crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effects of a dendritic cell vaccine loaded with radiation-induced apoptotic tumor cells on tumor cell antigens in mouse bladder cancer.	Herein, the preparation of a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine with radiation-induced apoptotic tumor cells and its immunological effects on bladder cancer in C57BL/6 mice was investigated. We used radiation to obtain a MB49 cell antigen that was sensitive to bone marrow-derived DCs to prepare a DC vaccine. An animal model of tumor-bearing mice was established with the MB49 mouse bladder cancer cell line. Animals were randomly allocated to an experimental group or control group. DC vaccine or phosphate-buffered saline was given 7 days before inoculation with tumor cells. Each group consisted of 2 subgroups in which tumor volume and the survival of tumor-bearing mice were recorded. Tumor volumes and average tumor masses of mice administered DC vaccine loaded with radiation-induced apoptotic cells were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01). Survival in the experimental group was also longer than that in the control group, and 2 mice survived without tumor formation. In the DC vaccine group, 2 mice were alive without tumor growth after 30 days, and no tumor was observed at 30 days after subcutaneous inoculation of MB49 cells. The DC vaccine loaded with radiation-induced apoptotic tumor cells had an anti-tumor effect and was associated with increased survival in a bladder cancer model in mice.	bladder
Prognostic factors for conditional survival in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy.	Because only a few studies have evaluated conditional survival (CS) in bladder cancer patients, we examined conditional overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in these patients after radical cystectomy (RC), and determined which prognostic variables affect CS over time. We reviewed 487 patients treated with RC and pelvic lymph node dissection at our institution between 1991 and 2012. Cox regression models were used to identify the significant prognostic factors for CS depending on clinicopathological characteristics. As survival time increased after RC, conditional OS and CSS rates increased when compared with baseline survival probability. CS more significantly improved in the patients with unfavorable pathologic characteristics. While many variables were associated with survival at baseline, only age was found to be a significant prognostic factor for 5-year conditional OS in all given survivorships. In conclusion, conditional OS and CSS probabilities significantly improved over time, with greater improvements in the cases with unfavorable pathologic features. Moreover, age remained the key prognostic factor for conditional OS estimates from baseline to 5 years after surgery. Our results provide practical survival information to guide adjustments in our current follow-up strategy for bladder cancer patients after RC.	bladder
[The role of chemotherapy in bladder cancer].	The management of bladder cancer, initially exclusively surgical, was recently improved by the development of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can thus be proposed as bladder instillations in order to prevent recurrences of non-muscle-invasive cancer (NMIC), and systemically in case of muscle-invasive cancer (MIC). Chemotherapy can then be administered prior to surgery (neoadjuvant), as a complement to surgery (adjuvant), as an alternative to surgery as part of a multimodality treatment, and alone in palliative intent in case of metastatic cancer. Renal function and general health status of the patient help the decision-making and the choice of the chemotherapy regimen, which should be validated during a multidisciplinary meeting and presented to the patient during a dedicated medical and paramedical appointment.	bladder
XIAP inhibitor Embelin inhibits bladder cancer survival and invasion in vitro.	BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is the second most common urological malignancy around the world and is by far the most frequent urological malignancy in China. Embelin is an active compound identified as a novel X-chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) inhibitor from the Embelia ribes that exhibits various medicinal effects including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. However, therapeutic effect of Embelin to human bladder cancer is not yet determined. METHODS: We evaluated the sensitizing potential of Embelin on inhibiting cell growth and migration of bladder cancer cell line by CCK8, Transwell, and Western Blot, and explored its related mechanism. We performed IHC staining of XIAP in 35 bladder cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. RESULTS: XIAP was significantly upregulated in bladder cancer cases. When the concentration of Embelin was used respectively at 5, 10, 20, 25, and 35 µmol/l, the survival of both T24 and 5637 cells decreased in a dose-/time-dependent manner. Our study confirmed that with the increase of concentration of Embelin, the expression levels of PI3K and p-Akt decreased significantly which further confirmed that Embelin inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis via PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Embelin may be developed into a novel and potential chemotherapeutic drug for bladder cancer.	bladder
Surgical management of bladder urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation.	BACKGROUND: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) with squamous differentiation (UC w/SD) is the most common variant bladder cancer histology. MAIN FINDINGS: Accurate identification at the time of transurethral resection is critical although current barriers exist, which include tumor heterogeneity, sampling limitation during resection, and pathologic interpretation of specimens. Although many cases of UC w/SD present with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, those cancers that are confirmed to be truly non-muscle invasive can be managed with endoscopic resection, adjuvant intravesical therapies (i.e., Bacillus Calmitte Guerin), and close surveillance. Radical cystectomy series suggest that UC w/SD tends to present at a more advanced stage than pure UC does although survival outcomes are similar when controlling for standard clinicopathologic factors. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: Future basic science and clinical studies are requisite to better investigate the biology of urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation and response to multimodal therapies.	bladder
A Multi-Institutional Analysis of Outcomes of Patients with Clinically Node Positive Urothelial Bladder Cancer Treated with Induction Chemotherapy and Radical Cystectomy.	PURPOSE: Selected patients with bladder cancer with pelvic lymphadenopathy (cN1-3) are treated with induction chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy. However, the data on clinical outcomes in these patients are limited. In this study we assess pathological and survival outcomes in patients with cN1-3 disease treated with induction chemotherapy and radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected on patients from 19 North American and European centers with cT1-4aN1-N3 urothelial carcinoma who received chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy between 2000 and 2013. The primary end points were pathological complete (pT0N0) and partial (pT1N0 or less) response rates, with overall survival as a secondary end point. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard ratios were used for multivariate analysis of factors predicting these outcomes. RESULTS: The total of 304 patients had clinical evidence of lymph node involvement (cN1-N3). Methotrexate/vinblastine/doxorubicin/cisplatin was used in 128 (42%), gemcitabine/cisplatin in 132 (43%) and other regimens in 44 (15%) patients. The pN0 rate was 48% (cN1-56%, cN2-39%, cN3-39%, p=0.03). The complete and partial pathological response rates for the entire cohort were 14.5% and 27%, respectively. The estimated median overall survival time for the cohort was 22 months (IQR 8.0, 54). On Cox regression analysis overall survival was associated with pN0, negative surgical margins, removal of 15 or more pelvic nodes and cisplatin therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Complete pathological nodal response can be achieved in a proportion of patients with cN1-3 disease receiving induction chemotherapy. The best survival outcomes are observed in male patients on cisplatin regimens with subsequent negative radical cystectomy margins and complete nodal response (pN0) with excision of 15 or more pelvic nodes.	bladder
MRI Findings of Inverted Urothelial Papilloma of the Bladder.	OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize MRI findings of inverted urothelial papilloma of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data pertaining to 16 patients with 18 pathologically proven inverted urothelial papillomas of the bladder who had undergone MRI were retrospectively collected from seven institutions. The shape and surface characteristics of the tumors were evaluated using T2-weighted MR images. In addition, the signal intensity of inverted urothelial papillomas was visually assessed on T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and DW images and on early and delayed phase contrast-enhanced images. RESULTS: The shape of the 18 inverted urothelial papillomas of the bladder was classified as polypoid with a stalk for 16 tumors (89%) and polypoid without a stalk for two tumors (11%). All stalks were surrounded by urine in the bladder. A total of 15 of the tumor surfaces (83%) were nonpapillary and three (17%) were papillary. All 12 of the inverted urothelial papillomas for which evaluable T1-weighted images were available were isointense with the bladder wall. The lesions had a slightly higher signal intensity than the bladder wall in 15 of the patients (83%) and showed isointensity with the bladder wall in three patients (17%). A total of three patients (17%) had tiny hyperintense foci noted on T2-weighted images. All 16 of the inverted urothelial papillomas examined by DWI had very high signal intensity. All 13 of the lesions for which early phase images were obtained using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI showed strong enhancement. When compared with early phase images, delayed phase images of the same 13 lesions showed that enhancement was stronger in two lesions (15%), similar in six lesions (46%), and weaker in five lesions (38%). CONCLUSION: On MRI, the typical appearance of inverted urothelial papillomas of the bladder is a polypoid shape with a nonpapillary surface and a thin short stalk surrounded by urine. Cystic foci are also occasionally seen within the tumor.	bladder
Tumour location adjacent to the ureteric orifice in primary Ta/T1 bladder cancer is predictive of recurrence.	OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate tumour growth located around the ureteric orifice (LUO) at primary diagnosis of Ta/T1 urinary bladder cancer in relation to effects on recurrence and progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical and pathological characteristics of patients diagnosed with primary Ta/T1 urinary bladder cancer from 1992 to 2007 were recorded prospectively. Location of the primary tumour and growth around the ureteric orifice (within 1 cm) were recorded and correlated with recurrence and progression during further follow-up. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox regression with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in both univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The study included 768 evaluable patients with a median follow-up of 60 months. Recurrence was observed in 478 patients (62%) and progression in 71 (9%). Growth of a primary tumour adjacent to the ureteric orifice was associated with recurrence (HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.07-1.54) but not progression (HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.65-1.67). The most common location of the first recurrence was the posterior bladder wall (29%). Other locations in the bladder did not predict recurrence or progression. Additional factors affecting recurrence were tumour size greater than 15 mm, T1 tumour category, multiplicity, malignant or missing/not representative bladder wash cytology and surgery performed by residents. CONCLUSIONS: A primary tumour located around the ureteric orifice was predictive of recurrence, which could be taken into account in future follow-up schedules.	bladder
Does the Compliance to Intravesical BCG Differ between Common Clinical Practice and International Multicentric Trials?	INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyze the reasons for intravesical BCG interruption in clinical practice. BCG for at least one year is advocated as the best regimen to treat high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, almost 50% of patients don't complete it. Toxicity accounts for 10% of dropouts in international trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with T1HG NMIBC undergoing 1-year BCG were enrolled in this study. BCG was administered for one year. Toxicity and causes of treatment interruption were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 411 patients were enrolled in the study. Out of these total number of patients, 380 (92.5%) completed the induction cycle and 215 (52.3%) completed one year. Toxicity requiring interruption or postponement was recorded in 25 (6.1%) and 60 (14.6%) patients. Ninety-three patients (30.2%) stopped BCG, 9 (9.7%) for recurrence and 14 (15.1%) for grade-3 toxicity. Intriguingly, 55 (59.1%) patients refused BCG due to mild discomfort and deterioration in quality of social life. CONCLUSIONS: Grades 2-3 toxicity causes BCG interruption in a few cases. Almost 60% of interruptions are attributable to persistent grade-1 toxicity, which is inadequately treated.	bladder
[MicroRNA-34a regulates cell cycle by targeting CD44 in human bladder carcinoma cells].	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of microRNA-34a (miR-34a) in regulating the cell cycles of bladder cancer cell line J82 and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: J82 cells were transfected with a miR-34a mimic or an inhibitor to induce miR-34a overexpression or silencing. The RNA level of miR-34a in the transfected cells was detected by real-time PCR, and CD44 expressions at the mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the activation of 3'UTR of CD44, and flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle changes. RESULTS: The expression level of miR-34a was significantly increased and CD44 expression significantly lowered in cells transfected with miR-34a mimic; miR-34a inhibitor transfection caused reverse effects on miR-34a and CD44 expressions. MiR-34a mimics downregulated while miR-34a inhibitor enhanced the activation of 3'UTR of CD44 with corresponding changes in the expressions of some cell cycle-related proteins. MiR-34a mimics and miR-34a inhibitor induced opposite changes in J82 cell cycle, which were partly reversed by CD44. CONCLUSION: MiRNA-34a regulates cell cycles by targeting CD44 in human bladder carcinoma cell line J82.	bladder
Sensing cisplatin-induced permeation of single live human bladder cancer cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy.	Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer agent, which was believed to trigger apoptosis of cancer cells by forming DNA adducts. However, recent studies evidenced a cisplatin-induced extrinsic apoptotic pathway through interaction with plasma membranes. We present quantitative time-course imaging of cisplatin-induced permeation of ferrocenemethanol to single live human bladder cancer cells (T24) using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Simultaneous quantification of cellular topography and membrane permeability was realized by running SECM in the depth scan mode. It was demonstrated that the acute addition of cisplatin to the outer environment of T24 cells immediately induced membrane permeability change in 5 min, which indicated a loosened structure of the cellular membrane upon cisplatin dosage. The cisplatin-induced permeation of T24 cells might be a one-step action, an extrinsic mechanism, since the cell response was quick, and no continuous increase in the membrane permeability was observed. The time-lapse SECM depth scan method provided a simple and facile way of monitoring cisplatin-induced membrane permeability changes. Our study is anticipated to lead to a methodology of screening anti-cancer drugs through their interactions with live cells.	bladder
Bladder papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential in Chinese: a clinical and pathological analysis.	Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) had the incidence of low and definitive recurrence. Therefore, few studies showed that the relationship between pathological factors and the prognosis of patients with PUNLMP. The aim of this study assessed the linkage of pathological factors and prognosis of patients with PUNLMP including the presence or absence of mitoses and the thickness of urothelium. A retrospective analysis of 71 patients with PUNLMP was enrolled between January 2007 and June 2013. The clinicopathological factors consisting of tumor diameter, multifocality, the presence or absence of mitoses and cell thickness of urothelium were retrieved, Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for univariate and multivariate analyses to evaluate the associations of these factors with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS).The incidence of recurrence and progression for PUNLMP was 19.7% and 16.9%, respectively. Patients with grade progression represented 85.7% in the recurrent patients. No patients had stage progression and no cases died from invasive urothelial carcinoma. Univariate analysis showed that the presence of mitoses, tumor diameter greater than or equal to 0.8 cm, multifocality were significantly correlated with worse RFS (P<0.05) and PFS (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of mitoses, tumor multifocality were significantly independent biomarkers for worse RFS (P<0.05) and PFS (P<0.05). Although the rare and infrequent mitoses were found for PUNLMP, the presence of mitoses and tumor multifocality were still the independent and poor predictors for the prognosis of PUNLMP. In addition, once the PUNLMP appeared to the recurrence, the inevitable grade progression could be determined, herein, long-term follow-up was necessary to be warranted, especially for patients with multiple lesions and the presence of mitoses.	bladder
Fractionated intravesical radioimmunotherapy with (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb is effective without toxic side-effects in a nude mouse model of advanced human bladder carcinoma.	Gold standard in therapy of superficial, non-muscle invasive urothelial tumors is transurethral resection followed by intravesical instillation therapies. However, relapse is commonly observed and therefore new therapeutic approaches are needed. Application of (213)Bi-immunoconjugates targeting EGFR had shown promising results in early tumor stages. The aim of this study was the evaluation of fractionated application of (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb in advanced tumor stages in a nude mouse model. Luciferase-transfected EJ28 human bladder carcinoma cells were instilled intravesically into nude mice following electrocautery. Tumor development was monitored via bioluminescence imaging. One day after tumor detection mice were treated intravesically either 2 times with 0.93 MBq or 3 times with 0.46 MBq of (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated via overall survival and toxicity toward normal urothelium by histopathological analysis. Mice without treatment and those treated with the native anti-EGFR-MAb showed mean survivals of 65.4 and 57.6 d, respectively. After fractionated treatment with 0.93 MBq of (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb animals reached a mean survival of 141.5 d and 33% of the animals survived at least 268 d. Fractionated treatment with 0.46 MBq (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb resulted in a mean survival of 131.8 d and 30% of the animals survived longer than 300 d. Significant differences were only observed between the control groups and the group treated twice with 0.93 MBq of (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb. No toxic side-effects on the normal urothelium were observed even after treatment with 3.7 MBq of (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb. The study demonstrates that the fractionated intravesical radioimmunotherapy with (213)Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb is a promising approach in advanced bladder carcinoma.	bladder
The effectiveness of BCG and interferon against non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a New Zealand perspective.	OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether the current practice at Auckland City Hospital of adding interferon to BCG in patients with high risk or recurrent non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) unable or unwilling to undergo radical cystectomy is effective. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: This study examined all institutional cases where BCG alone had not been effective or tolerated as primary treatment for NMIBC and the next guideline agreed step of radical cystectomy was unable to be performed. We identified all patients unwilling or unable to undergo radical cystectomy due to patient co-morbidities or preference for whom ongoing treatment and care was required and included 45 in the data analysis. Current practice at Auckland City Hospital is adding interferon α-2b to BCG for this population group and all patients that were given this therapy with at least three years of follow up data from diagnosis were included into the study. Patients were either on maintenance BCG or single dosing. Several secondary outcomes were also assessed concurrently to the primary objective. RESULTS: This observational study showed that adding interferon to BCG proved to be an effective therapy for both treatment and salvage therapy in this patient group with 56% of the patients disease (and recurrence) free at the time of audit. 8/45 patients died whilst undergoing treatment with two of these as a direct result of bladder cancer due to disease progression. CONCLUSION: This therapy has improved outcomes at our institution and has a place as a treatment of choice in this difficult to manage patient group.	bladder