crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Chemoprevention of cancer--focusing on clinical trials.	Chemoprevention of cancer is reviewed from the viewpoints of action mechanisms and methodology of clinical trials in order to introduce promising agents discovered by in vitro and/or in vivo studies to applications in humans. The clinical trial procedure essentially follows the phase study which has been employed for chemotherapeutic drugs. Chemoprevention of bladder cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, colorectal cancer and lung cancer is reviewed, mainly focusing on clinical trials. Previous clinical trials have shown the effectiveness of the following: polyprenoic acid (acyclic retinoid) for hepatocellular carcinoma; tamoxifen for breast cancer; retinoic acids for head and neck tumor; and aspirin, a COX-2 inhibitor, for colorectal cancer. Despite the advantageous effects of some of these agents, their toxic effects must also be of concern at the same time. For example, in a chemoprevention trial of lung cancer, beta-carotene was unexpectedly found to increase the risk of lung cancer among high-risk groups. It is also noted that large-scale clinical trials demand large research grants, which may not be affordable in Japan. Chemoprevention is still an emerging field of oncology where researchers in both basic and clinical sciences face great challenges.	bladder
Nosocomial Mycobacterium bovis-bacille Calmette-Guérin infections due to contamination of chemotherapeutics: case finding and route of transmission.	We studied nosocomial infections due to Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Onco-TICE bacteria, transmitted by contamination of medication prepared in BCG Onco-TICE-contaminated hoods in the pharmacy, in 5 immunocompromised patients at 3 hospitals. The BCG strains cultured from the patients had the same DNA profile as the BCG Onco-TICE strain used for bladder instillation. To prevent these infections, a change from open to closed preparation was made; strictly separated preparation in time of BCG Onco-TICE instillation and chemotherapy was enforced, the biological safety cabinet was disinfected between preparations, and gloves were changed between preparations.	bladder
Intratumoral vaccination with vaccinia-expressed tumor antigen and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor overcomes immunological ignorance to tumor antigen.	Using a murine transitional cell carcinoma tumor model, MB49, which naturally expresses the male antigen HY, we evaluated whether tumor ignorance as determined by lack of a systemic immune response could be overcome by immunization with vaccinia expressed tumor antigen and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Systemic tumor ignorance of MB49 was demonstrated by the lack of a splenic HY-specific CTL response in MB49-bearing female mice. In contrast, we demonstrated HY-specific CTL priming in the draining lymph nodes. MB49-bearing female B6 mice were immunized with VVHY+VVGMCSF intratumorally or in the contralateral flank. Intratumoral VVHY, VVGMCSF, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (to produce CD4 help) generated splenic HY-specific CD8 CTLs, whereas immunization with the combination in the contralateral flank or single agents given intratumorally failed to yield a splenic response. Purified male T cells injected intratumorally, as a source of HY antigen, also generated a HY-specific response, whereas contralateral immunizations did not. These finding expand the understanding of tumor immunological ignorance and support intratumoral vaccination as a strategy for immunotherapy of established tumors.	bladder
Photofrin as a radiosensitizer in an in vitro cell survival assay.	Chemical modifiers (radiosensitizers) are used in order to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy. The use of Photodynamic Therapy for tumor treatment, especially with Photofrin II, is also known. At present, no chemical modifier has been found to act as a selective radiosensitizer. Experiments using several series of cell lines were performed; human bladder cancer cell line (RT4), colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29), and the glioblastoma cells (U-373 MG) were investigated, with and without incubation with Photofrin II, before irradiation. The irradiation was performed using doses ranging from 0 to 8Gy. Colony forming tests were applied to determine the efficiency of Photofrin II as a radiation sensitizer in comparison to irradiation alone. Two of the cell lines tested, cultures of the RT4 and U-373 MG, treated with Photofrin II prior to radiation, showed cell survival lower than cultures untreated with Photofrin II but irradiated under identical conditions. For the HT-29 cells, the results did not differ between the two groups (with and without Photofrin). The results of this study showed that Photofrin II can act, under certain conditions as a tumor radiosensitizer.	bladder
Urine and serum free IGF-1 levels in patients with bladder cancer: a brief report.	Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, a mitogenic and anti-apoptotic peptide, can affect the proliferation of epithelial cells, and is thought to play a role in cancer development. The free IGF-1 represents the biologically active fraction of IGF-1. We hypothesised that there is a difference in free IGF-1 levels in the urine and serum from patients with TCC and normal subjects. Urine and blood samples were collected from 30 cases of superficial TCC and an equal number control subjects without malignancy. Free IGF-1 levels were measured in duplicate by radioimmunoassay. Specimens of bladder carcinoma were staged histopathologically using the Mostoffi grading system. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, Pearson correlation and covariate analysis. There was no significant difference in urine and serum free IGF-1 levels between the two groups. The correlation between urine and serum free IGF-1 levels and age was not significant. There was also no significant relationship between free IGF-1 levels and histopathological grading. The results of this pilot study reveal that the free IGF-1 level does not help predict tumour marker in the patients with bladder cancer.	bladder
Reconstructive urethroplasty using porcine acellular matrix.	"Long tract urethral reconstruction nowadays still has no other resolution than two-stage techniques or graft and flap procedures that are neither simple nor trouble-free both for the patient and the surgeon. Tissue engineering simplifies this surgery using ""porcine acellular matrix"", obtained from small intestine submucosa. It is thin but strong, just ready for grafting, without rejection, because it is not immunogenic, being deprivated of cells. It serves as biological bridging of the reconstruction, promoting the generation of surrounding tissue in which it is completely transformed. We report the first use of porcine intestine submucosa in urethroplastic surgery. The up to date follow up is sixteen months with satisfactory urodynamic and subjective outcome."	bladder
Subvisual changes in chromatin organization state are detected by karyometry in the histologically normal urothelium in patients with synchronous papillary carcinoma.	"This study analyzed the chromatin organization state in histologically normal urothelium in patients with synchronous papillary carcinoma using digital texture analysis. The quantitative evaluation was carried out on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections from 17 cases of urothelial papillary carcinoma in which a simultaneous biopsy specimen featuring histologically normal urothelium was available. Five bladder biopsy specimens of histologically normal urothelium from patients with prostate pathology in whom cystoscopy revealed a normal bladder mucosa were also analyzed. Karyometry showed that the 17 cases of papillary carcinoma, morphologically classified according to the 1973 World Health Organization scheme, belonged to a continuous spectrum or trend curve spanning grade 1 to grade 3. An abnormal pattern and distribution of the nuclear chromatin was seen in the normal-looking urothelium from the 17 bladders with papillary lesions. When this population was plotted along the trend curve, it occupied an intermediate position between the normal samples and samples from grade 1 carcinoma. When the nuclei were considered individually, the changes were detected only in a subpopulation of nuclei with chromatin alteration pointing toward that seen in grade 1 cases, even though distinct from them. In conclusion, karyometry can detect an abnormal chromatin pattern and distribution in the normal-looking urothelium adjacent to papillary carcinoma. Such alterations correspond to the so-called ""malignancy-associated change."""	bladder
Motility-related protein 1 (MRP-1/CD9) expression in urothelial bladder carcinoma and its relation to tumor recurrence and progression.	BACKGROUND: CD9 has been implicated in cell adhesion, motility, and proliferation, and numerous studies have demonstrated its prognostic value in different solid tumors. The objective of this study was to determine the relation of CD9 expression to tumor grade and tumor stage of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and to define the value of CD9 in predicting the behavior of superficial papillary tumors (SPTs) (pathologic Ta [pTa] and pT1). METHODS: Three hundred twenty patients (118 patients with pTa tumors, 111 patients with pT1 tumors, and 91 patients with pT2 tumors) were examined for CD9 expression using immunohistochemistry applied on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. Patients were stratified into 3 categories, depending on CD9 expression: positive (> 50% positive cells), reduced (5-50% positive cells), or negative (< 5% positive cells). RESULTS: Loss of CD9 expression was found to be associated significantly with high-grade and high-stage urothelial tumors (P < 0.0001). A reduced/negative (altered) CD9 expression was associated with SPT progression, but not with recurrence (P < 0.001). Patients who had pTa or pT1 tumors with altered CD9 expression had a relative risk of 5.59 (P = 0.005; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.69-18.48) for progression compared with patients who had tumors with positive CD9 expression. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that a lack of CD9 expression was associated significantly with progression free survival (P < 0.001; log-rank test), but not with recurrence. In patients with SPTs, multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that negative CD9 expression was an independent prognostic marker for the prediction of tumor progression (P = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.11-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma, CD9 expression was associated significantly with tumor stage and grade, and a loss of CD9 expression was an independent prognostic factor for predicting progression in patients with SPTs. Thus, CD9 immunoexpression is a potential new predictor of tumor behavior in patients with SPTs of the urinary bladder.	bladder
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder with lymphoepithelioma-like features.	The group of undifferentiated carcinomas of the urinary bladder encompasses small cell undifferentiated carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC), and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). These tumors are either pure or can be associated with other components, such as transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. We report a case of LCNEC of the urinary bladder in a 54-year-old woman. Histologically, the tumor showed features of LELC; immunohistochemically, the tumor cells reacted to chromogranin A, NSE, and synaptophysin. In addition to these neuroendocrine markers, tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin CAM 5.2 and AE1/AE3, and there was focal positivity for vimentin. In situ hybridization for the detection of Epstein-Barr virus was negative. Despite radical cystourethrectomy and six courses of chemotherapy, the patient developed metastases invading the left inguinal lymph nodes 11 months postoperatively. Currently, 16 months postoperatively, the patient has developed metastases spreading into the lymph nodes of the right ischiorectal fossa; therefore, she is receiving a new cyclus of chemotherapy. There are only three previously reported cases of LCNEC of the urinary bladder, and the significance of neuroendocrine differentiation in non-small cell carcinomas at this location remains to be established. However, LELC appears to be a separate clinicopathological entity with sensitivity to chemotherapy and a relatively favorable prognosis. The differentiation between LELC and LCNEC with prominent inflammatory reaction could be of therapeutic relevance. However, in our case, this was possible using immunohistochemistry only.	bladder
Serous cystadenoma of the pancreas presenting as a third primary neoplasm.	Serous cystadenomas are the most common cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. They may occur solely or coexist with other neoplasms. A 10 cm mass involving the body of the pancreas was observed in the computed tomography of a 61-year-old man with a previous history of bladder and prostate carcinoma. Ultrasonography and computed tomography of the mass demonstrated multiple small cysts associated with a central calcified scar. A distal pancreatectomy was performed. Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of serous microcystic adenoma. This is the first report of a serous cystadenoma of the pancreas with two metachronous neoplasms. This feature should be kept in mind during the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with serous cystadenoma.	bladder
Androgen dependent regulation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin induced interleukin-6 expression in human transitional carcinoma cell lines.	PURPOSE: Autocrine expression of interleukin (IL)-6 by transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) may have an important role in promoting BCG adherence to TCC and consequently in BCG treatment efficacy. IL-6 expression in response to BCG requires nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB mediated signal transduction. We evaluated the influence of androgens on BCG induced, NF-kappaB mediated IL-6 expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm androgen receptor expression in the human TCC lines 253J and T24. A reporter construct containing an androgen response element was used to establish the integrity of androgen mediated signal transduction. Subsequently the dose dependent effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on BCG induced IL-6 expression and NF-kappaB signaling was evaluated. Two pharmacological androgen receptor blockers were used to determine if receptor blockade inhibited the effect of DHT on activation of the androgen response element, NF-kappaB signaling and BCG induced IL-6 expression. RESULTS: The 2 human TCC lines expressed androgen receptor and demonstrated intact androgen stimulated signaling pathways. DHT suppressed BCG induced, NF-kappaB mediated signaling and IL-6 expression in a dose dependent manner. DHT decreased mRNA levels of IL-6, expression of the full-length IL-6 promoter construct and expression of an NF-kappaB specific reporter construct in response to BCG relative to controls. Competitive pharmacological blockade of androgen receptor inhibited the effect of DHT on BCG induced signaling in dose dependent fashion. CONCLUSIONS: DHT down-regulates NF-kappaB mediated IL-6 expression by human TCC lines in response to BCG. This effect depends on a functional androgen receptor signaling pathway and it can be blocked by the inhibition of androgen/androgen receptor binding.	bladder
Factors influencing aggressive therapy for bladder cancer: an analysis of data from the SEER program.	PURPOSE: We examined the association of various demographic, geographic and disease related factors, and the use of aggressive therapy defined as radical cystectomy or radiation therapy for bladder cancer. We also examined the correlation between these factors and disease specific survival such aggressive therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program public use files from 1992 to 1999 were used to analyze the demographic and disease related variables of patient age, sex, race, reporting SEER site/geographic region, disease stage, number of lymph nodes examined and number of positive lymph nodes. Cox proportional hazards model analysis was used to test for associations with disease specific survival and logistic regression was used to test the predictors of aggressive therapy. RESULTS: In multivariate models age, SEER site and disease stage were predictors of radical cystectomy while race, age, sex, SEER site and disease stage were significant factors predicting likelihood of radiation therapy. Disease stage and number of nodes examined were significantly associated with survival after radical cystectomy, while age, sex, SEER site and stage significantly affected survival after radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Demographic, geographic and disease related characteristics of the patient population can significantly affect treatment choice in patients with bladder cancer. Disease specific survival after radical cystectomy appears to be influenced only by disease related factors (stage and extent of lymphadenectomy) compared to radiation therapy, where survival is influenced by nondisease related factors such as age, sex and SEER site. A significant number of patients who are older or live in certain geographic areas who are being denied aggressive therapy for bladder cancer would benefit from such therapy.	bladder
Plasmacytoma with involvement of the urinary bladder. Report of a case diagnosed by urine cytology.	BACKGROUND: Plasmacytoma of the bladder is a rare but important entity. We report a case of plasmacytoma of the bladder that was diagnosed by urinary cytology. CASE: A 71-year-old male with a history of multiple myeloma presented in renal failure. Renal ultrasound revealed right-sided, moderate hydronephrosis with a 4 x 4-cm, posterolateral, obstructing mass. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a bladder mass involving the bladder base, right lateral wall and dome with extension into the perivesical tissues on the right. The mass showed a moderate degree of enhancement following intravenous gadolinium administration. Urine cytology was performed to evaluate for bladder carcinoma or other malignancies besides plasmacytoma. The specimen was signed out as multiple myeloma of the bladder. Cystoscopy and biopsy were subsequently performed on the bladder mass. The diagnosis of plasmocytoma was made, confirming the urine cytology diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Urinary cytology can be a diagnostic tool for plasmocytoma involving the bladder.	bladder
A clinical study of PMCJ-9 (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Connaught strain) treatment of superficial bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ of the bladder.	BACKGROUND: Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is now a standard treatment for Ta, T1 carcinoma and carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary bladder. In Japan, however, only BCG Tokyo 172 strain is commercially available. We therefore designed a clinical study of PMCJ-9 (BCG Connaught strain) for obtaining approval from Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. METHODS: In the phase I-II study, PMCJ-9 40.5, 81 (standard dose overseas) or 121.5 mg in saline was instilled into the bladder of patients with Ta, T1 or CIS once weekly for 8 weeks. The recommended dose was decided and similarly administered in the late phase II study. RESULTS: In the phase I-II study, 49 patients were evaluable for efficacy. The complete response (CR) rates were 60.0% (9/15), 68.2% (15/22) and 75.0% (9/12) in the 40.5, 81 and 121.5 mg groups. The incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was similar in all groups, but four 121.5 mg group patients developed severe ADRs. Thus, 81 mg was the recommended dose for the late phase II study. In that study, 39 patients were evaluable, showing CR rates of 71.8% (28/39) overall and 61.5% (16/26) and 92.3% (12/13) for the Ta, T1 and CIS cases. The safety was assessed in 42 patients and three (7.1%) were discontinued owing to ADRs. CONCLUSION: The recommended dose for the BCG Connaught strain was decided as 81 mg. PMCJ-9 administration at this dose level weekly for 8 weeks showed a clear antitumor effect and good safety profile against Ta, T1 and CIS transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.	bladder
High-throughput molecular analysis of urine sediment for the detection of bladder cancer by high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism array.	The detection of urothelial malignancies remains challenging. The majority of patients diagnosed with bladder cancer require life-long surveillance for disease recurrence. Monitoring strategies rely predominantly on invasive endoscopic techniques, which are inconvenient and uncomfortable. Multiple in vitro diagnostic technologies have been developed to supplant the contemporary standard of care. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved several assays, but [because of inferior performance characteristics (low sensitivity and specificity)] these tests have not made a significant impact on practice, to date. We sought to develop a test for bladder cancer with better performance characterization detection based on a novel molecular approach. Matched urine and peripheral blood lymphocyte samples were obtained before surgery from 31 patients with bladder cancer (10 pTa, 4 pT1, and 17 pT2>or). DNA from these samples was subjected to allelic imbalance analysis using HuSNP chips and was validated in parallel with microsatellite analysis for loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability. Peripheral blood lymphocyte and urine DNA obtained from 14 individuals without clinical evidence of genitourinary malignancy served as controls. Thirty-one of 31 (100%) urine DNA samples from patients with bladder tumors were found to have 24 or more single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) DNA alterations. In general, SNP alterations were more common in urine samples from pT2>or tumors than pTa or pT1 tumors. SNP alterations were not identified in nine normal control subjects and in four of five patients with hematuria. These data support the noninvasive HuSNP chip assay in urine DNA as a valuable tool for the detection of bladder cancer (on a high-throughput-automated platform).	bladder
[Nephrogenic adenoma of the bladder treated with cystectomy to control severe irritative symptoms: a case report].	A 68-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for treatment of a recurrent bladder tumor. Histological examination performed after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TUR-BT) revealed a nephrogenic adenoma without any evidence of malignancy. After TUR-BT, total cystectomy was performed to control severe irritative symptoms. Prolonged cystitis and intravesical pirarubicin therapy after TUR-BT may have played an etiological role. Our case is the 25th case of nephrogenic adenoma of the bladder reported in the Japanese literature.	bladder
[Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report].	We report a case of signet-ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A 48-year-old female was hospitalized because of general fatigue, pollakiuria and residual sensation. Renal ultrasonography disclosed bilateral hydronephrosis. The serum level of cretinine was 3.1 mg/dl, and we diagnosed the patient with post-renal failure. Cystoscopic examinations revealed non-papillary sessile tumors in the trigone. Histopathological findings of the biopsy specimen demonstrated signet-ring cell carcinoma. There was no evidence indicating bladder metastasis from the cancer in other organs. The patient died of cachexia 5 months after the diagnosis. She was autopsied, and the diagnosis of signet-ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with metastases in various organs was confirmed. This disease is extremely rare and has a poor prognosis. We review the previous cases reported in the literature.	bladder