crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Use of radical cystectomy as initial therapy for the treatment of high-grade T1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a SEER database analysis.	OBJECTIVES: High-grade T1 (HGT1) bladder cancer represents a heterogeneous disease with an aggressive phenotype. Despite prior reports demonstrating improved cancer-specific mortality (CSM) in patients who receive an early/immediate radical cystectomy (RC), the role of early surgery remains ill-defined. We analyzed the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to ascertain the use of RC as an initial therapy for clinical HGT1 bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the SEER database from 2004 through 2007, we identified and stratified patients with clinical HGT1 bladder cancer who underwent RC as initial therapy within 1 year of diagnosis. We used χ(2) tests and t-tests to compare characteristics of surgical vs. nonsurgical patients. Cumulative incidence functions and Gray's test for inferences were employed to assess cause-specific mortality outcomes. RESULTS: From 2004 to 2007, 8,467 patients were diagnosed with clinical HGT1 bladder cancer, and 397 (4.7%) patients underwent RC. Patients who underwent RC for clinical HGT1 disease were significantly younger (P < 0.0001) and married (P < 0.0001). Surgical patients also had a significantly improved overall (P = 0.004) and other cause of death (P = 0.0053) survival probabilities yet CSM at 1, 2, and 3 years was not statistically different between the surgical and nonsurgical groups (P = 0.134). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the clinically early stage renal and prostate cancers, HGT1 bladder cancer exhibits a higher degree of early progression and potential lethality. Despite routine use of extirpative surgery for T1 lesions of the kidney and prostate, our analysis of the SEER database reveals that definitive surgical therapy is uncommonly employed for HGT1 bladder cancer.	bladder
Fibronectin attachment protein from bacillus Calmette-Guerin as targeting agent for bladder tumor cells.	The adjuvant therapy of choice for superficial bladder cancer is the intravesical instillation of live Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Despite the fact that this therapy is the most effective treatment for superficial bladder cancer, intravesical administration of BCG is associated with high local morbidity and the potential for systemic infection. Therefore, there is a need for the development of safer, less toxic approaches to fight this disease. Because fibronectin attachment protein (FAP) is a key element in BCG retention and targeting to cells, we hypothesize that this protein can be used as targeting agent to deliver cytotoxic cargo for the treatment of bladder tumors. Here, we evaluated the ability of bladder tumor cells to bind and endocytose FAP via fibronectin-integrin complexes. We found that microaggregation induced by an anti-FAP polyclonal antibody accelerated FAP uptake by T24 bladder tumor cells. FAP was determined to be internalized via a clathrin-independent, caveolae-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, once within the endosomal compartment, FAP was targeted to the lysosomal compartment with negligible recycling to the plasma membrane. Importantly, we demonstrated that FAP microaggregation and internalization could also be triggered by multivalent Ni(2+) NTA-bearing liposomes. Overall, our studies validate the use of FAP as a targeting vector and provide the foundation for the design of more effective, less-toxic bladder cancer therapeutics.	bladder
[Localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder: a case report].	Amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular deposition of abnormal insoluble fibrils, which cause structural and functional disorders. Amyloidosis is classified into systemic and localized amyloidosis. Localized amyloidosis in individual organs is uncommon. We report a rare case of localized form of primary amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. A 76-year-old male visited our hospital with a complaint of macroscopic hematuria. Cystoscopy showed submucosal hematoma in the anterior wall and broad-based mass occupying the trigone without normal mucosa covered by calcification. Transurethral biopsy and resection were performed. Histopathological diagnosis was AL type amyloidosis occupying submucosal extracellular space. We gave the patient occlusive dressing with dimethyl sulfoxide. In 12 months, cystoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging revealed improvement of the mass-like lesion in the bladder wall.	bladder
Small interfering RNA targeting heat shock protein 70 enhances chemosensitivity in human bladder cancer cells.	OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the expression levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in human urothelial cancer of the bladder and to assess the therapeutic effects of treatment with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting HSP70 on human bladder cancer KoTCC-1 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HSP70 expression in bladder cancer specimens obtained from 235 patients were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. We then analyzed changes in the growth and chemosensitivity of KoTCC-1 cells following treatment with HSP70 siRNA. RESULTS: Expression levels of HSP70 protein in bladder cancer specimens were significantly related to major prognostic indicators, including pathologic stage and tumor grade. Treatment of KoTCC-1 with HSP70 siRNA resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of HSP70 expression. HSP70 siRNA significantly inhibited the growth of KoTCC-1 compared with that after treatment with scrambled control siRNA. Among several chemotherapeutic agents, the most powerful synergistic cytotoxic effect was observed when KoTCC-1 was treated with gemcitabine plus HSP70 siRNA, which induced more than 50% reduction in the IC50 of gemcitabine. Furthermore, a significant increase in the subG0-G1 fraction of KoTCC-1 and the DNA fragmentation was observed only after combined treatment with HSP70 siRNA and sublethal doses of gemcitabine, but not after treatment with either agent alone. Similarly, caspase-3 and caspase-9, but not caspase-8, in KoTCC-1 were synergistically activated by combined treatment with gemcitabine and HSP70 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Silencing of HSP70 expression using siRNA could be an attractive therapeutic strategy for bladder cancer by inducing inhibition of tumor growth as well as enhancing chemosensitivity.	bladder
The burden of bladder cancer in men and women: analysis of the years of life lost.	OBJECTIVE: To estimate the average loss in life expectancy (LE) due to bladder cancer (BC) in men and women in the USA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cancer records for 51,528 patients diagnosed with BC during 1988-1997 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Potential follow-up ranged from 10 to 20 years (median 14 years). Loss in median LE at BC diagnosis was computed as the difference between expected median survival and observed median survival. Expected survival was calculated using two methods: method 1 used age, sex, and race-specific LE in the general population, method 2 used the hazard of death from non-BC causes in patients with BC (to account for past exposures and treatment-related toxicities not present in the general population). RESULTS: During the study period, BC death occurred in 17% of men and 23% of women and non-BC death occurred in 53% of men and 47% of women. Using LE in the general population as the reference (method 1), loss in median LE at BC diagnosis was 3.9 years for men (33% of their potential remaining years of life) and 6.5 years for women (47% of their potential remaining years of life). Using non-BC-specific hazard as the reference (method 2), loss in median LE was 2.7 years for men (26% of their potential remaining years of life) and 4.1 years for women (36% of their potential remaining years of life). CONCLUSION: Compared with men, women loose more years of life and a greater fraction of their life expectancy to BC.	bladder
Epidemiologic status of bladder cancer in Shiraz, southern Iran.	BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary tract worldwide after prostate cancer. However, in Iran it is the most common cancer of the genitourinary system and the third most common cancer in males. The increasing trend in bladder cancer incidence in recent decades, along with the lack of research on this malignancy in Iran, make epidemiologic research important in light of its preventability through early recognition and limiting exposure to risk factors. The present study aimed to assess the epidemiology of bladder cancer in Shiraz, a large city in southern Iran, during a 2-year period. METHODS: The data for this study were obtained from the population-based cancer registry of the Vice-Chancellery for Health Affairs of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz hospitals between March 1, 2007 and March 1, 2009. Demographic, clinical and pathological aspects of 216 patients with bladder cancer were investigated through careful review of their medical records. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: We analyzed data for 179 (82.9%) men and 37 (17.1%) women (mean age of 65.1∓12.7 years). Tobacco and opium use were found in 109 (65.3%) and 44 (34.1%) patients, respectively. Cigarette smokers and water pipe smokers were mostly men (P=0.001 and P=0.04, respectively). The most common type of tumor was transitional cell carcinoma (95.7%) and most tumors were of low malignant potential grade (39.7%). Nearly half of the patients suffered recurrence. CONCLUSION: Comparisons with previous studies showed that bladder cancer tends to appear slightly more often in the elderly and that the tumors tend to have a higher grade of malignancy in our region. There is a need for more epidemiologic studies on the trends in the incidence and other epidemiologic indices.	bladder
Myeloid sarcoma of the urinary bladder with cutaneous tumour seeding after percutaneous suprapubic catheterization.	Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a rare extramedullary myeloid tumour. It has been reported in various sites, including lymph node, bone, skin, soft tissue, various organs and the CNS. It may precede or occur concurrently with acute myeloid leukemia. Urinary bladder involvement is extremely uncommon. We report a 70-year-old female who had MS of the urinary bladder, presented with frank and persistent hematuria associated with lower abdominal pain. She subsequently had tumour seeding in the abdominal skin via percutaneous suprapubic catheter. Tumours from both the urinary bladder and skin showed immature cells that were immunoreactive toward LCA (focal), MPO (strong), CD99 (weak) and CD117 (weak). Summary of cases in the literature is presented. The potential of its misdiagnosis and the useful markers for the diagnosis of MS are discussed.	bladder
Diagnostic value of the nuclear matrix protein 22 test and urine cytology in upper tract urothelial tumors.	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic value of the nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) test in comparison to urine cytology for the detection of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (n = 34) and patients with renal calculosis (n = 25) were included in this study. Voided urine samples and separated catheter urine specimens were assayed for NMP22 and cytological examination. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the NMP22 test in separated and voided urine was 73.2 and 70.5%, respectively, compared to 64.7 and 58.8% of urine cytology. The specificity of the NMP22 test in separated and voided urine was 88 and 92%, respectively, compared to 96 and 96% of urine cytology. The combination of separated and voided urine is the best method because the sensitivity is 79.41% and specificity 88%. There is a high agreement of the NMP22 test in voided and separated urine (kappa = 0.795, p < 0.01), indicating that the voided urine is adequate for diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The NMP22 test has higher sensitivity but lower specificity than cytology. The combination of these two tests could be a very useful diagnostic method for detection of upper urothelial tumors.	bladder
Incidentally discovered osseous metaplasia within high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.	A 66-year-old male presented with gross hematuria and acute renal failure secondary to bilateral ureteral obstruction. Further work-up revealed muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma. Pathologic examination following radical cystoprostatectomy revealed high grade urothelial carcinoma with focal tumor-associated stromal osseous metaplasia. Reactive bone formation within urothelial carcinoma is a very rare clinical entity. Although typically benign, the presence of mature bone elements warrants thorough examination for sarcomatoid components.	bladder
Adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine versus chemotherapy at relapse in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer submitted to radical cystectomy: an Italian, multicenter, randomized phase III trial.	BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) versus surgery alone in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and ninety-four patients with pT2G3, pT3-4, N0-2 transitional cell bladder carcinoma were randomly allocated to control (92 patients) or to four courses of AC (102 patients). These latter patients were further randomly assigned to receive gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) days 1, 8 and 15 and cisplatin 70 mg/m(2) day 2 or gemcitabine as above plus cisplatin 70 mg/m(2) day 15, every 28 days. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 35 months, the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 48.5%, with no difference between the two arms [P = 0.24, hazard ratio (HR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84-1.99]. Mortality hazard was significantly correlated with Nodes (N) and Tumor (T) stage. The control and AC arms had comparable disease-free survival (42.3% and 37.2%, respectively; P = 0.70, HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.73-1.59). Only 62% of patients received the planned cycles. A significant higher incidence of thrombocytopenia was observed in patients receiving cisplatin on day 2 (P = 0.006). A similar global quality of life was observed in the two arms. CONCLUSION: The study was underpowered to demonstrate that AC with cisplatin and gemcitabine improves OS and disease-free survival in patients with MIBC.	bladder
Thermal injury causing delayed perforation of small bowel after transurethral resection of bladder tumor without evidence of bladder perforation.	Risk of thermal injury to the bowel when utilizing electrocautery at the bladder dome has been reported anecdotally. This is a case report of a 64-year-old man with urothelial carcinoma in situ of the bladder who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor at the posterior bladder wall near the dome without evidence of perforation. The postoperative course was complicated by delayed small bowel perforation likely secondary to transmission of thermal energy during fulguration of the resection bed. This injury highlights the need for particular prudence when resecting and fulgurating bladder tumors using monopolar electrocautery, specifically in the regions adjacent to bowel.	bladder
Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women.	CONTEXT: Previous studies indicate that the population attributable risk (PAR) of bladder cancer for tobacco smoking is 50% to 65% in men and 20% to 30% in women and that current cigarette smoking triples bladder cancer risk relative to never smoking. During the last 30 years, incidence rates have remained stable in the United States in men (123.8 per 100,000 person-years to 142.2 per 100,000 person-years) and women (32.5 per 100,000 person-years to 33.2 per 100,000 person-years); however, changing smoking prevalence and cigarette composition warrant revisiting risk estimates for smoking and bladder cancer. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between tobacco smoking and bladder cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Men (n = 281,394) and women (n = 186,134) of the National Institutes of Health-AARP (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study cohort completed a lifestyle questionnaire and were followed up between October 25, 1995, and December 31, 2006. Previous prospective cohort studies of smoking and incident bladder cancer were identified by systematic review and relative risks were estimated from fixed-effects models with heterogeneity assessed by the I(2) statistic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hazard ratios (HRs), PARs, and number needed to harm (NNH). RESULTS: During 4,518,941 person-years of follow-up, incident bladder cancer occurred in 3896 men (144.0 per 100,000 person-years) and 627 women (34.5 per 100,000 person-years). Former smokers (119.8 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.03-2.44; NNH, 1250) and current smokers (177.3 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 4.06; 95% CI, 3.66-4.50; NNH, 727) had higher risks of bladder cancer than never smokers (39.8 per 100,000 person-years). In contrast, the summary risk estimate for current smoking in 7 previous studies (initiated between 1963 and 1987) was 2.94 (95% CI, 2.45-3.54; I(2) = 0.0%). The PAR for ever smoking in our study was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.45-0.54) in men and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.45-0.59) in women. CONCLUSION: Compared with a pooled estimate of US data from cohorts initiated between 1963 and 1987, relative risks for smoking in the more recent NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort were higher, with PARs for women comparable with those for men.	bladder
[Clinical significance of radical cystectomy with extended lymphadenectomy].	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognosis of patients treated with radical cystectomy and extended lymphadenectomy for invasive bladder cancer and to describe the association of the primary bladder tumor grade, stage, lymph node status and lymph node density with clinical outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was done of 32 consecutive cases with bladder cancer who received radical cystectomy and extended lymph node dissection from January 2006 to December 2010 in the Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital. All the patients were scheduled for the follow-up. The survival data were analyzed with the tumor grade, stage, lymph node status and other factors that might relate to the prognosis by statistics. RESULTS: All the cases were diagnosed as invasive urothelial bladder cancer by preoperative biopsy or TUR-Bt. During the follow-up, 6 patients (18.8%) got disease progression, and 4 patients died (12.5%). Overall survival rate was 87.5%. In 32 patients, 17 months and 3 year survival rates were (88.7 ± 12.1)% and (81.8 ± 17.0)%, respectively. From the tumor grade point of view, 6 patients belonged to G2, and 26 cases G3. All deaths were graded G3. G3-class 3-year survival rate was (74.6 ± 23.9)% (P> 0.05, compared with G2). From the analysis of stage, T1 and T2 stages had no death during the follow-up. The 17-month survival rate of T3 group was (60.0 ± 42.9)%, the 8-month survival rate of T4 group was (87.5 ± 22.9)%. There were 9 patients with positive lymph nodes (28.1%) and 23 with negative in (71.9%). The number of dissection lymph nodes was from 7-50 ( average 22.8 ). The 17-month survival rate of patients with positive lymph node was (50.0 ± 44.6)%. The 3-year survival rate of patients with negative lymph node was (92.3 ± 14.5)% (P<0.05). The 3-year survival rate of patients with lymph node density less than 20% was (88.8 ± 15.4)%. The 8-month survival rate of patients with lymph node density greater than 20% was (66.7 ± 53.3)% (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Radical cystectomy with extended lymph node dissection can improve the prognosis of patients with invasive bladder cancer. Tumor stage, lymph node status and lymph node density are closely related to the patient's survival.	bladder
Screening for bladder cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.	DESCRIPTION: Update of the 2004 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation statement on screening for bladder cancer. METHODS: The USPSTF performed a targeted literature search for new evidence on the benefits and harms of screening, the accuracy of primary care-feasible screening tests, and the benefits and harms of treatment. RECOMMENDATION: The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for bladder cancer in asymptomatic adults (I statement).	bladder
Parthenolide induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of human 5637 bladder cancer cells in vitro.	Parthenolide, the principal component of sesquiterpene lactones present in medical plants such as feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), has been reported to have anti-tumor activity. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of parthenolide against bladder cancer and its mechanism of action. Treatment of bladder cancer cells with parthenolide resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability. Parthenolide induced apoptosis through the modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase degradation. Treatment with parthenolide led to G1 phase cell cycle arrest in 5637 cells by modulation of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Parthenolide also inhibited the invasive ability of bladder cancer cells. These findings suggest that parthenolide could be a novel therapeutic agent for treatment of bladder cancer.	bladder
Giant scrotal lymphedema as unique onset sign of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The risk of a misdiagnosis.	A 78-year-old male presented complaining voiding low urinary tract symptoms associated to genital weightiness over the past few years. Grossly the lesion was only interesting the scrotum, for an about 7.5 kg mass. The scrotum was minimally tender, with an intact skin bereft of erythema or inflammation, lower limb lymphedema, inguinal/crural lymphadenopathy. Despite repeated urinary cytologies were negative, an abdominal CT and urethrocystoscopy confirmed a muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma affecting the bladder. The surgical strategy included a direct excision of the giant scrotum with local tissue reconstruction and a radical cystectomy with ileal conduit. This is the first time it's noted a giant scrotal lymphedema as the unique onset sign of a muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder otherwise clinically silent. In this clinical setting, a differential diagnosis has always to be carried out, as bladder cancer is a life-threatening disease requiring an aggressive approach.	bladder
Fra-1 controls motility of bladder cancer cells via transcriptional upregulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL.	Fos-related antigen 1 (Fra-1) is a Fos family member overexpressed in several types of human cancers. Here, we report that Fra-1 is highly expressed in the muscle-invasive form of the carcinoma of the bladder (80%) and to a lesser extent in superficial bladder cancer (42%). We demonstrate that in this type of cancer Fra-1 is regulated via a C-terminal instability signal and C-terminal phosphorylation. We show that manipulation of Fra-1 expression levels in bladder cancer cell lines affects cell morphology, motility and proliferation. The gene coding for AXL tyrosine kinase is directly upregulated by Fra-1 in bladder cancer and in other cell lines. Importantly, our data demonstrate that AXL mediates the effect of Fra-1 on tumour cell motility but not on cell proliferation. We suggest that AXL may represent an attractive therapeutic target in cancers expressing high Fra-1 levels.	bladder