crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Identification of microRNAome in rat bladder reveals miR-1949 as a potential inducer of bladder cancer following spinal cord injury.	The costs of spinal cord injury and its complications are high in personal, social and financial terms. Complications include bladder cancer, for which the risk is 16-28 times higher than that of the general population, There is currently little consensus regarding the cause of this discrepancy. As microRNAs are stable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of cancer, the present study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon by examining changes in the microRNAome. Rats were used to produce models of spinal cord injury. Microarrays and bioinformatics were used to investigate the cancer-associated microRNAs that are upregulated in rat bladders following spinal cord injury. In order to validate the results, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed. The expression of miR-1949 was found to be deregulated and abundant in the rat bladder following spinal cord injury. Bioinformatics demonstrated that retinoblastoma 1, which is involved in tumorigenesis, is a target gene of miR-1949. qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry confirmed the results of the microarray analysis. In addition, it was shown that miR-1949 expression was not influenced by aging. Furthermore, the expression of miR-1949 was stable until the third month following spinal cord injury, after which it significantly increased. If this increase was prolonged, the expression of retinoblastoma 1 may decline to a carcinogenic level. The present study suggests a role for miR-1949 in the translational regulation of retinoblastoma 1 and in subsequent bladder tumorigenesis following spinal cord injury.	bladder
Optimizing outcome reporting after radical cystectomy for organ-confined urothelial carcinoma of the bladder using oncological trifecta and pentafecta.	Radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is associated with heterogeneous functional and oncological outcomes. The aim of this study was to generate trifecta and pentafecta criteria to optimize outcome reporting after RC. METHODS: We interviewed 50 experts to consider a virtual group of patients (age ≤ 75 years, ASA score ≤ 3) undergoing RC for a cT2 UCB and a final histology of ≤pT3pN0M0. A ranking was generated for the three and five criteria with the highest sum score. The criteria were applied to the Prospective Multicenter Radical Cystectomy Series 2011. Multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the impact of clinical and histopathological parameters on meeting the top selected criteria. RESULTS: The criteria with the highest sum score were negative soft tissue surgical margin, lymph node (LN) dissection of at least 16 LNs, no complications according to Clavien-Dindo grade 3-5 within 90 days after RC, treatment-free time between TUR-BT with detection of muscle-invasive UCB and RC <3 months and the absence of local UCB-recurrence in the pelvis ≤12 months. The first three criteria formed trifecta, and all five criteria pentafecta. A total of 334 patients qualified for final analysis, whereas 35.3 and 29 % met trifecta and pentafecta criteria, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed that the relative probability of meeting trifecta and pentafecta decreases with higher age (3.2 %, p = 0.043 and 3.3 %, p = 0.042) per year, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Trifecta and pentafecta incorporate essential criteria in terms of outcome reporting and might be considered for the improvement of standardized quality assessment after RC for UCB.	bladder
Prussian Blue Derived Nanoporous Iron Oxides as Anticancer Drug Carriers for Magnetic-Guided Chemotherapy.	New nanoporous iron oxide nanoparticles with superparamagnetic behavior were successfully synthesized from Prussian blue (PB) nanocubes through a thermal conversion method and applied to the intracellular drug-delivery systems (DDS) of bladder cancer cells (i.e., T24) with controlled release and magnetic guiding properties. The results of the MTT assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy indicate that the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles were successfully uptaken by T24 cells with excellent biocompatibility. An anticancer drug, that is, cisplatin, was used as a model drug, and its loading/release behavior was investigated. The intracellular drug delivery efficiency was greatly enhanced for the cisplatin-loaded, PB-derived, magnetic-guided drug-delivery system compared with the non-drug case. The synthesized nanomaterials show great potential as drug vehicles with high biocompatibility, controlled release, and magnetic targeting features for future intracellular DDS.	bladder
Utility of SAM68 in the progression and prognosis for bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND: Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is often lethal and non-MIBC (NMIBC) can recur and progress, yet prognostic markers are currently inadequate. SAM68, a member of RNA-binding proteins, has been reported to contribute to progression of other cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential utility of SAM68 in the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer. METHODS: Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry were utilized to examine the expression of SAM68 in ten pairs of MIBC and adjacent normal bladder urothelium, and eight pairs of MIBC and non-MIBC (NMIBC) tissues from the same patient. Moreover, SAM68 protein expression level and localization were examined by immunohistochemistry in 129 clinicopathologically characterized MIBC samples. Prognostic associations were determined by multivariable analysis incorporating standard prognostic factors. RESULTS: SAM68 expression was elevated in MIBC tissues compared with adjacent normal bladder urothelium, and was increased at both transcriptional and translational levels in MIBC tissues compared with NMIBC tissues of the same patient. For MIBC, high expression and nucleus-cytoplasm co-expression of SAM68 were associated with higher T-stage, higher N-stage and worse recurrence-free survival. Five-year recurrence-free survival was 80% and 52.9% for MIBC patients with low and high SAM68 expression, respectively (p = 0.001). SAM68 nucleus-cytoplasm co-expression associated with worse 5-year recurrence-free survival rate (49.2%) than SAM68 expression confined to the nucleus (82.5%) or cytoplasm (75.5%) alone. On multivariable analysis SAM68 expression level, SAM68 nucleus-cytoplasm co-expression, T-stage, and N-stage were all independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival of MIBC patients. CONCLUSIONS: SAM68 expression is increased in MIBC when compared to normal urothelium and NMIBC, and appears to be a potentially useful prognostic marker for MIBC.	bladder
Differential regulation of urine proteins in urothelial neoplasm.	Urothelial neoplasm of the urinary bladder has a high rate of multifocality and recurrence. To understand this we first need to understand the changes in the molecular level that distinguishes a normal individual from a patient and also a low grade neoplasm from a high grade. In this work we aim to study the urine proteome of Indian patients with urothelial neoplasm categorised on the basis of their p53 immunohistochemistry. The urine samples of pre-operative patients were subjected to two dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by densitometric analysis and spot identification using MALDI mass spectrometry. Our study shows that few proteins such as albumin, alpha 1 antitrypsin, apolipoprotein A1, transferrin, transthyretin, haptoglobin and haemoglobin β chain were upregulated and inter alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain was downregulated in the disease samples. Further we have reported that some of these proteins show an association with disease severity. The present study marks the first step in the identification of new diagnostic markers as well as therapeutic targets. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Bladder carcinoma is the ninth most common cancer worldwide. It has gained attention within both clinicians and cancer biologists because of its recurrence and mortality rate. Identifying the prognostic factors of progression is a challenge, so that high risk patients who may be a candidate for a radical cystectomy may be identified. In this study we have attempted to study the changes observed in the urinary protein levels of urothelial neoplasm patients. The samples were graded based on p53 immunohistochemistry staining. We have reported eight (8) proteins, mostly highly abundant; those have exhibited differential regulation in case of diseased samples. This study is first of its kind that associates the changes in the urinary protein levels to that of the severity of the disease. We believe that the findings can be used as a stepping stone in the development of a noninvasive prognostic tool for the disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics in India.	bladder
Cutaneous metastasis of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder eight years after the primary: a case report.	INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous metastasis of bladder carcinoma is extremely rare with a limited number of published cases. An awareness of this rare clinical entity and high index of suspicion is needed for diagnosis, as it can occur months or rarely as in this case, even years, after the primary cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: An 81-year-old Caucasian man presented with a one-year history of increasing left leg swelling and a two-month history of a macular-nodular rash on the anterior thigh, on a background of a high-grade (WHO Grade 2 of 3) papillary and invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in 2006. Following investigations, he was diagnosed as having probable locoregional recurrence of previously resected urothelial cancer of the bladder with extensive retrograde lymphatic permeation into the left thigh with cutaneous eruptions of malignancy. He completed a planned course of palliative radiation therapy to the left thigh lesions (30 Gy divided over 10 fractions) as well as the left pelvic node (a total dose of 18 Gy divided over six fractions). The disease ran an aggressive course and our patient died six months after the diagnosis of cutaneous metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic disease should always be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with a previous history of bladder cancer who present with cutaneous nodules, even many years after the initial diagnosis at the primary site.	bladder
Paraneoplastic encephalopathy: an unusual presenting feature of bladder cancer metastasis.	A 73-year-old woman with a history of localised transitional cell cancer (TCC) of the bladder, resected 22 years prior, presented with tremor, gait unsteadiness and cognitive deficits. Basic neurological workup was negative and CT of the abdomen revealed recurrent TCC with a solitary pelvic metastasis. She was treated with surgical resection of her tumour and immunosuppression. Her symptoms resolved, and it was felt her presentation was consistent with paraneoplastic encephalopathy in the setting of bladder cancer metastasis. She has remained disease and symptom free over 5 years of follow-up. This case report reviews the mechanism, clinical features and treatment of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, and discusses briefly the management of oligometastatic recurrent bladder cancer.	bladder
Loss of AQP3 protein expression is associated with worse progression-free and cancer-specific survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: Urothelial carcinoma has recently been shown to express several aquaporins (AQP), with AQP3 being of particular interest as its expression is reduced or lost in tumours of higher grade and stage. Loss of AQP3 expression was associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with pT1 bladder cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of AQP3 expression in patients with muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma (MIBC). METHODS: Retrospective single-centre analysis of the oncological outcome of patients following radical cystectomy (Cx) due to MIBC. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess AQP3 protein expression in 100 Cx specimens. Expression levels of AQP3 were related to clinicopathological variables. The impact of biomarker expression on progression-free, cancer-specific and overall survival was determined by multivariate Cox regression analysis (MVA). RESULTS: High expression of AQP3 by the tumour was associated with a statistically significantly improved PFS (75 vs. 19 %, p = 0.043) and CSS (75 vs. 18 %, p = 0.030) and, alongside lymph node involvement, was an independent predictor of PFS (HR 2.871, CI 1.066-7.733, p = 0.037), CSS (HR 3.325, CI 1.204-8.774, p = 0.019) and OS (HR 2.001, CI 1.014-3.947) in MVA. CONCLUSIONS: Although the results of the study would be strengthened by a larger, more appropriately powered, prospective, multi-institutional study, our findings strongly suggest that AQP3 expression status may represent an independent predictor of PFS and CSS in MIBC and may help select patients in need for (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy.	bladder
VEGF-C inhibition reverses resistance of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin via upregulating maspin.	The aim of the current study was to elucidate the association between vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and resistance of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin and the underlying mechanism involving maspin. A total of 32 bladder cancer tissue samples from patients (18 males and 14 females with an average age of 65.9 years) were collected from the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, China). All patients had undergone cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. In addition, the BIU87 human bladder cancer cell line was cultured and a cisplatin-resistant subline (BIU87-CisR) was established by continuous exposure to cisplatin. The mRNA expression levels of VEGF-C and maspin in tissue samples, BIU87 cells and BIU87-CisR cells were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Targeted inhibition of VEGF-C in BIU87-CisR cells was performed using small interfering (si)RNA technology and the alteration in levels of maspin was confirmed by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. siRNA-treated and -untreated BIU87-CisR cells were divided into the following four groups: Control group (no drug treatment), 3 μM cisplatin treated group, 3 μM cisplatin + siRNA treated group and the siRNA treated group. Cell viability following treatment in each group was evaluated by the cell counting kit 8 assay. The cell cycle and apoptotic rate of BIU87-CisR cells was analyzed by propidium iodide (PI) staining and Annexin V-PI double staining with flow cytometry. Furthermore, pcDNA-maspin transfected BIU78-CisR cells were used to establish the effect of maspin on the sensitivity to cisplatin. VEGF-C expression in chemoresistant patients and BIU87-CisR cells was significantly increased compared with chemosensitive patients and normal BIU87 cells, respectively. By contrast, maspin levels were lower in chemoresistant patients and BIU87-CisR cells. Subsequent to VEGF-C inhibition, maspin expression was markedly increased. Cisplatin (3 μM) resulted in moderate proliferation inhibition of BIU87-CisR cells without siRNA pretreatment; however, significant inhibition was observed in the VEGF-C siRNA treated group. In addition, the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by cisplatin was enhanced by VEGF-C inhibition. Overexpression of maspin was able to improve the sensitivity of BIU87-CisR cells to cisplatin. In conclusion, the resistance of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin may be induced by upregulation of VEGF-C, and inhibition of VEGF-C reverses resistance by elevating maspin expression levels.	bladder
HAS3 underexpression as an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and urinary bladder.	Via data mining a published transcriptomic database of UBUC (GSE31684), we discovered hyaluronan synthase-3 (HAS3) as the most significant gene stepwise downregulated from early tumorigenesis to progression among those associated with hyaluronan synthase activity (GO:0050501). We consequently analyzed HAS3 protein expression and their association with clinicopathological factors and survival in our well-characterized cohort of urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract (UTUC) and urinary bladder (UBUC). HAS3 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and evaluated by using H score method in 295 UBUCs and 340 UTUCs, respectively. HAS3 protein expression statuses were further correlated with clinicopathological parameters and evaluated the prognostic significance for disease-specific survival (DSS) and metastasis-free survival (MeFS). HAS3 protein underexpression was significantly associated with advanced pT status, nodal metastasis, high histological grade, vascular invasion, and frequent mitoses in both groups of UCs. HAS3 underexpression not only predicted poorer DSS and MeFS with univariate analysis, but also indicated dismal DSS and MeFS in multivariate analysis. HAS3 underexpression is associated with advanced tumor stage and adverse pathological features, as well as implies inferior clinical outcomes for both groups of patients with UTUCs and UBUCs, suggesting its critical role in tumor progression in UCs and may serve as a prospective prognostic biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in UCs.	bladder
Is Immediate Radical Cystectomy Necessary for All Patients with Non-Muscle-Invasive Micropapillary Bladder Cancer?	INTRODUCTION: We aim to review the outcomes of micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) of the bladder from a single institution. The hypothesis is that non-muscle-invasive (NMI) MPUC may have a heterogeneous prognosis, and detailed pathological analysis may identify patients that could be managed without immediate cystectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of patients presenting with MPUC in a primary transurethral resection specimen (n = 40). The pattern of micropapillary (MP) differentiation [surface/non-invasive (sMP) or invasive (iMP)], extent of MP differentiation and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were correlated with overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival and upstaging at re-resection. RESULTS: Sixteen of 40 patients died after a median follow-up of 37 months. Tumour stage was strongly predictive of OS (p < 0.0001). LVI was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio 12.4, 95% CI: 3.5-44.5, p = 0.0001), higher pathological stage (p = 0.001), lymph node involvement (p = 0.001) and iMP differentiation (p = 0.006). In NMI patients not undergoing cystectomy (n = 17), NMI-sMP compared with NMI-iMP differentiation was associated with an improved OS when compared with iMP (63 vs. 47 months, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MPUC is an aggressive variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Similar to conventional UC, LVI associated with MPUC is an adverse prognostic indicator. iMP is a morphological marker for LVI. Histopathological reports should distinguish between sMP and iMP differentiation.	bladder
"The ""I-Pouch"": Results of a new ileal neobladder technique."	"OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate perioperative, oncological and functional outcomes of the ""I-Pouch"" neobladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2002 to 2011, 97 patients (72 men, 25 women, median age 65, range 42-84 years) underwent radical cystectomy with I-Pouch neobladder reconstruction. Complications were graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Oncological and functional outcomes were assessed. The median oncological and functional follow-up was 41 months (range 3-107 months) and 18 months (3-111 months), respectively. RESULTS: In the total cohort, the 5 year cancer-specific survival was 67.9%. The major 30 and 90 day complication rates were 14.4% and 17.5%, respectively. Open reimplantation for ureterointestinal stricture was necessary in two (2.1%). Of the 95 functionally evaluable patients postoperatively, 93 urinated spontaneously (97.9%) and two patients (2.1%) required clean intermittent catheterization to empty their neobladder. The median postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) was 0 ml (range 0-200 ml). One patient had postoperative reflux (1%), as evidenced by voiding cystography. The median number of urinary tract infections per year was 0 (range 0-2) and showed no association with increased PVR (p = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: The perioperative, oncological and functional outcomes of the I-Pouch are comparable to those of other types of ileal neobladder. An advantage of the I-Pouch is that the implantation of the ureters lies on the neobladder floor, which facilitates later instrumentation of the upper tract."	bladder
Comparison of three dimensional conformal radiation therapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy for low radiation exposure of normal tissue in patients with prostate cancer.	Radiotherapy has an important role in the treatment of prostate cancer. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) techniques are all applied for this purpose. However, the risk of secondary radiation-induced bladder cancer is significantly elevated in irradiated patients compared surgery-only or watchful waiting groups. There are also reports of risk of secondary cancer with low doses to normal tissues. This study was designed to compare received volumes of low doses among 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT techniques for prostate patients. Ten prostate cancer patients were selected retrospectively for this planning study. Treatment plans were generated using 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT techniques. Conformity index (CI), homogenity index (HI), receiving 5 Gy of the volume (V5%), receiving 2 Gy of the volume (V2%), receiving 1 Gy of the volume (V1%) and monitor units (MUs) were compared. This study confirms that VMAT has slightly better CI while thev olume of low doses was higher. VMAT had lower MUs than IMRT. 3D-CRT had the lowest MU, CI and HI. If target coverage and normal tissue sparing are comparable between different treatment techniques, the risk of second malignancy should be a important factor in the selection of treatment.	bladder
Results of Intravesical Chemo-Hyperthermia in High-risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.	PURPOSE: To examine the effectiveness of mitomycin-C and chemo-hyperthermia in combination for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between November 2011-September 2013, 43 patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing adjuvant chemo-hyperthermia in two centers were evaluated retrospectively. Treatment consisted of 6 weekly sessions, followed by 6 sessions. Recurrence and progression rate, recurrence-free interval and side effects were examined. Analyzed factors included age, gender, smoking status, AB0 blood group, body mass index, T stage and grade, concominant CIS assets. The associations between predictors and recurrence were assessed using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients completed induction therapy. Thirteen (32.5%) were diagnosed with tumor recurrence. Median follow-up was 30 months (range 9-39). Median recurrence-free survival was 23 months (range 6-36). The Kaplan-Meier-estimated recurrence-free rates for the entire group at 12 and 24 months were 82% and 61%. There was no statistically significant difference between patient subgroups. Cox hazard analyses showed that an A blood type (OR=6.23, p=0.031) was an independent predictor of recurrence- free. Adverse effects were seen in 53% of patients and these were frequently grades 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Intravesical therapy with combination of mitomycin-C and chemohyperthermia seems to be appropriate in high-risk patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer who cannot tolerate or have contraindications for standard BCG therapy.	bladder