crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
PCMT1 is an unfavorable predictor and functions as an oncogene in bladder cancer.	The role of protein l-isoaspartate (d-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (PCMT1) in human cancer was generally cognized. The clinical significance and biological function of PCMT1 in bladder cancer is still unknown. PCMT1 mRNA and protein expression levels in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines were detected by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, or western blot. The correlation between PCMT1 expression and clinicopathological factors was analyzed through immunohistochemistry in 108 bladder cancer patients. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies were conducted to explore the biological function of PCMT1 in bladder cancer cell lines in regulating cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In our results, we found that PCMT1 was overexpressed in bladder cancer tissues compared with normal urothelium tissues in microarray datasets (GSE3167). Then, we confirmed PCMT1 mRNA and protein expression were increased in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines compared with paired normal urothelium tissues and normal uroepithelial cell line. PCMT1 protein expression was obviously correlated with clinical stage, muscularis invasion, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. Survival analysis showed that PCMT1 protein high-expression was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for bladder cancer patients. The in vitro experiments showed PCMT1 regulated bladder cancer cells migration and invasion through modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes expression including E-cadherin, vimentin, Snail and Slug, but had no effect on proliferation. In conclusion, PCMT1 is an unfavorable prognostic biomarker and involves in cells migration and invasion through regulating EMT-associated genes. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(4):291-299, 2018.	bladder
The clinical significance of COL5A2 in patients with bladder cancer: A retrospective analysis of bladder cancer gene expression data.	"The present study was aimed to investigate the relationship between the expression of collagen type V alpha 2 chain (COL5A2) and clinical outcomes of patients with bladder cancer.Chi-square test and log-rank-based survival analysis were performed to assess the correlation of COL5A2 expression with clinical characteristics and survivals of patients with bladder cancer using GSE13507. Gene set enrichment analysis was conducted to study the relevant mechanisms.Bladder cancer patients in COL5A2 low expression group were associated with better invasiveness (P < .0001), tumor grade (P = .001), T staging (P < .0001), N staging (P = .002), cancer specific survival (P < .0001), overall survival (P < .0001), and a trend of better M staging (P = .053) than those in COL5A2 high expression group.COL5A2 might affect the progression of bladder cancer through ""Coagulation,"" ""Hypoxia,"" ""Apical junction,"" ""Ultraviolet response,"" ""Epithelial mesenchymal transition,"" ""Angiogenesis,"" ""KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase) signaling,""""Complement,""""IL2-STAT5-signaling,"" ""Inflammatory response,"" ""IL6-JAK-STAT3-signaling,"" ""Myogenesis,"" ""TNF α signaling,"" ""Apoptosis,"" and ""Hedgehog-signaling.""Our results demonstrated that COL5A2 was correlated with poor clinical outcomes and survivals of patients with bladder cancer, suggesting that it could be regarded as a biomarker of bladder cancer."	bladder
Durvalumab for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma.	Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer care in the modern era of oncology. Research in immunotherapy has led to important advances in the treatment of melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer and other malignancies using checkpoint inhibition. Multiple systemic immunotherapies have been approved or are currently being investigated for the management of urothelial malignancies (1). Five antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein 1--programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1--PD-L1) pathway have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the management of various malignancies: pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab and avelumab. Recent publications illustrate that in specific stages, immunotherapy is more effective than chemotherapy with a better toxicity profile (1). Currently, the only FDA-approved indication for the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody durvalumab (MEDI-4736) is locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma that has progressed during or following platinum-based chemotherapy within 12 months of treatment. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of durvalumab leading to its approval for urothelial carcinoma.	bladder
Does preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte rate have an effect on survival of the bladder cancer patients who received radical cystectomy?	"INTRODUCTION: Radical cystectomy (RC) is the standard treatment model in invasive bladder cancer patients. Risk definitions before RC is mainly based on pathological results. Neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) rate is one of the inflammation markers. Some other studies reported negative prognostic results with increased N/L rates. In our study, we reviewed the relationship between preoperative N/L rate and clinicopathological results following RC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data gathered from 296 bladder cancer patients that received RC between 2002 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients received preoperative routine hematological and biochemical tests and metastasis screening. All patients were treated with radical cystoprostatectomy and standard pelvic lymph node dissection. The cutoff value for N/L rate was calculated using a web-based ""cutoff finder"" software. RESULTS: Patient mean age was calculated as 65.7 years. Mean follow-up period was 24.5 (2-84) months. Cancer-related death was seen in 132 (44.6%) patients. Multivariate analysis showed age, lymph node metastasis, and low N/L rate as significant in cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSION: In our study, age, lymph node metastasis presence, and preoperative low N/L rates were detected as independent risk factors in RC cases. N/L rate, which is relatively easy to assess during preoperative period, could be beneficial in planning postoperative adjuvant treatments in those patients."	bladder
Identification and Validation of Stromal Immunotype Predict Survival and Benefit from Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.	Purpose: This study aims to construct the stromal immunotype, which could improve the prediction of postsurgical survival and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).Experimental Design: A total of 118 patients with MIBC from Shanghai Cancer Center, 140 patients with MIBC from Zhongshan Hospital, and 287 patients with MIBC from TCGA cohort were included in the study. Immune cell infiltration was evaluated by IHC staining or CIBERSORT method. Five immune features were selected out of 22 immune features to construct immunotypes based on the LASSO Cox regression model.Results: Using the LASSO model, we classified patients with MIBC into stromal immunotype A subgroup (CTL(high)NK(high)Treg(low)Macrophage(low)MC(low)) and stromal immunotype B subgroup (CTL(low)NK(low)Treg(high)Macrophage(high)MC(high)). Significant differences were found between immunotype A and immunotype B in the combined cohort with 5-year overall survival (OS, 76.0% vs. 44.0%; P < 0.001) and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS, 62.8% vs. 48.3%; P < 0.001). Stromal immunotype was revealed to be an independent prognostic indicator in multivariate analysis in all cohorts separately. Either OS or DFS was not improved by adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in pT2 stage patients or pT3+pT4 patients, but further analysis revealed that OS and disease-free was significantly improved by ACT in pT3+pT4 patients (P = 0.016 and P = 0.006, respectively). Finally, stromal immunotype A showed higher immune checkpoint molecules (PD-L1, PD-1, and CTLA-4) expression.Conclusions: The stromal immunotypes could effectively predict survival and recurrence of MIBC. Furthermore, the immunotypes might be a practical predictive tool to identify pT3+pT4 patients who would benefit from ACT. Clin Cancer Res; 24(13); 3069-78. ©2018 AACR.	bladder
Acceptance of Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer in Germany: A Survey of Current Practice.	BACKGROUND: Guidelines support the use of neoadjuvant (NAC) and adjuvant (AC) chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, data from North America reported the underutilization of NAC in favor of AC despite the lower level of scientific evidence supporting AC. We aimed to assess current practice patterns of NAC and AC in -Germany. METHODS: A 15-question online survey was developed and sent via email newsletters to members of the -German Association of Urology and of the German Society of Residents in Urology in October 2016 to analyze current practice patterns. RESULTS: The survey yielded 141 individual responses from 61 different German urology departments. Eighty-nine (69.0%) and 119 (93.0%) participants were stated to regularly use NAC and AC respectively. The number of participants who were stated to use NAC and AC regularly was not associated with the type of institution (academic vs. nonacademic), number of hospital beds, and number of cystectomies performed annually. Gemcitabine/cisplatin combination chemotherapy was named as the primarily used NAC regimen by 80 (95%) respondents. The median number of administered cycles was 3 for NAC and 4 for AC. In the case of cisplatin ineligibility, combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine/carboplatin was the most common regimen. Respondents stated that chemotherapy was generally administered by urologists (81% for NAC and 85% for AC). CONCLUSIONS: Our survey of current practice shows a high acceptance rate of NAC in Germany, which was independent of the type of institution. Although the scientific level of evidence for AC is lower, it still seems to be more widely accepted than NAC. NAC and AC were generally administered by urologists.	bladder
Tumor-Specific Zr-89 Immuno-PET Imaging in a Human Bladder Cancer Model.	PURPOSE: Tumor-specific molecular imaging is an important tool for assessing disease burden and treatment response. CA19.9 is an important tumor-specific marker in several malignancies, including urothelial carcinoma. [(89)Zr]DFO-HuMab-5B1 (MVT-2163) is a CA19.9-specific antibody-based construct that has been validated in preclinical animal models of lung, colorectal, and pancreatic malignancies for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and is currently in a phase I trial for pancreatic cancer (NCT02687230). Here, we examine whether [(89)Zr]DFO-HuMab-5B1 may be useful in defining urothelial malignancies. PROCEDURES: Surface expression of CA19.9 was confirmed in the human bladder cancer line HT 1197. The radioimmunoconjugate [(89)Zr]DFO-HuMab-5B1 was injected into mice bearing HT 1197 xenografts, and followed by PET imaging, ex vivo experiments including biodistribution, histology and autoradiography, and analysis of blood samples for shed antigen levels were performed. RESULTS: [(89)Zr]DFO-HuMab-5B1 specifically accumulates in HT 1197 engrafted tumors when imaged with PET. Ex vivo biodistribution of organs and autoradiography of engrafted tumors confirm our construct's specific tumor binding. The target antigen CA19.9 was not found to be shed in vitro or in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: [(89)Zr]DFO-HuMab-5B1 can be used to delineate urothelial carcinomas by PET imaging and may provide tumor-specific information prior to, during, and after systemic therapies.	bladder
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin strain differences as the basis for immunotherapies against bladder cancer.	In the past 40 years, intravesical immunotherapy with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin has been carried out as the most effective treatment for preventing local recurrences and tumor progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is a family of vaccines derived in 1921 by the in vitro attenuation of Mycobacterium bovis. Subsequently, bacillus Calmette-Guérin seed lots were spread around the world, and both phenotypic and genotypic differences among the strains have been compiled. In recent genomic comparisons, the evolution of the different bacillus Calmette-Guérin substrains has begun to emerge. However, some of these genetic alterations in bacillus Calmette-Guérin strains have yet to be shown to affect the therapeutic effects and/or adverse effects. There are thus ongoing research efforts to assess the effects of these genetic alterations on the properties of bacillus Calmette-Guérin strains, with the ultimate goal of identifying an ideal bacillus Calmette-Guérin strain for treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and providing clues for the improvement of bacillus Calmette-Guérin strains. The present review provides a history of bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy, and discusses the genetic differences among bacillus Calmette-Guérin strains, the different clinical outcomes afforded by bacillus Calmette-Guérin strains and possible future developments.	bladder
[Development and treatment of localized/systemic BCGitis : Retrospective studies in direct comparison to mitomycin C].	Adjuvant therapy with different bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) preparations is a well-established guideline-endorsed treatment for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Our observational study demonstrates equality between BCG and mitomycin C (MMC) treatment based on the oncological outcome. However, there were significant toxicity differences with higher rates in the BCG treatment group. The potential adverse effects of BCG in terms of a BCGitis are controversially discussed regarding their occurrence. As such, we sought to retrospectively evaluate the incidence in 106 consecutive patients. The BCG group demonstrated minor adverse effects in 78.4% and major adverse effects in 43.3%-partially coincident. Moreover, the parallel MMC group showed in 34.7% respectively 1.4% adverse events-as expected distinctly lower. In the context of this clinical discussion, we refer to alternative treatment concepts. Our data show a high clinical relevance of the patient's primary comorbidity.	bladder
Durvalumab in urothelial cancers.	Urothelial bladder cancer is one of the most predominant malignancies worldwide with a poor prognosis when presented at an advanced or metastatic stage. Improving the therapeutic landscape in this setting has been an unmet medical need. Palliative cisplatin-based chemotherapy is currently the standard of care in first line therapies, but many patients are ineligible and few alternative therapies exist. Moreover second-line chemotherapy has minimal activity. Recently, immune-checkpoint inhibitors have shifted the therapeutic armamentarium of bladder cancer and it is now necessary to redesign the therapeutic paradigm. Areas covered: In this article, we focus on the development of durvalumab and provide an overview of the safety, activity, efficacy and future perspectives of this drug in urothelial carcinoma. Expert commentary: Durvalumab is a well-tolerated drug and demonstrated major and durable response in advanced bladder cancer. Combinations with durvalumab will probably emerge as promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma. Further research efforts are needed to identify predictive biomarkers of response to immune-oncology agents.	bladder
The Impact of Academic Facility Type and Case Volume on Survival in Patients Undergoing Curative Radiation Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.	PURPOSE: Bladder-preserving curative radiation therapy (RT) has been established as an excellent treatment option for select patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, some clinicians have concerns that good outcomes are only achievable at high-volume facilities (HVFs) and academic centers (ACs), questioning successful reproducibility of curative RT at smaller centers. This study sought to determine whether treatment at ACs or HVFs was associated with better overall survival (OS) than treatment at nonacademic centers or lower-volume facilities. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of National Cancer Database patients (n=2763) with cT2 to cT4 N0 M0 transitional cell MIBC who received curative RT (60-70 Gy) with or without concurrent chemotherapy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the instantaneous hazard of death as a function of univariate and multivariate patient characteristics and clinical measures. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that academic facility type was significantly associated with improved OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-0.98; P=.02) whereas higher case volume was not associated with improved survival (HR, 0.97; 95% CI 0.92-1.01; P=.15). Multivariate analysis showed no differences in OS for treatment at ACs versus nonacademic centers (HR, 0.94; 95% CI 0.84-1.06; P=.31) or HVFs versus lower-volume facilities (HR, 0.99; 95% CI 0.94-1.04; P=.60). The 2-year OS rate was 54.5% (95% CI 52.5%-56.4%), and the 5-year OS rate was 28.9% (95% CI 27.0%-30.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Although some providers are cautious about offering curative RT at all centers, this large hospital-based study suggests that facility type and volume are not significantly associated with OS for patients undergoing curative RT after we account for other clinically relevant risk factors. The results of this study demonstrate that curative RT in the treatment of MIBC may be considered for patients regardless of facility type or volume.	bladder
The BPSC: A prospective study investigating the clinical effect of interventional therapy and the risk factors for bladder cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia in Chinese population.	"Bladder cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia have been two very common diseases among the elderly men, especially with the aging of the population in the world. We have designed a study to investigate the clinical effect of interventional therapy for plasmakinetic resection of the prostate and plasmakinetic resection of the bladder, which is called ""BPSC"" (The bladder cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia study in Chinese population). The BPSC is not only a specific study, it is made up of many studies. In this article, we introduced the research background, source, name, study framework, study management and further direction of BPSC project. We hope this process will contribute to the growth of the database through sharing data and enriching the evidence of bladder cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia in the Chinese population, thereby finally improving the accessibility of these important findings for doctors, researchers, and patients."	bladder
Expression of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Gene Family Members in Bladder Cancer Tissues and the 5637 Tumor Cell Line.	Background: Apoptosis is suppressed in cancer tissues and tumor cell lines because anti-apoptosis genes are overexpressed. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) gene family contributes to control of apoptosis. The expression profile of eight genes of the IAP family in biopsies from patients with a history of bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues, as well as a bladder tumor cell line (5637), was assessed in the present study. Methods: Cancer tissue samples were obtained at surgery and the 5637 tumor cell line was cultured in RPMI1640 medium. Beyond tumor margins were selected as normal tissue. Expressional profile of interested genes was obtained by using specific primers and the real-time PCR method. Results: The results showed that expression of seven of the studied genes was up-regulated in cancer tissues and the cell line whereas BIRC4 (XIAP) was down-regulated in both. Conclusions: The results showed that these genes were expressed to a greater extent in cancer tissue and cancer cells than in normal tissues. The data suggested that over-expression of anti-apoptotic genes such as IAP family members, can trigger cells to escape from apoptosis.	bladder
Impact of Cyclin D1 and Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein-K (HnRNP-K) on Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis.	Objective: This study aimed to investigate the expression of cyclin D1 and hnRNP-K in relation to the pathological findings in bladder cancer including the type, grade, muscle invasion and bilharzial association. Methods: We studied the immunoexpression; as regard the percentage, intensity and score of both cyclin D1 and hnRNP-K in different bladder lesions including 10 cases of cystitis; 10 cases of carcinoma insitu (CIS), 20 cases of Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 66 cases of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Results: High expression of cyclin D1 was found in UC compared to other groups (p<0.001) and in UC with low grade, non-muscle invasive and papillary tumors compared to their counterparts (p<0.05, <0.01 and <0.05 respectively), however, bilharzial association does not affect cyclin D1 expression. Higher hnRNP-K expression was found in SCC compared to other groups (p <0.001) and in UC with high grade, muscle invasive and non-papillary tumors compared to their counterparts (p<0.001each). Bilharzial-associated UC showed higher expression of hnRNP-K percent (p<0.05) compared to non-bilharzial cases. Conclusion: This study elucidated a possible contribution of cyclin D1 and hnRNP-K expression in the initiation and progression of urinary bladder carcinoma, so, both of them can be used in predicting progression of urinary bladder carcinoma and to differentiate between UC and SCC in high grade tumors. The possible role of both markers in immunotherapy deserves supplementary studies.	bladder
Sarcopenia as a comorbidity-independent predictor of survival following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND: A multicentre study was conducted to investigate the impact of sarcopenia as an independent predictor of oncological outcome after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. METHODS: In total, 500 patients with available digital computed tomography scans of the abdomen obtained within 90 days before surgery were identified. The lumbar skeletal muscle index was measured using pre-operative computed tomography. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Predictors of CSS and OS were analysed by univariable and multivariable Cox regression models. RESULTS: Based on skeletal muscle index, 189 patients (37.8%) were classified as sarcopenic. Patients with sarcopenia were older compared with their counterparts (P = 0.002), but both groups were comparable regarding to gender, comorbidity, tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage, and type of urinary diversion (all P > 0.05). In total, 234 (46.8%) patients died, and of these, 145 (29.0%) died because of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Sarcopenic patients had significantly worse 5 year OS (38.3% vs. 50.5%; P = 0.002) and 5 year CSS (49.5% vs. 62.3%; P = 0.016) rates compared with patients without sarcopenia. Moreover, sarcopenia was associated independently with both increased all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.87; P = 0.01) and increased cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.02; P = 0.048). Our results are limited by the lack of prospective frailty assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia has been shown to be an independent predictor for OS and CSS in a large multicentre study with patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.	bladder