crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Current perspectives in the use of molecular imaging to target surgical treatments for genitourinary cancers.	CONTEXT: Molecular imaging (MI) entails the visualisation, characterisation, and measurement of biologic processes at the molecular and cellular levels in humans and other living systems. Translating this technology to interventions in real-time enables interventional MI/image-guided surgery, for example, by providing better detection of tumours and their dimensions. OBJECTIVE: To summarise and critically analyse the available evidence on image-guided surgery for genitourinary (GU) oncologic diseases. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed and the Thomson Reuters Web of Science. In the free-text protocol, the following terms were applied: molecular imaging, genitourinary oncologic surgery, surgical navigation, image-guided surgery, and augmented reality. Review articles, editorials, commentaries, and letters to the editor were included if deemed to contain relevant information. We selected 79 articles according to the search strategy based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis criteria and the IDEAL method. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: MI techniques included optical imaging and fluorescent techniques, the augmented reality (AR) navigation system, magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography. Experimental studies on the AR navigation system were restricted to the detection and therapy of adrenal and renal malignancies and in the relatively infrequent cases of prostate cancer, whereas fluorescence techniques and optical imaging presented a wide application of intraoperative GU oncologic surgery. In most cases, image-guided surgery was shown to improve the surgical resectability of tumours. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the evidence to date, image-guided surgery has promise in the near future for multiple GU malignancies. Further optimisation of targeted imaging agents, along with the integration of imaging modalities, is necessary to further enhance intraoperative GU oncologic surgery.	bladder
Current intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.	INTRODUCTION: Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) is still the standard initial treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, even after a radical resection, recurrence (30 - 80%) and progression (1 - 45%) are commonly seen. Intravesical therapy provides direct contact of the agent with the bladder mucosa and clearly has improved the outcome, especially in high-risk disease. AREAS COVERED: The role of a good initial TURBT is emphasized. Risk assessment tools are discussed. Different intravesical therapies are enumerated according to the latest literature, with the emphasis on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), including the discussion on the optimal dose and schedule. New developments are mentioned. EXPERT OPINION: A radical TURBT is essential for good prognosis. For optimal visualisation of tumours, fluorescence techniques should be used with low threshold, especially in case of suspicion of carcinoma in situ (CIS). Increased completeness of the resection will lead to less persisting disease and less need for adjuvant treatment. A re-TURBT should be done when in doubt of radical resection (judged by the pathologist or the surgeon). Risk assessment is essential, but the available tools are outdated. A single post-operative instillation (SPI) with chemotherapy is only indicated in low-risk disease. BCG is the treatment of choice for high-grade disease. BCG should be given as maintenance. Awareness of deterioration of the prognosis after progression is of great importance. In BCG failures, cystectomy should be strongly advised. Chemotherapy in combination with hyperthermia seems to be a new promising treatment.	bladder
Can dogs smell lung cancer? First study using exhaled breath and urine screening in unselected patients with suspected lung cancer.	BACKGROUND: On the basis of our own experience and literature search, we hypothesised that a canine olfactory test may be useful for detecting lung cancer in an unselected population of patients suspected to have lung cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of 93 patients consecutively admitted to hospital with suspected lung cancer. Exhaled breath and urine were sampled before the patients underwent bronchoscopy. The canine olfactory test was performed in a double-blinded manner. Sensitivity and specificity were outcome measures. RESULTS: With 99% sensitivity, the olfactory test demonstrated that dogs have the ability to distinguish cancer patients from healthy individuals. With an intensified training procedure, the exhaled breath and urine tests showed sensitivity rates of 56-76% and specificity rates of 8.3-33.3%, respectively, in our heterogeneous study population. CONCLUSION: Although the olfactory test appears to be a promising tool for the detection of cancer, the main challenge is to determine whether the test can sufficiently discriminate between patients at risk, patients with benign disease, and patients with malignant disease. We need to gain a deeper understanding of this test and further refine it before applying it as a screening tool for lung cancer in clinical settings.	bladder
[Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in a patient with HIV and paraplegia].	In patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) the rate of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) among bladder tumors is increased compared to the general population. An increased life expectancy is achieved by modern HIV treatment so that more AIDS-unrelated malignomas, e.g. bladder tumors, occur in these patients. Therefore, the risk for SCC in this group of patients is increased in patients with SCI and HIV but the combination of these two diseases is rare. We report the first case of SCC in a patient with SCI and HIV. Initial symptoms of bladder tumors in patients with SCI are often unspecific; therefore, in cases with new onset hematuria, recurrent urinary tract infections and changes in bladder function, cystoscopy and computed tomography (CT) scanning should be considered.	bladder
Enhanced inhibition of urinary bladder cancer growth and muscle invasion by allyl isothiocyanate and celecoxib in combination.	Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) occurs in cruciferous vegetables that are commonly consumed by humans and has been shown to inhibit urinary bladder cancer growth and progression in previous preclinical studies. However, AITC does not significantly modulate cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), whose oncogenic activity has been well documented in bladder cancer and other cancers. Celecoxib is a selective Cox-2 inhibitor and has been widely used for treatment of several diseases. Celecoxib has also been evaluated in bladder cancer patients, but its efficacy against bladder cancer as a single agent remains unclear. In a syngeneic rat model of orthotopic bladder cancer, treatment of the animals with the combination of AITC and celecoxib at low dose levels (AITC at 1 mg/kg and celecoxib at 10 mg/kg) led to increased or perhaps synergistic inhibition of bladder cancer growth and muscle invasion, compared with each agent used alone. The combination regime was also more effective than each single agent in inhibiting microvessel formation and stimulating microvessel maturation in the tumor tissues. The anticancer efficacy of the combination regime was associated with depletion of prostaglandin E2, a key downstream signaling molecule of Cox-2, caspase activation and downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in the tumor tissues. These data show that AITC and celecoxib complement each other for inhibition of bladder cancer and provide a novel combination approach for potential use for prevention or treatment of human bladder cancer.	bladder
[Vesical tuberculosis after Bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical instillation therapy for bladder cancer].	An 82-year-old man who had undergone transurethral resection (TUR) for superficial bladder cancer (pT1 G3) in June and Luly 2011 received intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy (80 mg weekly for 6 weeks) in September 2011. Seven months later, a follow-up cystoscopy revealed a slowly growing torose lesion at the site of the previous TUR. The lesion was removed by TUR in June 2012. Pathological examination showed an inflammatory response with small granulomatous lesions. The specimen stained positive for TB DNA-RTPCR. Mycobacterium bovis was detected from the bladder specimen and urine. He was administered antituberculous agents, isoniazid 300 mg and rifampicin 450 mg daily, for 3 months. He is well with no recurrence of bladder carcinoma and urinary cultures were negative during the follow-up.	bladder
[A case of bladder cancer producing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 causing respiratory failure treated with neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy along with sivelestat].	A 67-year-old man visited an urological clinic with a chief complaint of urination pain. Cystourethroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination revealed a bladder tumor (cT3bN0M0). Marked leukocytosis and respiratory distress with pleural effusion appeared. Pulse steroid therapy improved the general condition partially. The patient was sent to our hospital for further examination. Serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were high and the pathological findings of bladder tumor obtained by transurethral resection (TUR) revealed an urothelial carcinoma that produced G-CSF and IL-6. Neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy was performed along with use of steroid and sivelestat, which ameliorated the respiratory distress. After three courses of systemic chemotherapy, serum G-CSF and IL-6 normalized and cystoprostatectomy was performed. The patient has been in good health at 20 months after the surgery with no evidence of recurrence.	bladder
Is fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography useful for detecting bladder lesions? A meta-analysis of the literature.	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG PET) in the detection of bladder lesions. METHODS: We conducted a systematic PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase database search of articles published before November 2012. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio were pooled. A summary receiver operating characteristic curve was also used to summarize overall test performance. All meta-analyses were performed using the Meta-DiSc software (version 1.4). RESULTS: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of PET or PET/CT for the detection of bladder cancer was 80.0% (95% CI: 71.0-87.0%) and 84.0% (95% CI: 69.0-93.0%), respectively. The overall positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio were 3.47 (95% CI: 1.03-11.65), 0.31 (95% CI: 0.13-0.70) and 13.86 (95% CI: 2.84-67.74), respectively. Besides, the area (± standard error) under the symmetrical summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.8574 ± 0.0704. CONCLUSION: When compared with results of MRI and CT published by other studies, (18)F-FDG PET or PET/CT showed no superiority in detecting local bladder lesions. As a whole body imaging, it is suggested that PET is more appropriate for the detection of metastasis.	bladder
Value of GATA3 immunostaining in tumor diagnosis: a review.	GATA3 is a member of a group of zinc-finger transcription factors that is involved in cell development and differentiation. Recent studies have shown that, among tumors, GATA3 is commonly expressed in both urothelial tumors and breast epithelial neoplasms. With the exception of salivary gland and parathyroid tumors, GATA3 has been reported to be either absent or only rarely expressed in other epithelial tumors. Owing to its restricted expression in urothelial and breast carcinomas, GATA3 has proved to be a useful immunohistochemical marker for assisting in distinguishing these 2 groups of neoplasms from other malignancies with which they may be confused.	bladder
Efficacy of immediate instillation combined with regular instillations of pirarubicin for Ta and T1 transitional cell bladder cancer after transurethral resection: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study.	BACKGROUND: Immediate intravesical instillation of chemotherapeutic agents after transurethral resection (TUR) of nonmuscle invasive transitional cell bladder cancer has recently been suggested and has been proven to decrease the tumor recurrence rate significantly. This study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of immediate intravesical instillation combined with regular instillations of Pirarubicin (THP(®)) as prophylaxis compared to regular instillations only after TUR operation. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, multi-center, clinical study. Patients diagnosed with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (Ta and T1) pathologically and suitable for TUR were enrolled randomly into two groups. In the study group, the patients received intravesical instillation within 24-hour post TURBT, followed by regular intravesical therapy using 30 mg/50 ml of THP(®) once a week for 8 weeks, and then once a month to 1 year postoperatively Among the patients. In the control group, patients received regular instillation only. RESULTS: A total of 403 patients were enrolled into this study from 26 institutions in China. Among the potients, 210 were enrolled into the study group and 193 were enrolled into the control group. At the median follow-up of 18 months, the recurrence rate was 7.8% in the study group, significantly lower than that in the control group (14.3%; P = 0.042). Subgroup analysis showed that the recurrence rate in low and intermediate-risk patients was significantly lower in the study group (6.8%) than in the control group (14.0%; P = 0.047), although no significant differences were found in high-risk patients. CONCLUSION: One immediate dose of THP(®) 30 mg after TURBT followed by regular intravesical therapy appears well tolerated and more effective than regular intravesical therapy for preventing tumor recurrence, especially in low and intermediate-risk patients.	bladder
XPC gene polymorphisms contribute to bladder cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis.	Numerous studies have investigated the association between three polymorphisms (Lys939Gln, Ala499Val and PAT-/+) of Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) gene and bladder cancer susceptibility; however, the findings are inconclusive. In order to acquire a more precise estimation of the relationship, we performed a meta-analysis based on 10 studies including 3,934 cases and 4,269 controls for Lys939Gln, five studies including 2,113 cases and 2,249 controls for Ala499Val, and seven studies including 2,834 cases and 3,048 controls for PAT-/+ polymorphism. We searched publications from EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Chinese Biomedical. We calculated pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) by using either fixed-effects or random-effects model according to the between-study heterogeneity. We found that all studied polymorphisms were individually associated with increased overall cancer risks, as shown by ORs (95% CIs) below: the Lys939Gln (Gln/Gln vs. Lys/Lys: OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.08-1.79; recessive model: OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.11-1.83; and allele comparing: OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.003-1.24), the Ala499Val (Val/Val vs. Ala/Ala: OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.19-2.79; recessive model: OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.18-2.46; and allele comparing: OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.01-1.50), and the PAT-/+ (+/+ vs. -/-: OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.03-1.79 and recessive model: OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.06-1.70). Furthermore, stratification analyses demonstrated an increased risk for Asian populations as to the Lys939Gln and PAT-/+ whereas for Caucasian populations as to the Ala499Val polymorphism in the homozygous and recessive models. Despite some limitations, this meta-analysis suggests that XPC polymorphisms are associated with bladder cancer risk, but this association warrants further validation in well-designed studies with large sample sizes.	bladder
Digital quantitative immunofluorescent detection of p53 protein in urinary bladder cancer tissue samples.	Bladder cancer is a significant health problem and is the fourth most common malignancy in the Western world. Histologically, transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common subtype and represents nearly 90% of all bladder cancers. Mutations of the tumour suppressor gene p53 are the most frequent genetic alteration found in human cancers, including urinary bladder carcinoma. Numerous studies have attempted to define p53 as a molecular marker with clinicopathological and predictive values. In this study we have investigated tissue samples of histopathologically confirmed TCC of the urinary bladder from 70 patients. Normal urinary bladder mucosa obtained from 40 patients with nonmalignant diseases were used as a negative control group. Immunofluorescence detection was performed using double-sandwich antibody technique, the microscope images were captured by digital camera and analyzed by ImageJ software. Corrected fluorescent intensity values corresponding to average malignant cells' nuclear p53 staining were calculated from each patient sample. We found that the mean corrected fluorescence intensity values of TCC samples grade I and II did not differ statistically significantly. On the contrary, those values were significant between the TCC grades II and III, as well as between grade I and III. In addition, a high correlation of p53 fluorescence intensity values from superficial TCC samples with the invasive TCC samples was found. However, the data showed no predictive value of p53 nuclear accumulation in TCC samples in terms of recidive, metastasis or cancer-related death, at least within the 2-years follow-up period. Given the relatively small size and heterogeneity of our patient groups, however, further studies are needed to demonstrate the clinicopathological value of digital quantitative immunofluorescent detection of nuclear p53 in TCC samples.	bladder
Combined ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide-enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging facilitates detection of metastases in normal-sized pelvic lymph nodes of patients with bladder and prostate cancer.	BACKGROUND: Conventional cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has limited accuracy for lymph node (LN) staging in bladder and prostate cancer patients. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess the diagnostic accuracy of combined ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) MRI and diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI in staging of normal-sized pelvic LNs in bladder and/or prostate cancer patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Examinations with 3-Tesla MRI 24-36 h after administration of USPIO using conventional MRI sequences combined with DW-MRI (USPIO-DW-MRI) were performed in 75 patients with clinically localised bladder and/or prostate cancer staged previously as N0 by conventional cross-sectional imaging. Combined USPIO-DW-MRI findings were analysed by three independent readers and correlated with histopathologic LN findings after extended pelvic LN dissection (PLND) and resection of primary tumours. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Sensitivity and specificity for LN status of combined USPIO-DW-MRI versus histopathologic findings were evaluated per patient (primary end point) and per pelvic side (secondary end point). Time required for combined USPIO-DW-MRI reading was assessed. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: At histopathologic analysis, 2993 LNs (median: 39 LNs; range: 17-68 LNs per patient) with 54 LN metastases (1.8%) were found in 20 of 75 (27%) patients. Per-patient sensitivity and specificity for detection of LN metastases by the three readers ranged from 65% to 75% and 93% to 96%, respectively; sensitivity and specificity per pelvic side ranged from 58% to 67% and 94% to 97%, respectively. Median reading time for the combined USPIO-DW-MRI images was 9 min (range: 3-26 min). A potential limitation is the absence of a node-to-node correlation of combined USPIO-DW-MRI and histopathologic analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Combined USPIO-DW-MRI improves detection of metastases in normal-sized pelvic LNs of bladder and/or prostate cancer patients in a short reading time.	bladder
The role of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 and TIMP-2 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases as serum markers of bladder cancer.	INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis and molecular staging of bladder cancer based on the detection of gelatinases mRNA (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in peripheral blood circulating and mononuclear cells have shown promising results. We analyze if the determination of the corresponding protein synthesis products makes it possible to diagnose and characterize patients with bladder cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Quantification of the serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 in a series of 42 individuals (31 patients with bladder cancer in different stages and 11 healthy controls) using the ELISA technique was carried out. The determinations were compared between cases and controls (Mann-Whitney U) and between different groups of tumors (Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis), according to the clinical-pathological characteristics (age, gender, T category, M category or grade). Diagnostic yield of these markers was evaluated by analysis of the ROC curves. RESULTS: There is a correlation between the determinations of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 (R=.699; P>.0001) and MMP-9 and TIMP-2 (R=.305; P=.049). Patients with bladder cancer have higher levels of MMP-9 (p<0.0001) and TIMP-2 (P=.047) than the controls. Furthermore, the MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratio is also superior in cancer patients (P<.001). Differences were not detected between cancer and controls regarding age (P=.64) or gender (P=.64). Differences were also not detected regarding MMP-2 (P=.35) or MMP-2/TIMP-2 rate (P=.45). Within the cancer patient population, the MMP-2 and MMP-9 values differ according to T category (P=.022 and P=.038, respectively) and those of the TIMP-2 according to M category (P=.036). ROC curve analysis showed that both MMP-9 and the MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratio discriminate patients with cancer and controls, with equivalent diagnostic accuracy (ABC 0.953) and cut offs of 3.93 ng/mL (S 90%; Sp 81%) and 0.053 ng/mL (S 96%; Sp 84%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained suggest that both serum MMP-9 and TIMP-2 would have an application in the prediction of the development and progression of bladder cancer, and a potential utility as clinical markers of the disease. Multicenter, prospective studies that confirm their preliminary results are necessary.	bladder