crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Long-term complications in patients with bladder-prostate rhabdomyosarcoma treated with brachytherapy: a systematic review.	INTRODUCTION: Brachytherapy has been used for the multimodal treatment of pediatric bladder-prostate rhabdomyosarcoma in the last two decades. The aim of this systematic review is to gather the current evidence about this innovative technique with a special focus on long-term outcomes. METHODS: According to PRISMA criteria, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for papers published between 2000 and 2022. RESULTS: The search yielded 7338 papers but only seven were eligible, for a total of 196 children with a median age ranging from 23 to 32 months and a median follow-up ranging from eight to 64 months. The five-year overall survival was superior to 90%. However, at least one complication involving the urogenital apparatus was reported in 66 children (35%). CONCLUSION: Brachytherapy presented positive outcomes in terms of overall survival. On the other hand, further efforts should be made to decrease the risk of functional urogenital side effects.	bladder
Comparative outcomes of intracorporeal and extracorporeal urinary diversion in robotic cystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	This study aimed to elucidate the most recent evidence regarding complications, perioperative outcomes, and pathological results associated with extracorporeal urinary diversion (ECUD) in comparison to intracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD) during robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to facilitate this comparison. We conducted a thorough systematic review of relevant studies by systematically searching several databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, to assess the implications of ICUD versus ECUD in the context of RARC. The examination of binary variables employed relative risk (RR) measurements, whereas weighted mean differences (WMD) served as the primary metric for evaluating continuous variable outcomes. Twenty-two studies involving 8030 patients were included, of which 3755 received ICUD and 4278 received ECUD. Baseline characteristics were similar in the two cohorts. The study showed that the ICUD cohort had a notably lower rate of severe complications in the late phase (30-90 day) [RR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.54, 0.94, p = 0.016] than the ECUD group. Furthermore, the rate of intraoperative transfusions was notably less in ICUD, with a RR of 0.63 (95% CI 0.47, 0.84, p = 0.002). Likewise, the estimated blood loss (EBL) in the ICUD cohort was decreased, reflected by a WMD of - 131.4 (95% CI - 153.24 to - 111.03, p < 0.001). Additionally, length of stay for patients in the ICUD cohort showed a notably decrease, indicated by a WMD of - 1.87 (95% CI - 3.34, - 0.41, p = 0.004). Nonetheless, there was still no notable variation between the two cohorts regarding early (30 days) complications, mid-term (30-90 days) mild complications, rehospitalization rates, operative time (OT), postoperative venting time, tumor recurrence rates, ureteroenteric stricture (UES), and oncologic outcomes. Overall, RARC with ICUD demonstrated a greater safety profile than ECUD in terms of reduced late serious complication rates, transfusion rates, EBL, and length of hospitalization, along with similar efficacy. Although ICUD has good potential for clinical dissemination, further substantial follow-up data are required to substantiate its effectiveness.	bladder
Evaluating surrogates for overall survival in the adjuvant treatment of bladder cancer with chemotherapy.	INTRODUCTION: Surrogates for overall survival (OS) can expedite the development of adjuvant treatments for bladder cancer. We evaluated whether disease-free survival (DFS) or distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) are valid surrogates for OS in patients with muscle-invasive disease treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy after radical cystectomy. METHODS: We analyzed individual patient data from 1075 patients enrolled in 9 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified by systematic review. These RCTs compared adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy combined with local treatment versus local treatment alone and excluded neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We measured the patient-level association between DFS/DMFS and OS using Spearman's correlation coefficient (ρ), and the trial-level association between hazard ratios (HRs) using R(2). For both measures, values close to 1.00 are required for surrogate validation. We assessed the intent-to-treat (ITT) populations and subgroups defined by lymph node status. RESULTS: The evaluation of DFS in the ITT population showed ρ = 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-0.90) and R(2) = 0.69 (95% CI, 0.34-1.00). Corresponding measures for DMFS were ρ = 0.91 (95% CI, 0.89-0.92) and R(2) = 0.90 (95% CI, 0.74-1.00). Patient-level associations were moderate or strong regardless of the lymph node status. At the trial level, DFS displayed weak association with OS in lymph node-positive patients, but associations were strong for lymph node-negative patients and for DMFS. CONCLUSION: In the adjuvant treatment of bladder cancer with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, DFS is a moderate to strong surrogate for OS, while DMFS is a strong surrogate for OS.	bladder
Added value of delayed imaging after diuretic injection in evaluation of cases of bladder cancer with PET.	BACKGROUND: The clinical utility of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging in bladder cancer is often compromised by high urinary FDG accumulation, which can interfere with the accurate detection of primary tumors and metastatic sites. This study aimed to evaluate the added benefit of delayed PET/CT imaging after diuretic administration in patients with bladder cancer, focusing on its ability to overcome the limitations posed by high FDG excretion into the bladder. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted at the Sohag Oncology Center, Egypt, and included patients with pathologically confirmed bladder cancer between March 2022 and March 2024. All patients underwent dual-phase PET/CT imaging, with early-phase imaging performed 45-90 min after the 18 F-FDG injection, followed by delayed imaging 1 h later after administering intravenous furosemide (20 mg) and enhanced hydration. The PET/CT images were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, with a maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ) used to assess tumor activity in both early and delayed phases. Results were validated through biopsy, a combination of MRI and clinical follow-up for at least 6 months, or both. RESULTS: A total of 39 patients were included in the study (33 males, 6 females, aged 42-80 years). Residual bladder lesions were observed in 12.8% of the early images and 58.9% of the delayed images, with a significant increase in SUV max ( P  = 0.018). Lymph node involvement was detected in 12 patients, showing a similar rise in SUVmax ( P  = 0.012). Also, delayed PET/CT imaging improved sensitivity for both bladder lesions and metastatic lymph nodes (92.6 and 93%, respectively), while maintaining specificity (100% for bladder lesions, 74% for lymph nodes). CONCLUSION: Delayed PET/CT postdiuretic administration improves image quality in bladder cancer via reducing urinary radiotracer activity, thus minimizing bladder interference and improving lesion detectability and characterization.	bladder
Sex-specific bladder cancer incidence trends and generational effects in Spain.	INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess long-term trends in bladder cancer incidence in Spain from 1992 to 2021, using Age-Period-Cohort (A-P-C) modelling to disentangle the contributions of age, period, and cohort effects. METHODS: An ecological trend study was conducted using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 Study via the Global Health Data Exchange. Age- and sex-specific incidence counts for Spain (1992-2021) were analyzed. Joinpoint regression estimated annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes (AAPCs). A-P-C modelling assessed net and local drifts, as well as cohort and period rate ratios using 5-year age groups and calendar periods. RESULTS: From 1992 to 2021, 377,430 male and 66,191 female BC cases were estimated. In men, age-adjusted incidence declined (AAPC = -0.6 %), driven by favourable birth cohort and period effects. In women, a modest decline (AAPC = -0.3%) masked a mid-century cohort effect, with increased risk in those born between 1957 and 1967-consistent with a delayed tobacco epidemic. Incidence rose with age in both sexes, though male-to-female incidence ratios narrowed in older groups. CONCLUSION: BC incidence in Spain reflects complex, sex-specific temporal dynamics. While male incidence is decreasing, women show persistent cohort-specific increases. These trends underscore the importance of sex-sensitive public health strategies targeting modifiable risk factors, particularly tobacco use.	bladder
SCD1 drives bladder cancer progression and trametinib sensitivity.	Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most common malignancy of the urinary system. Despite advancements in novel targeted therapies and immunotherapy, the majority of patients remain incurable, and disease progression frequently occurs after treatment. Therefore, identifying new therapeutic strategies is crucial. Fatty acids are essential components of cell structure, playing roles in energy storage and serving as signaling molecules. In tumor tissues, due to abnormal blood vessel development, cancer cells primarily rely on de novo fatty acid synthesis to meet the demands of growth and proliferation. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a key enzyme, widely recognized as a potential therapeutic target in various cancers. SCD1 promotes the synthesis of cell membranes by converting saturated fatty acids into monounsaturated fatty acids, thus supporting tumor cell growth. In this study, we conducted bioinformatics analysis using public datasets (including bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq) and immunohistochemical examination of BCa tissues. Our findings reveal that SCD1 is specifically expressed in BCa cells and is associated with poor tumor grade and prognosis. Furthermore, drug sensitivity predictions and validations suggest that SCD1 enhances the sensitivity of BCa cells to trametinib. Therefore, SCD1 offers a promising new avenue for the early diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and optimization of personalized treatment strategies for BCa.	bladder
Role of the tumor microenvironment in promoting treatment resistance in urothelial carcinoma (Review).	Urothelial carcinoma (UC) presents considerable treatment challenges, primarily due to the high rates of therapeutic resistance observed in affected patients. Currently, therapeutic strategies often fail to yield satisfactory outcomes; therefore, there is a need for innovative treatment approaches. The tumor microenvironment (TME) serves a key role in driving treatment resistance in UC, revealing that components such as cancer‑associated fibroblasts, tumor‑associated macrophages and the extracellular matrix contribute to tumor survival and evasion of therapy. Understanding the mechanisms through which the TME influences treatment resistance is key for developing effective countermeasures. Targeting the TME may be an effective therapeutic strategy, as this approach may increase the efficacy of existing treatments and overcome barriers to response. The present review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the role of the TME in UC treatment resistance, discuss potential strategies for targeting the TME and highlight future research directions. The translation of insights from studies on the TME into therapeutic strategies may improve clinical outcomes for patients suffering from this challenging malignancy.	bladder
[Advances in the application of patient-derived organoid models in urothelial cancer research].	Urothelial carcinoma (UC), including bladder urothelial carcinoma and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), is the most common malignant tumor in the urinary system. Traditional cell line models fall short in simulating its tumor microenvironment and in vivo behavior. Patient-derived organoid (PDO) models offer a new way to overcome these shortcomings. This paper reviews the construction techniques of PDO models in UC, their biological simulation capabilities, and their applications in preclinical research. It also analyzes the technical limitations of these models. PDO models can retain the histological, genomic, and transcriptomic features of the parent tumor and accurately simulate the tumor microenvironment and biological behavior. They have been widely used in bladder cancer research, providing a precise platform for drug screening, personalized treatment, and immunotherapy evaluation. However, their use in UTUC research is still in its infancy. In the future, through technological optimization, PDO models are expected to enhance their value in UC research, advancing precision medicine research and clinical translation.	bladder
Macroplastique, a urethral bulking agent for stress urinary incontinence mimicking a bladder tumour.	Urinary incontinence is a stigmatised condition with high prevalence and significant patient morbidity. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a subtype of incontinence particularly prevalent in middle-aged to older women-often seen as a sequelae of childbirth or pelvic surgery. Treatment has proved challenging with a chequered history. Urethral bulking agents have been developed as a minimally invasive treatment option for mild to moderate SUI. Following injection, the agent causes mild deformation of the urethral anatomy leading to reduced incontinence as higher pressures are subsequently required for incontinence to occur.Macroplastique is unusual in that it relies on an influx of fibroblasts and subsequent scarring to sustain its long term efficacy. This scarring leads to unusual and potentially confusing appearances on imaging. This case presentation is of a patient with a long history of SUI and associated surgical management, including the use of Macroplastique, whose unrelated routine imaging raised the possibility of bladder tumour.	bladder
Genomic Characteristics of Bladder Cancer: An AACR Project GENIE Study.	Bladder and urothelial carcinoma are marked by profound genomic diversity. Using a large, multi-institutional dataset, we performed comprehensive genomic profiling of 4631 tumor samples from 4050 individuals. A retrospective analysis of bladder and urothelial cancer was performed using the AACR Project GENIE database. Demographic associations, mutation frequencies, copy number changes, and survival correlations were analyzed with a p-value < 0.05. Frequent mutations were identified in TP53, TERT, KDM6A, KMT2D, ARID1A, and FGFR3. Mutation frequencies varied by sex and race, with specific alterations enriched in female and Asian patients. Distinct patterns of co-occurrence, including TP53 with RB1, and mutual exclusivity, including TP53 with FGFR3 or KDM6A, revealed distinct molecular subtypes. This study highlights the extensive heterogeneity of bladder cancer, and our findings emphasize the clinical importance of molecular stratification and support the need for further mechanistic and prospective studies to inform the development of targeted therapies.	bladder
Development of a Free-Viewpoint Bladder Observation System for Cystoscopy.	Patients with bladder cancer typically require both a transurethral examination and surgery, and accurate recording of information observed during a transurethral examination is necessary for surgery. However, observational recordings are made manually and depend on the physician's ability, and the digital information gathered during the examination is not fully utilized in surgery. To address these issues, this study aimed to propose a free-viewpoint bladder observation system for cystoscopy based on multi-view image-based three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. We used neural radiance fields (NeRF) and 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) to develop the proposed system as 3D reconstruction methods. Although these methods are state-of-the-art in the field of 3D reconstruction, adapting them to a small dome-shaped bladder is challenging; there needs to be an assumption that the inputs of these methods are the sets of images of the same region captured from multiple viewpoints. To overcome this problem, by classifying the images into bladder dome and neck areas and reconstructing each location, we obtained the entire 3D bladder model. This approach leads to the generation of free-viewpoint images of the whole bladder. We present the results of a comparative study concerning the possibility of preserving examination records. Our findings indicated that NeRF outperformed 3DGS in terms of texture reproducibility, and that reconstruction through dividing area of the bladder was successful in generating free-viewpoint inner images.	bladder
[Unusual bone marrow metastasis revealed by recurrent haematuria].	Bone marrow metastasis of solid tumours is a sign of advanced disease, with their frequency depending on the primary cancer site. Bone marrow metastasis of bladder cancer is an unusual presentation of the disease. We present a case of a patient with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, presenting with recurrent macroscopic haematuria after urinary catheterisation leading to discovery of bi-cytopenia on complete blood count. Myelogram realized after sternal bone marrow aspiration showed presence of metastatic cells immunostained for urothelial nature. The clinical course was rapidly unfavorable leading to patient's death shortly after diagnosis. metastasis of bladder cancer to the bone marrow is a highly unusual situation associated with a poor prognosis.	bladder
Is it prime time for stent-less robotic radical cystectomy? A scoping review.	"The gold standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) still is radical cystectomy. Thanks to better peri-operative results than open surgery, robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has become somewhat well-known. Though they are linked with problems like infection, pain, and higher healthcare expenses, conventionally ureteral stents are used during urinary diversion to minimize anastomotic leaks and strictures. This has spurred growing interest in stent-less urinary diversion methods. To assess the present data on the feasibility, safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes of stent-less robotic-assisted radical cystectomy and decide if the stent-less technique is ready for general clinical use, a comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases with search terms: ""robotic cystectomy,"" ""ureteral stent,"" ""stent-less urinary diversion,"" ""complications,"" and ""postoperative outcomes."" Studies comparing outcomes of stented and stent-less RARC published in peer-reviewed journals were reviewed, with exclusion of pediatric studies and those exclusively focusing on open cystectomy. With respect to anastomotic integrity, complication rates, patient comfort, and cost-effectiveness, emerging studies show that stent-less RARC is viable in suitably selected patients and yields either comparable or possibly better results. Widespread acceptance is now limited, nonetheless, by variation in surgical procedures and institutional experience. Stent-less robotic cystectomy is interesting with possible benefits in terms of lower complications and higher patient satisfaction. Larger prospective randomized controlled trials and standardized surgical techniques are required, nonetheless, before suggesting regular use in clinical practice."	bladder
Systematic review and meta-analysis corrected for history of smoking tobacco identifies type 1 diabetes as a possible risk factor for bladder cancer.	Type 2 diabetes is an established bladder cancer risk factor, but any role of type 1 diabetes in this malignancy has remained unclear. We systematically sought, critically appraised, and quantitatively synthesized published estimates of the association between type 1 diabetes and incident bladder cancer in humans. Systematic review identified nine independent studies providing relevant data, but eight of these studies had not addressed confounding by history of smoking tobacco, a strong risk factor for bladder cancer. Therefore, in this research the quantitative synthesis of original data was implemented by meta-regression to detect and quantify residual confounding by tobacco smoking, followed by synthetic meta-analysis to combine smoking-controlled estimates. This analysis robustly identified four-fold greater occurrence of bladder cancer in those with type 1 diabetes (summary estimate 4.29 [95% confidence interval: 2.45-7.47], 9 studies). Thus, type 1 diabetes appears to be a strong risk factor for bladder cancer, and it seems likely that this association was previously obscured by strong negative confounding by smoking. Studies addressing established bladder cancer risk factors together with duration and severity of type 1 diabetes are now warranted to better understand the role of type 1 diabetes in bladder cancer etiology, and to inform the care of patients.	bladder
Attention-enabled Explainable AI for Bladder Cancer Recurrence Prediction.	Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a relentless challenge in oncology, with recurrence rates soaring as high as 70-80%. Each recurrence triggers a cascade of invasive procedures, lifelong surveillance, and escalating healthcare costs-affecting 460,000 individuals worldwide. However, existing clinical prediction tools remain fundamentally flawed, often overestimating recurrence risk and failing to provide personalized insights for patient management. In this work, we propose an interpretable deep learning framework that integrates vector embeddings and attention mechanisms to improve NMIBC recurrence prediction performance. We incorporate vector embeddings for categorical variables such as smoking status and intravesical treatments, allowing the model to capture complex relationships between patient attributes and recurrence risk. These embeddings provide a richer representation of the data, enabling improved feature interactions and enhancing prediction performance. Our approach not only enhances performance but also provides clinicians with patient-specific insights by highlighting the most influential features contributing to recurrence risk for each patient. Our model achieves accuracy of 70% with tabular data, outperforming conventional statistical methods while providing clinician-friendly patient-level explanations through feature attention. Unlike previous studies, our approach identifies new important factors influencing recurrence, such as surgical duration and hospital stay, which had not been considered in existing NMIBC prediction models.	bladder
Bladder Cancer: Role of Circular RNAs in Oncogenesis, Tumor Suppression, and Therapeutic Target Identification.	In order to identify new treatment modalities and targets for the treatment of bladder cancer (BLC), we have searched the literature (PubMed) for circular RNAs (circRNAs) that mediate efficacy in preclinical BLC-related in vivo systems. Pathogenesis-affecting circRNAs can be up-regulated or down-regulated depending on their function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. We have grouped the identified circRNAs according to functional aspects or protein categories, such as involvement in drug resistance, transmembrane proteins, secreted proteins, mediators of signaling, enzymes with pathogenic potential, transcription factors, as well as circRNAs involved in microRNA (miR) processing and epigenetic modifications. The identified up-regulated targets can be modulated with small molecules or antibody-based drugs depending on their druggability. Down-regulated circRNAs can potentially be reconstituted by replacement therapy, whereas up-regulated circRNAs can be inhibited by nucleic acid (NA)-based inhibitors. The validity of the approach of exploring circRNAs and their corresponding targets for therapeutic intervention was underlined by the identification of circRNAs that up-regulate fibroblast growth factor receptors, which can be inhibited by erdafitinib, an approved agent for the treatment of bladder cancer.	bladder