crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[Frequency and stage of relapse after organ-saving combined treatment for urinary bladder cancer].	Urinary bladder cancer relapse was evaluated in 116 patients (stage II--68 (58.6%); stage III--48 (41.3%)). Segmented resection and radiotherapy (STD-- 2 Gy; TTD--40 Gy). Early relapse were registered in 64.0 +/- 7.6% and late one--35.9 +/- 7.6% (stage II early relapse--42.6%; stage III--58.3%). They occurred on primary tumor site in 41.3%; other sites--42.26%. Local relapse was reported in 16.3%. Remission lasted in well-differentiated cell tumors longer than in moderately- or poorly-differentiated ones. Incidence of early relapse in cases of low apoptotic index was relatively higher and vice versa.	bladder
Comparison of caspase genes for the induction of apoptosis following gene delivery.	The polycation poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) was used to deliver the plasmids coding for various combinations of caspases to Cox-2 overexpressing cancer cell lines. It was found that the expression of the delivered genes, controlled by the Cox-2 promoter, correlated with the expression of the endogenous Cox-2 gene in each cell line in a relatively linear manner. Among the various caspase combination regimens, the combination of caspase 3 plus caspase 9 proved to be the most effective because of an apparent synergy between the two gene products, and produced phosphatidylserine flipping in addition to fragmentation of genomic DNA. Caspase 1 appeared to work independently of either caspases 3 or 9, as no synergistic effect was observed. Transfections with genes coding for granzyme B and caspase 8 yielded a lesser amount of cell death. The delivery of a combination of caspase genes could be readily moved to in vivo research of bladder and colon cancer treatments, and holds great applicability to a wide array of additional tumor types.	bladder
Risk of second malignancies in survivors of retinoblastoma: more than 40 years of follow-up.	BACKGROUND: Survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma have an elevated risk of developing second malignancies, but data on the risk in middle-aged retinoblastoma survivors (ie, those with more than 40 years of follow-up) are scarce. METHODS: Data from the Dutch retinoblastoma registry were used to analyze risks of second malignancies in 668 retinoblastoma survivors, diagnosed from 1945 to 2005 (median age = 24.9 years) and classified as having had hereditary or nonhereditary disease based on the presence of family history, bilateral disease, or a germline RB1 mutation. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and absolute excess risks (AERs) of subsequent cancers in patients with hereditary and nonhereditary disease were estimated by comparison with Dutch sex-, age-, and calendar year-specific rates. Multivariable Cox regression and competing risk analyses were used to determine associations of treatment with risks of second malignancies. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 21.9 years, the risk of second malignancies in survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma (SIR = 20.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 15.6 to 26.1) far exceeded the risk of survivors of nonhereditary retinoblastoma (SIR = 1.86, 95% CI = 0.96 to 3.24). Among patients with hereditary disease, treatment with radiotherapy was associated with a further increase in the risk of a subsequent cancer (hazard ratio = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.28 to 6.19). After 30 years of follow-up, elevated risks of epithelial cancers (lung, bladder, and breast) were observed among survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma. After 40 years of follow-up, the AER of a second malignancy among survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma had increased to 26.1 excess cases per 1000 person-years. The cumulative incidence of any second malignancy 40 years after retinoblastoma diagnosis was 28.0% (95% CI = 21.0% to 35.0%) for patients with hereditary disease. CONCLUSION: Our analysis of middle-aged hereditary retinoblastoma survivors suggests that these individuals have an excess risk of epithelial cancer. Lifelong follow-up studies are needed to evaluate the full spectrum of subsequent cancer risk in hereditary retinoblastoma survivors.	bladder
Correlation between the urine profile of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone metabolites and N7-methylguanine in urothelial carcinoma patients.	A major carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is present in cigarette smoke and its metabolite, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), is used as an exposure biomarker for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). This metabolite (NNAL) can be either detoxified into glucuronidated NNAL (NNAL-Gluc) or activated into an unstable reactive metabolite that methylates DNA along with formation of 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butyric acid [hydroxy acid (HA)]. Therefore, the carcinogenic risk associated with ETS exposure is greatly modulated by individual variations in metabolic activation and detoxification capabilities. In this study, we defined the urinary HA/total NNAL [HA/total NNAL] ratio as the activation index and NNAL-Gluc/free NNAL [(total NNAL-free NNAL)/free NNAL] ratio as the detoxification index of NNK. The major methylated DNA adduct N(7)-methylguanine (N(7)-MeG), considered as the carcinogenic biomarker for cigarette smoking, was excreted in urine. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of these metabolic indexes of NNK on N(7)-MeG urinary excretion in a population of urothelial carcinoma patients. Urinary levels of total NNAL (free NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc), free NNAL, HA, and N(7)-MeG were positively correlated with smoking. Furthermore, activation index and detoxification index correlated positively and negatively with N(7)-MeG levels, respectively. Our results suggest that these metabolic indices may represent the phenotype of individual metabolism capability and modulate the carcinogenic risk of ETS exposure.	bladder
Laparoscopic partial cystectomy for urachal and bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: To report our initial experiences with laparoscopic partial cystectomy for urachal and bladder malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2002 and October 2004, laparoscopic partial cystectomy was performed in 6 cases at 3 institutions; 3 cases were urachal adenocarcinomas and the remaining 3 cases were bladder transitional cell carcinomas. All patients were male, with a median age of 55 years (45-72 years). Gross hematuria was the presenting symptom in all patients, and diagnosis was established with trans-urethral resection bladder tumor in 2 patients and by means of cystoscopic biopsy in the remaining 4 patients. Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was performed using the transperitoneal approach under cystoscopic guidance. In each case, the surgical specimen was removed intact entrapped in an impermeable bag. One patient with para-ureteral diverticulum transitional cell carcinoma required concomitant ureteral reimplantation. RESULTS: All six procedures were completed laparoscopically without open conversion. The median operating time was 110 minutes (90-220) with a median estimated blood loss of 70 mL (50-100). Frozen section evaluations of bladder margins were routinely obtained and were negative for cancer in all cases. The median hospital stay was 2.5 days (2-4) and the duration of catheterization was 7 days. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Final histopathology confirmed urachal adenocarcinoma in 3 cases and bladder transitional cell carcinoma in 3 cases. At a median follow-up of 28.5 months (range: 26 to 44 months), there was no evidence of recurrent disease as evidenced by radiologic or cystoscopic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic partial cystectomy in carefully selected patients with urachal and bladder cancer is feasible and safe, offering a promising and minimally invasive alternative for these patients.	bladder
Bladder cancer and smoking. Part 4: efficacy of health promotion.	This is the last of a four-part series on bladder cancer and smoking. Part 1 presented an overview of bladder cancer and the role of smoking in its development (Anderson and Naish, 2008a), part 2 discussed diagnosis and management of bladder cancer (Anderson and Naish, 2008b) and part 3 examined perceptions and beliefs related to smoking and health (Anderson and Naish, 2008c). Part 4 examines evidence for the efficacy of health promotional measures in helping people to stop smoking. It aims to provide an insight into whether health education and health promotion increase awareness of the impact of smoking on health and wellbeing, and whether a person's subsequent behaviour changes enough for them to stop smoking. Finally, it discusses the role of the healthcare professional in helping people to achieve this objective.	bladder
Heterocyclic aromatic amine pesticide use and human cancer risk: results from the U.S. Agricultural Health Study.	Imazethapyr, a heterocyclic aromatic amine, is a widely used crop herbicide first registered for use in the United States in 1989. We evaluated cancer incidence among imazethapyr-exposed pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS). The AHS is a prospective cohort of 57,311 licensed pesticide applicators in the U.S., enrolled from 1993-1997. Among the 49,398 licensed pesticide applicators eligible for analysis, 20,646 applicators reported use of imazethapyr and 2,907 incident cancers developed through 2004. Imazethapyr exposure was classified by intensity-weighted lifetime exposure days calculated as [years of use x days per year x intensity level]. Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between imazethapyr exposure and cancer incidence. We found significant trends in risk with increasing lifetime exposure for bladder cancer (p for trend 0.01) and colon cancer (p for trend 0.02). Rate ratios (RRs) were increased by 137% for bladder cancer and 78% for colon cancer when the highest exposed were compared to the nonexposed. The excess risk for colon cancer was limited to proximal cancers, (RR = 2.73, 95% confidence intervals 1.42, 5.25, p for trend 0.001). No association was observed for prostate, lung, rectum, kidney, oral, pancreas, lymphohematopoietic cancers or melanoma. These findings provide new evidence that exposure to aromatic amine pesticides may be an overlooked exposure in the etiology of bladder and colon cancer. The use of imazethapyr and other imidazolinone compounds should continue to be evaluated for potential risk to humans.	bladder
High-grade transitional cell carcinoma and melanosis of urinary bladder: case report and review of the literature.	Melanosis of the urinary bladder is a rare entity. It is generally regarded as a benign condition, but it is sometimes associated with primary malignant melanoma of the urinary bladder. It has never been reported to be connected with transitional cell carcinoma. We present a case of a woman with melanosis of the bladder who a year later developed high grade transitional cell bladder carcinoma.	bladder
Bladder cancer: chemoprevention, complementary approaches and budgetary considerations.	Bladder cancer results from complex and only partially understood host-environmental interactions. Tobacco smoking is the greatest risk factor for bladder cancer, but the actual risk to an individual reflects not only the amount of exposure to the carcinogens in tobacco smoke but also host susceptibility to these carcinogens and possibly other factors. Lifestyle may have a significant effect on the incidence of this disease. The forms of chemoprevention and their relevance to bladder cancer, the impact of lifestyle and complementary medicine, and the costs of diagnosing and treating bladder cancer are reviewed to provide a base for advances in decreasing the incidence, recurrence and costs of this disease.	bladder
Gene signatures for risk-adapted treatment of bladder cancer.	A major challenge for molecular diagnosis of bladder cancer is the subdivision of tumors beyond histological classifications into clinical relevant molecular subgroups. The evolution of molecular high-throughput techniques assessing a large number of molecular features at the same time has made comprehensive investigation of these subgroups possible. Molecular signatures for disease stage, grade, progression, carcinoma in situ, presence of metastases, and treatment response have been reported. Some of these molecular signatures are now being tested in multicenter studies with the purpose of introducing these into the clinic, for planning of follow-up and treatment selection. In this review, we define the clinical relevant subgroups and give an overview of recent advances in marker identification in the field of non-muscle invasive and invasive bladder cancer. Furthermore, we stress the methods and materials needed to translate such molecular profiles into clinically useful tests.	bladder
Bladder cancer: clinical and pathological profile.	Bladder tumours represent a heterogeneous group of cancers. The natural history of these bladder cancers is that of recurrence of disease and progression to higher grade and stage disease. Furthermore, recurrence and progression rates of superficial bladder cancer vary according to several tumour characteristics, mainly tumour grade and stage. The most recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumours of the urinary system includes urothelial flat lesions: flat hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The papillary lesions are broadly subdivided into benign (papilloma and inverted papilloma), papillary urothelial neoplasia of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) and non-invasive papillary carcinoma (low or high grade). The initial proposal of the 2004 WHO has been achieved, with most reports supporting that categories are better defined than in previous classifications. An additional important issue is that PUNLMP, the most controversial proposal of the WHO in 2004, has lower malignant behaviour than low-grade carcinoma. Whether PUNLMP remains a clinically useful category, or whether this category should be expanded to include all low-grade, stage Ta lesions (PUNLMP and low-grade papillary carcinoma) as a wider category of less aggressive tumours not labelled as cancer, needs to be discussed in the near future. This article summarizes the recent literature concerning important issues in the pathology and the clinical management of patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma. Emphasis is placed on clinical presentation, the significance of haematuria, macroscopic appearance (papillary, solid or mixed, single or multiple) and synchronous or metachronous presentation (field disease vs monoclonal disease with seeding), classification and microscopic variations of bladder cancer with clinical significance, TNM distribution and the pathological grading according to the 2004 WHO proposal.	bladder
Radiation-associated urinary bladder cancer.	A few data sets have been used for assessing the risk of radiation-associated bladder cancer. The most important are the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and patients exposed to ionizing radiation for medical purposes. According to a report from the United Nations Commission on the Effect of Ionizing Radiation, there is convincing evidence of a relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and bladder cancer. In contrast to many other malignancies it is not clear how age at exposure and gender affect the risk of bladder cancer. Furthermore, the potential interaction between smoking and radiation exposure needs to be studied in greater detail.	bladder
Occupational risk factors.	The association between exposure to selected chemical carcinogens, occupations or industries and bladder cancer is well established, and it is estimated that 20-27% of bladder cancers are attributable to occupational exposures. The risk of bladder cancer stemming from an occupational exposure depends not only on compound carcinogenicity, exposure intensity and workplace characteristics, but also on individual susceptibility to these cancers. Regulatory controls in industrialized nations have resulted in a decreased burden of exposure to bladder carcinogens in the workplace. Unfortunately, the same is unlikely in many developing countries, where risky technologies may have been transferred from more developed countries, and where enforcement of regulations and worker protection are likely to be less stringent.	bladder
Molecular biomarkers for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: challenges in clinical use.	Conventional clinical and pathological parameters are limited in their capacity to detect patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) who are at high risk for recurrence or mortality. The assessment of molecular biomarkers in surgical UCB specimens offers additional information on the biology of the disease, and might improve the prediction of oncologic end points. A wide range of candidate biomarkers, including key cell-cycle regulators, apoptotic markers and specific growth factors, have been reported to be of prognostic value. To date, however, no molecular biomarker for UCB has been introduced into clinical practice, mainly owing to insufficient validation and the absence of prospective studies. Knowledge about the value of molecular biomarkers in predicting the response to adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapies is also lacking. Prospective trials need to be initiated in high-risk patients selected on the basis of the expression patterns of molecular biomarkers that have already passed the initial steps towards clinical utility.	bladder
[Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder: a case report].	A 15-year-old girl presented to a clinic with an asymptomatic macrohematuria. Cystoscopy revealed a bladder tumor. The next day she was admitted to our hospital because of preshock status with macrohematuria. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a solid tumor in the left anterior to lateral wall. Urinary cytology was negative. She received a transfusion and transurethral resection of bladder tumor as an emergent operation. Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase immunohistopathological studies revealed cytoplasmic staining of the myofibroblasts. To our knowledge, this is the 35th reported case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder in Japan. She has been followed up for 13 months without any evidence of local recurrence.	bladder
[Case report: collecting (Bellini) duct carcinoma during the follow-up for bladder cancer].	A 78-year-old man had undergone transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt) 6 times since he was diagnosed as having bladder cancer. Past histology was urothelial carcinoma, pTa, G1-G2. During the follow-up, recurrent bladder cancer was found. Enhanced computed tomography and drip infusion pyelography revealed pelvic cancer with tumor embolus in the inferior vena cava. Therefore, TUR-Bt and total ureteronephrectomy with removal of the thrombus from the vena cava was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and Bellini duct carcinoma of the kidney, but in immunohistostaining surgical specimen of both bladder and kidney showed some similarities. This disease is rare. Several reports indicate an association between Bellini and urothelial carcinoma. We describe the case of the Bellini duct carcinoma of the kidney during the follow-up for bladder cancer with possibility of the association between Bellini and urothelial carcinoma.	bladder
Urinary insulin-like growth factor 2 identifies the presence of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.	OBJECTIVE: To examine urinary insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) levels in patient urine samples and determine the potential of IGF-2 as a marker for the presence of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The current gold standard for diagnosis of UCB is cystoscopy and cytological analysis. The identification of an accurate urine marker for UCB with the potential to replace unnecessary cystoscopy would benefit patients with UCB and others investigated after detecting haematuria. In the present study, we analysed 65 urine samples, and optimized an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based approach to measure urinary levels of IGF-2. RESULTS: Based on a threshold of 5.4 ng/mL, patients with UCB have significantly elevated levels of urinary IGF-2 (P = 0.009) and this difference remained significant after adjustment for age and sex (P = 0.04). Sensitivity and specificity values of 80% and 52%, respectively, were determined for urinary IGF-2 alone and when combined with nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22; an approved biomarker for detection of UCB). There was a positive correlation between urinary IGF-2 levels and NMP22 levels in patient urine samples and the combined assay improved the detection of UCB (sensitivity 85% and specificity 52%). CONCLUSION: Substantiated evidence has identified IGF-2 as a valuable marker for UCB. In addition, the novel observations of the present study have shown that aberrant levels of IGF-2 occurring in the presence of UCB, can now be determined through a simple and inexpensive urine assay.	bladder
Accelerated radiotherapy, carbogen, and nicotinamide (ARCON) in the treatment of advanced bladder cancer: mature results of a Phase II nonrandomized study.	PURPOSE: We previously showed that accelerated radiotherapy combined with carbogen and nicotinamide (ARCON) was an effective approach to use in the radical treatment of patients with advanced bladder carcinoma. Interim analysis from this Phase II study showed that it achieved a high level of locoregional control and overall survival (OS) and an acceptable level of adverse events. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1994 to 2000, a total of 105 consecutive patients with high-grade superficial or muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma were given accelerated radiotherapy (50-55 Gy in 4 weeks) with carbogen alone or ARCON. End points of the study were OS, disease-specific, and local regional relapse-free survival, and for late adverse events, urinary (altered urination frequency, incontinence, hematuria, and urgency) and bowel dysfunction (stool frequency and blood loss). RESULTS: At 5 and 10 years, local regional relapse-free survival rates were 44% after ARCON excluding the effect of salvage treatment and 62% after ARCON including the effect of salvage treatment (p = 0.04). Five- and 10-year rates were 35% and 27% for OS and 47% and 46% for disease-specific survival. The highest actuarial rate for Grade 3 or worse late urinary or bowel dysfunction was observed for altered urinary frequency (44% of patients had urinary events every 1 hour or less) and stool frequency of four or more events (26% at 5 years). CONCLUSIONS: Historic comparisons with other studies indicate no evidence of an increase in severe or worse adverse events and good permanent control of bladder disease after ARCON radiotherapy.	bladder
The past, present and future of cystoscopy: the fusion of cystoscopy and novel imaging technology.	Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a frequent disease with many recurrences, making it a labour-intensive and costly disease. In part, these frequent recurrences are due to inadequate diagnosis. Diagnostic reference standards to date are urinary cytology and cysto-urethroscopy, but both standards have significant limitations. Urinary cytology is specific, but the sensitivity, especially for low-grade tumours, is very low. Moreover, the reproducibility of cytology is low. However, cysto-urethroscopy misses many tumours, especially flat carcinoma in situ, causing flaws in the initial diagnosis and treatment, i.e. transurethral resection. Therefore, new techniques are necessary to improve the detection of bladder cancer. Here we review the advantage and disadvantage of conventional white-light and fluorescence-based cystoscopy, and discuss novel endoscopic imaging techniques that are in the clinical and preclinical stage of development.	bladder