crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MMP-9 silencing inhibits bladder cancer T24 cell invasion and migration in vitro.	PURPOSE: Bladder Cancer (BCa) ranks as the tenth most common cancer worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9, are associated with tumor progression and metastasis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of MMP-9 silencing using CRISPR-Cas9 in T24-luc bladder carcinoma cells. METHODS: Guide RNAs (sgRNA1 and sgRNA2) targeting MMP-9 were cloned into pX-330 plasmids and transfected into T24-luc cells. Gene and protein expression were analyzed via RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Functional assays included flow cytometry for proliferation and apoptosis, colony formation, wound healing, and Matrigel™ invasion assays. RESULTS: sgRNA2 significantly reduced MMP-9 gene expression, while both sgRNAs reduced protein expression. Edited cells showed decreased proliferation and colony formation, increased apoptosis, and reduced migration and invasion capacity. CONCLUSION: CRISPR-Cas9-mediated silencing of MMP-9 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and increased apoptosis in BCa cells, supporting that MMP-9 has an important effect on the progression of bladder cancer.	bladder
A Urologist's Guide to Managing Bladder Cancer in Patients Who Smoke.	Smoking causes 50% of bladder cancers yet remains under-recognized by patients. Urologists must prioritize cessation counseling, as quitting improves survival, treatment efficacy, and quality of life. Guideline-recommended Ask-Advise-Act protocols and opt-out referrals can bridge this critical care gap.	bladder
Small cell size circulating tumor cells predict the prognosis of high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients.	The study aimed to explore the distribution of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor endothelial cells (CTECs), and their subtypes in non-cancer and bladder cancer individuals, focusing on their prognostic value in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Researchers analyzed 59 fresh peripheral blood samples using subtraction enrichment and immunostaining fluorescence in situ hybridization (SE-iFISH). Samples were collected from healthy individuals (n = 18), patients with benign urinary conditions (n = 2), newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients (n = 20), and NMIBC patients after repeated transurethral resection of bladder tumor (R-TURBT) (n = 19). NMIBC patients had significantly higher total CTCs. In newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients, large CTCs constituted 58.8%. The most common karyotype was ≥ pentaploid CTCs (61.2%). In the non-cancer group, large CTCs constituted 83.0%, with ≥ pentaploid CTCs comprising 72.3% of aneuploid CTCs. For NMIBC patients after R-TURBT, those without recurrence had 16% small CTCs. Conversely, the recurrence group had 71% small CTCs, where tetraploid CTCs were predominant (40%). By performing logistic ridge repression, the ≥ pentaploid small CTC is noted as an important indicator of recurrence. The presence and proportion of small CTCs can serve as a prognostic marker in NMIBC patients following R-TURBT, potentially guiding patient management and surveillance strategies.	bladder
GLRX2 polymorphism and oxidative stress levels impact urothelial bladder cancer outcomes.	The bladder is continuously exposed to oxidative and mutagenic agents. Such chemicals are metabolized, filtered by the kidneys, and excreted in the urine. Not surprisingly, urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) is the 9th most common cancer worldwide. This study investigates whether the C > T (rs912071) polymorphism in the Glutaredoxin 2 (GLRX2) gene, oxidative stress marker levels, and GLRX2 expression are associated with prognosis and recurrence in 341 patients with UBC. Gene expression data were compared to those available in TCGA. The TT genotype (OR = 2.475, p = 0.017) was positively associated with the risk of 1-year recurrence. Hypertensive patients carrying the CT genotype presented a reduced risk for recurrence (OR = 0.460, p = 0.047) and high-grade tumors (OR = 0.188, p = 0.001). Lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) levels were higher in patients than in controls and in patients carrying the TT genotype. Tumor tissues and invasive tumors had higher GLRX2 expression, confirming the TCGA findings. DepMap analysis identifies GLRX2 as a valuable tool enabling personalized treatments for UBC patients. Our results showed that the TT genotype of rs912071 is associated with an increased risk of recurrence and high oxidative stress. In contrast, the CT genotype may protect against disease recurrence in patients with UBC cancer.	bladder
Case Report of Rare Metastasis of Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Bladder: A New Hypothesis and Literature Review.	INTRODUCTION: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to the bladder is extremely rare. A total of 1.6% of the patients were found via autopsy reports. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old male patient presented with left flank pain and hematuria. A 40 mm tumor extending into the pelvis was detected in contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). After benign urine cytology and transurethral-resection (TUR) biopsy from the bladder, left nephroureterectomy and ureteral cuff resection were performed because of a left endophytic renal mass and suspected upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Pathology analysis revealed papillary RCC. In the patient with hematuria, a 16mm mass was detected in the bladder 2 years after nephrectomy. Papillary type RCC was detected after complete TUR of the bladder tumor. Left iliac-lymph-node metastasis was detected via postoperative positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). After six months of sunitinib treatment, the metastatic lymphadenopathy was found to regress on PET-CT. DISCUSSION: Solitary resectable intravesical metastatic RCC is a good prognostic factor. Late-onset systemic metastasis may be observed and should be considered during follow-up. PET-CT scanning should be performed if necessary, and the patient can be treated with sunitinib.	bladder
FLLL31 Induces Apoptosis via the FOXO4/BCL6 Axis to Inhibit Bladder Cancer Progression.	Bladder cancer represents one of the most common malignancies globally, posing a severe threat to human health. Through compound library screening, we identified tetramethylcurcumin (FLLL31), a diketone analog of curcumin, as exhibiting significant inhibitory effects on the malignant biological behaviors of bladder cancer cells. Although possessing diverse biological activities, the application of FLLL31 in bladder cancer has not been reported previously. To investigate the function and mechanism of FLLL31, we assessed its impact on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of T24 and 5637 cells using CCK-8, EdU, colony formation, and Transwell. The in vivo efficacy of FLLL31 was evaluated by intraperitoneal injection in BALB/c-nu mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts. Utilizing RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and JC-1 staining, we further explored the mechanism underlying FLLL31's inhibition of malignant behaviors in bladder cancer cells. The results demonstrate that FLLL31 inhibits malignant bladder cancer behaviors by inducing apoptosis via the FOXO4/BCL6 axis. This pathway was further confirmed by the observation that lentiviral knockdown of either FOXO4 or BCL6 attenuated FLLL31-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, FLLL31 upregulates FOXO4, leading to increased BCL6 expression. This subsequently suppresses the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL, thereby triggering apoptosis. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of FLLL31 for bladder cancer and identify the FOXO4/BCL6 pathway as a promising novel target.	bladder
Primary bladder perivascular epithelioid cell tumour in an early adolescent.	Primary bladder perivascular epithelioid cell tumours (PEComas) are rare tumours that typically present in the third or fourth decade of life. Radiological and histopathological findings play a crucial role in establishing the diagnosis, and treatment is primarily based on surgical excision. We present the case of a primary bladder PEComa in an early adolescent male presenting with macroscopic haematuria and a hypervascular bladder mass. These peculiar symptoms should prompt consideration of the rare diagnosis of PEComa, even in paediatric patients.	bladder
miR-124 Targets EGFR and Attenuates Growth and Invasion in Bladder Cancer Cells.	BACKGROUND/AIM: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a key driver in bladder cancer progression. This study investigated the tumor-suppressive role of miR-124-3p and its regulatory effect on EGFR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TSGH8301 and T24 bladder cancer cells were treated with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib or transfected with an miR-124-3p mimic. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion were assessed using MTT, colony formation, and transwell assays. EGFR targeting was confirmed via Western blot, immunofluorescence, and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS: Erlotinib and miR-124-3p both reduced cell viability and proliferation. miR-124-3p significantly inhibited EGFR phosphorylation and expression, suppressed migration and invasion, and downregulated the EGFR downstream targets MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF-A. Luciferase assays confirmed the direct binding of miR-124-3p to EGFR 3'UTR. CONCLUSION: miR-124-3p suppresses bladder cancer cells progression by directly targeting and inactivating EGFR, thereby impairing cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. These findings highlight miR-124-3p as a potential therapeutic agent in EGFR-driven bladder cancer.	bladder
[MASSIVE TUMOR INSIDE A GIANT BLADDER DIVERTICULUM].	MASSIVE TUMOR INSIDE A GIANT BLADDER DIVERTICULUM.	bladder
Analysis of HER2 Expression in Different Histological Subtypes and IHC-Based Molecular Variants of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Carcinoma.	Background and Objectives: Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a heterogeneous disease with diverse morphological and molecular characteristics. This study aims to analyze the expression of HER2 in 100 consecutive cases of muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma (MIBC), with a special attention to the different histological subtypes and consensus molecular variants determined by IHC methods. Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted on 100 consecutive cases of MIBC (2021-2024). HER2 status is assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) (scores 0, 0+, 1+, 2+, 3+), and the results are compared with the published data. Results: We have established that over half of the tumors (~60%) show some level of HER2 expression, with strong expression (3+) present in 25%. There are significant differences among the IHC-based molecular variants: luminal tumors, including papillary tumors, exhibit a frequent HER2 overexpression, whereas those with a basal immunophenotype (e.g., squamous, sarcomatoid variants) are almost entirely HER2-negative. The micropapillary subtype and some other rare subtypes can also express HER2. Conclusions: HER2 is an important biomarker with heterogeneous expression in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. The present study showed that the frequency and level of HER2 expression vary substantially among different histopathological subtypes and molecular variants. In therapeutic terms, interest in HER2 as a target is growing-new antibody-drug conjugates show a promising activity even in cases with low HER2 expression, which will likely lead to the integration of HER2-directed therapies and routine testing in the future.	bladder
Causal relationship between immune cells and bladder cancer: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.	Prior research has examined immune cell involvement in bladder cancer (BCa). This Mendelian randomization (MR) study investigated causal links between 731 immune cell traits and BCa risk, identifying potential immunotherapy targets. Immune cell data came from a Sardinian cohort (3757 individuals), and BCa data from genome-wide association studies. We used inverse variance weighting as the main analysis, with MR-Egger and weighted median methods for validation. Stability checks included sensitivity analyses. Sixteen immune traits (related to 4 immune signals: MFI, RC, AC, MP) showed significant BCa associations. Five increased risk (OR > 1, P < .05), while 11 were protective (OR < 1, P < .05). No reverse causality, heterogeneity, or horizontal pleiotropy was found (P > .05). This MR analysis demonstrates complex causal relationships between immune cell traits and BCa, offering new insights for immunotherapy and prevention.	bladder
Occupational hazards and bladder cancer-An umbrella review of the risk in workers exposed over the past 30 years.	"BACKGROUND: Occupational exposure accounts for the second preventable risk factor for bladder cancer (BC), after smoking. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to extract evidence-based data from the systematic reviews that included studies primarily from the past 30 years, based on a clearly defined method of exposure assessment. METHODS: A literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Embase was conducted using variations of the keywords ""BC,"" ""occupational exposure,"" and/or ""occupation."" The inclusion criteria for the umbrella review were the following: systematic reviews and meta-analyses focused on occupational exposure, with a clear definition of the exposure assessment, a risk estimate for BC, and a majority of data from 1993 to 2023. We did not include other forms of reviews or systematic reviews focused on the general population and environmental exposure. Data were synthesized based either on occupations or on occupational hazards. After the overlap checking, the remaining reviews were assessed for quality using AMSTAR 2 criteria and afterwards classified for high, moderate, or low evidence using the GRADE scale. RESULTS: We found relevant associations with a high level of evidence for firefighters, hairdressers, painters, workers in the petroleum industry, and dry cleaners exposed to tetrachloroethylene. Concerning hazards, exposure to ortho-toluidine was also confirmed to be a risk by recent studies. Welders, veterans, and those exposed to hexavalent chromium at higher risk need more well-designed studies to be confirmed. CONCLUSION: Despite longstanding recognition of certain risks, occupational exposure remains insufficiently investigated. Recent data support the inclusion of occupations and hazards in the individual risk assessment for BC."	bladder
Fluorinated albumin nanocages dually target CAFs and tumor cells to potentiate bladder cancer chemoimmunotherapy.	Immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by chemotherapeutics holds promise for cancer therapy, but limited drug penetration across the bladder mucosa and an immune-excluded tumor microenvironment (TME) have hindered success in bladder cancer. Here, we develop fluorinated albumin nanocages as transmucosal delivery vesicles that concurrently target cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor cells to potentiate chemoimmunotherapy. Surface fluorination enables mucosal penetration, while recognition of secreted protein acidic and cysteine-rich (SPARC) protein ensures selective uptake by CAFs and tumor cells. Encapsulated chemotherapeutics enhance ICD through inhibition of the Bcl-2 pathway, promoting tumor cell death. Simultaneous CAF disruption reduces stromal fibrosis, facilitating anti-PD-L1 antibody delivery and T-cell infiltration. This dual-targeting strategy synergizes ICD with immune checkpoint blockade to eradicate bladder tumors by recruiting cytotoxic T cells and suppressing immunosuppressive phenotypes. Ex vivo studies in freshly resected human bladder tumors further validated the translational potential. Our findings highlight the fluorinated albumin nanocages as a versatile transmucosal platform to remodel the tumor-stroma axis and amplify chemoimmunotherapy in bladder cancer.	bladder
Effect of Continuity of Care on Cancer-Related Fatigue, Self-Care Ability and Fear of Recurrence in Patients with Intravesical Chemotherapy after Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors.	BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing intravesical chemotherapy following transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) frequently face challenges including insufficient disease-related knowledge, inadequate self-management skills during chemotherapy intervals and discontinuity in routine postoperative care. This study aimed to investigate the effects of continuity of care patterns on cancer-related fatigue, self-care ability, fear of recurrence and risk of complications. METHODS: This retrospective study included 105 patients who received intravesical chemotherapy after TURBT in our hospital between January 2022 and December 2024. The patients were divided into a study group (receiving continuity of care, n = 44) and a control group (not receiving continuity of care, n = 61) according to whether they received continuity of care. Their baseline characteristics and clinical data were retrospectively analysed, and their Piper Fatigue Scale-Revised (PFS-R), Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale (ESCA) and Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory Scale (FCRI) scores were collected before and 6 months after intervention. RESULTS: After the intervention, the behavioural fatigue, emotional fatigue and somatosensory fatigue dimension scores and PFSR total points of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The scores in the dimensions of sense of responsibility, self-concept, self-care skills and health knowledge level and ESCA total points of the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The severity, coping strategies, psychological distress, insight, reassurance dimension scores and FCRI total points of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). During the follow-up period, the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) and urethral pain in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Continuity of care was associated with reduced cancer-related fatigue, improved self-care ability, low fear of recurrence and few complications such as UTI and urethral pain in patients receiving intravesical chemotherapy after TURBT. This study describes an evidence-based care protocol designed to improve transitional healthcare management for this patient population.	bladder
Ectopic adrenal tissue around the prostate: A rare case.	RATIONALE: Adrenal ectopia is defined as the presence of adrenal tissue in a location other than the adrenal glands. Ectopic adrenal tissue has been reported in the region around the adrenal gland, the celiac plexus, the kidney, and the route of gonadal descent, comprising also hernia sacs. However, to our knowledge, ectopic adrenal tissue around the prostate is extremely rarely reported. PATIENT CONCERN: A 56-year-old male was admitted to the hospital due to 4 days of gross hematuria. DIAGNOSES: Magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple lesions on the bladder wall, with the larger one located on the posterior wall of the bladder and partially invading the muscle. We combined with preoperative imaging and diagnosed a muscle-invasive bladder cancer. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent radical cystoprostatectomy. OUTCOMES: The surgery was successfully performed. Postoperative pathology indicated invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma. Unexpectedly, postoperative pathology also revealed the presence of adrenal tissues around the prostate (The adrenal tissue was located outside the prostatic capsule). The diagnosis of ectopic adrenal tissue around the prostate was considered. The patient was discharged 9 days after surgery and no significant abnormalities were found during follow-up. LESSONS: This case represents the ectopic adrenal tissue around the prostate, broadening our understanding of adrenal tissue ectopia. Ectopic adrenal tissue around the prostate is usually discovered by chance. It contains only the cortex and appears to be nonfunctional. Due to its small size and rarity, detecting ectopic adrenal tissue in the prostate through imaging is challenging.	bladder
Management of nephrogenic adenoma in pediatric patients with multiple urological interventions.	INTRODUCTION: Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) is an extremely rare benign tumor in children that may be misdiagnosed as malignant. CASE REPORT: An 8 years-old male with history of previous pyeloplasty and bilateral ureteral reimplantation that during follow-up presented with an excrescent asymptomatic lesion in the bladder. A cystoscopy to take biopsies was performed, consistent with a metaplastic lesion or NA. Finally, a partial cystectomy was conducted and confirmed the diagnosis of a NA. No recurrence has been observed after 5 years of follow-up. DISCUSSION: NA is a rare condition, but it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of urinary tract tumors specially in patients with previous urological procedures. It can appear as an incidental finding, but the elective treatment is resection. Malignant transformation has been described in adults. Besides, recurrence rates are quite high in pediatric patients, so long-term follow-up is mandatory.	bladder
Analysis of risk factors for postoperative bladder cancer in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma and construction of nomogram prediction model.	OBJECTIVE: To explore the risk factors for bladder cancer following upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) surgery and to construct a nomogram prediction model. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of 292 patients with UTUC treated at our hospital from February 2010 to April 2020 was enrolled and divided into a training set (204 cases) and an internal validation set (88 cases). Based on the postoperative occurrence of bladder cancer, the training set was subdivided into a bladder cancer group and a non-bladder cancer group. An additional 268 UTUC patients from other hospitals during the same period were selected as an external validation group. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influencing factors. The nomogram risk prediction model for postoperative bladder cancer was developed. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) test, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the nomogram model. RESULTS: Tumor stage T3-T4, tumor grade G3, history of bladder cancer, and preoperative ureteroscopy examination were independent risk factors for postoperative bladder cancer in UTUC patients, and preventive bladder perfusion was an independent protective factor (P < 0.05). Internal verification: The AUC values of the ROC curves for the training and validation sets were 0.864 and 0.831, respectively. The calibration curves showed good agreement between the nomogram's predictions and actual observations. The H-L test revealed that χ(2) = 7.555 and 7.365, P = 0.478 and 0.392, respectively. The clinical practicality of the nomogram in DCA was relatively high. External validation: The AUC was 0.847. The calibration curve showed good agreement, and the H-L test resulted in χ2 = 6.175, P = 0.538. DCA confirmed the model's high clinical utility. CONCLUSION: The nomogram, which integrates tumor stage, tumor grade, history of bladder cancer, preoperative ureteroscopy, and preventive intravesical instillation, demonstrates a high predictive ability for postoperative bladder cancer.	bladder