crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Effective bladder preservation strategy with low-dose radiation therapy and concurrent intraarterial chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the toxicity and response, bladder preservation, and survival of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with multimodality therapy consisting of low-dose radiation therapy (RT) and concurrent intraarterial chemotherapy (IACT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: . Between November 1999 and July 2005, a total of 27 consecutive, previously untreated patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer underwent transurethral bladder tumor resection followed by concurrent low-dose RT and IACT. Patients who achieved a complete response (CR) were followed up closely without further therapy, and patients who did not achieve a CR underwent further treatment. RESULTS: Complete response was achieved in 22 of 27 patients (81%). Of these 22 patients, 7 developed recurrences, and 3 died of their disease. In five patients who did not achieve CR, one died from bone metastases. The 3-year overall survival rate was 81%, with a median follow-up time of 27 months; and 22 of 27 patients (81%) with a preserved bladder were tumor-free at the last follow-up. Three patients (11%) developed grade 3 acute hematological toxicity. CONCLUSION: Multimodality therapy consisting of low-dose RT and concurrent IACT for muscle-invasive bladder cancer can achieve survival rates similar to those in patients treated with radical cystectomy, with successful bladder preservation and minimal adverse effects.	bladder
Intravesical administration of gammadelta T cells successfully prevents the growth of bladder cancer in the murine model.	BACKGROUND: Superficial bladder cancers are usually managed with transurethral resection followed by the intravesical administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin which requires major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression on cancer cells. Since cancer cells often loose MHC expression, a novel immunotherapy such as MHC-unrestricted gammadelta T cell therapy is desired. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the relationship between the expression of MHC class I and clinicopathological features in bladder cancer patients, and investigate the effects of the administration of intravesical gammadelta T cells on bladder cancer. METHODS: Samples from 123 patients who had undergone either transurethral resection or radical cystectomies were examined for MHC expression and the relationship between this and the clinicopathological features was analyzed statistically. The in vitro and in vivo effects of gammadelta T cells expanded by zoledronic acid (ZOL) against several types of cancer cell line and an orthotopic bladder cancer murine model which was pretreated with ZOL were investigated. RESULTS: MHC-diminished superficial bladder cancer was significantly more progressive than MHC-conservative bladder cancer (P = 0.047). In addition, there was a significant association between diminished MHC expression and poor disease free survival (P = 0.041) and overall survival (P = 0.018) after radical cystectomy. In vitro, all of the cell lines pretreated with 5-microM ZOL showed a marked increase in sensitivity to lysis by gammadelta T cells. Moreover, intravesical administration of gammadelta T cells with 5-microM ZOL significantly demonstrated antitumor activity against bladder cancer cells in the orthotopic murine model (P < 0.001), resulting in prolonged survival. CONCLUSION: The present murine model provides a potentially interesting option to develop immunotherapy using gammadelta T cells for bladder cancer in human.	bladder
Telomerase and other novel approaches to bladder cancer detection.	The current protocols in place for bladder cancer screening are cystoscopy and urine cytology. Cytology does not have an adequate sensitivity in low-grade malignancy and has limited utility in the screening and management of bladder cancer patients. Urine tumor markers aimed at detection of cancer via voided urine are an attractive alternative to cytology. Currently, FDA-approved tumor marker assays lack the characteristics of an ideal test and have yet to revolutionize bladder cancer detection. Novel tumor markers, not yet FDA-approved, have the potential to change disease management algorithms that currently include voided urine cytology. Telomerase, an enzyme present in greater than 80% of all cancer cells, has the potential to be a successful bladder tumor marker for cancer surveillance and monitoring.	bladder
A computationally efficient hypothesis testing method for epistasis analysis using multifactor dimensionality reduction.	Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was developed as a nonparametric and model-free data mining method for detecting, characterizing, and interpreting epistasis in the absence of significant main effects in genetic and epidemiologic studies of complex traits such as disease susceptibility. The goal of MDR is to change the representation of the data using a constructive induction algorithm to make nonadditive interactions easier to detect using any classification method such as naïve Bayes or logistic regression. Traditionally, MDR constructed variables have been evaluated with a naïve Bayes classifier that is combined with 10-fold cross validation to obtain an estimate of predictive accuracy or generalizability of epistasis models. Traditionally, we have used permutation testing to statistically evaluate the significance of models obtained through MDR. The advantage of permutation testing is that it controls for false positives due to multiple testing. The disadvantage is that permutation testing is computationally expensive. This is an important issue that arises in the context of detecting epistasis on a genome-wide scale. The goal of the present study was to develop and evaluate several alternatives to large-scale permutation testing for assessing the statistical significance of MDR models. Using data simulated from 70 different epistasis models, we compared the power and type I error rate of MDR using a 1,000-fold permutation test with hypothesis testing using an extreme value distribution (EVD). We find that this new hypothesis testing method provides a reasonable alternative to the computationally expensive 1,000-fold permutation test and is 50 times faster. We then demonstrate this new method by applying it to a genetic epidemiology study of bladder cancer susceptibility that was previously analyzed using MDR and assessed using a 1,000-fold permutation test.	bladder
Healthcare economics of bladder cancer: cost-enhancing and cost-reducing factors.	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer represents a significant financial burden to the population in the United States. Therapeutic advances in bladder cancer care have come at a high cost to payers, providers, and patients. This study describes the principals of cost-effectiveness evaluation in healthcare and provides recommendations for a more economical use of resources in bladder cancer care. RECENT FINDINGS: Although several studies have demonstrated that bladder cancer is a common disease associated with substantial economic burden for patients and society, the evidence supporting the cost-effectiveness of many interventions in bladder cancer care is limited and of insufficient quality. In addition, very little is known about quality of life, the preferred outcome measure for economic evaluations, associated with bladder cancer states and treatments. Moreover, current clinical guidelines for bladder cancer care do not incorporate economic factors when evaluating clinical pathways. SUMMARY: Although cost-effectiveness studies in bladder cancer could allow us to know how healthcare dollars are being spent and assist in determining more effective ways to allocate resources, most of the currently used interventions have not undergone economic assessment.	bladder
The detection of genetic markers of bladder cancer in urine and serum.	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the most recent publications focusing on the use of genetic markers (DNA, RNA and nucleosides) in urine and serum and provide an opinion on their potential utility for screening, diagnosis and prognosis of urothelial carcinoma. RECENT FINDINGS: Several studies have shown the diagnostic utility of urine tests based on improved microsatellite analysis of loss-of-heterozygosity, detection of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutations, detection of single RNA and multiple gene signatures as well as nucleoside profiles. Although of interest, all these studies lack appropriate controls and validation before being considered as serious candidate clinical biomarkers. The presence of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutations in tumors was identified as a hallmark of tumors of low malignant potential. Serum DNA analysis of hypermethylation of a set of genes shows promise as an indicator of cancer progression and mortality. Finally, a case-control study of 775 patients and 397 controls showed that DNA hypomethylation of blood cells combined with smoking habits can provide stratification of cancer risk that may be very helpful in conceiving bladder cancer screening studies. SUMMARY: The challenge is not so much to identify better markers or methods but rather to commit to implementing them into clinical practice by stimulating and funding the clinical trials required.	bladder
Establishment of orthotopic mouse superficial bladder tumor model for studies on intravesical treatments.	Various animal models of bladder tumor have been developed for the preclinical evaluation of therapeutic modalities for the treatment of bladder cancers. The ideal model for the investigation of therapeutic effects of proposed novel intravesical treatments requires the mass of the implanted tumor to be confined to the urothelium of the bladder at least for the initial phase. However, previously reported bladder tumor models are not suitable for the evaluation of intravesical therapies for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, since the muscle invasive tumors have developed from the beginnings of the experiments. These models are too aggressive to study local treatment effects. In the current study, we demonstrated that careful instillation of MBT-2 mouse bladder cancer cells into the bladder of a syngenic C3H/HeJ mouse could establish a superficial bladder tumor with an incidence of 100%. The procedure and technique for handling animals are simple for standard animal investigators. Maintenance of the in vitro conditions of MBT-2 cells without contamination of Mycoplasma and careful selection of the substrain of C3H mouse seem to be essential for stable tumor establishment. This bladder tumor model appeared to be easy to reproduce among several investigators in different institutions. The orthotopic bladder tumor model, which was confined to urothelium, lets us evaluate various intravesical treatment strategies.	bladder
Social inequality and incidence of and survival from cancers of the kidney and urinary bladder in a population-based study in Denmark, 1994-2003.	We investigated the effects of socioeconomic, demographic and health-related indicators on the incidence of and survival from cancers of the kidney and urinary bladder diagnosed in Denmark during 1994-2003 with follow-up through 2006 using information from nationwide registers. The analyses were based on data on 2941 patients with kidney cancer and 9471 patients with urinary bladder cancer in a cohort of 3.22 million people born between 1925 and 1973 and aged >or=30 years. Our results indicate that lower socioeconomic position is associated with higher incidences of cancers at both sites in both sexes, whether socioeconomic position is measured as educational level, disposable income, affiliation to the work market, housing tenure or size of dwelling. We also found a moderate pattern of better survival from cancers at both sites in the most advantaged groups, most clearly reflected by the level of education, disposable income and affiliation to the work market.	bladder
Preoperative hydronephrosis as an indicator of survival after radical cystectomy.	OBJECTIVE: We determined the prognostic significance of preoperative hydronephrosis in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder undergoing radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all patients undergoing radical cystectomy at a single institution from 1996 to 2006. Exclusion criteria included diagnosis other than TCC, upper tract TCC, incomplete medical records, or obstructing stones. Hydronephrosis was confirmed by radiographic imaging. Survival was determined by date of death or last clinic visit. RESULTS: Three hundred eight patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria; 203 (66%) had normal upper tracts, 82 (27%) had unilateral hydronephrosis, and 23 (7%) had bilateral hydronephrosis. Median overall survival of the study population was 34.3 months. There was a statistically significant difference in median survival between those without hydronephrosis (46.3 months), and those with unilateral (18.6 months, P = 0.004) or bilateral (13.4 months, P < 0.001) hydronephrosis. Preoperative hydronephrosis was significantly associated with higher pT stage (P < 0.001) as well postoperative positive margins (P = 0.039), but not with positive lymph nodes (P = 0.086). Preoperative hydronephrosis had no significant effect on survival in patients with pT0-3a, N0, surgical margin negative tumors, but was significantly correlated with decreased survival in patients with pT3b or greater, or N+, or surgical margin positive tumors (median survival 12.8 months vs. 23.4 months, P = 0.011). On multivariate analysis, preoperative hydronephrosis was a significant predictor of decreased survival. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative hydronephrosis is an important and independent prognostic variable in patients with TCC of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy.	bladder
Comparison of virtual cystoscopy and transabdominal ultrasonography with conventional cystoscopy for bladder tumor detection.	PURPOSE: We compare virtual cystoscopy (VC) and transabdominal ultrasonography (US) with conventional cystoscopy (CC),the gold standard, for detection of bladder tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients suspected to have bladder neoplasms were evaluated prospectively.They underwent transabdominal US, followed by VC and CC. We compared sensitivity and specificity of US and VC and their positive and negative likelihood ratios. US and VC detection rates for tumors <or= 1 cm and tumors larger than 1 cm were compared. Histologic grade and multiplicity were correlated to detection rate. RESULTS: In the study population of 33 men and 12 women, mean age was 67.1 +/-10.9 years. Thirty-nine lesions were observed on VC and 26 lesions were observed on US of the 41 neoplasms detected at CC. Transitional bladder cancer was present in 75.6% of cases, chronic cystitis in 9.75%, endometriosis in 4.9%, and other conditions accounted for 9.75%. Thirty-one tumors were polypoid and nine were sessile; 61% were larger than 1 cm and 39% were <or=1 cm. Both US and VC 91.2% specificity, but sensitivity was better for VC (95.1%) than for US (63.4%). Multiple tumors had a better detection rate by both methods (p < 0.001). Histologic grade was positively correlated to detection rate for US (p < 0.01) but not for VC. VC was more accurate in detection of polypoid tumors compared with US (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: VC showed better accuracy for detection of bladder neoplasms, especially in tumors smaller than 1 cm and for polypoid lesions.	bladder
[Transitional cell carcinoma relapse in uretero-ileal conduit after radical cystectomy].	Transitional cell carcinoma relapse in ileal conduit after radical cistectomy is a rare event, especially without upper urinary tract involvement. We describe a case of uretero-ileal transitional cell tumour five years after cistectomy for invasive urothelial tumour. Patient underwent endoscopic treatment with good results after 13 months of follow-up.	bladder
[Nested-variant urothelial carcinoma. Case report and molecular aspects].	The nested variant of urothelial carcinoma is a rare urothelial neoplasia which is characterized by relatively bland morphology and early muscle-invasive growth. We report on a 65-year-old male patient with a non-invasive high-grade urothelial lesion (carcinoma in situ and pTa G3). After treatment with BCG an invasive urothelial carcinoma was discovered whereas the carcinoma in situ had disappeared. Examination of the bladder specimen showed a nested-variant urothelial carcinoma. Molecular analyses indicated a de-novo genesis of the invasive urothelial carcinoma.	bladder
Clinical significance of transurethral tru-cut biopsy in confirmation of bladder tumor invasive character.	OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of resection (TURBT) replacement in patients with strong suspicion of invasive bladder tumor by transurethral tru-cut biopsy carried out during cystoscopy. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients (52 men and six women; mean age 65 years, range 43-79) presenting with extensive bladder tumor suggested by ultrasound and computed tomography were included in the study. Each patient was submitted to transurethral, cystoscopically-guided tru-cut biopsy of bladder tumor before the planned TURBT. Comparison of histopathological assessment of tissue cores, resection and radical cystectomy specimens was carried out. RESULTS: Histopathological analysis of resection specimens and tissue cores were in complete accordance with previous tissue cores assessment in terms of type and grade of bladder cancer. Histological type of bladder tumor revealed by tru-cut biopsy and radical cystectomy was identical in 56 (96.6%) cases. Tumor grade was the same in biopsy cores and radical cystectomy specimens in 55 (95%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic tru-cut bladder tumor biopsy allows us to collect sufficient amounts of tissue material for histopathological confirmation of detrusor muscle infiltration in patients presenting with bladder tumors suspected to cause muscle invasiveness. The procedure is carried out under cystoscopic control and is fast, efficient, safe, easy to perform and less invasive than standard TURB in cases of an extensive bladder tumor.	bladder
[Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Evaluation of plasma levels of cellular fibronectin as a stage-dependent marker].	Up to now markers for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC) are missing. Fibronectin (FN) seems to play a key role in progression and invasion of malignant tumors. The aim of this study was to assess the value of cellular FN (cFN), a more specific subform of produced FN, in different stages of TCC.cFN was determined using a highly sensitive immunoassay which we developed. Blood samples were taken of 45 patients with the first diagnosis of TCC before undergoing TUR-B and 6 patients with metastatic TCC before chemotherapy; 70 patients with nonmalignant urological disorders served as a control group.Patients with TCC showed significantly elevated cFN plasma levels compared to controls (p<0.05). Patients with muscle-invasive disease (n=15) showed significantly higher cFN plasma levels compared to the group with superficial TCC. Patients with metastatic TCC showed the highest, but not significantly elevated cFN plasma levels compared to patients with muscle-invasive TCC.The elevated cFN plasma levels in TCC underline the important role of cFN for tumor progression and its potential role as a marker for TCC. Upcoming investigations are necessary to prove the value of the potential marker cFN during follow-up and its impact as a prognostic factor for recurrence and progression of TCC.	bladder
[Neoadjuvant chemotherapy of invasive cancer of the urinary bladder].	We studied efficacy of a combination of intraosseous and systemic administration of drugs in patients with invasive cancer of the urinary bladder (UB). A total of 20 patients aged 54-79 years with verified had recurrence, 2 had tumors with continuous growth. T2N0M0 UB carcinoma was diagnosed in 7 patients, T3N0M0--in 12, T6N0M0--in 1 patient. All the patients received systemic chemotherapy with gemzar in a single daily dose 800-1000 mg/m2 on day 1, 7 and 14. On day 2 a single intraosseous 100 mg eloxatin was given. A total of three courses of combined chemotherapy with 4-week interval was used. Intravenous gemzar administration was accompanied with mild leukopenia in 4 patients, moderate leukopenia--in 1, allergic reaction--in 2 patients. This required gemzar discontinuation. No side effects were seen in response to intraosseous administration of eloxatin. The combined chemotherapy produced complete regression of UB cancer in 3 of 18 patients, partial regression--in 12, stabilization--in 3 patients. Neither local nor long-term tumor progression was found. Short-term therapeutic efficacy of combined therapy was 70%. Fifteen patients with partial regression or stabilization have undergone transurethral resection. Duration of a recurrence-free period reached 5 to 72 months (mean 17 months). The neoadjuvant chemotherapy proposed by us allows achievement of a high percentage of regression in patients with invasive UB cancer located in UB cervix and provides concervative surgery including patients over 70 years of age.	bladder
Exercise programming and counseling preferences in bladder cancer survivors: a population-based study.	INTRODUCTION: Despite growing evidence of the benefits of exercise in cancer survivors, exercise participation rates are low. Understanding the unique exercise programming and counseling preferences of different cancer survivor groups may facilitate the delivery of optimal exercise programs in these growing populations. To date, no study has examined these preferences in bladder cancer survivors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 397 bladder cancer survivors who completed a mailed survey in the province of Alberta, Canada. RESULTS: The majority of survivors indicated they would be interested (81.1%) and able (84.3%) to participate in an exercise program designed for bladder cancer survivors. We also found strong preferences for home-based exercise programming (53.7%), walking (81.1%), moderate intensity activity (61.7%) and unsupervised sessions (70.6%). Logistic regression analyses showed that older survivors were more likely to prefer to exercise at home (77 vs. 68%; OR = 4.21, 95% CI = 0.188-0.962, p = 0.040), do light intensity exercise (33 vs. 16%; OR = 4.50, 95% CI = 0.208-0.940, p = 0.034) and want unsupervised exercise sessions (75 vs. 62%; OR = 4.60, 95% CI = 1.07-4.08, p = 0.032). Body mass index, age, adjuvant therapy, marital status, income and education also influenced some exercise preferences. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that bladder cancer survivors are interested in receiving exercise counseling and have some consistent programming preferences including exercising at home, walking, and moderate intensity exercise. Many preferences were modified by demographic and medical factors. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Understanding the unique exercise preferences of bladder cancer survivors may be used to inform the design and delivery of exercise programs in this growing population.	bladder