crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Urinary carbonic anhydrase IX splicing messenger RNA variants in urogenital cancers.	BACKGROUND: To identify molecular biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression, several noninvasive tests on liquid biopsy have been proposed for different cancers including those of urogenital origin. Among biomarkers, carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) has gained attention as it regulates extracellular pH and induces cytoplasmic alkalization contributing to malignant progression and poor treatment outcome. Works on tissues suggested the potential use of CAIX as a tumor biomarker for urogenital malignancies, but only few studies have been performed on its detection in urine. SCOPE: The aim of the present study is the measurement of CAIX messenger RNA (mRNA) in urine sediments of patients affected by kidney, prostate, and bladder cancers to evaluate the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the test. PROCEDURES: The quantification of the total CAIX mRNA concentration and of its full-length isoform (CAIX FL) have been performed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) on RNA extracted from urine sediments of patients affected by urogenital cancers. RESULTS: Urinary total CAIX mRNA expression resulted to be lower in patients with kidney and prostate cancer in comparison with the control group, but no statistically significant difference could be evidenced for bladder cancer. The evaluation of the relative percentage of FL isoform mRNA (FL%) showed a significant increase of FL% in urine from patients with cancer (median = 70.8%) in comparison with the healthy subjects (median = 2.6%) and this finding was confirmed for each cancer type separately. The comparison among receiver operating characteristic curves for total CAIX mRNA, CAIX FL mRNA, and FL% indicated that FL% shows the best diagnostic performance with 90% sensitivity and 72% specificity. Comparison of the results obtained in urine with those found in the corresponding tissues indicated 80% concordance. CONCLUSIONS: The CAIX mRNA expression in urine sediments can be considered a surrogate marker of CAIX expression in tumor tissues of urogenital origin. In particular, the analysis of FL% possesses the best characteristics to be a suitable noninvasive biomarker for urogenital cancer diagnosis.	bladder
Discussion on robot-assisted laparoscopic cystectomy and Ileal neobladder surgery preoperative care.	To investigate the clinical applications of robot-assisted radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder (RARC-INB) and make a preliminary summary. Retrospective analysis the clinical data of 12 patients underwent robotic bladder cancer (da vinci surgical system) assisted laparoscopic cystectomy with ileal orthotopic neobladder from March 2015 to April 2015. 12 cases were successful, with no surgical intervention, and organ damage occurred. The operation time was 330~470 min, which average (390.0±61.5) min; blood loss was 90~870 ml, which average (185.0±88.3) ml. One case of intraoperative blood transfusion was 400 ml. The enjoin eating time of postoperative intestinal ventilation was 3~6 d, and the average time was (4.0±1.5) d. Removal of ureteral stents time was 14~28 d and the average time was (21±7) d. Removal of the catheter time was 18~28 d and the average time was (23±5) d. Postoperative hospital stay 19~29 d and the average time was (24±5) dRARC-INB make the surgical tends to simplify, which was conducive to surgeon intraoperative control and assurance. RARC-INB make the surgical tends to use less trauma, less bleeding, complete lymphadenectomy, quick recovery, etc. It is a safe, effective and reliablethe method in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer. So the method should be widely applied.	bladder
Gender-related differences in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a population-based study from the Swedish National Registry of Urinary Bladder Cancer.	OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation was to describe tumour characteristics, treatments and survival in patients with urinary bladder cancer (UBC) in a national population-based cohort, with special reference to gender-related differences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All primary UBC patients with urothelial pathology reported to the Swedish National Registry of Urinary Bladder Cancer (SNRUBC) from 1997 to 2011 were included in the study. Groups were compared regarding tumour, node, metastasis classification, primary treatment and survival. RESULTS: In total, 30,310 patients (74.9% male, 25.1% female) with UBC were analysed. A larger proportion of women than men had stage T2-T4 (p < 0.001), and women also had more G1 tumours (p < 0.001). However, compared to women, a larger proportion of men with carcinoma in situ or T1G3 received intravesical treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guérin or intravesical chemotherapy, and a larger proportion of men with stage T2-T4 underwent radical cystectomy (38% men vs 33% women, p < 0.0001). The cancer-specific survival at 5 years was 77% for men and 72% for women (p < 0.001), and the relative survival at 5 years was 72% for men and 69% for women (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based cohort comprising virtually all patients diagnosed with UBC in Sweden between 1997 and 2011, female gender was associated with inferior cancer-specific and relative survival. Although women had a higher rate of aggressive tumours, a smaller proportion of women than men received optimal treatment.	bladder
Lifestyle factors and health-related quality of life in bladder cancer survivors: a systematic review.	PURPOSE: Diet, physical activity, and smoking cessation are modifiable lifestyle factors that have been shown to improve health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in many cancer survivors. Our objective was to systematically review the literature on the associations between lifestyle factors, namely diet, physical activity, smoking status, and HRQOL in bladder cancer survivors. METHODS: We queried PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane libraries. Two reviewers reviewed abstracts independently, and a third reviewer arbitrated disagreements. A descriptive analysis was performed. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for observational studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for clinical trials. RESULTS: We identified 1167 publications in the initial search, of which 9 met inclusion criteria for full-text review. We were able to obtain data on the outcomes of interest for 5 publications. A total of 1288 patients who underwent treatment for bladder cancer were included. Three studies were observational by design and two were randomized controlled trials. Physical activity was addressed by 4 studies, smoking status by 2 studies, and diet by 1 study. CONCLUSIONS: The review highlights the limited evidence around lifestyle factors and quality of life in bladder cancer survivors. There is some evidence for a positive association between HRQOL and physical activity, but insufficient evidence upon which to draw conclusions about the effects of consuming fruits and vegetables or non-smoking. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: There is limited evidence to support a positive association between health-related quality of life and physical activity, but insufficient evidence upon which to base any conclusions about consumption of fruits and vegetables or smoking cessation in bladder cancer survivors.	bladder
Guideline on Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer (European Association of Urology Guideline): American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement.	PURPOSE: To endorse the European Association of Urology guideline on muscle-invasive (MIBC) and metastatic bladder cancer. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has a policy and set of procedures for endorsing clinical practice guidelines that have been developed by other professional organizations. METHODS: The guideline on MIBC and metastatic bladder cancer was reviewed for developmental rigor by methodologists. The ASCO Endorsement Panel then reviewed the content and recommendations. RESULTS: The ASCO Endorsement Panel determined that the recommendations from the European Association of Urology guideline on MIBC and metastatic bladder cancer, published online in March 2015, are clear, thorough, and based on the most relevant scientific evidence. ASCO endorses the guideline on MIBC and metastatic bladder cancer and has added qualifying statements, including highlighting the use of chemoradiotherapy for select patients with MIBC and recommending a preference for clinical trials in the treatment of metastatic disease in the second-line setting. RECOMMENDATIONS: Multidisciplinary care for patients with MIBC and metastatic bladder cancer is critical. The standard treatment of MIBC (cT2-T4a N0M0) is neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy. In cisplatin-ineligible patients, radical cystectomy alone is recommended. Adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy may be offered to high-risk patients who have not received neoadjuvant therapy. Chemoradiotherapy may be offered as an alternative to cystectomy in appropriately selected patients with MIBC and in some patients for whom cystectomy is not an option. Metastatic disease should be treated with cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy or with carboplatin combination chemotherapy or single agents in patients ineligible for cisplatin.Additional information is available at http://www.asco.org/endorsements/MIBC and www.asco.org/guidelineswiki.	bladder
The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part B: Prostate and Bladder Tumours.	"It has been 12 yr since the publication of the last World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumours of the prostate and bladder. During this time, significant new knowledge has been generated about the pathology and genetics of these tumours. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is a newly recognized entity in the 2016 WHO classification. In most cases, it represents intraductal spread of aggressive prostatic carcinoma and should be separated from high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. New acinar adenocarcinoma variants are microcystic adenocarcinoma and pleomorphic giant cell adenocarcinoma. Modifications to the Gleason grading system are incorporated into the 2016 WHO section on grading of prostate cancer, and it is recommended that the percentage of pattern 4 should be reported for Gleason score 7. The new WHO classification further recommends the recently developed prostate cancer grade grouping with five grade groups. For bladder cancer, the 2016 WHO classification continues to recommend the 1997 International Society of Urological Pathology grading classification. Newly described or better defined noninvasive urothelial lesions include urothelial dysplasia and urothelial proliferation of uncertain malignant potential, which is frequently identified in patients with a prior history of urothelial carcinoma. Invasive urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation refers to tumours with some percentage of ""usual type"" urothelial carcinoma combined with other morphologies. Pathologists should mention the percentage of divergent histologies in the pathology report. PATIENT SUMMARY: Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is a newly recognized entity in the 2016 World Health Organization classification. Better defined noninvasive urothelial lesions include urothelial dysplasia and urothelial proliferation of uncertain malignant potential."	bladder
The metabolic profiles of pterin compounds as potential biomarkers of bladder cancer-Integration of analytical-based approach with biostatistical methodology.	Cancer disease is the second leading cause of death across the world. The analysis of potential biomarkers of cancer can be useful in cancer screening or cancer diagnosis, and may provide valuable information on the disease risk and progression. Pterin compounds have been studied as candidates of potential biomarkers as their elevated levels have been reported in various cancer diseases. The objective of the study was to compare the profiles of six pterin compounds in urine of 35 healthy subjects and 46 patients diagnosed of bladder cancer with the use of HPLC coupled with fluorimetric detection. The results of the chromatographic analysis together with biostatistical-based approach showed, that the concentrations of pterin compounds in bladder cancer patients were higher as compared to healthy individuals, and statistically significant differences between patients and controls were reported for xanthopterin and isoxanthopterin. Moreover, gender-specific analysis revealed, that the concentrations of pterins in the group of women reached higher values in comparison to men. For metabolites juxtaposed in pairs, namely xanthopterin and isoxanthopterin as well as for neopterin and biopterin, we found significant positive correlations in the group of both, patients and healthy individuals. We therefore conclude, that chromatographic analysis with simultaneous extensive biostatistical-based interpretation of the metabolite profiles may provide deeper understanding of the relationships between pterin metabolites. The results do not prejudge the possibility of using pterin compounds in the diagnosis of bladder tumors. However the results may have an impact on the study of bladder cancer biomarkers.	bladder
[Analysis of life-threatening complications during perioperative period in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder].	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors influencing life-threatening complications during perioperative period in patients undergoing traditional cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder. METHODS: To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 206 cases who underwent radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the significance of the factors such as age, amount of bleeding, pathological stage, effective supplement of albumin, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, operation duration, intestinal preparation, etc., on the occurrence of severe complications. RESULTS: Among the 206 patients who underwent radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder, 22 cases (10.7%) had life-threatening complications (intestinal fistula, hemorrhagic shock, severe infection) during the perioperative period, and 9 cases died (mortality rate 4.4%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the elderly age, long operation duration, lack of effective supplement of albumin, diabetes mellitus are independent factors influencing the occurrence of life-threatening complications during the perioperative period of radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder (P<0.05 for all), and are risk factors positively correlated with the severe complications. CONCLUSION: The elderly age, long operation duration, lack of effective supplement of albumin, and diabetes mellitus are risk factors of the occurrence of life-threatening complications during the perioperative period in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder, therefore, attention should be paid to this issue.	bladder
Genetic alteration in phosphofructokinase family promotes growth of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.	AIMS: Metabolic alterations in cancer, including bladder cancer, have been addressed in recent years. We aimed to study the role of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). METHOD: By in silico analysis of the bladder cancer data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database using the cBioPortal platform, we studied genetic alteration of genes within the PFK family (PFKL, PFKM, PFKP, PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, and PFKFB4). In vitro studies were carried out using the PFK inhibitor 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol-6-phosphate. RESULTS: Genetic alterations of PFK family genes were observed in ~44% of MIBC cases in TCGA. The main alterations were amplification and upregulation. Patients with altered PFK gene status were more likely to have a history of noninvasive bladder cancer. Altered PFK status was not associated with survival or disease relapse. Use of the PFK inhibitor significantly decreased the level of glycolysis and inhibited the growth and invasion of bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: PFKs were critical genes in charge of glycolysis and were upregulated in bladder cancer. Targeting this pathway could inhibit cell growth in bladder cancer.	bladder
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression in bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND: Studies evaluating enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression and oncologic outcomes in bladder cancer have been discrepant. EZH2 expression in noninvasive bladder cancer is not well studied. We thus set out to address the discrepancy in previous reports, and to study expression of EZH2 in noninvasive bladder cancer and its associations, in a large cystectomy cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EZH2 expression was evaluated in tissue microarray material (invasive and noninvasive cancer). Associations between EZH2 expression and oncologic outcomes, tumor stage, and disease type were determined. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed for EZH2 expression in the diagnosis of invasive carcinoma and flat carcinoma in situ (CIS) compared to benign urothelium. RESULTS: EZH2 expression was most common in CIS, followed by invasive carcinoma, noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, and benign urothelium, in decreasing order (P<0.05 all comparisons, linear model). The receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.92 for CIS and 0.83 for invasive carcinoma, both compared to benign urothelium. At a cutoff of≥4, this corresponded to sensitivities of 89% and 73%, and specificities of 82% and 82%, for CIS and invasive carcinoma, respectively. The EZH2 expression was not associated with oncologic outcomes, including recurrence-free survival and death from bladder cancer. The EZH2 expression status (positive or negative) of noninvasive and invasive carcinomas taken from the same bladder correlated (P = 0.05, Fisher exact). CONCLUSION: That EZH2 status of noninvasive and invasive cancer correlated in individual patients suggests that EZH2 may be a marker of lineage. EZH2 may offer diagnostic utility, particularly in flat urothelial CIS vs. benign urothelium. The present study supports that EZH2 expression in bladder cancer is not predictive of oncologic outcome.	bladder
Hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride blue-light flexible cystoscopy in the detection and follow-up of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: cost consequences during outpatient surveillance in Sweden.	AIM: This study explored the cost consequences of introducing hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride-guided blue-light flexible cystoscopy (HAL BLFC) as an adjunct to white-light flexible cystoscopy compared with white-light flexible cystoscopy alone, for the detection and management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer in Sweden. METHODS: The model evaluated 231 patients in the outpatient setting after successful initial transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. RESULTS: HAL BLFC introduction across all risk groups resulted in minimal budget impact (+1.6% total cost/5 years, or 189 Swedish Krona [SEK] per patient/year), and translated to cost savings in intermediate- and high-risk groups from year 2. CONCLUSION: HAL BLFC allowed more outpatient treatment with improved recurrence detection and reduced transurethral resection of the bladder tumors, cystectomies, bed days and operating room time, with minimal cost impact across all risk groups, demonstrating the economic benefits of introducing HAL.	bladder
Metabolic phenotype of bladder cancer.	Metabolism of bladder cancer represents a key issue for cancer research. Several metabolic altered pathways are involved in bladder tumorigenesis, representing therefore interesting targets for therapy. Tumor cells, including urothelial cancer cells, rely on a peculiar shift to aerobic glycolysis-dependent metabolism (the Warburg-effect) as the main energy source to sustain their uncontrolled growth and proliferation. Therefore, the high glycolytic flux depends on the overexpression of glycolysis-related genes (SRC-3, glucose transporter type 1 [GLUT1], GLUT3, lactic dehydrogenase A [LDHA], LDHB, hexokinase 1 [HK1], HK2, pyruvate kinase type M [PKM], and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha [HIF-1α]), resulting in an overproduction of pyruvate, alanine and lactate. Concurrently, bladder cancer metabolism displays an increased expression of genes favoring the pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD]) and the fatty-acid synthesis (fatty acid synthase [FASN]), along with a decrease of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Krebs cycle activities. Moreover, the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, hyper-activated in bladder cancer, acts as central regulator of aerobic glycolysis, hence contributing to cancer metabolic switch and tumor cell proliferation. Besides glycolysis, glycogen metabolism pathway plays a robust role in bladder cancer development. In particular, the overexpression of GLUT-1, the loss of the tumor suppressor glycogen debranching enzyme amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase, 4-α-glucanotransferase (AGL), and the increased activity of the tumor promoter enzyme glycogen phosphorylase impair glycogen metabolism. An increase in glucose uptake, decrease in normal cellular glycogen storage, and overproduction of lactate are consequences of decreased oxidative phosphorylation and inability to reuse glucose into the pentose phosphate and de novo fatty acid synthesis pathways. Moreover, AGL loss determines augmented levels of the serine-to-glycine enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase-2 (SHMT2), resulting in an increased glycine and purine ring of nucleotides synthesis, thus supporting cells proliferation. A deep understanding of the metabolic phenotype of bladder cancer will provide novel opportunities for targeted therapeutic strategies.	bladder
Akt3 knockdown induces mitochondrial dysfunction in human cancer cells.	Akt/PKB plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation and survival. However, the isotype-specific roles of Akt in mitochondrial function have not been fully addressed. In this study, we explored the role of Akt in mitochondrial function after stable knockdown of the Akt isoforms in EJ human bladder cancer cells. We found that the mitochondrial mass was significantly increased in the Akt1- and Akt3-knockdown cells, and this increase was accompanied by an increase in TFAM and NRF1. Akt2 knockdown did not cause a similar effect. Interestingly, Akt3 knockdown also led to severe structural defects in the mitochondria, an increase in doxorubicin-induced senescence, and impairment of cell proliferation in galactose medium. Consistent with these observations, the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate was significantly reduced in the Akt3-knockdown cells. An Akt3 deficiency-induced decrease in mitochondrial respiration was also observed in A549 lung cancer cells. Collectively, these results suggest that the Akt isoforms play distinct roles in mitochondrial function and that Akt3 is critical for proper mitochondrial respiration in human cancer cells.	bladder