDL and to growing T24 carcinomas, thereby highlighting the importance of apoD in lipid metabolism.	bladder
[Paraganglioma of the bladder : two case reports].	Case 1. A 48-year-old man with no history of hypertension was referred to our hospital with a 1 cm bladder tumor. According to cystoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging and 131I-MIBG scintigraphy, we diagnosed it as a paraganglioma of the bladder. Partial cystectomy was performed. The histological findings supported the diagnosis of paraganglioma of the bladder. Six years later, he was free of any evidence of recurrence. Case 2. A 64-year-old woman with hypertension was pointed out to have a 1cm bladder mass by ultrasound in a health examination. She was referred to our hospital for further examination. Cystoscopoy revealed a 1 cm intramural nodule covered by intact urothelium at the right posterior wall. Submucosal bladder tumor was not diagnosed as paraganglioma by cold punch biopsy. So, transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was performed for differential diagnosis. The tumor was hypervascular and involved the muscular layer of the bladder. Although a transient elevation of blood pressure occurred during the procedure, the tumor was resected as completely as possible. The histological diagnosis was paraganglioma of the bladder. She has been followed up for 27 months after operation without any evidence of recurrence.	bladder
Management of Node-Positive Bladder Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radical Cystectomy: A Survey of Current UK Practice.	INTRODUCTION: Because of the lack of published evidence, this study was done to explore the decisions and rationale of uro-oncology consultants regarding the treatment of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer who have positive lymph nodes after radical cystectomy (RC) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic survey was sent to UK pelvic cancer centers regarding: (1) choice of NAC regimen; (2) indications for reimaging; (3) choice and indication of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) for patients with nodal disease after NAC and RC; (4) choice and indication of chemotherapy regimen if disease continues to progress in patients with advanced bladder cancer; and (5) guidelines used by those surveyed. RESULTS: Consultant uro-oncologists from 77% of UK pelvic cancer centers responded, who treated a median of 13 patients per year with NAC before RC. Three cycles of gemcitabine and cisplatin was the most common NAC regimen, with 93% and 67% respondents giving it for downstaging of cN1- and cN2- and 3-positive patients, respectively. Forty-five percent would not give AC after NAC and RC in patients with positive lymph nodes. The patient's performance status, followed by response to NAC were key factors in dictating the use of AC. In the presence of disease progression, 46% of participants would use a taxane. Fifty-two percent of responders do not follow any guidelines. CONCLUSION: In the United Kingdom, the treatment of patients with nodal disease after NAC and RC is variable. There is little evidence on which to base the management of such patients. The creation of national and international guidelines might help clinicians to optimize care for these patients.	bladder
[Treatment of invasive bladder cancer: robot-assisted radical cystectomy and intracorporeal urinary diversion].	PURPOSE: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) and intracorporeal urinary diversion are only performed in a few centers of excellence worldwide. Functional and oncologic outcomes are comparable. We report on our experience with RARC and intracorporeal diversion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 86 RARCs in 72 men and 14 women (mean age 69.7 years). All patients underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy followed by intracorporeal urinary diversion using ileal conduit or neobladder. Of the 86 patients, 24 patients (28%) underwent intracorporeal ileal conduit and 62 patients (72%) underwent intracorporeal neobladder formation. A Studer pouch was created in all who underwent intracorporeal neobladder diversion. Cancer specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) are reported. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 418.9 min (range 205-690 min) and blood loss was 380 ml (range 100-1000 ml). The mean hospital stay was 17.5 days (range 5-62 days). All the surgeries were completed with no open conversions. Minor complications (grade I and II) were reported in 23 patients, while major complications (grade III and above) were reported in 21 patients. The mean nodal yield was 20.3 (range 0-46). Positive margins were found in in 8%. The average follow-up was 31.5 months (range 3-52 months). Continence could be achieved in 88% of patients who received an intracorporeal neobladder. The cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were 80% and 70%, respectively. CONCLUSION: RARC with intracorporeal diversion seems to be safe and reproducible in tertiary centers with robotic expertise. Operative times are acceptable and complications as well as functional and oncologic outcomes are comparable. Further standardization of RARC with intracorporeal diversion may lead to a wider adoption of the approach.	bladder
Detection of circulating tumor cells in bladder cancer using multiplex PCR assays.	AIM: The aim of this study was to develop multiplex-PCR assays for the detection of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood and urine samples of patients with bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood and urine samples were collected from 208 patients (169 patients and 39 healthy volunteers). After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the samples were analyzed for the expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK19), CK20 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA in blood and for SURVIVIN, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), cytokeratin 20 (CK20) mRNA in urine, using multiplex-PCR assays. RESULTS: EGFR and CK20 alone or in combination as well as all urine markers correlated well with histological grade. hTERT correlated well with primary tumor size T≥3. Patients with positive urine markers had significantly worse progression-free survival. CONCLUSION: Multiplex-PCR assays can be a useful tool for staging and monitoring purposes in patients with bladder cancer.	bladder
Tumor evolution and progression in multifocal and paired non-invasive/invasive urothelial carcinoma.	Although multifocal tumors and non-invasive/invasive components are commonly encountered in surgical pathology, their genetic relationship is often poorly characterized. We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to characterize somatic alterations in a patient with five spatially distinct, high-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas (UCs), with one tumor harboring an underlying invasive component. NGS of 409 cancer-related genes was performed on DNA isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks representing each papillary tumor (n = 5), the invasive component of one tumor, and matched normal tissue. We identified nine unique non-synonymous somatic mutations across the six UC samples, including five present in each carcinoma sample, consistent with clonal origin and limited intertumoral heterogeneity. Copy number and loss of heterogeneity (LOH) profiles were similar in all six carcinomas; however, the invasive carcinoma component uniquely showed focal CDKN2A loss and chromosome 9 LOH and did not harbor gains of chromosomes 5p or X that were present in the other tumor samples. Phylogenetic analysis supported the invasive component arising from a shared progenitor prior to the outgrowth of cells in the non-invasive tumors. Results were extended to three additional cases of upper tract UC with paired non-invasive/invasive components, which identified driving alterations exclusive to both non-invasive and invasive components. Lastly, we performed targeted RNA sequencing (RNAseq) using a custom bladder cancer panel, which confirmed gene expression signature differences between paired non-invasive/invasive components. The results and approaches presented here may be useful in understanding the clonal relationships in multifocal cancers or paired non-invasive/invasive components from routine FFPE specimens.	bladder
MK2206 potentiates cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis through an interaction of inactivated Akt signaling pathway.	OBJECTIVES: To improve conventional chemotherapeutic efficacy, it is important to detect new molecular markers for chemosensitivity and possible accelerating cell-killing mechanisms. In this study, we investigated how MK2206, an allosteric Akt inhibitor, enhances the cisplatin (CDDP)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in urothelial cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined bladder cancer cell lines for the expression of phospho(p)-Akt and its downstream targets by Western blot. The potential antitumor effects were analyzed by MTT assay in vitro and by subcutaneous xenograft models in vivo. The cell invasion was examined by transwell invasion assay, and the activities of the Akt signaling pathway and expression of apoptosis-related proteins were measured by Western blot. RESULTS: The expression of p-Akt and its downstream targets was increased in invasive bladder cancer cell lines vs. in noninvasive bladder cancer cell lines. MK2206 (500 nM) inhibited cell invasion in UMUC3 cell line and significantly increased the susceptibility of bladder cancer cell lines to CDDP. When used in combination with CDDP, MK2206 (500 nM) enhanced CDDP-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, with suppressed expression of p-Akt and its downstream targets. In vivo MK2206 combined with CDDP effectively suppressed tumor growth in subcutaneous xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that concomitant use of MK2206 could promote the CDDP-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in urothelial cancer cell lines through the inhibited expression of the Akt pathway. This combined treatment may provide a new therapeutic option to enhance chemosensitivity in bladder cancer.	bladder
Impact of county rurality and urologist density on urological cancer mortality in illinois.	PURPOSE: The urology work force is contracting at a time when service demand is increasing due to demographic changes, especially in rural areas. We investigated the impact of rural status and urologist density on kidney and renal pelvis, bladder and prostate cancer mortality at the county level in Illinois. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We stratified the 102 Illinois counties by 2003 RUCCs as urban (36, RUCCs 1 to 3) and rural (66, RUCCs 4 to 9). Area Health Resource Files were used for county demographic data and urologist density. County level age adjusted mortality rates from 1990 to 2010 were derived from National Center for Health Statistics data using SEER*Stat. We examined the associations of urological cancer mortality rates with rural status and urologist density. RESULTS: Average urologist density significantly differed between rural and urban counties (1.9 vs 3.4/100,000 population, p < 0.01). The kidney and renal pelvis cancer mortality rate in rural counties was higher than in urban counties while that of prostate cancer was lower (4.9 vs 4.3 and 28.7 vs 32.2/100,000 population, respectively, each p < 0.01). Urologist density correlated with the mortality rate of kidney and renal pelvis cancer (Pearson coefficient -0.33, p < 0.01) but not with the bladder or prostate cancer mortality rate. Multiple regression analysis revealed that rurality and lower urologist density (p = 0.01 and < 0.05) were significantly associated with higher kidney and renal pelvis cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Rural residence and low urologist density were associated with increased kidney and renal pelvis cancer mortality on the county level in Illinois. Further expansion and testing of evidence-based telemedicine is warranted because remote technical consultation is now technologically feasible, effective, inexpensive and satisfactory to patients.	bladder
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the bladder: a case report.	INTRODUCTION: Lymphoepitheliomas are malignant epithelial tumors of the nasopharynx characterized by an important lymphoid proliferation at histological examination. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma is a rare tumor of the bladder for which the therapeutic strategy is not clearly defined. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 64-year-old Moroccan man who presented with macroscopic hematuria. Investigations revealed a muscle-invasive lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the bladder. Therefore he underwent a radical cystoprostatectomy with a good outcome. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates pathogenic, clinical and therapeutic features of this unusual tumor.	bladder
"Commentary on ""Impact of (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) on management of patients with carcinoma invading bladder muscle."" Mertens LS, Fioole-Bruining A, Vegt E, Vogel WV, van Rhijn BW, Horenblas S, Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.: BJU Int 2013; 112(6):72934. doi:10.1111/bju.12109. [Epub 2013 Jun 24]."	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical impact of (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanning, compared with conventional staging with contrast-enhanced CT imaging (CECT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The FDG-PET/CT results of 96 consecutive patients with bladder cancer were analysed. Patients included in this study underwent standard CECT imaging of the chest and abdomen/pelvis<4 weeks before FDG-PET/CT. Based on the original imaging reports and recorded tumour stage before and after FDG-PET/CT imaging, the preferred treatment strategies before FDG-PET/CT and after FDG-PET/CT were determined for each patient using an institutional multidisciplinary guideline. One of the following treatment strategies was chosen: (i) local curative treatment; (ii) neoadjuvant/induction chemotherapy; or (iii) palliation. The changes in management decisions before and after FDG-PET/CT were assessed. RESULTS: The median (range) interval between CECT and FDG-PET/CT was 0 (029) days. In 21.9% of the patients, stage on FDG-PET/CT and CECT were different. Upstaging by FDG-PET/CT was more frequent than downstaging (19.8 vs 2.1%). Clinical management changed for 13.5% of patients as a result of FDG-PET/CT upstaging. In eight patients, FDG-PET/CT detected second primary tumours. This led to changes of bladder cancer treatment in another four of 96 patients (4.2%). All the management changes were validated by tissue confirmation of the additional lesions. CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET/CT provides important additional staging information, which influences the treatment of carcinoma invading bladder muscle in almost 20% of cases. Patient selection for neoadjuvant/induction chemotherapy was improved and futile attempts at curative treatment in patients found to have metastases were avoided.	bladder