crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[Urinary re-diversion using afferent limb as an ileal conduit for urethral recurrence after ileal neobladder reconstruction by Studer method : a case report].	A 68-year-old man who had previously undergone radical cystectomy and ileal neobladder reconstruction by the Studer method for invasive bladder cancer one year ago was urgently admitted to our hospital with gross hematuria and severe anemia. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an expanded ileal neobladder with a huge coagulum and tumor. Cystoscopy showed a non-papillary tumor occurring from the urethral anastomotic region toward the ileal neobladder and suggested the possibility of partial invasion to the ileal neobladder wall. The pathologic diagnosis of transurethral resection was invasive urothelial carcinoma, high grade, G3. We performed resection of ileal neobladder and urinary re-diversion using an afferent limb as ileal conduit. Unfortunately, in this case, a radical cure was not provided, but we considered that urinary re-diversion using an afferent limb as ileal conduit can be a useful option for urethral recurrence after ileal neobladder reconstruction.	bladder
[Pseudomyxoma peritonei arising from urachal carcinoma].	A 77-year-old man was diagnosed with urachal cyst, but had not been followed-up because of his severe dementia. He visited our department complaining of mucinuria. Ultrasonography showed a tumor with heterogeneous contents above the bladder. Mucinousfluid was found by cystoscopic examination. After the fluid was removed, a non-papillary tumor with mucin secretion was identified at the dome of the bladder. Computed tomography revealed that the peritoneal cavity was filled with a mucinous tumor. Peritonitis was suspected because of the existence of free air and abdominal rebound tenderness, and emergent surgery was performed. Bowel perforation was not found. Tumors could not be removed and the tissue biopsy was performed. It was pathologically diagnosed as pseudomyxoma peritonei arising from urachal carcinoma.	bladder
N1-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane sensitizes bladder cancer cells to doxorubicin by preventing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through inhibition of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 activation.	Drug resistance greatly reduces the efficacy of doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in bladder cancer treatment; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We aimed to investigate whether N1-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane (GC7), which inhibits eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 (eIF5A2) activation, exerts synergistic cytotoxicity with doxorubicin in bladder cancer, and whether eIF5A2 is involved in chemoresistance to doxorubicin-based bladder cancer treatment. BIU-87, J82, and UM-UC-3 bladder cancer cells were transfected with eIF5A2 siRNA or negative control siRNA before incubation with doxorubicin alone or doxorubicin plus GC7 for 48 h. Doxorubicin cytotoxicity was enhanced by GC7 in BIU-87, J82, and UM-UC-3 cells. It significantly inhibited activity of eIF5A2, suppressed doxorubicin-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in BIU-87 cells, and promoted mesenchymal-epithelial transition in J82 and UM-UC-3 cells. Knockdown of eIF5A2 sensitized bladder cancer cells to doxorubicin, prevented doxorubicin-induced EMT in BIU-87 cells, and encouraged mesenchymal-epithelial transition in J82 and UM-UC-3 cells. Combination therapy with GC7 may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin in bladder cancer by inhibiting eIF5A2 activation and preventing epithelial-mesenchymal transition.	bladder
Utility of quantitative MRI metrics for assessment of stage and grade of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: preliminary results.	OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess associations between quantitative MRI metrics and pathologic indicators of aggressiveness of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective biinstitutional study, 37 patients (28 men and nine women; mean age, 73 ± 12 years) who underwent pelvic MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging (b values 0, 400, and 800 s/mm(2)) and T2-weighted imaging before transurethral resection or cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder were identified. Tumor diameter (measured on T2-weighted imaging), normalized T2 signal intensity (to muscle; hereafter labeled normalized T2) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured for all tumors. Mann-Whitney test and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to identify associations between these metrics and histopathologic tumor stage and grade. RESULTS: Thirty-seven tumors were assessed (mean size, 35 ± 23 mm; range 8-88 mm). At histopathologic analysis, 16 of 37 (43%) tumors were stage T2 or greater and 21 of 37 (57%) were stage T1 or lower, whereas 34 of 37 (92%) were high grade and three of 37 (8%) were low grade. High-stage (≥ T2) tumors showed greater tumor diameter, lower normalized T2, and lower ADC (p = 0.005-0.032) than low-stage (≤ T1) tumors. Tumor diameter and ADC were significant independent predictors of stage (p ≤ 0.043), with their combination giving an area-under the-curve (AUC) of 0.804. High-grade tumors showed significantly lower ADC (p = 0.023) but no significant difference in tumor diameter or normalized T2 (p = 0.201-0.559). AUC for differentiating low- and high-grade tumors was higher for ADC (0.902) than for tumor diameter (0.603) or normalized T2 (0.725). CONCLUSION: A combination of size and quantitative MRI metrics can potentially be used as markers of stage and grade of bladder cancer.	bladder
Association between the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) rs2736098 polymorphism and cancer risk: evidence from a case-control study of non-small-cell lung cancer and a meta-analysis.	BACKGROUND: A common genetic variant, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) rs2736098, was recently reported to be associated with lung cancer risk in Caucasians. In addition, many studies have investigated the role of this polymorphism in the etiology of cancer of various organs. Nevertheless, the results of related case-control studies remain inconsistent. METHODS: We hypothesized that the genetic risk variant identified in Caucasians may potentially influence the susceptibility to lung cancer in the Chinese population. To test this hypothesis, a case-control study including 539 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and 627 cancer-free controls was conducted. Furthermore, to investigate the association between rs2736098 and cancer risk, a meta-analysis based on previously published studies and our case-control study was also performed. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that individuals carrying the A allele or the AA genotype exhibited a significantly elevated risk of NSCLC compared with those carrying the G allele or GG genotype (A vs. G: OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.02-1.43, P = 0.028; AA vs. GG: OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.05-2.09, P = 0.025). Additionally, this association was stronger among adenocarcinoma cases (AA vs. GG: OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.12-2.50, P = 0.013; A vs. G: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.05-1.57, P = 0.016). In the meta-analysis, a borderline significant association between the rs2736098 polymorphism and overall cancer risk was observed (AA vs. GG: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.07-1.46; AA vs. AG+GG: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.06-1.41; additive model: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02-1.18), and further stratifications demonstrated a moderately increased risk for lung and bladder cancer, Asian ethnicity and hospital-based studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the rs2736098 polymorphism may contribute to the risk of lung cancer, especially adenocarcinoma, in the Chinese population. In addition, the current meta-analysis indicates that this genetic variant is only weakly associated with overall cancer risk. However, the rs2736098 polymorphism may affect individual susceptibility to lung and bladder cancer. Further studies are needed to validate our findings.	bladder
[Utility of the serum CRP value for assessing the prognosis and therapeutic response of urological malignancies].	C-reactive protein (CRP) is an unspecific marker of systemic inflammation. It is known to be elevated in autoimmune disease, traumata and malignancies. Increased CRP levels have specifically been shown to be associated with disease progression and prognosis in various studies on renal cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma. Although CRP, unlike PSA, is neither organ-specific nor tumour-specific, studies were able to show that increased CRP values are an independent prognostic marker for tumour-specific survival of patients with prostate cancer. In metastatic and castration-resistant prostate cancer elevated CRP levels have been approved as a useful marker to estimate the extent of disease and mortality. CRP measurements in serum are standardised worldwide and widely used in daily clinical routine. However, until CRP can be firmly established as a prognostic marker in daily routine, we need validation of its prognostic and predictive value with large and preferably prospective multicentre studies.	bladder
[Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases].	OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (PUC) of the urinary bladder. METHODS: The clinical and pathologic findings of 16 cases of PUC were retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemical study (MaxVision method) was carried out. The follow-up data were analyzed. RESULTS: There were altogether 15 males and 1 female. The age of patients ranged from 40 years to 85 years (median = 64 years). Most patients (15/16) presented with hematuria. The tumor cells were small to medium in size and contained eccentric nuclei and moderate to abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, assuming a plasmacytoid appearance. The architectural pattern varied from loosely cohesive sheets to cords, papillae, small nests or gland-like structures. Most tumors invaded into the lamina propria or muscularis propria. Twelve of the 16 cases had concurrent conventional urothelial carcinoma component. Immunohistochemical study showed that the tumor cells in all cases were strongly positive for AE1/AE3, epithelial membrane antigen, CK7 and CK18. CK20 and uroplakin III were also expressed in 9 cases. CEA, p53, CD138, p63 and E-cadherin were positive in 12, 13, 15, 11 and 10 cases, respectively. Ki-67 index ranged from 5% to 70% (mean = 30%). All tumors were negative for vimentin, LCA, kappa/lambda light chains, S-100 protein, HMB 45,Melan A, smooth muscle actin and desmin. Follow-up information was available in 13 patients. The duration of follow up ranged from 3 months to 10 years. Three patients died of distant metastasis at 3, 27 and 60 months after the operation, respectively. One patient was alive with disease at 25 months. One was alive at 43 months with a prior recurrence. Another 8 patients were alive and disease free at 7 to 120 months. CONCLUSIONS: PUC of the urinary bladder is a rare variant of high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Immunohistochemical study with positivity for CK7, CK20, p63 and uroplakin III and negative staining for vimentin and LCA may be helpful in the differential diagnosis. PUC is a malignant tumor with high invasiveness, high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Radical cystectomy is considered as the first line treatment for PUC.	bladder
Induction chemotherapy followed by surgery in node positive bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome and prognostic factors of patients with node positive bladder cancer (NPBC), who were eligible for surgery and treated with induction chemotherapy. METHODS: All consecutive patients with NPBC, who were treated with at least 2 cycles of induction chemotherapy and initially scheduled for surgery, between 1990 and 2012, were identified from an institutional bladder cancer database. Induction chemotherapy consisted of MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin) or gemcitabine with cisplatin (Gem/Cis) or carboplatin (Gem/Carbo). RESULTS: One hundred forty-nine patients with NPBC (mean age, 60 years; range, 31-79) were treated with induction chemotherapy. Median cancer-specific survival (CSS) was 20 months and 5-year CSS 29.2%. In case of complete pathologic response to induction chemotherapy (N = 40; 26.8%), median CSS was 127 months and 5-year CSS 63.5% (P <.0001). Clinical and pathologic responses to chemotherapy were predictive parameters with respect to CSS and recurrence-free survival. Combined local and nodal responses resulted in a significantly better outcome, compared with isolated nodal or local response (P <.0001). CONCLUSION: Prognosis for NPBC remains poor despite the use of induction chemotherapy. Nevertheless, in the present series, 1 of 4 patients showed complete pathologic response to induction chemotherapy with subsequently a significant CSS benefit (median CSS 127 months and 5-year CSS 63.5%). Clinical and pathologic responses to chemotherapy are predictive parameters for outcome.	bladder
5-Year outcome of a randomized prospective study comparing bacillus Calmette-Guérin with epirubicin and interferon-α2b in patients with T1 bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: In a multicenter, prospectively randomized study we evaluated the 5-year outcomes of bacillus Calmette-Guérin alone compared to a combination of epirubicin and interferon-α2b in the treatment of patients with T1 bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transurethral resection was followed by a second resection and bladder mapping. Stratification was for grade and carcinoma in situ. Followup entailed regular cystoscopy and cytology during the first 5 years. The end points assessed in this analysis were recurrence-free survival, time to treatment failure and progression, cancer specific survival and prognostic factors. RESULTS: The study recruited 250 eligible patients. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 38% in the combination arm and 59% in the bacillus Calmette-Guérin arm (p = 0.001). The corresponding rates for the other end points were not significantly different, as free of progression 78% and 77%, treatment failure 75% and 75%, and cancer specific survival 90% and 92%, respectively. The type of treatment, tumor size and tumor status at second resection were independent variables associated with recurrence. Concomitant carcinoma in situ was not predictive of failure of bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy. An independent factor for treatment failure was remaining T1 stage at second resection. CONCLUSIONS: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin was more effective than the tested combination therapy. The currently recommended management with second resection and 3-week maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guérin entails a low risk of cancer specific death. More aggressive treatment in patients with infiltrative tumors at second resection might improve these results. In particular, concomitant carcinoma in situ was not a predictive factor for poor outcome after bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy.	bladder
Trends in the utilization of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results from the National Cancer Database.	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate variation in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) use among patients with ≥ clinical T2 (cT2) bladder cancer and determine changes in staging at radical cystectomy (RC) associated with therapy. METHODS: Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), we identified all patients diagnosed with organ-confined, muscle-invasive (cT2+) urothelial carcinoma of the bladder between 2006 and 2010 who underwent RC. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed examining demographic, clinical, and hospital factors influencing the delivery of NAC. These included age, gender, race, income, geographic location, type of treating hospital, clinical stage, and patient comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 5692 patients met our inclusion criteria, 962 (16.9%) of whom received NAC. A multivariable logistic regression model revealed several factors that negatively influenced receipt of NAC: increasing age, lower patient income, and treatment at a nonacademic institution (P <.01). Higher clinical stage and fewer comorbid conditions were associated with higher likelihood of receiving NAC (P <.01). The overall use of NAC increased from 7.6% in 2006 to 20.9% in 2010 (P <.01). Those receiving NAC were significantly more likely to be downstaged at RC (31.2% vs 7.6%, P <.01), with 10.6% achieving complete pathologic downstaging. CONCLUSION: Although the use of NAC for organ-confined muscle invasive bladder cancer remains low, it is increasing over time. Patients receiving NAC are more likely to be downstaged and achieve complete pathologic downstaging. However, there is considerable variation in treatment patterns based on both clinical and nonclinical factors.	bladder
Utility of a triple antibody cocktail intraurothelial neoplasm-3 (IUN-3-CK20/CD44s/p53) and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) in the distinction of urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) and reactive urothelial atypia.	"Urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a prognostically and therapeutically significant lesion with considerable morphologic overlap with reactive conditions especially in the setting of prior therapy. Various markers including CK20, CD44s, and p53 have been used as an adjunct in making this distinction; however, the utility of these markers in the posttreatment scenario is not fully established. α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is a tumor-associated marker that is expressed in a subset of high-grade urothelial carcinomas but has not been studied in CIS. This study was undertaken to evaluate the immunoreactivity of CK20, CD44s, and p53 as a triple antibody cocktail intraurothelial neoplasm-3 (IUN-3) in distinguishing CIS from its mimics and to compare its utility with AMACR in the diagnosis of CIS. A total of 135 specimens (7 benign ureters and 128 bladder biopsies-28 reactive, 33 posttherapy reactive, 43 CIS, 24 CIS posttherapy) were included in this study. Immunostaining for p53 (brown, nuclear), CD44s (brown, membranous), and CK20 (red, cytoplasmic and membranous) was performed as a cocktail, and the staining pattern was further classified as: malignant (full-thickness CK20 and/or full-thickness p53 with CD44s negativity), reactive/benign (CK20 limited to the umbrella cell layer, p53 negative, and CD44s positivity ranging from basal to full thickness), and indeterminate (CK20 and p53 positive but not full thickness and/or CD44s positive). AMACR staining was performed in 50 cases. Cytoplasmic staining for AMACR was graded as negative (absent to weak focal staining [<5% cells]) and positive (≥5%). The ""IUN-3 malignant"" pattern was observed in 84% of cases of CIS without a history of prior therapy and in 71% of the cases of CIS with a history of prior therapy. Cases with posttherapy reactive atypia showed an ""IUN-3 reactive"" pattern in 84% cases and ""IUN-3 indeterminate"" pattern in 16% of the cases; the IUN-3 malignant pattern was not identified in any of the cases. Benign and reactive urothelium (with and without a history of therapy) showed an IUN-3 reactive pattern and negative AMACR staining in all the cases (100%). AMACR positivity was observed in 78% of nontreated CIS cases and 50% of CIS posttherapy cases. In these cases, the IUN-3 cocktail showed an IUN-3 malignant pattern in 83% of untreated CIS cases and 88% of CIS posttherapy cases. AMACR positivity is a potentially useful marker of CIS. However, the IUN-3 malignant pattern is a more reliable indicator of CIS compared with AMACR, especially in the posttreatment setting. The simultaneous evaluation of all 3 markers (p53, CD44s, and CK20) in a single slide in the form of a cocktail is advantageous, especially in small biopsy specimens."	bladder
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents tumor cell implantation/growth in an experimental rat bladder tumor model.	The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) (Polyphenon E®) in comparison with mitomycin C (MMC) to prevent tumor cell implantation/growth in an animal model of superficial bladder cancer and search for possible mechanism(s) of action. Female Fisher 344 rats were used to study the effects of EGCG and mitomycin C for the prevention of transitional cell tumor implantation (AY-27). Twenty rats served as a control, tumor implantation and saline wash only. Sixty rats were treated with EGCG (100, 200 and 400 µM) intravesically for 60 or 120 min after tumor implantation. Thirty other rats were divided equally and pretreated with 400 µM EGCG or saline for 120 min before tumor initiation. In a separate series of experiments, 30 rats were treated 2 weeks after tumor initiation with saline or EGCG (400 µM). In a different experiment 39 rats were treated with: saline (n=10) EGCG (n=9) 400 µM, MMC (n=10) 0.5 µM, MMC (n=10) 400 µM. Rats were sacrificed 3 weeks following treatment. Gross and histological analyses were performed on the bladders. EGCG and mitomycin C prevented intravesical tumor growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. EGCG pretreatment or treatment 2 weeks post tumor implantation did not have therapeutic effects. Molecular modeling suggests that EGCG inhibits urokinase and matrix metalloproteinase-9. EGCG prevents intravesical tumor implantation/growth with a slightly better efficacy than mitomycin C in this experimental model. The data suggest that EGCG lowers proteolytic activity and lowers probability of cancer cell implantation rather than direct cancer cell killing.	bladder
Six-month progression-free survival as the primary endpoint to evaluate the activity of new agents as second-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma.	OBJECTIVE: Second-line systemic therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) has substantial unmet needs, and current agents show dismal activity. Second-line trials of metastatic UC have used response rate (RR) and median progression-free survival (PFS) as primary endpoints, which may not reflect durable benefits. A more robust endpoint to identify signals of durable benefits when investigating new agents in second-line trials may expedite drug development. PFS at 6 months (PFS6) is a candidate endpoint, which may correlate with overall survival (OS) at 12 months (OS12) and may be applicable across cytostatic and cytotoxic agents. METHODS: Ten second-line phase II trials with individual patient outcomes data evaluating chemotherapy or biologics were combined for discovery, followed by external validation in a phase III trial. The relationship between PFS6/RR and OS12 was assessed at the trial level using Pearson correlation and weighted linear regression, and at the individual level using Pearson chi-square test with Yates continuity correction. RESULTS: In the discovery dataset, a significant correlation was observed between PFS6 and OS12 at the trial (R(2) = 0.55, Pearson correlation = 0.66) and individual levels (82%, Қ = 0.45). Response correlated with OS12 at the individual level less robustly (78%, Қ = 0.36), and the trial level association was not statistically significant (R(2) = 0.16, Pearson correlation = 0.37). The correlation of PFS6 (81%, Қ = 0.44) appeared stronger than the correlation of response (76%, Қ = 0.17) with OS12 in the external validation dataset. CONCLUSIONS: PFS6 is strongly associated with OS12 and appears more optimal than RR to identify active second-line agents for advanced UC.	bladder