crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Outcome of very large superficial bladder tumours: a 10-year experience.	OBJECTIVES: To determine the biological behaviour of very large superficial bladder tumours (pTa, pT1) and evaluate the impact of the initial tumour weight on long-term prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of 1569 patients who presented with bladder tumours over a 10-year period, 1070 of the tumours were superficial. Fifty-nine patients had very large tumours (resected weight >or= 15 g). Case notes were analysed to determine recurrence, progression and survival. Median follow-up was 60 months (range 1-156 months). Histological slides were reviewed for all tumours initially reported as pT1 to determine the presence of uninvolved muscle. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method to calculate progression and survival estimates. RESULTS: The overall progression and recurrence rates for very large superficial bladder tumours were 18% and 68%, respectively. The progression rates for Ta, T1, G1, G2 and G3 tumours were 4%, 28%, 0%, 20% and 50%, respectively, with highest progression rates being seen for pT1G2 and pT1G3 tumours. The progression rate was significantly influenced by initial stage (p=0.01) and grade (p=0.03). Tumour weight did not affect either recurrence, progression or cause-specific survival. There were no differences in progression and survival rates in patients with tumour weights of 15-30 and >30 g (p=0.80 and 0.07, respectively). The review of histology slides of T1 tumours showed that 7/10 cases (70%) with progression had no muscle or an inadequate amount of muscle for definitive staging. Upper urinary tract tumours were seen in only two patients (3.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Large size is not an adverse prognostic factor for patients with a superficial bladder tumour. However, these cases are difficult to stage. In view of the high rates of progression and disease-specific mortality, we recommend that very large pT1G2 bladder tumours should be considered as high-risk tumours and targeted for aggressive treatment, including early re-resection, to rule out any occult invasive disease.	bladder
Retroperitoneal nephroureterectomy with excision of cuff of the bladder for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: comparison of laparoscopic and open surgery with long-term follow-up.	OBJECTIVES: To compare outcome and long term follow up of laparoscopic retroperitoneal nephroureterectomy with excision of cuff of bladder (LRPNUT-BCE) and standard open nephroureterectomy with excision of cuff of bladder (ONUT-BCE) in patients of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (UTTCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 1998 to October 2006, we have performed over 55 cases of nephroureterectomy with excision of cuff of bladder for UTTCC. Out of these, 48 patients undergoing LRPNUT-BCE and ONUT-BCE were categorized retrospectively into group A (21), and group B (27), respectively. The clinical data including intraoperative, postoperative, and follow-up data was recorded for two groups and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The mean operating time was significantly higher in-group A (P < 0.001). The different techniques of bladder cuff excision were used in group A. The mean analgesic use, hospital stay and weeks to normal activity were significantly lesser in-group A (P < 0.001). The intraoperative, postoperative complications and mean follow up were comparable in two groups. There was no local recurrence in either group. The bladder recurrence and distant metastases were comparable in two groups (group A--9.52%, group B--11.1% and group A--9.52%, group B--11.1%, respectively). The 5-year recurrence free, cancer specific and overall survivals were comparable in two groups. CONCLUSIONS: On long-term follow-up of oncological efficacy, LRPNUT-BCE satisfactorily compares with traditional open surgery (ONUT-BCE) with longer operating time, while decreasing postoperative morbidity and extending benefits of minimally invasive surgery to the patients.	bladder
TP53 gene mutations as an independent marker for urinary bladder cancer progression.	This study evaluates the influence of the TP53 genetic status on tumour recurrence and progression with a highly effective electrophoretic technique. DNA from tissue of 75 non-invasive urinary bladder cancers was PCR amplified in the TP53 exons 5-8 and run on horizontal polyacrylamide gels under defined temperature conditions to yield specific gel shifts. Kaplan-Meier and Cox-Regression analysis were performed with tumour progression. The overall tumour recurrence in our patient population was 76.0% (57/75). Tumour recurrence frequency was 69.4% (34/49) in patients with TP53 wild-type, and 88.5% (23/26) in patients with TP53 mutation. There was no statistically significant difference with regard to recurrence frequency and time to recurrence. The progression-free survival was significantly shorter in patients with TP53 mutations, and the frequency of tumour progression was significantly higher in mutated as compared to wild-type tumours. Cox-Regression analysis showed a significant and independent influence of TP53 mutation on tumour progression in comparison with tumour grade, stage and history of prior bladder cancer. If segregated by exons, mutations in the DNA binding region of exon 8 seem to have a particular high influence on tumour progression. We conclude that genetic analysis of TP53 can select patients at high risk of bladder tumour progression that should be followed closely and may benefit from early radical surgical procedures.	bladder
Genetic variants of the XRCC7 gene involved in DNA repair and risk of human bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the polymorphisms of the KU70 and X-ray repair cross complementing group 7 (XRCC7) genes and the risk of bladder cancer. METHODS: This hospital-based case-control study included 213 patients with newly diagnosed bladder transitional cell carcinoma and 235 cancer-free controls frequency-matched by age and sex. Two polymorphisms, KU70 and XRCC7, using a method involving polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism were genotyped. RESULTS: The risk of bladder cancer decreased in a dose-response manner as the number of XRCC76721G alleles increased (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.70, 95% confident interval [CI] = 0.47-1.03 for 6721GT and OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.10-0.99 for 6721GG; P(trend) = 0.013). However, when we used 6721 (GT + GG) as the reference, we found a statistically significant increased risk of bladder cancer associated with the 6721TT genotype (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.04-2.25). In the stratification analysis, this increased risk was more pronounced among subgroups of patients aged >65 years (OR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.25-4.10) and ever smokers (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.15-3.68). Furthermore, we observed a 3.24-fold increased risk (95% CI = 1.35-7.78) for smokers aged >65 years carrying 6721TT genotype compared with those carrying the 6721 (GG + GT) genotype. However, the KU70-61C > G polymorphism was not associated with a significantly increased risk of bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The XRCC7 but not the KU70 polymorphism appears to be involved in the etiology of human bladder cancer. Larger studies with more detailed data on environmental exposure are needed to verify these initial findings.	bladder
Robot-assisted radical cystectomy in women: technique and initial experience.	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is a new management option for the treatment of bladder cancer. This study evaluates an initial experience with RARC with ileal conduit diversion in women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients underwent RARC with ileal conduit urinary diversion, including four women, and our surgical technique is described here. A retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate clinical stage, tumor grade, operative times, estimated blood loss (EBL), pathologic stage, lymph node pathology, and complications. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 69.5 years, median operative time was 350 minutes, and median EBL was 300 mL. Median length of stay was 5 days, with the two most recent patients leaving by postoperative day 3. The median number of lymph nodes removed was 12, with one patient revealing node-positive disease. Surgical margins were negative for disease in all patients. No patients required blood transfusion or had major complications. CONCLUSION: RARC is a new technique available for the treatment of high-risk or invasive bladder cancer in women. This surgery provides decreased morbidity while maintaining the oncologic goals of traditional radical cystectomy.	bladder
Laparoscopic and robotic assisted radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a critical analysis.	CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Interest in laparoscopic assisted radical cystectomy (LRC) and robotic assisted radical cystectomy (RRC) is increasing at select centers worldwide. In this update we present the recent worldwide experience and critically evaluate the role of minimally invasive radical surgery for patients with bladder cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: English-language literature between 1992 and 2007 was reviewed using the National Library of Medicine database and the following key words: laparoscopic, laparoscopic-assisted, robotic, robotic-assisted, and radical cystectomy. Over 102 papers were identified, 48 of which were selected for this review on the basis of their contribution to advancing the field with regard to three criteria: (1) evolution of concepts, (2) development and refinement of techniques, and (3) intermediate- and long-term clinical outcomes. These were evaluated with respect to current techniques and perioperative, functional, and oncological outcomes. Our initial experience is also reported. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Minimally invasive techniques can adequately achieve the extirpative aspects of LRC and extended template lymphadenectomy. At most institutions the reconstructive urinary diversion is now typically being performed extracorporeally through a minilaparotomy. Perioperative data indicate that minimally invasive techniques are associated with reduced blood loss, slightly increased operating time, and shorter hospital stay without any significant difference in postoperative complications compared with open surgery. Intermediate-term oncological outcomes appear to be comparable with the open approach. Worldwide experience continues to increase; >700 surgeries have already been performed. CONCLUSION: LRC or RRC with extracorporeally constructed urinary diversion is a safe and effective operation for appropriate patients with bladder cancer. Perioperative and functional outcomes are comparable with open surgery. More focus on extended lymphadenectomy is necessary to routinely achieve higher node yields. Surrogate and intermediate oncological outcomes are encouraging, and long-term assessment is ongoing.	bladder
Human tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in a human fibrosarcoma cell line.	Human TFPI-2 is an extracellular matrix-associated Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitor. We previously demonstrated that a human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT-1080, does not express TFPI-2, but genetic restoration of TFPI-2 expression in these cells markedly inhibited their growth and metastasis in vivo. In the present study, either full-length recombinant TFPI-2, or its mutated first Kunitz-type domain (R24K KD1), were offered to HT-1080 cells, and the degree of apoptosis assessed by nuclear fragmentation, ethidium bromide and acridine orange staining, fluorescence activated cell sorting, immunoblotting and gene expression profiling. R24K KD1 induced apoptosis in 69% of HT-1080 cells in a 48 h period compared to 39% for TFPI-2, while a KD1 preparation lacking a reactive site arginine/lysine residue (R24Q KD1) produced only an 18% apoptosis rate, suggesting that the observed apoptosis was related to proteinase inhibition. Immunoblotting experiments indicated increased caspase 3 and 9 activation, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax and suppression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. Finally, microarray analyses of R24K KD1-treated cells indicated elevated expression of several pro-apoptotic genes and under-expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that treatment of HT-1080 cells exogenously with either TFPI-2 or R24K KD1 activates caspase-mediated, pro-apoptotic signaling pathways resulting in apoptosis.	bladder
Urinary bladder cancer and schistosomiasis in North-Western Nigeria.	BACKGROUND: An unusually high prevalence of bladder cancer was noticed by clinicians and in the cancer registry of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto. Several areas of this region were also known to be endemic for urinary schistosomiasis. OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological characteristics of bladder cancer in the region and to assess the impact of schistosomiasis on these cases. METHOD: Retrospective review of clinical and histopathogical records of bladder cancer cases seen at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto from January 1999 to December 2004. RESULT: One hundred and thirty three cases satisfied our criteria for inclusion. There was a 4.7 fold rise in the number of bladder cancer cases between 1999 and 2004. The male to female ratio was 11.1:1.0. The mean age was 46.0 years and ranged from 20 to 82 years. Majority, 107 (80.5%) were farmers and fishermen from regions of the distribution of surrounding river or their smaller tributaries. Squamous Cell Carcinoma comprised 65.1% of histologically verified cases and in 50% of Squamous Cell Carcinoma; there was histological evidence of chronic urinary schistosomiasis. CONCLUSION: Bladder cancer is a common malignancy in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria. The association with chronic urinary schistosomiasis is very strong and the hospital incidence appears to be rising.	bladder
Consumption of raw cruciferous vegetables is inversely associated with bladder cancer risk.	Cruciferous vegetables contain isothiocyanates, which show potent chemopreventive activity against bladder cancer in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, previous epidemiologic studies investigating cruciferous vegetable intake and bladder cancer risk have been inconsistent. Cooking can substantially reduce or destroy isothiocyanates, and could account for study inconsistencies. In this hospital-based case-control study involving 275 individuals with incident, primary bladder cancer and 825 individuals without cancer, we examined the usual prediagnostic intake of raw and cooked cruciferous vegetables in relation to bladder cancer risk. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated with unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for smoking and other bladder cancer risk factors. We observed a strong and statistically significant inverse association between bladder cancer risk and raw cruciferous vegetable intake (adjusted OR for highest versus lowest category = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.97), with a significant trend (P = 0.003); there were no significant associations for fruit, total vegetables, or total cruciferous vegetables. The associations observed for total raw crucifers were also observed for individual raw crucifers. The inverse association remained significant among current and heavy smokers with three or more servings per month of raw cruciferous vegetables (adjusted ORs, 0.46 and 0.60; 95% CI, 0.23-0.93 and 0.38-0.93, respectively). These data suggest that cruciferous vegetables, when consumed raw, may reduce the risk of bladder cancer, an effect consistent with the role of dietary isothiocyanates as chemopreventive agents against bladder cancer.	bladder
Urinary cytology and quantitative BTA and UBC tests in surveillance of patients with pTapT1 bladder urothelial carcinoma.	OBJECTIVES: To compare results of urinary cytology, quantitative detection of human complement factor H-related protein (BTA TRAK), and urinary fragments of cytokeratins 8 and 18 (UBC IRMA) with the recurrence status in patients with pTapT1 bladder cancer and to define the possible role of these methods in a surveillance protocol. METHODS: We collected urine from 88 consecutive patients with primary pTapT1 tumors before the first transurethral resection (TURB) and before each follow-up cystoscopy. In all samples urinary cytology and quantitative BTA and UBC tests were performed. We compared results with recurrence status and with tumor characteristics in the case of recurrence. We constructed receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves for quantitative methods. In addition, we evaluated individual cutoffs based on pretreatment levels. RESULTS: During the mean follow-up of 16.96 months, we performed 313 cystoscopies, 93 of which were positive in 51 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of cytology, BTA, and UBC were 19.8% and 99%, 53.8% and 83.9%, and 12.1% and 97.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of pTis detection was 66.6%, 0%, and 100%, respectively. With cutoffs set to a sensitivity of 90%, the specificity of BTA and UBC dropped to 24.8% and 20.4%, respectively. Individually calculated cutoffs did not provide a significant benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Because of high specificity and sensitivity in pTis detection, urinary cytology fulfills requirements for an adjunctive method to cystoscopy. Quantitative BTA and UBC tests have a low sensitivity in the detection of bladder cancer recurrence and cannot be used routinely to reduce the number of cystoscopies during follow-up.	bladder
VB4-845, a conjugated recombinant antibody and immunotoxin for head and neck cancer and bladder cancer.	Viventia Biotech Inc, under license from the University of Zurich, is developing VB4-845, comprising a Pseudomonas exotoxin fused to an anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule single-chain antibody fragment, for the potential treatment of head and neck cancer (intratumoral) and bladder cancer (intravesical). VB4-845 is currently undergoing phase II and III clinical trials in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, as well as phase II clinical trials for the treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.	bladder
Intravesically administered antisense oligonucleotides targeting heat-shock protein-27 inhibit the growth of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inhibitory effects of a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting the cytoprotective chaperone heat-shock protein (HSP)-27 (OGX-427, OncoGeneX Technologies, Vancouver, Canada) on human bladder cancer growth both in vitro and in vivo as an intravesical agent in an orthotopic murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human KU-7 bladder tumour cells were treated with OGX-427 or a mismatch (MM) control oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) in vitro and were assessed for HSP27 expression, proliferation and apoptosis. KU-7-luc cells that stably express luciferase were inoculated in female nude mice by intravesical instillation and tumour size was measured using bioluminescence imaging. Mice with established KU-7-luc tumours were administered uncomplexed 'naked' OGX-427 or MM ODN as well as controlled-release microparticulate chitosan/oligonucleotide formulations intravesically. Tumour growth was monitored over time and tumours were analysed after death using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS: In vitro, OGX-427 significantly decreased HSP27 protein levels and cellular viability. While naked OGX-427 showed only a trend in tumour suppression compared with MM ODN, OGX-427 complexed with chitosan significantly inhibited orthotopic tumour growth. The chitosan preparation induced some haematuria compared to naked ASO, but this formulation had superior tissue uptake of oligonucleotides and suppressed HSP27 tissue levels by 75%. CONCLUSION: Intravesical OGX-427 instillation therapy showed promising antitumour activity and minimal toxicity in an orthotopic mouse model of high-grade bladder cancer. These findings provide pre-clinical proof-of-principle for the use of ASO as intravesical agents for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and warrant further evaluation of efficacy and safety in early-phase clinical trials.	bladder
DNA image cytometry in bladder cancer: state of the art.	The most recent Consensus Review of the Clinical Utility of DNA Cytometry in Bladder Cancer, which took place in Maine back in 1992, focused solely on flow cytometry results. Since then, there have been a significant number of articles published on the use of image cytometry to evaluate DNA content in bladder cancer. This has meant that a large proportion of the information collected is scattered across the published literature. The purpose of this article was to organize the data referred to in those articles published since the 1992 Consensus Review, and organise it under three major topic headings: a) DNA image cytometry versus flow cytometry, (b) specimen sources, and (c) its clinical utility with regard to improving prognosis and recurrence detection. A variety of factors and issues are discussed and points have been raised for discussion. Prospects for the future and potential research areas are also suggested.	bladder
Evaluation of genetic variants in microRNA-related genes and risk of bladder cancer.	MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNA molecules involved in a diversity of cellular functions. Although it has been reported that global suppression of the miRNA biogenesis pathway leads to enhanced tumorigenesis, the effect of common genetic variants of miRNA-related genes on cancer predisposition is unclear. To better understand this effect, we genotyped 41 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 24 miRNA-related genes in a case-control study conducted in 746 Caucasian patients with bladder cancer and 746 matched controls. The homozygous variant genotype of a nonsynonymous SNP in the GEMIN3 gene (rs197414) was associated with a significantly increased bladder cancer risk [odds ratios (OR), 2.40; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.04-5.56]. Several additional miRNA-related SNPs were also identified that showed a borderline significant association with bladder cancer risk. Haplotype analysis indicated that a common haplotype of the GEMIN4 gene was associated with a significantly increased bladder cancer risk with an OR of 1.25 (95% CI, 1.01-1.54). To assess the aggregate effects of the promising SNPs, we performed a combined unfavorable genotype analysis that included all SNPs showing at least a borderline statistical significance. We found that, compared with the low-risk reference group with less than two unfavorable genotypes, the medium-risk group with two unfavorable genotypes exhibited a 1.29-fold (0.92-1.81) increased risk whereas the high-risk group with more than two unfavorable genotypes exhibited a 1.92-fold (1.36-2.71) increased risk (P(trend) < 0.0001). Overall, this is the first epidemiologic study showing that miRNA-related genetic variants may affect bladder cancer risk individually and jointly.	bladder