crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[Urine-based diagnostics: an update on the Kiel Tumor Bank].	The heterogeneity of bladder tumors in their ability to invade and metastasize and their frequent recurrence pose a challenge for physicians who treat bladder cancer patients and for the researchers who work on bladder cancer diagnosis, recurrence, and treatment-related areas. For most new bladder cancer cases, investigation begins when patients are symptomatic (i.e., hematuria or irritative voiding). This mode of detection is often inadequate for nearly 15-30% of these new cases with high-grade bladder cancer, since the tumor is already in the invasive stage at the time of diagnosis. Bladder cancer patients are on a mandatory 3-month to 6-month surveillance schedule because bladder tumors frequently recur. The current mode of detecting bladder cancer involves cystoscopy, which is an invasive and relatively expensive procedure. Voided urine cytology, the standard noninvasive marker, is highly tumor specific and has good sensitivity for detecting high-grade tumors. However, its sensitivity for detecting low-grade tumors is low; its accuracy depends on the examiner's expertise; and it is not available everywhere. Marker systems are readily available for use in practice. Their utility remains under discussion.	bladder
Bladder cancer after nephroureterectomy in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.	OBJECTIVES: To determine the independent risk factors of bladder recurrence in patients with upper urinary tract (UUT) urothelial carcinoma (UC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 181 patients with UUT-UC were enrolled in this study. Their median age was 63 years (range 36-90), and median follow-up after total nephroureterectomy was 37.5 months (range 1.0-174.0). The end-point of this study was defined as the initial intravesical recurrence of UC. RESULTS: Of the 181 patients, 64 (35.4%) developed subsequent bladder tumors at a median interval of 6.3 months (range 1.7-50.1) after initial treatment. By univariate analysis, a previous bladder tumor history (P = 0.046) and tumor necrosis (P < 0.001) were found to have a significant prognostic impact on bladder tumor-free survival in patients with superficial UUT-UC, whereas surgical margin status (P = 0.045) and the use of adjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.003) were found to be prognostic factors for bladder tumor-free survival in those with invasive UUT-UC. However, by multivariate analysis, only tumor necrosis (P = 0.012, relative risk = 6.512) was found to have a significant impact on intravesical recurrence in patients with superficial UUT-UC. However, surgical margin status (P = 0.007, relative risk = 5.846) and the use of adjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.001, relative risk = 0.223) were retained as independent predictors of bladder tumor survival in those with invasive UUT-UC. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings may be useful in patients with UUT-UC who may require more stringent follow-up by cystoscopy to detect bladder tumors.	bladder
The risk and prophylactic management of bladder cancer after various forms of radiotherapy.	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in men and remains the second most lethal malignancy. Most patients undergoing treatment elect for radical prostatectomy or radiation. As the number of patients treated has increased and survival improved, delayed complications of these modalities has assumed increased importance. Recent studies report an increased risk of certain cancers after radiation for prostate cancer. This review aims to summarize recent data. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have confirmed the association of prostate radiation with secondary cancers. The most common secondary malignancy is bladder carcinoma. We have treated 44 patients with bladder cancer who had radiation therapy for prostate cancer. At diagnosis, 60% had tumor, which invaded the bladder muscle (T2 or greater disease). The mean latency from radiation to diagnosis of bladder cancer was 5.5 years. SUMMARY: Radiation therapy for prostate cancer is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. In our series, patients presented at higher stage than expected from population-based studies of bladder cancer. Patients and their physicians should be aware of such risks when choosing therapy for prostate cancer. Hematuria following radiation therapy for prostate cancer should be investigated rather than being attributed to radiation-induced cystitis.	bladder
Environmental factors promoting bladder cancer.	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To understand the molecular mechanisms of bladder carcinogenesis in relation to environmental carcinogens in order to provide a given population with a preventive value of bladder cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: Cigarette smoking, aromatic amines contained in dyes, chronic inflammation due to infection such as schistosomiasis, anticancer drugs, drug abuse of analgesic, and radiation are considered as well known risk factors of bladder cancer. Several environmental factors are supposed to be involved in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and patient's prognosis in bladder cancer. On the basis of the results of recent genetic studies in relation to bladder carcinogenesis, several genetic polymorphisms of detoxification or DNA repair such as N-acetyltransferase 2, glutathione S-transferases, and human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 give us important information in relation to environmental risk factors and ethnic differences for predicting the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. SUMMARY: Prevention of environmental carcinogens is important from the viewpoint of the social and clinical problems since elucidation of the correlation between epidemiologic and genetic phenomenon enable us to improve the life expectancy and quality of life of bladder cancer patients.	bladder
Second-line therapy in bladder cancer.	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review new developments in second-line treatment for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder focusing on advances and findings within the last year. RECENT FINDINGS: So far no standard therapy has been established for pretreated patients with transitional cell carcinoma. Prognostic and predictive factors for response and outcome in pretreated patients have been studied retrospectively and will help to identify those who might benefit from intensive therapy and those who would rather improve their quality of life with best supportive care. Single-agent chemotherapy in this setting provided low response rates, short progression-free and overall survival. Vinflunine, a novel vinca-alkaloid, and best supportive care had a modest, but still significant benefit at a very moderate toxicity rate in a randomized phase III trial. As for second-line combination chemotherapy, response rates as well as potential toxicities are higher and the progression-free survival and overall survival benefits are still poorly understood. New chemotherapeutics and approaches like metronomic chemotherapy and novel agents are under investigation. SUMMARY: With vinflunine there is reasonable hope for a new standard chemotherapy in second-line management of transitional cell carcinoma. However, due to the reported results with single agents and combination chemotherapy, treatment within clinical trials is still the best choice in patients progressing after first-line chemotherapy.	bladder
Prostate-sparing cystectomy: long-term oncological results.	OBJECTIVE: To analyse the oncological outcome of prostate-sparing cystectomy (PSC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1994 and 2006, 63 men were treated with PSC after meeting the inclusion criteria (no tumour at the bladder neck, no prostate cancer). The results were compared with patients who had a standard cystoprostatectomy (SC) during the same study period, after matching for clinical and pathological characteristics. RESULTS: The 3- and 5-year disease-specific survival rates were 77% and 66% in the PSC group, and 68% and 64% in the SC group (log-rank, P = 0.6). The local recurrence rate was 7.9% and 16% for the PSC and the SC groups, respectively, and the respective distant recurrence rate was 29% and 33%. Subsequent prostate cancer was detected in 3% in the PSC group. None of these patients died from prostate cancer. In the SC group the final pathology showed that 18% had prostate cancer. CONCLUSION: Local recurrences were not diagnosed more often in the PSC than the SC group. The outcomes of both procedures are comparable with contemporary cystoprostatectomy series. We consider this procedure oncologically safe and offer this to selected patients. However, selection is the key to success, and our results should further be corroborated by the experience of others.	bladder
Differentiation of a highly tumorigenic basal cell compartment in urothelial carcinoma.	"Highly tumorigenic cancer cell (HTC) populations have been identified for a variety of solid tumors and assigned stem cell properties. Strategies for identifying HTCs in solid tumors have been primarily empirical rather than rational, particularly in epithelial tumors, which are responsible for 80% of cancer deaths. We report evidence for a spatially restricted bladder epithelial (urothelial) differentiation program in primary urothelial cancers (UCs) and in UC xenografts. We identified a highly tumorigenic UC cell compartment that resembles benign urothelial stem cells (basal cells), co-expresses the 67-kDa laminin receptor and the basal cell-specific cytokeratin CK17, and lacks the carcinoembryonic antigen family member CEACAM6 (CD66c). This multipotent compartment resides at the tumor-stroma interface, is easily identified on histologic sections, and possesses most, if not all, of the engraftable tumor-forming ability in the parental xenograft. We analyzed differential expression of genes and pathways in basal-like cells versus more differentiated cells. Among these, we found significant enrichment of pathways comprising ""hallmarks"" of cancer, and pharmacologically targetable signaling pathways, including Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, Notch, focal adhesion, mammalian target of rapamycin, epidermal growth factor receptor (erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog [ErbB]), and wingless-type MMTV integration site family (Wnt). The basal/HTC gene expression signature was essentially invisible within the context of nontumorigenic cell gene expression and overlapped significantly with genes driving progression and death in primary human UC. The spatially restricted epithelial differentiation program described here represents a conceptual advance in understanding cellular heterogeneity of carcinomas and identifies basal-like HTCs as attractive targets for cancer therapy."	bladder
Construction of a DNA vaccine encoding Flk-1 extracellular domain and C3d fusion gene and investigation of its suppressing effect on tumor growth.	Although the critical role of complement component C3d as a molecular adjuvant in preventing virus infection is well established, its role in cancer prophylaxis and treatment is unclear. In this study, we constructed a recombinant plasmid encoding Flk-1 and C3d3 fusion proteins and investigated its transient expression in vitro in transfected eukaryotic cells and its antibody response in immunized mice. Subsequently, we investigated the vaccine's ability to elicit an immune response leading to suppression of angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice bearing bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Using Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry, we detected the expression of Flk-1 and C3d3 fusion proteins in COS-7 cells transfected with these recombinant plasmids. Further binding experiment using CR2 (C3d receptor) positive Raji cells that were incubated with transfected COS-7 supernatant indicated that C3d was successfully fused to Flk-1. Although both vaccines elicited peak antibody levels at 5 weeks, Flk-1-specific antibody titer in pSG.SS.Flk-1(ECD).C3d3.YL-immunized mice was significantly higher when compared to pSG.SS.Flk-1(ECD).YL-immunized mice. The results of experiments with bladder tumor-bearing mice showed that the vaccine inhibited tumor growth significantly. These results suggest that C3d plays a critical role in tumor immunotherapy by promoting antibody response in Flk-1-based DNA vaccines. This approach may provide a new strategy for the rational design of anti-angiogenic therapies for the treatment of solid tumors and provide a basis for the further exploitation and application of the anti-angiogenesis DNA vaccines.	bladder
Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report and review of the literature.	Small cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB) is extremely rare. In this paper, we present a case of metastatic SCCB managed by chemotherapy and we would provide a brief review of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, pathologic features, staging, treatment, and prognosis of SCCB. A 52-year-old man was admitted with signs and symptoms suggestive of a bladder cancer. Computed tomography of the pelvis and abdomen showed a large tumor at the right bladder wall, measuring 10 cm in diameter, and a multinodular liver disease. Diagnosis of small cell carcinoma was established from the histological study of the transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. The patient received 12 cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy with a good partial response of bladder tumor and liver metastasis. The patient is still alive, 18 months after diagnosis.	bladder
[Bilateral obstructive uropathy as clinical presentation of primary bladder lymphoma].	OBJECTIVE: We report the event of an atypical presentation of primary bladder lymphoma, treated in our hospital, and review the literature of such tumors, representing 0.2% of bladder tumors, being macroscopic hematuria with clots the most frequent reason for patient consultation. METHODS: We report the case of an 83 years old man who went to the emergency room because of oligoanuria of 48 hours of evolution. He was diagnosed of bladder tumor. RESULTS: The pathology turned out to be a primary bladder lymphoma cell B. CONCLUSIONS: Primary bladder lymphoma is a rare entity that presents a similar behaviour to other bladder tumors, having a good response to treatment with chemotherapy.	bladder
Novel invasive orthotopic bladder cancer model with high cathepsin B activity resembling human bladder cancer.	PURPOSE: We developed and characterized an orthotopic invasive bladder tumor model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The MB49-I invasive bladder tumor cell line was obtained after 13 consecutive in vivo passages of primary tumor obtained by subcutaneous inoculation of MB49 bladder tumor cells in C57Bl/6J male mice. RESULTS: MB49-I tumor local invasiveness, tumor weight and spontaneous metastatic capacity were higher than in MB49 tumors. In MB49-I bladder tumors increased vimentin was observed, suggesting epithelial mesenchymal transition. In vitro the MB49-I cell line showed higher invasive properties associated with an increase in cathepsin B, metalloproteinase 9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator proteolytic activities. Orthotopic bladder tumors induced by electrocautery of the bladder wall and subsequent instillation of MB49 and MB49-I bladder cancer cells generated superficial and invasive bladder tumors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The new murine bladder model described resembles human bladder disease, making it a useful tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of tumor progression and metastasis, and assaying antimetastatic and anti-invasive agents.	bladder
Strategies to improve drug delivery in bladder cancer therapy.	Bladder cancer is the ninth most common malignancy in the world featuring very high gender variability in occurrence. Current options for bladder cancer therapy include surgery, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy with a trend towards multimodal treatments. However, successful management remains a challenge for urologists and oncologists because of the high risk for recurrence and progression. Particularly in the field of bladder cancer chemotherapy, efficacy of treatment might be improved by advanced drug delivery strategies aimed at prolonged residence time within the bladder cavity and increased permeability of the bladder wall during intravesical instillation. Moreover, a deeper understanding of the biology of bladder carcinogenesis and malignant progression stimulated the development of a new generation of anticancer drugs for targeted therapies that might result in increased treatment specificity together with lower toxic potential and higher therapeutic indices. This review discusses the available strategies for 'targeted therapy', focusing on molecular targets, and for 'controlled delivery', comprising all other approaches towards improved drug delivery.	bladder
Management of bladder cancer: current and emerging strategies.	Cancer of the urinary bladder is the fifth most prevalent solid tumour in the US. Urothelial carcinoma is the most common form of bladder cancer, accounting for about 90% of cases. About 25% of patients with bladder cancer have advanced disease (muscle-invasive or metastatic disease) at presentation and are candidates for systemic chemotherapy. Urothelial carcinoma is a chemo-sensitive disease, with a high overall and complete response rate to combination chemotherapy. In the setting of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with overall survival benefit. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in this setting is yet to be validated. In the setting of metastatic disease, use of cisplatin-based regimens improves survival. However, despite initial high response rates, the responses are typically not durable leading to recurrence and death in the vast majority of these patients. Currently, there is no standard second-line therapy for patients in whom first-line chemotherapy for metastatic disease has failed. Many newer chemotherapeutic agents have shown modest activity in urothelial carcinoma. Improved understanding of molecular biology and pathogenesis of urothelial carcinoma has opened avenues for the use of molecularly targeted therapies, several of which are being tested in clinical trials. Currently, several novel drugs seem particularly promising including inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway, such as cetuximab, and inhibitors of tumour angiogenesis, such as bevacizumab and sunitinib. Development of reliable molecular predictive markers is expected to improve treatment decisions, therapy development and outcomes in urothelial carcinoma. Funding of and participation in clinical trials are key to advancing the care of urothelial cancer patients. Current and emerging strategies in the medical management of urothelial carcinoma are reviewed.	bladder
[Priapism secondary to penis infiltration of bladder cancer].	Metastasic priapism is a rare entity produced by tumor cell implantation or direct infiltration of corpora cavernousum of the penis. In up to 80% of cases the primary tumor has an urological origen like prostate or bladder cancers. Treatment depends on syntomatology and patient's prognosis. Generally, average survival in these patients is poor due to metastasic progression, among 1 to 1 and a half years. We present a case report of secondary priapism for direct bladder carcinoma's invasion of the corpora cavernousum. A total penectomy due to a penile infected necrosis was required.	bladder
Key concerns about the current state of bladder cancer: a position paper from the Bladder Cancer Think Tank, the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, and the Society of Urologic Oncology.	Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the United States and, on a per capita basis, is the most expensive cancer from diagnosis to death. Unfortunately, National Cancer Institute funding for bladder cancer is quite low when compared with other common malignancies. Limited funding has stifled research opportunities for new and established investigators, ultimately encouraging them to redirect research efforts to other organ sites. Waning interest of scientists has further fueled the cycle of modest funding for bladder cancer. One important consequence of this has been a lack of scientific advancement in the field. Patient advocates have decidedly advanced research efforts in many cancer sites. Breast, prostate, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer advocates have organized highly successful campaigns to lobby the federal government and the medical community to devote increased attention and funding to understudied malignancies and to conduct relevant studies to better understand the therapy, diagnosis, and prevention of these diseases. Bladder cancer survivors have lacked a coordinated advocacy voice until recently. A concerted effort to align bladder cancer advocates, clinicians, and urologic organizations is essential to define the greatest needs in bladder cancer and to develop related solutions. This position paper represents a collaborative discussion to define the most concerning trends and greatest needs in the field of bladder cancer as outlined by the Bladder Cancer Think Tank, the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, and the Society of Urologic Oncology.	bladder
KL-6 is another useful marker in assessing a micropapillary pattern in carcinomas of the breast and urinary bladder, but not the colon.	"To evaluate the peculiar ""inside-out"" pattern in micropapillary (MP) carcinoma, we investigated the usefulness of KL-6 antibody in the assessment of the MP pattern of cancers, in comparison with antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), MUC1 (CD227), and CD 10. Immunohistochemical investigation was performed on specimens exhibiting an MP pattern obtained from 12 persons with cancer: 4 with breast carcinoma, 3 with carcinoma of the urinary bladder, and 5 with colonic carcinoma. Immunohistochemical study with KL-6, EMA, and MUC1 antibodies revealed similar continuous linear positive patterns restricted to the surface of the MP pattern in both breast and urinary bladder cancers, revealing the peculiar ""inside-out"" morphology. However, EMA also gave cytoplasmic positivity in most of the cases tested, and MUC1 was also present in the cytoplasm of some cases. In sharp contrast, immune reactions of colon carcinomas with these antibodies were negative, except for focal positivity for KL-6 and MUC1 antibodies in some cases. CD10 was only focally positive in an MP pattern in 4 of the 5 cases of colon carcinoma and in 1 case with carcinoma of the urinary bladder. These findings suggest that KL-6 is a useful marker to assess the MP character of breast and urinary bladder carcinomas; that MUC1 was similarly positive, with the addition of cytoplasmic positivity in some cases; and that the MP pattern of colon cancer, positive for CD 10, was different in character from both breast and urinary bladder carcinomas, although all these cancers seemingly exhibit similar MP patterns on histopathology. This heterogeneity of the MP pattern in various cancers needs to be investigated when more cases have been accumulated."	bladder