crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer by detection of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and their inhibitor (TIMP-2) in urine.	OBJECTIVES: TIMPs control the activity of MMPs, one of the key molecules for tumor invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in relation to their inhibitor (TIMP2) as noninvasive diagnostic tests for bilharzial bladder cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Voided urine samples were provided from 244 subjects (154 bladder cancer [136 bilharzial]; 60 benign urologic disorders; 30 healthy volunteers). Urine sediment was used for cytology, and the supernatant for estimation of MMPs and TIMP-2 by ELISA and gelatin zymography. RESULTS: The best cut-off values for the investigated markers were determined by ROC curve. Positivity rates and median levels for MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2, MMP-2/TIMP-2, and MMP-9/TIMP-2 showed significant difference among the three investigated groups (p<0.001). MMP-9 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 were related to pathologic type, MMP-2/TIMP-2 was inversely related to the grade, and MMP-9/TIMP-2 was related to bilharziasis (p<0.05). MMP zymography results were comparable to those from ELISA. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity and specificity of MMP zymography, MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratio, and MMP-2/TIMP2 ratio were superior among all investigated parameters; furthermore, combined testing of cytology with them improves the sensitivity even in superficial and low-grade tumors.	bladder
Prohibitin in the pathogenesis of transitional cell bladder cancer.	Our profiling experiment demonstrated that prohibitin 1 (PHB) was ubiquitously expressed in uroepithelial and urothelial carcinoma cell lines and exhibited a trend toward a positive relationship with tumor progression. The aim of this study was, therefore, to examine the potential role of PHB in multistage bladder carcinogenesis and predicting patient outcome. Immunohistochemical staining showed that PHB was overexpressed in 141 out of 167 cases (84.4%) of bladder cancer. This expression was positively related to met receptor overexpression (p = 0.04) and to multiple tumors (p = 0.05). Independent factors in predicting patient survival were multiple tumors (p = 0.002), muscle invasion (p = 0.003), and met overexpression (p = 0.05) in a multivariate analysis. Interestingly, patients with superficial bladder cancer overexpressing both PHB and met had a significantly lower recurrence-free survival rate than those not expressing PHB (p = 0.04). Taken together, our findings showed that PHB was activated at an early stage of carcinogenesis and that it may play a synergistic role with met in the progression of human bladder cancer. In addition, we demonstrated that genistein and justicidin A, natural chemoprevention agents, could suppress the expression of PHB in vitro. Thus, targeting PHB would be a useful approach for treating and preventing human bladder cancer.	bladder
[Primary prevention of bladder cancer. What's new?].	Bladder cancer (Bc) with an incidence of 8.6% ranks fourth in males and with an incidence of 3.5% ranks eighth in females in Germany. The study of Cole demonstrating that coffee drinking poses a risk for developing Bc raised interest in primary prevention. In the meantime, however, 42 case-control studies could disprove this finding. Cigarette smoking raises the Bc risk threefold. Responsible are among others arylamines which are activated in the liver, but also detoxified. A genetically caused lack of transferases is responsible for every third Bc. Another risk factor is contributed by permanent hair dyes. Similarly to smoking, an arylamine is taken up by the body and has to be detoxified by transferases in the liver and skin. Furthermore, a chronic urinary tract infection may be related to Bc. Thus, the best prevention is the reduction of risk factors.A high fluid intake--irrespective of its kind--reduces the Bc risk by approximately 50%. Particularly smokers should realize that they can lower their risk of developing Bc by almost 70% with a high fluid intake. A connection between alcohol consumption and Bc development has never been shown. Vitamins A, B, and C were extensively investigated in epidemiological studies. Usefulness for primary prevention of Bc was not convincingly demonstrated. Interestingly, folic acid-containing food may reduce the Bc risk for smokers. Fruits and vegetables possess only a weak preventive efficacy. However, copious fruit consumption may reduce the risk for smokers by almost 50%. The trace element selenium does not possess a proven protection; however, it has been shown that persons with a high selenium plasma level have a lower incidence of Bc. Among probiotics yogurt containing Lactobacillus casei is particularly useful in smokers according to one study. Finally, the preventive action of NSAIDs is controversial. Surprisingly, users of analgetics have a low incidence of Bc.	bladder
Lipoid-cell variant of urothelial carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of five cases.	Invasive urothelial carcinoma may present with many deceptive morphologic variants. We report the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of 5 cases of the so-called lipid-cell variant of urothelial carcinoma. The tumors occurred in 4 men and 1 women aged from 56 to 80 years. Four cases were developed in the bladder and 1 case in the renal pelvis. All cases were revealed by a macroscopic hematuria. The tumors were composed of sheets and nests of large epithelial cells with an abundant clear multivacuolated cytoplasm mimicking lipoblasts. Nuclei were irregular, hyperchromatic, eccentric, and frequently indented by cytoplasmic vacuoles. Mucin stains (PAS, Alcian Blue) were negative. Tumor cells were strongly stained with cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, and EMA but were negative with S-100 protein. In all cases, a usual high-grade urothelial carcinoma component was admixed with lipoid tumor cells. Two tumors infiltrated the bladder muscle, 2 cases invaded the bladder submucosa, and 1 case invaded the renal parenchyma. In the follow-up, despite appropriate surgical treatment, 4 patients died of the disease and 1 patient is alive without recurrence. Because of its rarity and the tumor cells' appearance, the lipoid-cell variant may be misdiagnosed and must be distinguished from liposarcoma or signet-ring cell carcinoma. In the present series, the lipoid-cell variant of urothelial carcinoma was associated with an aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis.	bladder
LOXL1 and LOXL4 are epigenetically silenced and can inhibit ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway in human bladder cancer.	Promoter hypermethylation is one of the common mechanisms leading to gene silencing in various human cancers. Using a combination of pharmacologic unmasking and microarray techniques, we identified 59 candidate hypermethylated genes, including LOXL1, a lysyl oxidase-like gene, in human bladder cancer cells. We further showed that LOXL1 and LOXL4 are commonly silenced genes in human bladder cancer cells, and this silence is predominantly related to promoter methylation. We also found LOXL1 and LOXL4 gene methylation and loss of expression in primary bladder tumors. In addition, somatic mutations were identified in LOXL4, but not in LOXL1 in bladder cancer. Moreover, reintroduction of LOXL1 and LOXL4 genes into human bladder cancer cells leads to a decrease of colony formation ability. Further studies indicated that the overexpression of LOXL1 and LOXL4 could antagonize Ras in activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Thus, our current study suggests for the first time that lysyl oxidase-like genes can act as tumor suppressor genes and exert their functions through the inhibition of the Ras/ERK signaling pathway in human bladder cancer.	bladder
Nuclear structure as a source of cancer specific biomarkers.	There are few biomarkers that have been developed which have proven clinical utility for the detection and prognosis of cancer. Cancer is diagnosed today, in large part, by examining cells under the microscope and determining the shape and texture of the nucleus. The molecular underpinnings of this hallmark of cancer are the components of the nuclear matrix. Utilizing proteomics focused on this subset of proteins, biomarkers have been identified that are specific for cancer types including prostate, colon and bladder cancer. These cancer biomarkers now serve as the basis of assays which can specifically identify individuals with cancer by sampling their blood and/or urine. In addition, these may serve as potential therapeutic targeting or imaging approaches.	bladder
Involvement of upregulation of DEPDC1 (DEP domain containing 1) in bladder carcinogenesis.	In an attempt to disclose mechanisms of bladder carcinogenesis and discover novel target molecules for development of treatment, we applied a cDNA microarray to screen genes that were significantly transactivated in bladder cancer cells. Among the upregulated genes, we here focused on a novel gene, (DEPDC1) DEP domain containing 1, whose overexpression was confirmed by northern blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Immunocytochemical staining analysis detected strong staining of endogenous DEPDC1 protein in the nucleus of bladder cancer cells. Since DEPDC1 expression was hardly detectable in any of 24 normal human tissues we examined except the testis, we considered this gene-product to be a novel cancer/testis antigen. Suppression of DEPDC1 expression with small-interfering RNA significantly inhibited growth of bladder cancer cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that DEPDC1 might play an essential role in the growth of bladder cancer cells, and would be a promising molecular-target for novel therapeutic drugs or cancer peptide-vaccine to bladder cancers.	bladder
Open versus laparoscopy-assisted radical cystectomy: results of a prospective study.	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is confined to centers where advanced laparoscopy is performed, and its role is not yet well clear. Our aim was to evaluate, through a prospective comparative study, the advantages of the laparoscopic compared with an open approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From November 2002 to December 2005, all the patients in our center who were found to have muscle-invasive bladder cancer without clinical evidence of lymph-node involvement and an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score <4 were included in a prospective nonrandomized study. Group A (N = 22) underwent open radical cystectomy, whereas group B (N = 20) underwent laparoscopy-assisted radical cystectomy. The two groups were demographically comparable. We evaluated the mean age, clinical stage, ASA score, operative time, blood loss, intraoperative complications and transfusions, type of diversion, time of catheterization, analgesic consumption, start of oral nutrition, rate of postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, pathologic diagnosis of the specimen, number of lymph nodes removed, and the oncologic outcome. RESULTS: No significant statistical difference was observed between the two groups in intraoperative and postoperative parameters except for analgesic consumption and the start of oral nutrition (P < 0.05). The mean operative time was 260 minutes (range 210-290 minutes) for group A and 284 minutes (range 260-305 minutes) for group B. The mean blood loss was 770 mL (range 450-870 mL) in group A and 520 mL (range 400-620 mL) in group B. The rate of autologous transfusion was 18% in group A and 10% in group B. Seventeen ileal diversions and five neobladder creations were performed in group A, whereas the Bricker diversion was used in 10 cases in group B, and a neobladder was chosen in the 10 other cases. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy-assisted radical cystectomy is a safe procedure, like open surgery, but it offers the advantage of minimal invasiveness, represented by reduced analgesic consumption and early recovery of peristalsis with rapid oral nutrition.	bladder
P0 stage at radical cystectomy for bladder cancer is associated with improved outcome independent of traditional clinical risk factors.	OBJECTIVES: Final pathologic specimen free of detectable disease (P0) is not uncommon in patients undergoing cystectomy for bladder cancer, especially in the era of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To improve our understanding of its significance in a contemporary series, we performed an outcomes analysis of this cohort of patients. METHODS: Over the last 15 yr, 1104 patients with bladder cancer underwent radical cystectomy at our institution. Of these, 120 (11%) were pT0N0M0 (P0) in the surgical specimen and form the basis of this report. Survival data were estimated by method of Kaplan and Meier, with Cox proportional hazards regression model used to evaluate associations between survival and variables studied. RESULTS: Clinical stages were cT1, 21 patients; cT2, 65; cT3b, 20; cT4a, 11; and cT4b, 3. The 5-yr estimates of overall (OS), disease-specific (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 84%, 88%, and 84%, respectively. With mean follow-up of 43 mo, 11 patients developed recurrences, 9 of whom died of disease. Median time to recurrence was 7.7 mo (range: 2.2-45 mo). On multivariate analysis, presence of lymphovascular invasion and concomitant carcinoma in situ on the transurethral resection of the bladder tumor specimen were the only significant prognostic factors associated with shorter OS (p = 0.04) and RFS (p = 0.049), respectively. Notably, patients who received preoperative chemotherapy (n = 77) had 5-yr survival rates similar to those of patients who did not. CONCLUSION: Although patients who are P0 at cystectomy have a good prognosis, not all can be considered cured. The favorable prognosis conferred by a P0 state appears to be independent of whether this is achieved by neoadjuvant chemotherapy or by thorough transurethral resection before cystectomy.	bladder
Complications of radical cystectomy.	Radical cystectomy has become a standard and arguably the best definitive form of therapy for high-grade, invasive bladder cancer. Lower urinary tract reconstruction, particularly orthotopic diversion, has been a major component in enhancing the quality of life of patients requiring cystectomy. As with any major surgery, however, complications do arise. It is important for all surgeons to be familiar with the presentation, prevention and treatment of the major causes of morbidity and mortality associated with radical cystectomy and lower urinary tract reconstruction. The complications discussed are among the most common of the complications seen with cystectomy and urinary-intestinal diversion. There are, in fact, many others that may be encountered, as the published literature testifies, and a thorough understanding as to their presentation, prevention and treatment is equally essential for a successful patient outcome. Adherence to proper surgical technique, familiarization with recent data regarding the most successful treatment methods, and attention to detail in the perioperative period are crucial for minimizing complications in any surgical undertaking. Radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder as well as total pelvic exenteration and its modifications need to be considered among the treatment options for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer or advanced pelvic malignancies. Recent advances in patient selection, surgical technique, and perioperative care have led to decreased morbidity. Despite this, these procedure remain complex with the potential for both short and long-term complications. There is abundant evidence that radical cystectomy for bladder malignancies and pelvic exenteration for primary rectal cancer and cervical cancer can lead to meaningful long-term survival; however, the prognosis after pelvic exenteration for recurrent rectal cancer is not as good. The recent introduction of combined chemoradiotherapy is likely to improve local recurrence rates and may translate into more durable long-term survival. Pelvic exenteration continues to have an important role in the multimodality approach to patients with advanced pelvic malignancies. In conclusion, pelvic exenteration appears to be a safe and effective option for an experienced multi specialty surgical team in the treatment of complex locally advanced pelvic malignancy. The success of pelvic exenteration is highly dependent on good patient selection where an en bloc resection may result in prolonged disease-free survival and long term cure. In recent times the morbidity and mortality of this operation has decreased so that palliative exenteration has a role to help improve quality of life for this difficult group of patients.	bladder
[Establishment and application of an orthotopic murine bladder cancer model].	BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer is still high even the patients received postoperative intravesical infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs, such as mitomycin C (MMC). Some studies showed that intravesical infusion of small interfering RNA (siRNA) could suppress the growth of bladder cancer in nude mice. This study was to establish an orthotopic animal model bearing human bladder cancer, monitor tumor progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and observe the synergistic effect of survivin short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in combination with MMC for intravesical treatment using this animal model. METHODS: Human bladder cancer cell line T24 was inoculated into the bladders of 25 BALB/c nude mice to establish orthotopic bladder cancer model. MRI was performed to monitor tumor progression, using Gd-DTPA as contrast agent. The pathologic morphology of the bladders was observed. Eighteen mice bearing bladder cancer were randomized into 3 groups: untreated group, MMC group, and combination group. The bladders were weighed after 6 intravesical infusions. RESULTS: All the 25 mice developed bladder cancer after T24 cell inoculation. On MRI, no change in the bladders was observed at 7 days after inoculation, filling defect in the bladders, accordant to actual tumor size, was detected at 14, 21, and 28 days after inoculation. Pathologic examination showed that tumors grew in mucosa of the bladders at 7 days after inoculation, infiltrated into muscle layer at 14-28 days after inoculation, and invaded serosa at 35 days after inoculation. The inhibition rate of tumor growth was significantly higher in combination group than in MMC group (56.34% vs. 33.45%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We successfully established an orthotopic bladder cancer model, which could simulate the progression of human bladder cancer approximately. MRI is a reliable way for dynamic detection of murine orthotopic bladder tumor. Down-regulating survivin expression by RNA interference could enhance the antitumor effect of MMC.	bladder
Telomere length, cigarette smoking, and bladder cancer risk in men and women.	Truncated telomeres are among the defining characteristics of most carcinomas. Given the role of telomeres in tumorigenesis, we reasoned that constitutionally short telomeres might be associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we measured relative telomere length in bladder cancer cases and healthy controls and evaluated the association between telomere length, cigarette smoking, and bladder cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study. Telomeres were significantly shorter in bladder cancer cases (n = 184) than in controls (n = 192). The mean relative telomere length in cases was 0.23 (SD, 0.16) versus 0.27 (SD, 0.15) in controls (P = 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio for bladder cancer was 1.88 (95% confidence interval, 1.05, 3.36) for individuals in the quartile with the shortest telomeres as compared with individuals in the quartile with the longest telomeres (P(trend) = 0.006). We observed a statistically significant difference in telomere length among men and women (P < 0.001); however, the interaction between gender, telomere length, and bladder cancer risk was not significant. We also observed a significant difference in telomere length across categories of pack-years of smoking (P = 0.01). These findings suggest that truncated telomeres are associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.	bladder
The epidemiology of bladder and kidney cancer.	Bladder and kidney cancer together account for about 5% of cancers worldwide, and represent the 9th and 14th most common cancers in terms of absolute numbers, respectively. Our knowledge of these two cancers, however, indicates that they have strikingly different etiology. A number of important occupational, lifestyle and genetic factors have been implicated in bladder carcinogenesis, which have greatly increased our understanding of this disease. In some instances, identification of these factors has contributed to the prevention or reduction of exposure to bladder carcinogens. Conversely, the etiology of kidney cancer is less well elucidated, which limits the possibilities for reducing its incidence by this approach. It is likely that much remains to be uncovered about the causes of these two cancers, and these advances will increase our appreciation of the biology of these cancers and perhaps lead to further possibilities for their prevention. In this article, we evaluate the epidemiology of bladder and kidney cancer and also discuss potential priorities for future research.	bladder
Causes and outcomes of spontaneous pneumothoraces in solid tumor cancer patients: an update for the medical oncologist.	"PURPOSE: Defined as lung collapse in the absence of a recent invasive thoracic procedure, a spontaneous pneumothorax can be a catastrophic event, leading to abrupt shortness of breath, chest pain, hypotension, and occasionally death. A dearth of present day information on this entity in solid tumor cancer patients prompted this single-institution retrospective study on current causes and outcomes. METHODS: All patients with diagnoses of ""spontaneous pneumothorax"" and ""cancer"" between 1990 and 2004 had their records retrieved and reviewed. Among 546 patients with a diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax, only 25 (5%) met predefined inclusion criteria that included an antecedent diagnosis of an invasive solid tumor malignancy. Lung (n = 5) and bladder cancer (n = 4) were the most common malignancies; eight patients had received radiation and one had received carmustine. Of note, 78% were smokers, 13 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 12 had no known active cancer at the time of the pneumothorax. RESULTS: Pneumothorax management was associated with great morbidity, including hospitalization in 24 patients and chest tube placement and/or surgery in most patients. Median survival for the group as a whole was 31 months, but patients with known active cancer tended to do poorly, with only a 3-month median survival. CONCLUSION: A spontaneous pneumothorax is rare, and patients with known active cancer tend to do poorly. However, even patients with no known active cancer are at risk, perhaps in part from smoking. The fact that patients with no known active cancer can live for years after this event suggests that the pneumothorax should not be assumed to be related to cancer recurrence, that cancer restaging is not always mandatory, and that there is justification for managing the pneumothorax in this subgroup aggressively."	bladder