crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Clinical value of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in urine for diagnosis of bladder cancer.	AIMS AND BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine whether urinary VEGF and endostatin predict the presence of bladder cancer, and whether these noninvasive biomarkers provide clinically useful information in the bladder cancer patient as well. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Voided urine samples were collected from 239 patients (109 bladder cancers, 81 urological disorders, 49 healthy controls). The urine levels of VEGF and endostatin were determined with the sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. RESULTS: Urine levels of VEGF and endostatin were higher in patients with bladder cancer than those in patients with urological disorders and healthy controls (P <0.01). The difference between patients with urological disorder and healthy controls was significant only for VEGF (P <0.01). Urine level of VEGF was related to the tumor grade, and urine level of endostatin was related to tumor stage, tumor size and tumor number (P <0.05). The optimal cutoffs for VEGF and endostatin were calculated by the ROC curves as 860 pg/ml for VEGF, and 350 pg/ml for endostatin. The five-year survival rate was 60.0% in patients with low level of endostatin (<350 pg/ml) and 7.69% in patients with high level of endostatin (≥350 pg/ml) in the bladder cancer group. Patients with a high level of endostatin had a shorter survival time, whereas patients with a low level of endostatin had a longer survival time (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Urine levels of VEGF and endostatin may be a clinically useful aid in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, and endostatin but not VEGF is a supplementary prognostic marker for predicting tumor progression.	bladder
Pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive micropapillary bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVE: To describe the pathological outcomes of patients with muscle-invasive micropapillary bladder cancer who have undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 82 patients with muscle-invasive micropapillary bladder cancer were treated between 1997 and 2010. After excluding those with metastatic disease, micropapillary histology only at radical cystectomy (RC), and chemo-radiation as primary treatment, 44 patients remained. All patients had ≥cT2 disease before chemotherapy/surgery. The median follow-up after RC was 28 months. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was initiated in 29 (66%) patients and all patients underwent RC (93%) or partial cystectomy (7%). RESULTS: Micropapillary histology was diagnosed at first transurethral resection in 37 (84%) patients. Final RC pathology revealed pT0 in 15 (34%) patients and positive lymph nodes in 13 (31%) patients. Down-staging to pT0 occurred in 13 (45%) of those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with two (13%) of those who did not (P = 0.049). Patients with pT0 disease with micropapillary histology had higher overall survival rates (25 vs. 92%) and lower rates of bladder cancer recurrence (21 vs. 79%) at the 24-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of the patients responded completely to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a pT0 rate of 45%; therefore, patients with the micropapillary variant of urothelial carcinoma should not be excluded from consideration for neoadjuvant chemotherapy.	bladder
Relationship of vitamin D monitoring and status to bladder cancer survival in veterans.	OBJECTIVES: Veterans of the armed forces, like most population groups, have a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, which may be associated with adverse outcomes in several types of cancer. Ultraviolet irradiation is inversely linked with the risk of bladder cancer, presumably through enhanced vitamin D synthesis. We hypothesized that variations in vitamin D status and monitoring predict adverse outcomes in bladder cancer among veterans. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data in the Veterans Integrated Service Network-9 (southeastern United States) was performed for patients diagnosed between October 1, 1999 and February 29, 2008. Age, tobacco exposure, body mass index, and latitude and seasonality of sampling were included as variables in addition to serum vitamin 25(OH)D levels. RESULTS: Monitoring of vitamin D and vitamin D levels and status were closely linked to survival in bladder cancer. Both the chances of survival and longevity improved with enhanced vitamin D status and monitoring. Veterans with bladder cancer had better outcomes if the initial vitamin D level was higher and had more monitoring of the vitamin. Initial vitamin D levels were more strongly related to outcomes than follow-up levels. The link between vitamin D and outcomes remained after adjusting for background variables such as age, body mass index, latitude, seasonality, and tobacco exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that adequate vitamin D levels early in the course of the disease provide the best opportunity to improve outcomes. Ensuring that veterans with bladder cancer have adequate vitamin D reserves with appropriate monitoring may play a role in improving outcomes in bladder cancer.	bladder
Characterization and risk stratification of prostate cancer in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy.	OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of incidental prostate cancer in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder malignancy; to quantify the association between incidental prostate cancer and mortality in these patients; and to quantify the association between incidental prostate cancer and age in radical cystoprostatectomy specimens. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder malignancy at six academic institutions were assessed. End-points were the histological diagnosis of prostate cancer in the radical cystoprostatectomy specimens and mortality. The association between incidental prostate cancer and mortality was calculated by multivariable Cox regression, and the association between age and the occurrence of prostate cancer was calculated by logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1122 patients (aged 65.6 ± 10 years) were included in this analysis. Prostate cancer was detected in 17.8% (n = 200) of the cystoprostatectomy specimens. After multivariable adjustment, prostate cancer was significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.56). There was a significant association between age and the presence of prostate cancer in the cystoprostatectomy specimen. The odds ratio for the presence of prostate cancer was 1.028 (95% confidence interval 1.011-1.045; P < 0.001) per each year after the age of 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant prostate cancer is an independent prognostic factor for mortality after radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. When considering a prostate-sparing technique, urologists should consider that every fifth to sixth patient will present with a concomitant prostate cancer, and that after the age of 40 years, the odds of a concomitant prostate cancer increases by 2.8% per year, thus warranting a careful balance between the oncological risks and quality of life issues.	bladder
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the urinary bladder: a case report.	Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare entity, accounting less then 1% of urinary bladder malignancies. The vast majority of the neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder is represented by small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma while just few cases of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) have been reported. In this cases report we describe a rare case of primary bladder LCNEC. VIRTUAL SLIDES: The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2474700528951562.	bladder
Oncogenic activation of Pak1-dependent pathway of macropinocytosis determines BCG entry into bladder cancer cells.	Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that is used widely as a vaccine for tuberculosis and is used as an effective treatment for superficial bladder carcinoma. Despite being the most successful cancer biotherapy, its mechanism of action and response determinants remain obscure. Here, we establish a model system to analyze BCG interaction with bladder cancer cells, using it to show that these cells vary dramatically in their susceptibility to BCG infection. Unexpectedly, the uptake of BCG by bladder cancer cells occurs by macropinocytosis rather than phagocytosis. BCG entry into bladder cancer cells relied upon Rac1, Cdc42, and their effector kinase Pak1. The difference in susceptibility between BCG-permissive and -resistant bladder cancer cells was due to oncogenic activation of signaling pathways that activate macropinocytosis, with phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor activation stimulating BCG uptake independently of Akt. Similarly, activated Ras strongly activated Pak1-dependent uptake of BCG. These results reveal that oncogenic activation of macropinocytosis determines BCG uptake by bladder cancer cells, implying that tumor responsiveness to BCG may be governed by the specific mutations present in the treated cancer cell.	bladder
Bladder schwannoma -- a case presentation.	Bladder schwannomas are exceedingly rare, benign or malignant, nerve sheath tumors that are most often discovered in patients with a known diagnosis of Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). A few sporadic case reports of bladder schwannoma have been published in urologic, obstetric/gynecologic, and pathologic journals. However, this is the first case report in the radiologic literature where computed tomography imaging and radiology-specific descriptions are discussed. Furthermore, the patient presented in this case is only the fifth published patient without NF1 to be diagnosed with a bladder schwannoma, to the best of our knowledge.	bladder
Cytologic and cystoscopic predictors of recurrence and progression in patients with low-grade urothelial carcinoma.	BACKGROUND: Patients with low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) are at risk of recurrence and must undergo lifelong surveillance. To date, cytology and cystoscopy are the gold standard for the detection of de novo and recurrent LGUC. The objective of the current study was is to further characterize the role of cytology and cystoscopy in determining the risk of recurrence and progression in these patients. METHODS: The authors retrospectively identified patients with LGUC who had urine cytology within 2 months of biopsy, and data were abstracted from their electronic charts. Electronic medical records were reviewed for cystoscopic findings and histologic and cytologic follow-up data over a 5-year period. Statistical analysis was performed with chi-square tests. RESULTS: In total, 76 patients were identified who had histologic follow-up material available, and 49% of those patients demonstrated progression or recurrence of urothelial carcinoma. The initial presence of multiple lesions on cystoscopy was associated with any recurrence or progression (67.7% vs 31%; P = .002), tumor size >2 cm was associated with initial positive or suspicious urine cytology (23.8% vs 3.7%; P = .076), and positive or suspicious initial cytology was associated with high-grade recurrence (58.3% vs 19.4%; P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: Cystoscopic findings, such as the presence of multiple lesions, together with concurrent positive or suspicious urine cytology, were associated with recurrence or progression of LGUC. These findings may help to identify high-risk patients.	bladder
Statin use and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis.	PURPOSE: Emerging evidence suggests that statins may decrease the risk of cancers. However, available evidence on bladder cancer is conflicting. To quantify the association between statin use and risk of bladder cancer, we performed a detailed meta-analysis of published studies regarding this subject. METHODS: A literature search was carried out using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and OVID databases between January 1966 and October 2012. Before meta-analysis, between-study heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using adequate statistical tests. Fixed- and random-effect models were used to estimate summary relative risks (RR) and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Potential sources of heterogeneity were detected by meta-regression. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analysis, and cumulative meta-analysis were also performed. RESULTS: A total of 13 (three RCTs, five cohort, and five case-control) studies contributed to the analysis. There was heterogeneity among the studies, but no publication bias. Pooled results indicated a nonsignificant increase in total bladder cancer risk among all statin users [RR = 1.07, 95 % CI (0.95, 1.21)]. Long-term statin use did not significantly affect the risk of total bladder cancer [RR = 1.21, 95 % CI (0.92, 1.59)]. In our subgroup analyses, the results were not substantially affected by study design, region, and confounder adjustment. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this meta-analysis suggested that there was no association between statin use and risk of bladder cancer. More studies, especially RCTs, are needed to confirm this association.	bladder
Photodynamic effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-loaded nanoparticles on bladder cancer cells: a preliminary investigation.	OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the photodynamic effect of nanoparticles loaded with a photosensitizing nanomedicine, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), on T24 bladder cancer cells in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The nanoprecipitation technique was successfully used to prepare the drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. The drug loading rate and the drug loading efficiency were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The size and morphology of nanoparticles were detected using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity to T24 bladder cancer cells was assessed by coincubating 5-ALA-loaded nanoparticles of different concentrations with T24 bladder cancer cells. The cell growth inhibitory rate was measured after irradiation by a 650 nm wavelength diode laser. RESULTS: The drug loading rate of 5-ALA-loaded nanoparticles was 7% with a loading efficiency of 85%. The T24 cell growth inhibitory rates after incubation with 5.0, 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0 μg/ml 5-ALA-loaded nanoparticles were 73.19%, 79.95%, 83.86% and 89.74%, respectively, which demonstrated significantly higher cytotoxicity than those in the empty nanoparticle groups and 5-ALA free drug groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 5-ALA-loaded nanoparticles were successfully prepared and had a significantly enhanced photodynamic tumoricidal effect on bladder cancer cells in vitro.	bladder
FRET based ratio-metric sensing of hyaluronidase in synthetic urine as a biomarker for bladder and prostate cancer.	Elevated hyaluronidase levels are found in the urine of bladder and prostate cancer patients. Therefore, HA-ase is regarded as an important biomarker for the detection of these cancers. In this report, we use a FRET based ratiometric sensing approach to detect the level of HA-ase in synthetic urine. For this, we have used a HA-FRET probe (hyaluronan) labeled with fluorescein as a donor and rhodamine as an acceptor. We monitor the digestion of our HA-FRET probe with different concentrations of HA-ase in synthetic urine via fluorescence emission. The extent to which FRET is released depends on the concentration of HA-ase. Our fluorescence intensity results are also supported with time resolved fluorescence decay data. This assay can be used to develop a non-invasive technique for the detection of bladder and/or prostate cancer progression.	bladder
Total intracorporeal robotic cystectomy: are we there yet?	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide discussion on several recently published case series describing complete intracorporeal robotic cystectomy. Are we making a complex and expensive procedure more challenging or are there patient benefits to be realized from a complete minimally invasive approach? We discuss how effective and cost-efficient a complete intracorporeal approach is, review the updates and comment on the future direction of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). RECENT FINDINGS: Several centers have recently reported a series of RARC with intracorporeal urinary diversion. Baseline demographics, complication rates and oncological outcome data were comparable to previously published open radical cystectomy series, as well as robotic cystectomy with extracorporeal urinary diversion series. In centers experienced in robotics, comparable outcomes were achieved early in the series with no significant difference in lymph node yields, positive surgical margin rates or complication rates. However, operation times and patient's length of stay (LOS) continued to improve, suggesting that aspect of the learning curve is longer than previously thought. Benefits such as decreased blood loss and reduced LOS, commonly associated with minimally invasive surgery, were seen and while costs of RARC remain prohibitive, reducing operative times and LOS will improve cost analysis. SUMMARY: RARC with totally intracorporeal urinary diversion is technically feasible with good early and intermediate-term oncological and complication rate results. High-volume centers with expertise can deliver a complete intracorporeal robotic cystectomy with no increase in the complication rates or additional costs compared to RARC with extracorporeal urinary diversion. Further long-term oncological and functional data and the results of prospective randomized controlled trials are both pending to confirm these findings.	bladder
Bladder preservation in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC): a review of the literature and a practical approach to therapy.	WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Bladder preservation therapies for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) have been developed to address the needs of two cohorts: patients with severe medical co-morbidities for whom radical cystectomy is too high risk and patients with limited disease who wish to avoid aggressive surgery. There are multiple bladder preservation options, although the trimodal approach of maximal transurethral resection with chemoradiotherapy is the most strongly supported. While outcomes are worse for patients unfit for surgery than those otherwise fit for surgery, bladder preservation approaches still offer curative potential. We present a comprehensive review of the literature and outline a practical approach to bladder preservation therapy for MIBC. This review aims to help urologists easily navigate through the decision tree of therapeutic options. Radical cystectomy (RC) is associated with considerable morbidity. Aside from the perioperative period, RC with urinary diversion poses great potential for long-term complications and morbidity. Bladder preservation therapies for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) have been developed to address the needs of two cohorts: patients with severe medical co-morbidities for whom a radical surgery is too high risk and patients with limited disease who wish to avoid radical surgery. The goal of achieving complete response to treatment while maintaining bladder form and function has led to the development of multimodal approaches to this disease. There are multiple bladder preservation options, although the trimodal approach of maximal transurethral resection with chemoradiotherapy is the most strongly supported. In medically operable patients ('fit' for surgery), there is abundant evidence to support trimodal therapy as an acceptable treatment option for highly selected patients with MIBC with favourable pathological parameters. While outcomes are worse for medically inoperable patients ('unfit' for surgery), bladder preservation approaches still offer curative potential. However, prospective trials comparing the above regimens to RC are still needed to better define their role in the treatment of MIBC. We present a comprehensive review of the literature and outline a practical approach to bladder preservation therapy for MIBC.	bladder
Silencing of mutant p53 by siRNA induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells.	BACKGROUND: p53 is the most frequently mutated tumor-suppressor gene in human cancers. It has been reported that mutations in p53 result not only in the loss of its ability as a tumor suppressor, but also in the gain of novel cancer-related functions that contribute to oncogenesis. The present study evaluated the potential of silencing of mutant p53 by small interfering RNA in the treatment of bladder cancer cells in vitro. METHODS: We used the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to assess cell viability and flow cytometry to detect cell cycle alterations and apoptosis. The related molecular mechanisms were assessed by western blotting. We also used the MTT assay and flow cytometry to investigate if silencing of mutant p53 by knockdown with small interfering (si)RNA would change the sensitivity to cisplatin treatment. RESULTS: Using 5637 and T24 human bladder cancer cell lines characterized by mutations in p53, we found that silencing of the mutant p53 by RNA interference induced evident inhibition of cell proliferation and viability, which was related to the induction of G2 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, our study also showed that the p53-targeting siRNA cooperated with cisplatin in the inhibition of bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that RNA interference targeting mutant p53 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of bladder cancer.	bladder
HMGB1 release by urothelial carcinoma cells in response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin functions as a paracrine factor to potentiate the direct cellular effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.	PURPOSE: Prior study demonstrated that HMGB1 release by urothelial carcinoma cells in response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin is required for an in vivo antitumor effect. We evaluated the direct effects of HMGB1 on the in vitro response of urothelial carcinoma cells to bacillus Calmette-Guérin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two human urothelial carcinoma cell lines were used to study the effect of exogenous HMGB1 alone and combined with bacillus Calmette-Guérin on the tumor cell response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Antibody mediated blockade of receptors for HMGB1 or HMGB1 protein was used to determine the contribution of paracrine HMGB1 release to bacillus Calmette-Guérin biological effects. Response end points evaluated included the activation of intracellular signaling pathways, gene transactivation and cytotoxicity. RESULTS: Urothelial carcinoma cells expressed the receptor for HMGB1 signaling. Antibody blockade of the RAGE receptor confirmed the dependence of signaling in response to HMGB1 on RAGE function. Exogenous HMGB1 activated cell signaling pathways for NFκB, NRF2 and CEBP. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction on a panel of bacillus Calmette-Guérin responsive genes revealed peak expression resulting from the combination of bacillus Calmette-Guérin and HMGB1. Blockade of paracrine HMGB1 released in response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin using HMGB1 and/or RAGE receptor blocking antibodies showed a significant decrease in gene expression relative to that of bacillus Calmette-Guérin alone. HMGB1 potentiated the cytotoxic effects of bacillus Calmette-Guérin. CONCLUSIONS: HMGB1 released by urothelial carcinoma cells after bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment functions as a paracrine factor to potentiate the urothelial carcinoma cell response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin. This paracrine activity likely contributes to the dependence of an in vivo tumor response on HMGB1 release.	bladder