crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Incidence and risk factors of stomal complications in patients undergoing cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion for bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: In this study we examined the incidence and associated factors of stomal complications in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion for bladder cancer. In addition, we evaluated the treatment and outcomes of surgical procedures in patients in whom stoma related complications developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2001 to 2005 a total of 137 patients underwent ileal conduit diversion after cystectomy or exploration for bladder cancer, had complete clinical followup and were followed for at least 12 months after surgery. The incidence of stomal complications (including parastomal hernia, stomal stenosis and stomal prolapse) is reported with correlations made to age, race, gender, body mass index, smoking history, alcohol consumption, preoperative laboratory values (creatinine, hematocrit), operative estimated blood loss and surgical complications. In addition, management of stomal complications is reported. RESULTS: Of the 137 patients 21 stomal complications (15.3%) occurred in 20 patients (14.6%). The most common complication was parastomal hernia in 19 patients (13.9 %). Stomal stenosis developed in 1 patient (0.7%) and stomal prolapse developed in 1 patient with a parastomal hernia (0.7%). There were no significant differences in gender, age, race, preoperative laboratory values or history of abdominal/pelvic radiation therapy between patients with or without complications. However, patients in whom complications developed had a significantly higher mean body mass index compared to those without complications (30.8 vs 26.5 kg/m(2), respectively, p = 0.012). Operative outcomes, extent of disease and length of postoperative followup were also similar between patients with or without stomal complications. In addition, there were no significant differences in lifestyle factors (eg smoking, alcohol abuse) in patients in whom complications developed. CONCLUSIONS: Stomal complications associated with ileal conduit urinary diversion are not uncommon and occur in almost 15% of patients, with the most common problem being parastomal hernia. Evaluation of possible risk factors demonstrates that obesity may be a contributing factor in the development of stomal complications, particularly in the elderly. Furthermore, our experience suggests that subsequent repairs of parastomal hernias are only moderately successful.	bladder
Robotic assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy: operative and pathological outcomes.	PURPOSE: Recent small case series have now been reported for robotic assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy. We report our initial experience with robotic assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy, evaluating the perioperative and pathological outcomes of this novel procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 men underwent robotic assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy and extracorporeal urinary diversion for clinically localized bladder cancer. Outcome measures evaluated in this series were operative variables, hospital recovery, pathological outcomes and complication rate. Comparisons were made to 24 gender matched men who underwent an open procedure during the same period. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 62.3 years (range 54 to 76). Ten patients underwent ileal conduit diversion and 10 received an orthotopic neobladder. In all cases urinary diversion was performed extracorporeally. Mean operative time for robotic cases was 6.1 hours, including 5.2 hours in the most recent 10 cases. This was longer than in patients undergoing an open procedure (3.8 hours). Mean surgical blood loss was 313 ml, which was significantly less than in those undergoing open cystectomy (588 ml). On surgical pathology 14 cases were pT2 or less, 4 were pT3 and 2 were N+. In no case was there inadvertent entry into the bladder or positive surgical margins. A mean of 19 lymph nodes was removed. Mean time to flatus was 2.1 days and mean time to bowel movement was 2.8 days, which was significantly shorter than in men undergoing an open procedure. Of the patients 16, 3 and 1 were discharged home on postoperative days 4, 5 and 8, respectively. There were a total of 6 postoperative complications (30%) in 5 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial experience with robotic assisted laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy appears to be favorable with acceptable operative, pathological and short-term clinical outcomes. As our experience increases, we expect to continue to refine our surgical technique and decrease operative time.	bladder
Pathological guidelines for orthotopic urinary diversion in women with bladder cancer: a review of the literature.	PURPOSE: Before the early 1990s total urethrectomy at radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in women was considered the standard of care. As our understanding of the natural history of urethral urothelial carcinoma in women has improved, neobladders have been increasingly created in carefully selected women with bladder cancer. We reviewed the literature regarding the incidence of urethral involvement, the risk factors for urethral involvement and the incidence of urethral recurrence in women undergoing orthotopic urinary diversion for bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was performed regarding the natural history of urethral tumor involvement by urothelial carcinoma, risk factors and the incidence of urethral recurrence following radical cystectomy and orthotopic diversion in women with bladder cancer. RESULTS: Urethral tumor involvement occurs in approximately 12% of female patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy for high grade, invasive urothelial carcinoma. Preoperative involvement of the bladder neck or anterior vaginal wall with urothelial carcinoma is an important risk factor for urethral tumor involvement. Intraoperative frozen section analysis of the proximal urethra is an appropriate and reliable method of identifying female candidates for orthotopic diversion. The rate of secondary tumor recurrence in the retained urethra of women following radical cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion is low but the condition requires long-term followup. CONCLUSIONS: Orthotopic urinary diversion can be performed safely in appropriately selected women with bladder cancer. Excellent oncological outcomes can be expected with a minimal risk of urethral recurrence. Preoperative bladder neck involvement is an important risk factor for urethral involvement but not an absolute contraindication to orthotopic diversion should intraoperative frozen section of the proximal urethra be without evidence of malignancy.	bladder
Contrast-enhanced multislice pneumo-CT-cystography in the evaluation of urinary bladder neoplasms.	PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of contrast-enhanced multislice CT (MSCT) in the study of urothelial tumors after distension of the bladder with air. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 43 consecutive patients with endoscopically proven bladder lesions. After air distension of the bladder, unenhanced pelvic and enhanced abdomino-pelvic scans were obtained with the following protocol: thickness 2.5mm x 4mm, increment 1mm, scan delay 40'' and 7-10 min. For each patient we considered the number, size, aspect (papillary or sessile) and contrast enhancement of lesions. Ureteral involvement and the presence of synchronous lesions in the excretory scan were also evaluated. MPR and virtual endoscopy images were reviewed in all cases. RESULTS: Bladder lesions were visualized in 39/43 cases. Compared to conventional cystoscopy, MSCT recognized single lesions in 31/33 patients, two lesions in 4/6, three in 2/2 and more than five foci in 2/2 patients. A papillary aspect was described in 44 cases while 11 lesions were sessile. Conventional Cystoscopy recognized six more lesions as compared with MSCT (four flat and two small papillary lesions). The detection rate for protruding lesions was 100% (52/52) for lesions>5mm and 60% (3/5%) for lesions<5mm. In four patients hydronephrosis was present, while in one case a synchronous lesion was evident in the renal pelvis. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced MSCT with air distension of the urinary bladder is a safe and complete investigation to evaluate the local stage of bladder cancer and to evaluate the ureteral extension of the tumor, as well as the presence of synchronous lesions.	bladder
p53 mediates interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor (APF)-induced growth inhibition of human urothelial cells.	Antiproliferative factor (APF) is a sialoglycopeptide elevated in the urine of patients with interstitial cystitis, a urinary bladder disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by chronic pelvic pain. The present study was directed toward uncovering a pathway through which APF signals. Treatment of human urothelial cells with native APF resulted in growth inhibition accompanied by blockade of cell cycle transit and increased p53. Reduced expression of p53 by RNA interference diminished, while ectopic expression of p53 mimicked, the effects of APF. These are the first findings implicating the network of p53 target genes in urothelial defects associated with interstitial cystitis.	bladder
Penile keratoacanthoma associated with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder in Muir-Torre syndrome.	A combination of some specific skin tumors with visceral cancers characterize Muir-Torre syndrome. A 60-year-old male patient who presented with penile keratoacanthoma accompanied by bladder and colorectal cancer is presented.	bladder
Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor165b in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.	Angiogenesis or the development of new blood vessels from the surrounding vasculature is essential for the growth and progression of solid tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a positive regulator of angiogenesis, plays a pivotal role in tumor angiogenesis and shows a high expression in almost all known tumors, including transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. A novel isoform, VEGF(165)b containing a novel exon 9, was recently identified in renal cell carcinoma and was shown to be down-regulated and inhibitory in nature. We aimed to analyze quantitatively expression of this isoform, VEGF(165)b, in TCC of the bladder and compare it to the benign part of the same organ. A real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction protocol was set up to quantitate simultaneously the messenger ribonucleic acid levels of VEGF and VEGF(165)b from 34 clinical samples representing bladder cancer and matched benign tissue. Expression of VEGF(165)b showed a >or=3.0-fold change in 27 of 34 (79%) bladder tumors than the benign samples. Increased expression of VEGF(165)b was seen in superficial tumors as compared to invasive tumors, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Therefore, VEGF(165)b was up-regulated in TCC of the bladder.	bladder
Clinical and therapeutic significance of aberrant differentiation patterns in bladder cancer.	Pure urothelial carcinoma makes up 90-95% of all bladder cancer. The remaining 5-10% represent urothelial carcinoma with aberrant differentiation patterns and nonurothelial carcinoma. Reviews on this topic often focus on the pathological features of these histologic subtypes. In this review we have summarized the clinical significance of each major histologic pattern and analyzed the response of each to standard treatment modalities. The main limitation to optimizing management is the inability to perform clinical trials owing to the rarity of these tumors. This can be circumvented to some degree by extrapolating knowledge acquired from more common similar tumors in other organ sites. Ultimately, however, multicenter clinical trials will need to be organized to address some key management issues.	bladder
A comparison of the platinum analogues in bladder cancer cell lines.	BACKGROUND: Oxaliplatin is a 3rd generation platinum analogue, which is active in a broad spectrum of tumours. Clinical trials using this drug in bladder cancer are underway, but not yet reported. There are currently no in vitro data regarding oxaliplatin in bladder cancer. Therefore, this study compares the efficacy of oxaliplatin with cisplatin and carboplatin, which are both used widely in this tumour type, in bladder cancer cell lines. METHOD: The efficacy of oxaliplatin, carboplatin and cisplatin were compared in 4 bladder cancer cell lines (5637, J82, HT1197 and 253J). Cell parameters including cell number, viability and apoptosis were assessed after 3 days of drug exposure. The effects of the drugs on the cell cycle were also observed. RESULTS: Overall cisplatin was the most potent at inducing cell death (IC(50) 11.5-70.6 microM). Oxaliplatin was the 2nd most potent drug (IC(50 )15.2-126.3 microM) and carboplatin the least effective (IC(50 )75.4-137.8 microM). Carboplatin was significantly less potent at inducing cell death than the other two drugs in all 4 cell lines. Carboplatin was also inferior at inducing apoptosis in 3 of the 4 cell lines. All three drugs had a similar effect on the cell cycle, causing an initial G2 block. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that oxaliplatin is a potent agent in bladder cancer cell lines and is superior to carboplatin in this in vitro setting. It justifies the clinical studies using oxaliplatin that are underway.	bladder
Positron emission tomography (PET) in the urooncological evaluation of the small pelvis.	Positron emission tomography (PET) with the use of ((18)F)2-fluoro-D: -2-desoxyglucose (FDG) has been investigated to be a highly sensitive and specific imaging modality in the diagnostic of primary and recurrent tumors and in the control of therapies in numerous non-urologic cancers. The aim of this review is to validate the significance of PET as a diagnostic tool in malignant urological tumors of the small pelvis. A systematic review of the current literature concerning the role of PET for malignant prostate, testicular and bladder tumors was carried out. The data indicate no additional role for PET in comparison with conventional imaging in tumor detection and local staging for prostate, bladder or testicular cancer. Tumor recurrence in prostate cancer seems to be more effectively identified with acetate and choline than with FDG, but this effect is more pronounced with higher PSA values. The value of PET in the identification of metastatic disease in either tumor entity can not be finally outlined as the clinical data are partly missing, controversial or in the process of evaluation. FDG-PET can be regarded as accepted imaging modality in the restaging of seminomatous germ cell tumors after chemotherapy.	bladder
Exploring the sialiome using titanium dioxide chromatography and mass spectrometry.	Strategies for biomarker discovery increasingly focus on biofluid protein and peptide expression patterns. Post-translational modifications contribute significantly to the pattern complexity and thereby increase the likelihood of obtaining specific biomarkers for diagnostics and disease monitoring. Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that plays a role e.g. in cell adhesion and in cell-cell and receptor-ligand interactions. Abnormal protein glycosylation has important disease associations, and the glycoproteome is therefore a target for biomarker discovery. Here we present a simple and highly selective strategy for purification of sialic acid-containing glycopeptides (the sialiome) from complex peptide mixtures. The approach utilizes a high and selective affinity of sialic acids for titanium dioxide under specific buffer conditions. In combination with mass spectrometry we used this strategy to characterize the human plasma and saliva sialiomes where 192 and 97 glycosylation sites, respectively, were identified. Furthermore we illustrate the potential of this method in biomarker discovery.	bladder
[Bladder cancer and neurogenic bladder].	In 2006, the risk of developing bladder tumour remains an important aspect of the management and surveillance of spinal cord injury patients. Based on a review of the literature, the authors show that these patients present a particularly high risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder Risk factors remain controversial, but the duration of neurogenic bladder and the voiding mode appear to be the main risk factors. The authors discuss the optimal diagnostic modalities in this setting and the particular case of bladder augmentation.	bladder
Cross-reactivity between paclitaxel and hazelnut: a case report.	A 73-year-old Caucasian woman with metastatic bladder cancer developed hives, itching, difficulty in breathing, and general ill-feeling during the first 10 min of her first infusion of paclitaxel. Paclitaxel was discontinued and the symptoms resolved after intravenous diphenhydramine and hydrocortisone treatment. Upon discussion with the patient, she described the sensation as similar to her reaction to hazelnuts. The patient's only other allergy was to azithromycin, which presented as hives. A PubMed literature search revealed that paclitaxel is found in the components of the hazelnut tree and its nuts. While a nut-protein allergy cannot be ruled out, a cross-reaction between paclitaxel and hazelnuts is a possibility. Patients who describe an allergy to hazelnuts must be carefully observed while being treated with paclitaxel. The hazelnut allergy may not be a nut-protein allergy at all, but rather an allergy to the components of paclitaxel that reside in the hazelnut itself.	bladder
Best approach for low-risk superficial bladder cancer.	In order to create better criteria for different grades of superficial bladder tumor, the WHO and ISUOP develop a new classification in 1998, which was modified in 2004. Although the new classification might be more reproducible, it has not yet been widely accepted. The low risk groups include patients with single Ta, G1, < or = 3 cm diameter tumors. This group has high recurrence and low progression rates. The standard treatment is the complete resection and postoperative single immediate instillation of whatever chemotherapy agent should be considered.	bladder
The role of the surgeon and transurethral resection in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer.	Non-muscle invasive bladder cancers are a heterogeneous group of cancers whose spectrum includes low grade Ta lesions and high-grade T1 lesions. Accurate staging and grading during initial evaluation and TUR ensures appropriate treatment and prevents the risk of understaging. TUR should be ideally performed under spinal anesthesia, with a continuous flow video resectoscope to maintain a stable bladder capacity, and a video monitor. The entire bladder must be visualized, with both 30- and 70-degree lenses, and all abnormal areas must be resected, with separate biopsies from each tumor's base. Repeat TUR is recommended for all high grade tumors and T1 tumors, especially if muscle was not present in the initial specimen. Immediate instillation of single dose chemotherapy agents following TUR is highly recommended to reduce the risk of tumor recurrences.	bladder
Natural history, recurrence, and progression in superficial bladder cancer.	Superficial bladder cancer encompasses patients with stage Ta T1 tumors and patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS). The natural history or treatment-related prognosis of these patients varies considerably from one patient to the next based on the patient's clinical and the tumor's pathological characteristics. Based on a review of the literature, the most important prognostic factors for recurrence are the prior recurrence rate, number of tumors, and tumor size; whereas for progression, the most important prognostic factors are the T category, grade, and presence of CIS. Treatment with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces both the risk of recurrence and the risk of progression, and is the treatment of choice in high-risk papillary tumors and in patients with CIS. Assessment of a patient's prognostic factors and his or her risk of recurrence and progression is a prerequisite for determining the most appropriate treatment and frequency of follow-up for a given patient.	bladder
Optimal treatment for intermediate- and high-risk, nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.	According to clinical and pathological factors the prognosis of a patient with non-muscle invasive bladder tumors can be assessed. The prognosis is determined by the likelihood of recurrence (30-70%) and/or progression to muscle invasive bladder cancer (1-15%).Trans urethral resection of bladder tumors remains the initial therapy but adjuvant intravesical instillations are necessary. All patients benefit from a single immediate post operative instillation with a chemotherapeutic agent and for low risk tumors this is the optimal therapy. Patients with intermediate and high risk tumors need more intravesical chemo-or immunotherapy. Chemotherapy reduces recurrences but not progression. Intravesical immunotherapy(BCG) prevents or delays progression. Patients at high risk for progression may need upfront cystectomy.	bladder
Superficial urothelial cancer in the prostatic urethra.	Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is a multifocal disease of the urinary tract that can also involve the prostatic urethra (PU). The exact incidence of superficial involvement of the PU in patients with bladder TCC is not well known. Bladder TCC may involve the prostate in 12-40% of the patients and the degree of involvement can include urethral mucosa, ducts, acini, and stroma of the gland, which has been shown to affect the outcome. Risk factors for superficial urothelial cancer in the PU are high-grade, multifocal bladder TCC and presence of carcinoma in situ (CIS) in the bladder. While visible tumors are easy to detect and resect, controversy still exists regarding the optimal technique to identify prostatic involvement by TCC. Prostatic urethral sampling by a transurethral resection biopsy or a cold-cup biopsy, particularly in the high-risk group of bladder cancer patients, has been recommended for detecting prostatic urethral involvement. Management of superficial prostatic involvement by TCC is also unclear. Currently, there is increasing recognition of the value of conservative treatment options with intravesical agents when there is superficial involvement of the PU. Particularly, intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (BCG) seems to be an effective treatment alternative in the management of superficial involvement of the PU by TCC. Close follow-up by cystoscopy and PU biopsy at 3-month intervals, particularly in intermediate and high-risk patients who respond to intravesical therapy and in whom cystectomy is appropriate, is recommended in order to detect persistent tumor, recurrences, or progression.	bladder
Interferon-alpha induces TRAIL expression and cell death via an IRF-1-dependent mechanism in human bladder cancer cells.	Apoptosis induced by interferon-alpha (IFNalpha) is associated with induction of TRAIL in a number of different cell types. Here we examined whether or not TRAIL was required for apoptosis in a model human bladder cancer cell line (UM-UC-12) and defined the molecular mechanisms involved in IFNalpha-induced TRAIL expression. Exposure to IFNalpha resulted in concentration-dependent induction of TRAIL and apoptosis. Inhibition of TRAIL or downstream components of the TRAIL cell death pathway (FADD, caspase-8) via siRNA-mediated knockdown attenuated IFNalpha-induced cell death, thereby implicating TRAIL in the response. IFNalpha induced rapid STAT-1 phosphorylation and DNA binding activity and subsequent accumulation of IRF-1. Transfection with siRNAs directed against STAT-1 or IRF-1 inhibited IFNalpha-induced TRAIL production and cell death, and chromatin immunprecipitation (ChIP) analyses demonstrated that IFNalpha induced direct, time-dependent binding of both transcription factors to the TRAIL promoter. Together, our results demonstrate that IFNalpha induces TRAIL expression via a STAT-1/IRF-1-dependent mechanism in human bladder cancer cells, and this induction of TRAIL plays an important role in IFNalpha-induced cell killing.	bladder