crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Glutathione S-transferase T1-1 activity upregulated in transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder.	OBJECTIVES: To perform a systematic functional investigation of different glutathione S-transferase (GST) classes, including GST class Theta (GSTT) member GSTT1-1, in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and the surrounding normal uroepithelium of the same individuals. Recently, it was suggested that GSTT1-1 might be an important risk modulator for TCC. METHODS: Tumor samples and surrounding normal uroepithelium were obtained from 24 patients with TCC of urinary bladder. The following substrates with differential specificities were used: 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene for overall GST activity; 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole for GST Alpha; 1,2-dichloro-4-nitro-benzene for GST Mu; 4-vinylpyridine for GST Pi 1-1(GSTP1-1); and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane for GSTT1-1. RESULTS: GSTP1-1 and GSTT1-1 activities were demonstrated in all uroepithelial and TCC samples, and GST Mu activity was detectable in 11 of 24 patients. In the tumor specimens, significant upregulation of all expressed GST subtypes was observed. The mean GSTP1-1 and GSTT1-1 level in TCC was increased 2-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively, compared with the mean level in the normal uroepithelium (P <0.001). Tumor GSTT1-1 activities correlated statistically significantly with the tumor stage (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In tumors and adjacent normal uroepithelium of patients with TCC, three major cytosolic GST classes, Mu, Pi, and Theta, were expressed. Although the GST isoenzyme pattern in TCC was similar to that of the corresponding normal uroepithelium, during cancer progression a clear tendency toward an increase in all the GST subtypes expressed was noted. For the first time, distinct GSTT1-1 activity levels were demonstrated in human uroepithelium, as well as its pronounced upregulation in TCC.	bladder
Differences between urologists in United States and Canada in approach to bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVES: To determine the Canada-United States differences with respect to the detection, diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment of bladder cancer. METHODS: A multiple-choice questionnaire was developed and mailed to 760 American and 516 Canadian urologists between November and December 2002. The areas assessed by the questionnaire included demographics, screening, superficial disease and recurrence, surveillance, muscle-invasive disease, advanced disease, and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. RESULTS: The survey was adequately completed by 32.3% of American urologists and 40.0% of Canadian urologists (overall response rate 36.2%). Canadian urologists tended to be older and had larger practices than U.S. urologists (P <0.05). With respect to bladder cancer detection, U.S. urologists were more likely to use intravenous urography and cystoscopy than were Canadian urologists (P <0.0001). For patients with superficial disease, a significant proportion of urologists in both countries did not routinely use adjuvant chemotherapy. For surveillance, Canadian urologists performed cystoscopy (P <0.0001) and upper tract imaging (P <0.0001) less frequently than U.S. urologists. Striking differences were noted in the approach to Stage T2a disease, with U.S. urologists advocating radical cystectomy more frequently (P <0.0001). With respect to the type of urinary diversion, Canadian urologists tended to favor conduits (P <0.0001, male and P = 0.002, female). Canadian urologists were also less likely to use adjuvant chemotherapy among patients with advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study have shown that the trend of urologists in the United States is toward more aggressive screening, closer surveillance, an earlier trigger for cystectomy, and more common indications for intravenous chemotherapy.	bladder
Impact of malpractice caps on use and outcomes of radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: data from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program.	PURPOSE: The impact of malpractice awards on insurance premiums and health care delivery generates much concern. To our knowledge no data exist regarding the impact of caps, or upper limits, on awards for noneconomic damages (also termed pain and suffering) on health care delivery patterns or outcomes. We investigated the effect of caps on the use of and outcomes following aggressive surgical treatment (radical cystectomy) in patients with bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy, identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database. Cystectomy rates and post-cystectomy disease specific survival were compared between SEER regions with and without a cap, while controlling for other variables. RESULTS: A significantly greater proportion of patients with stages III and IV bladder cancer underwent cystectomy in SEER regions with a cap. Cap status was a significant predictor of survival from bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Radical cystectomy for bladder cancer is performed more often even for advanced bladder cancer in geographic regions with a cap with a positive impact on survival. The institution of caps may have beneficial effects on patterns of health care beyond that of merely decreasing insurance premium costs.	bladder
Phase II study of radiochemotherapy with vinblastine in invasive bladder cancer.	Concurrent vinablastine-based radiochemotherapy was evaluated in 84 bladder-cancer patients. It was effective in more than half: tumour-specific survival (51% 9-year), local control rate (55% 9-year). The drawback was the impaired function of the bladder (9-year prevalence SOMA G3-4 symptoms: 66%), indicating the need for treatment aimed at reducing chronic morbidity.	bladder
[Use of pension records for occupational health surveillance: example of record-linkage with hospital discharge records to study the association between work and the incidence of leukaemias, lung and bladder cancer, and miscarriage].	"BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic surveillance of occupational health based on routinely collected data allows groups of workers to be studied, whose type of work (e.g. small enterprises, self-employed workers, artisans) makes it difficult to use a traditional cohort study design. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of a study design based on the record-linkage between hospital discharge records and INPS social security records (National Institute for Social Security), in order to investigate the association between past employment in an economic sector and occurrence of diseases with a low fraction attributable to occupation and a high frequency in the population, where it is too costly to perform retrospective interviews to gather data from each recruited subject. METHODS: A case-control study design was used in which hospital discharge records from 1995 in the Piedmont Region represented the source of subjects enrolled. Four series of cases were identified: males aged 40-75 years, with first hospital admission for leukaemia, lung or bladder cancer; and women aged 18-39 years, admitted for miscarriage. The controls were a random sample of patients admitted in the same year and matched by sex and age. The exposure variable was the prevalent economic sector in the occupational history of the subjects enrolled, as inferred from INPS social security records. RESULTS: No economic sector examined showed a significant excess of incidence of bladder cancer or leukaemia. There was a significant excess of lung cancer in subjects with longest employment in the building industry, in metal working, and in the ""foundries, heat pressing, forging, and rolling mills"" sector. A significant excess of miscarriages was present only in women working in commerce. DISCUSSION: The results demonstrated overall a low consistency compared with those obtained via other surveillance systems of occupational morbidity and mortality, as well as by means of analytical studies. The results appear more plausible for the sectors characterized by a low number of job tasks, or by a more homogenous exposure to risk factors among workers in different jobs. Among the limitations of this study the lack of a complete occupational history, the absence of information on potential confounders like smoking and alcohol consumption, and the probable non-differential misclassification of the longest held job need to be stressed"	bladder
Use of polymerase chain reaction analysis of urinary DNA to detect bladder carcinoma.	A cohort of 113 patients underwent prospective evaluation with a panel of seven microsatellites, on chromosomes 9, 13 and 17. Thirty-seven patients had histologically confirmed bladder tumors, 53 patients had a history of previous transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC) but normal cystoscopies (control Group 1), and 23 patients had no previous history of TCC and normal cystoscopies (control Group 2). Urinary DNA was considered to show a deletion if an allele was reduced by more than 50%, and this was considered diagnostic of bladder carcinoma. The sensitivity of the method was 50%, positive predictive value was 80%, and specificity was 93%. Reducing the threshold for defining allelic loss increases sensitivity, but reduces specificity. The concentration of urinary DNA in the sample did not influence detection rate. The grade and stage of the bladder tumor did not influence the likelihood of detection. This method detects bladder carcinoma with high specificity, and increasing the number of microsatellites used should increase sensitivity.	bladder
Laparoscopic prostate-sparing radical cystectomy: the Montsouris technique and preliminary results.	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Prostate-sparing radical cystectomy has been described in the literature and has proven to be a promising procedure because of the continence and erectile function results which does not necessarily compromise the oncologic outcome in properly selected patients. We report our preliminary results with this technique performed laparoscopically. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 25 patients with an average age of 60 years have undergone this procedure. Through a transperitoneal approach, lymph-node dissection is done with frozen-section examination, and the ureters are ligated and biopsied. The seminal vesicles are dissected, followed by complete mobilization of the bladder. Next the bladder neck is incised followed by the bladder-pedicle dissection. A simple prostatectomy can be performed if required. Finally, the neobladder is reconstructed via a small infraumbilical incision that also permits extraction of the surgical specimen. The neobladder is anastomosed to the prostate capsule. RESULTS: The average surgical time was 285 minutes and the mean blood loss 640 mL. The complications encountered (4) were: one case each of bowel incarceration, urinary leak, lymphocele, and port-site hernia. All but one of the patients are alive at 9-month follow-up, with the one patient dying of cancer progression. No patient presented with daytime incontinence, although seven reported nocturia. There were 20 patients who maintained their preoperative sexual potency, and four described a decrease in erectile function postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: We have been performing laparoscopic prostate-sparing radical cystectomy for more than 2 years and have found it oncologically safe and reproducible with promising functional benefits. It presents a good option for properly selected patients.	bladder
The 2004 WHO classification of bladder tumors: a summary and commentary.	The key points of the latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification of non-invasive urothelial tumors are the following: the description of the categories has been expanded to improve their recognition; a tumor with particularly good prognosis (papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential) no longer carries the label of 'cancer'; it avoids the use of ambiguous grading such as grade 1/2 or 2/3 (as done in the 1973 WHO classification); the group of noninvasive high-grade carcinoma is large enough to virtually contain all those tumors having biological properties similar to those seen in invasive urothelial carcinoma, and a similarly high level of genetic instability. This scheme is meant to replace the 1973 WHO classification, but the use of both the 1973 and the latest WHO classifications is recommended until the latter is sufficiently validated.	bladder
Neobladder with prostatic capsule and seminal-sparing cystectomy for bladder cancer: a step in the wrong direction.	A laudable trend in urologic surgical oncology is to minimize operative morbidity by anatomic and functional organ preservation without compromising radicality. An increasing number of authors have taken advantage of the sexual-function-preserving cystectomy for bladder cancer. The modified procedure includes cystectomy with sparing of prostate, vasa deferens, seminal vesicles, and resection of a prostatic adenoma to avoid bladder outlet obstruction and bladder reconstruction with an orthotopic reservoir. This article focuses on studies from the last 15 years and includes the results from 13 centers worldwide. Many of them report a pattern of failure (local versus distant) that is highly unusual. Although a local recurrence rate of 7 of 252 patients is to be expected in this combined series the distant failure rate of 34 of 252 patients is at least twice as high as expected for the given series of superficial or organ-confined TCC. The observed distant failure rate of sexuality-preserving cystectomy in this potentially lethal disease is more than 5% higher as compared with standard radical cystectomy. The precise underlying mechanism of this unexpected pattern of failure following sexuality-sparing cystectomy is not fully understood. Furthermore, surgeons considering procedures that preserve a portion of the prostatic urethra, the prostatic capsule, or the entire prostate should recognize a 6% risk of significant prostatic cancer in any residual tissue, and the potential risk of urethral tumor involvement with TCC. Daytime continence following radical versus sexuality-sparing cystectomy is identical. Data on nighttime continence of sexuality-sparing cystectomy are inconclusive. The continuous intermittent catheterization rate following sexuality-sparing cystectomy, however, seems to be higher than after standard cystectomy. The only advantage sexuality-preserving cystectomy has is indeed preservation of these functions in a much higher percentage than following standard or nerve-sparing cystectomy. This is at the cost of radicality, however, and results in a 10% to 15% higher oncologic failure rate. Consequently, sexuality-sparing cystectomy for bladder cancer is a step in the wrong direction and should be abandoned.	bladder
Practical applications of intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy in high-risk patients with superficial bladder cancer.	The following steps are practical in the treatment of intermediate-to-high risk patients with superficial bladder cancer: Resect all visible tumor at the time of first TUR of bladder tumor. Strongly consider re-resection, especially for high-risk, large, multifocal, stage T1 tumors. Apply one dose of cytotoxic chemotherapy perioperatively within 6 hours of TUR (ideally immediately). Once histopathology is available, consider intravesical induction chemotherapy for intermediate-risk patients and BCG for intermediate- or high-risk patients and those having failed prior chemotherapy. At least 1 year of maintenance therapy should be planned for all intermediate-to-high risk BCG-treated patients. Chemotherapy maintenance may be useful if perioperative chemotherapy was omitted. For patients failing standard therapy, a thorough discussion of the risks (including progression and metastasis) and expected benefits should take place before the initiation of salvage therapy. The radical cystectomy option should be openly entertained. Consider BCG plus interferon or gemcitabine-based salvage programs if appropriate. Explore clinical trial options. Contact urologic cancer experts for guidance and advice.	bladder
Chondrosarcoma of the urinary bladder and establishment of a human chondrosarcoma cell line (OCUU-6).	Chondrosarcoma is a very rare tumor of the urinary bladder, with only 4 cases reported to date. In this study, we report on a case of a 73-year-old male who presented bladder mass and right hydroureteronephrosis. Radical cystectomy, right nephrectomy and left ureterocutaneoustomy were performed, and histological study disclosed chondrosarcoma of the urinary bladder. As reported in other cases, the tumor was highly aggressive with a short clinical course, and the patient died of carcinomatous pleuritis at one month after surgery. Subsequently, we successfully established a human chondrosarcoma cell line (OCUU-6) from the pleural effusion of the patient.	bladder
[Clinical study of CT virtual endoscopy in staging diagnosis of bladder tumors].	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate CT virtual endoscopy (CTVE) based on spiral CT in the staging diagnosis of bladder neoplasms and its clinical application. METHODS: Forty patients with bladder neoplasms and 10 normal patients underwent volume scanning using spiral CT. All images with thin collimation and overlapping reconstruction were transferred to computer workstation to obtain the images of CTVE. The results of all CTVE findings were compared with those of conventional CT, cystoscopy, operation and pathological data. RESULTS: CTVE showed the normal anatomical structure of bladder as actual cystoscopy. The size, configuration, location and extension of bladder neoplasms was detected by CTVE scans agreed with that of actual cystoscopy. CTVE revealed the structure of trigone of urinary bladder that were not available in actual cystoscopy, and they were confirmed operatively and compared with the pathological results according to the TNM classification of malignant neoplasms. The sensitivity of CTVE for bladder tumors and accuracy in preoperative neoplasms staging was 98% (39/40) and 85% (33/39), respectively. The sensitivity of mass detection of diameter > or = 0.5 cm was 100%. The results were studied in a blind way. CONCLUSIONS: CTVE is a noninvasive, safe and reliable procedure in the staging diagnosis of bladder neoplasms. CTVE can well show bladder neck anatomy and serve as an important complementary method to conventional cystoscopy. The limitation of CTVE is that it can not observe change of mucosal appearances and perform biopsy.	bladder
Determining patient preferences for improved chemotoxicity during treatment for advanced bladder cancer.	Determining patient preferences for improved chemotoxicity during treatment for advanced bladder cancer Conventional treatment for advanced bladder cancer is methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin plus cisplatin (MVAC), with a median survival of 1 year but significant toxicity. The newer combination of gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) has demonstrated comparable survival and an improved toxicity profile (Von der Maase et al. 2000). At present, the importance to patients of the toxicity of chemotherapy has not been widely studied. An earlier study in bladder cancer indicated that toxicity was an important determinant of treatment preference (Davey et al. 2000). A study of preferences for advanced bladder cancer therapy in the UK was proposed.	bladder
Cooperative stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by hypoxia and reactive oxygen species: the effect of targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and oxidative stress in an orthotopic xenograft model of bladder carcinoma.	Elevated thymidine phosphorylase has been shown to correlate with increased angiogenesis and poor prognosis in many cancers including transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. In vitro studies have demonstrated that thymidine phosphorylase activity causes cellular oxidative stress and increases secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor. In this study, we show that thymidine phosphorylase activity also augments levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha during in vitro hypoxia, and that thymidine phosphorylase activity and hypoxia act in concert to increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. We also demonstrate that thymidine phosphorylase overexpression confers tumorigenicity on an orthotopically implanted transitional cell carcinoma cell line. Administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine together with a blocking anti-VEGF antibody abrogates the increase in tumorigenicity. Our results support the increased efficacy of combination approaches to antiangiogenic therapy.	bladder
Is surveillance necessary for inverted papilloma in the urinary bladder and urethra?	BACKGROUND: A case series of inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder and urethra is presented, together with a review of the literature with respect to multiplicity, recurrence rate and association with transitional cell carcinoma, and a discussion on surveillance of the lesion. METHODS: Cases of inverted papilloma of the lower urinary tract in a single centre were reviewed. Patient and tumour characteristics, recurrence and associated transitional cell carcinoma are reported. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included (18 male, two female). The mean age was 60.8 years (range 35-78 years). All had solitary tumours ranging from 3 mm to 30 mm in size. Median cystoscopic follow up was 30 months (range 2-140 months). There was no recurrence. One patient was associated with subsequent transitional cell carcinoma 44 and 76 months later. Together with the present 20 cases, review of the English literature with respect to inverted papilloma of the lower urinary tract identified a total of 322 cases reported, with a recurrence rate of 3.85%. Moreover, 1.55%, 5.90% and 1.54% were associated with previous, simultaneous and subsequent transitional cell carcinoma, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence is not uncommon and risk of subsequent transitional cell carcinoma is not rare, such that non-invasive surveillance with flexible cystoscopy is recommended for inverted papilloma of the lower urinary tract.	bladder
Augmentation of cisplatin sensitivity in cisplatin-resistant human bladder cancer cells by modulating glutathione concentrations and glutathione-related enzyme activities.	OBJECTIVES: To investigate the roles of glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in cisplatin-resistance mechanisms in human bladder cancer, by using glutathione-depleting or GST-blocking agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cisplatin-resistant human bladder cancer cell lines were established by continuous exposure of T24 cells to increasing concentrations of cisplatin. Buthionine sulphoximine (BSO), ethacrynic acid and indomethacin were used to deplete glutathione or block GST. Intracellular glutathione content, GST activity and cisplatin cytotoxicity were determined after exposing parental and drug-resistant cell lines to these agents. RESULTS: Intracellular glutathione content and GST activity were significantly decreased, and cisplatin cytotoxicity significantly enhanced, in both parental and resistant cell lines by glutathione-depleting or GST-blocking agents. However, the resistance of cisplatin-resistant cell lines did not fully recover to that of the parental cells with combined BSO and indomethacin. CONCLUSIONS: Both increased glutathione content and GST activity are significant in the cisplatin resistance of human bladder tumour cells. Because BSO, ethacrynic acid and indomethacin caused a partial recovery of resistance in the cisplatin-resistant cell line, further studies are needed to investigate their efficacy for treating patients with metastatic bladder carcinoma resistant to cisplatin.	bladder