crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
A pretreatment nomogram predicting recurrence- and progression-free survival for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer in Japanese patients.	PURPOSE: Our aim was to provide nomograms that allow urologists to easily calculate a nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer patient's risk of recurrence and progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 800 nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer patients newly diagnosed between 1991 and 2001 from the Gifu urothelial cancer registry program. We developed the nomogram using the original 500 patients and validated it using the remaining 300 patients. The prognostic factors of recurrence and progression were identified by multivariate analysis in 500 patients. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, tumor number, shape, grade, and intravesical instillation were associated with recurrence-free survival. Tumor shape and grade were associated with progression-free survival. Six factors for recurrence and three factors for progression were used to make the nomogram. Using the original 500 patients who were modeled for the nomogram, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were calculated to be 0.61 for recurrence and 0.71 for progression. To validate nomogram performance, we applied an additional 300 patients to the nomograms. The AUCs were 0.57 for recurrence and 0.67 for progression. CONCLUSIONS: The nomograms that have been developed can be used to predict the probability of recurrence and progression of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.	bladder
Laparoendoscopic single-site nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision for upper urinary tract transitional-cell carcinoma: technical details based on oncologic principles.	PURPOSE: To describe our technical details of laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision for the management of upper urinary tract transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) based on oncologic principles. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two patients underwent LESS nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract TCC. In both cases, we used a homemade single-port device that consisted of a wound retractor and a surgical glove. Using the flexible laparoscopic instruments, nephrectomy was performed using procedures similar to those of conventional laparoscopic nephrectomy. Bladder cuff excision was performed laparoscopically using the same procedure with open technique. RESULTS: All procedures were completed successfully without conversion to conventional laparoscopic or open surgery and without additional extraumbilical trocars or incisions. LESS nephreoureterectomy with bladder cuff excision was performed in 385 and 285 minutes with estimated blood loss of 100 and 350 mL, respectively. Both patients were discharged on postoperative day 3 without perioperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: LESS nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision for upper urinary tract TCC is a minimally invasive technique that may reproduce the open surgical technique and adhere to oncologic principles.	bladder
Racial disparities in urologic health care.	In the United States, disparities in health care delivery and access are apparent between different racial and ethnic groups. Minorities, including African Americans, often suffer disproportionately from disease compared to Caucasians. In the urologic arena, this is apparent in urologic cancer screening, treatment choices, and survival, as well as in the arena of chronic kidney disease, transplant allocation, and transplant outcomes. Latino men also seem to be affected more often by erectile dysfunction than Caucasian counterparts. Disparities such as these have been identified as a problem in the delivery of health care in the United States, and resources have been allocated to help allay the disparity. Through organizations such as the Cleveland Clinic Minority Men's Health Center, policy initiatives, and increased cultural awareness by physicians, steps can be made to reduce and eliminate health care disparities.	bladder
Peritoneal pseudomyxoma arising from the urachus.	Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) arising from urachal tumors is extremely rare. To our knowledge, natural history, tumor biological behaviour, morbidity, treatment, and prognosis of PMP arising from the urachus are determined by the associated PMP. Management of urachal tumors with associated PMP should be based on aggressive locorregional therapy with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, similar to PMP arising from other origins.	bladder
Keratin 6 expression correlates to areas of squamous differentiation in multiple independent isolates of As(+3)-induced bladder cancer.	This laboratory has shown that arsenite (As(+3)) exposure can cause the malignant transformation of the UROtsa human urothelial cell line. This single isolate formed subcutaneous tumors with a histology similar to human urothelial cell carcinoma. The tumors also displayed areas of squamous differentiation of the urothelial cells, an infrequent but known component of human bladder cancer. In the present study, five additional independent isolates of As(+3)-transformed urothelial cells were isolated and each was shown to produce subcutaneous urothelial cell tumors with a characteristic histology very similar to those described in the initial report. That there were underlying phenotypic differences in the six independent isolates was demonstrated when they were assessed for their ability to form tumors within the peritoneal cavity. It was shown that two isolates could form hundreds of small peritoneal tumor nodules, one isolate a moderate number of tumor nodules, and three isolates no or only one tumor nodule. The peritoneal tumors were also characterized for their degree of squamous differentiation of the urothelial cells and, while areas of squamous differentiation could be found, such differentiation was substantially reduced compared to subcutaneous tumors. Immunostaining for keratin 6 was tested as a potential marker for malignant urothelial cells that had undergone squamous differentiation. Keratin 6 was shown to consistently stain only cells having some evidence of squamous differentiation. Keratin 16 was shown to follow the staining pattern of keratin 6. The isolates and tumor heterotransplants were all examined for keratin 6, 16 and 17 mRNA and protein expression.	bladder
Terpenoids induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis from the stems of Celastrus kusanoi associated with reactive oxygen species.	Bioguided fractionation of the CHCl(3) extracts obtained from Celastrus kusanoi stems led to isolation of two new terpenoids, 3beta-hydroxy-11,14-oxo-abieta-8,12-diene (1) and 3beta-trans-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyloxy)-11alpha-methoxy-12-ursene (2), and four known compounds characterized by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1 and 2 and known triterpenoid erythrodiol (3) exhibited cytotoxic activity against bladder cancer cells (NTUB1) with IC(50) values of 58.2 +/- 2.3, 160.1 +/- 60.9, and 18.3 +/- 0.5 microM, respectively. Exposure of NTUB1 to 3 (5 and 10 microM) for 24 h significantly increased the level of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Flow cytometric analysis showed that treatment of NTUB1 with 3 led to the cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 accompanied by an increase in the extent of apoptotic cell death after 24 h. These data suggest that the presentation of G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in 3-treated NTUB1 for 24 h was mediated through an increased amount of ROS in cells exposed to 3.	bladder
D-type cyclins in superficial and muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological data and prognostic significance.	PURPOSE: To elucidate the role of D-type cyclins in both superficial (Ta-T1) and muscle-invasive (T2-T4) urothelial carcinomas (UCs), investigating their potential prognostic usefulness. METHODS: Paraffin-embedded tissues from 157 patients with bladder UC were immunostained for cyclins D1, D2 and D3. RESULTS: Cyclin D1 expression positively correlated with D2 and negatively with D3. Cyclin D1 expression decreased with increasing grade (P = 0.0001) and tumour T-category in the entire cohort and in muscle-invasive carcinomas (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0033). Cyclin D2 correlated with grade (P = 0.0005) and T-category (P = 0.0078), a relationship which remained significant in muscle-invasive (P = 0.0135). Cyclin D3 immunoreactivity increased with histologic grade and T-category in the entire cohort (P = 0.0001 in both relationships), in superficial (P = 0.0034) and in muscle-invasive carcinomas (P = 0.0036, respectively). Survival analysis in superficial tumours showed that higher cyclin D1 (P = 0.0001) and higher cyclin D3 levels (P = 0.0032) were correlated with a lesser probability of survival. In muscle-invasive tumours, lower cyclin D1 (P = 0.0234), and D2 (P = 0.0424) and higher cyclin D3 (P = 0.0322) correlated with shortened survival. In multivariate analysis in superficial tumours only cyclin D3 expression remained significant. Cyclin D3 expression also retained its adverse significance in muscle-invasive tumours. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclin D1 overexpression seems to be more important during early T-categories of bladder carcinogenesis, whereas cyclin D3 is implicated in the acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype. Cyclin D3 overexpression emerges as an independent adverse prognostic marker in both superficial and muscle-invasive tumours. Cyclin D1 is an independent indicator of shortened survival only in muscle-invasive tumours.	bladder
Outcome of surgical treatment of patients with upper versus lower urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: stage-by-stage comparison.	OBJECTIVES: It remains controversial whether we can apply similar principles in the management of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUT-UC) based on the behavior of bladder urothelial carcinoma (B-UC). We sought to assess whether UUT-UC and B-UC have similar biology and performed a stage-by-stage comparative analysis of outcome between the 2 groups. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on patients who underwent nephroureterectomy for UUT-UC and radical cystectomy for B-UC from 1991 to 2006. Standard variables were collected and recurrence-free and overall survival (OS) rates were calculated. RESULTS: 280 patients with a median age of 69 years were included (99 UUT-UC treated via nephroureterectomy and 181 B-UC treated via radical cystectomy). Median follow-up was 29 months. None received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with UUT-UC presented less commonly with invasive disease compared to those with B-UC (44 vs. 77% were >pT2). Overall, 5-year OS for the B-UC group was significantly lower than for the UUT-UC group (60.8 vs. 74.5%, p = 0.02). However, when patients were stratified by stage (>pT2), patients with B-UC had similar OS compared to those with UUT-UC (54.6 vs. 60.8%, p = 0.74). CONCLUSION: Invasive UUT-UC appears to have similar tumor biology compared to B-UC. Whether we can safely extrapolate on the benefit of neoadjuvant and adjuvant strategies to patients with UUT-UC requires further investigation.	bladder
Accuracy of the extent of bladder cancer nodal metastases found at pelvic lymphadenectomy at the time of cystectomy: relation to primary tumor stage.	OBJECTIVES: To determine the minimum number of nodes (n(min)) that need to be removed to ascertain N(0) status with 90/95% certainty, and to determine the maximum number of nodes theoretically involved for a given number 'm' of involved nodes reported out of a total of 'n' nodes examined. METHODS: 2,025 patients underwent cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, with pathologic stage < or =pT(2) in 1,132 (55.9%) and > or =pT(3) in 893 (44.1%). A mathematical model was utilized, using incidences derived from those having > or =10 nodes retrieved. RESULTS: For stage < or =pT(2) and 0, 1, or 2 positive nodes reported, n(min) are 2, 27, and 28, respectively, for 90% accuracy and 12, 29, and 29, respectively, for 95% accuracy. For stage > or =pT(3) and 0, 1, or 2 positive nodes reported, n(min) are 19, 28, and 29, respectively, for 90% accuracy and 24, 29, and 30, respectively, for 95% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Accuracy of the extent of nodal involvement depends on the number of positive nodes reported, total number of nodes retrieved, and pathologic stage. This model allows clinicians to assess potential underestimation of the 'true' number of involved nodes for a given number of positive nodes out of a total number reported.	bladder
Potent cytotoxic effect of a novel nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin on human bladder cancer cells producing various cytokines.	OBJECTIVES: To explore the potential therapeutic effects of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ). KU-19-19 cells, originally derived from a patient with invasive bladder cancer who exhibited marked leukocytosis, produce multiple cytokines. This model of clinically advanced bladder cancer, in which NF-kappaB is constitutively activated, was used in this study. METHODS: Expression of p65 protein in fractionated KU-19-19 cells was determined by Western blotting analysis. DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The cytotoxic effects and induction of apoptosis by DHMEQ were analyzed, and cytokines in the supernatant of KU-19-19 cells cultured with or without DHMEQ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Athymic nude mice bearing KU-19-19 subcutaneous tumors were subjected to intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg/kg/d DHMEQ for 3 weeks. Tumor growth was monitored and microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and the apoptotic index of tumors were evaluated by tissue immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: NF-kappaB was constitutively activated in KU-19-19 cells. DHMEQ reversibly inhibited the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB by blocking its nuclear translocation. Both cell viability and production of cytokines were significantly and dose-dependently suppressed by DHMEQ, and significant apoptosis was also induced. In in vivo studies, the mean tumor volume in mice treated with DHMEQ was significantly smaller than in controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors revealed marked reduction in microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Blockade of NF-kappaB function by DHMEQ may be a useful new molecular targeting treatment for highly aggressive bladder cancer.	bladder
Status of robot-assisted radical cystectomy.	PURPOSE: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is an alternative approach for treatment of bladder cancer. We provide a critical review of the current status of RARC and pelvic lymph node dissection with a focus on feasibility, safety and oncological efficacy of the procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PubMed literature database was reviewed for RARC series that have been reported in the English language until the present time. Surgical technique, operative parameters, pathologic outcome, complications and quality of life were examined. RESULTS: RARC is progressing steadily. With nearly 500 published cases worldwide, RARC proves to be technically feasible and oncologically effective. It is associated with less blood loss, shorter hospital stay, and improved postoperative quality of life. Intracorporeal urinary diversion is still in the experimental phase, and effort is needed to make it technically easier and widely accepted. CONCLUSIONS: With the worldwide rapid spread of robot-assisted surgeries, RARC is evolving as a reliable minimally invasive alternative to standard open surgery. Awaiting long term oncological results, adequately powered prospective randomized trials comparing open, laparoscopic and robotic approaches are urgently needed.	bladder
Pitfalls in the use of smoothelin to identify muscularis propria invasion by urothelial carcinoma.	Studies predominantly performed on cystectomy specimens have shown that antibodies against smoothelin can distinguish between muscularis mucosae (MM) (negative or weak stain) and muscularis propria (MP) (strong stain). However, studies on diagnostically difficult (transurethral resection) specimens have not been performed. We studied 34 transurethral resection cases where outside pathologists questioned the presence of MP invasion. Upon expert review of the H&E slides, there was no MP invasion in 18 cases. Smoothelin in MM was negative in 8/18 (44%), weakly positive (1+) in 5/18 (28%), moderately positive (2+) in 4/18 (22%), and moderately/strongly (2-3+) positive in 1/18 (6%). Smoothelin in uninvolved MP present in 8 cases was: 2+ in 2/8 (25%) and 3+in 6/8 (75%). Smoothelin expression in MM was weaker than in MP in 7/8 (88%) cases where both were present. Of 16 tumors with MP invasion, smoothelin in involved MP was: 1+ in 1/16 (6%), 2+ in 3/16 (19%), 2 to 3+ in 9/16 (56%), and 3+ in 3/16 (19%). Smoothelin expression in concurrent uninvolved MP was similar. Our data confirm the relatively distinct staining pattern of smoothelin between MM and MP. However, due to the overlap of intensity between MM and MP, caution should be maintained while using smoothelin immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic tool for MP invasion.	bladder
Immunomagnetic quantification of circulating tumor cells in patients with urothelial cancer.	OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between circulating tumor cells (CTC) and clinical parameters in metastatic urothelial cancer (UC). METHODS: CTC were enumerated with the CellSearch System, which was developed using an EpCAM antibody-based immunomagnetic capture and automated staining methodology. UC cell lines (RT4, T24, TCC, UMUC3 and 253J) and mixed blood from healthy males were analyzed. Blood samples from 16 patients without metastatic UC and 20 patients with metastatic UC were also analyzed. RESULTS: The accuracy and reliability of the assay were determined using spiked UC cells (RT4 and T24), which showed a strong linear correlation (r = 0.99) and recovery rate of 94% +/- 5% and 84% +/- 6%, respectively. Three UC cell lines (TCC, UMUC3 and 253J) tested negative. The 16 patients without metastatic UC tested negative as well. Eleven (55%) patients with metastatic UC tested positive for at least one CTC. Seven (35%) had two or more CTC. Significantly more CTC were seen in patients with two or more sites of metastasis than those with one site of metastasis (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, CTC could represent a potential marker to monitor the response to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic UC.	bladder
EZH2 silencing by RNA interference inhibits proliferation in bladder cancer cell lines.	The Enhancer of Zeste homologue2 gene (EZH2) is frequently expressed at high levels in malignant tumours, including bladder cancer. It functions as a transcriptional regulator to the maintenance of cell identity, cell cycle regulation and oncogenesis. In the study, we detected EZH2 expression in bladder cancer tissues. These results showed EZH2 high expression in bladder cancer tissue at level of transcript and protein compared with normal bladder tissue and EZH2 expression correlated positively with tumour stage and grade. Then, we used RNA interference to inhibit EZH2 expression in bladder cancer EJ cell line. Efficient downregulation of EZH2 resulted in significantly decreased cell proliferation in EJ cells and retarded transition of G(1) phase to S phase. Our data suggest that EZH2 is involved in the tumourigenesis of bladder cancer and EZH2 downregulation contributes to inhibiting malignant growth by retarding cell entrance to S phase.	bladder
Genetic polymorphisms of MTHFR and aberrant promoter hypermethylation of the RASSF1A gene in bladder cancer risk in a Chinese population.	Epidemiological studies have shown that folate deficiency increases the risk of cancer by affecting DNA repair and methylation. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme in folate metabolism. In this study, it was hypothesized that MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms would be associated with bladder cancer and also with hypermethylation of the promoter of the Ras association domain family 1A (RASSF1A) gene. This hospital-based, case-control study of 312 bladder cancer patients and 325 cancer-free controls found that individuals carrying the MTHFR 677TT genotype had a 2.00-fold increased risk of bladder cancer compared with those carrying the 677CC genotype. None of the MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms alone were associated with bladder cancer, but the combined haplotype 677TT/1298AA was associated with a 2.27-fold increased risk compared with haplotype 677CC/1298AA. There was no association between MTHFR gene variants and methylation status of the RASSF1A gene in the 45 bladder cancer patients in whom this was studied. It is concluded that the MTHFR 677TT genotype and the TTAA haplotype may increase the risk of bladder cancer.	bladder
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 A1-positive cell population is enriched in tumor-initiating cells and associated with progression of bladder cancer.	Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 A1 (ALDH1A1) has recently been suggested as a marker for cancer stem or stem-like cancer cells of some human malignancies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stem cell-related function and clinical significance of the ALDH1A1 in bladder urothelial cell carcinoma. Aldefluor assay was used to isolate ALDH1A1+ cells from bladder cancer cells. Stem cell characteristics of the ALDH1A1+ cells were then investigated by in vitro and in vivo approaches. Immunohistochemistry was done for evaluating ALDH1A1 expression on 22 normal bladder tissues and 216 bladder tumor specimens of different stage and grade. The ALDH1A1+ cancer cells displayed higher in vitro tumorigenicity compared with isogenic ALDH1A1- cells. The ALDH1A1+ cancer cells could generate xenograft tumors that resembled the histopathologic characteristics and heterogeneity of the parental cells. High ALDH1A1 expression was found in 26% (56 of 216) of human bladder tumor specimens and significantly related to advanced pathologic stage, high histologic grade, recurrence and progression, and metastasis of bladder urothelial cell carcinomas (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, ALDH1A1 expression was inversely associated with cancer-specific and overall survivals of the patients (P = 0.027 and 0.030, respectively). Therefore, ALDH1A1+ cell population could be enriched in tumor-initiating cells. ALDH1A1 may serve as a useful marker for monitoring the progression of bladder tumor and identifying bladder cancer patients with poor prognosis who might benefit from adjuvant and effective treatments.	bladder