crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Differential Expression of IGF-I Transcripts in Bladder Cancer.	BACKGROUND/AIM: A growing body of evidence shows that the differential expression of E domain-related insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) transcripts (IFG-IEa, IGF-IEb and IGF-IEc) in normal and cancerous tissues, implicating specific biological roles for the putative Ea, Eb, and Ec peptides, beyond IGF-I. Herein, we investigated the expression profile of IGF-IEa, IGF-IEb and IGF-IEc transcripts in bladder cancer and compared them with samples from the normal adjacent bladder tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biopsies from 46 patients (39 men and 7 women), aged 73.3±10.9 years, were analyzed for the expression of IGF-I transcripts using semi-quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: The presence of all three IGF-I transcripts was detected in both normal urothelium and bladder carcinomas. The relative expression of the IGF-IEa and IFG-IEb was marginally increased in bladder cancer tissues compared to normal tissue (p>0.05). In contrast, the expression of the IGF-IEc was significantly decreased in bladder cancer as compared to normal adjacent urothelium (p<0.05). This specific suppression of IGF-IEc expression was evident and positively correlated with the histological and/or clinical characteristics of an advanced disease, referring to clinical stage, tumor grade and disease recurrence (p<0.05); however, in situ carcinomas exhibited an increased expression of all IGF-I transcripts. CONCLUSION: Our data confirm the differential expression of IGF-I transcripts in bladder cancer, revealing a distinct suppression of IGF-IEc. These findings suggest that IGF-IEc expression and putative Ec product may possess discrete biological role in disease progression beyond IGF-I.	bladder
Development and external validation of a nomogram to predict high-grade papillary bladder cancer before first-time transurethral resection of the bladder tumor.	BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify the clinical predictors related to the risk of high-grade papillary bladder cancer before first-time transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TUR-Bt), and to develop and validate a nomogram predicting the risk of high-grade papillary bladder cancer. METHODS: A retrospective clinical study of consecutive patients who underwent first-time TUR-Bt for papillary bladder cancer was performed. Medical records were reviewed uniformly, and the following data were collected: age, sex, episodes of urinary symptoms, tumor size, number of tumors, location of the largest tumor (lateral walls, base, posterior wall, dome, and anterior wall), tumor appearance (papillary or non-papillary, pedunculated or sessile), and urinary cytology. Data from 254 patients (Group A) were used for the development of a nomogram, while data from 170 patients (Group B) were used for its external validation. RESULTS: High-grade papillary bladder cancer was pathologically diagnosed in 51.6 and 74.6% of Group A and Group B patients, respectively. Based on univariable analyses in Group A, macrohematuria, tumor size, multiple tumors, appearance, and positive urinary cytology were selected as variables to incorporate into a nomogram. The AUC value was 0.81 for the internal validation (Group A), and 0.78 for the external validation (Group B). This novel nomogram can predict high-grade papillary bladder cancer accurately. CONCLUSIONS: The present nomogram can help clinicians calculate the probability in patients with bladder cancer before TUR-Bt and decide on earlier intervention and priorities for the treatment of patients diagnosed with bladder cancer.	bladder
Drug-induced keratin 9 interaction with Hsp70 in bladder cancer cells.	A pull-down experiment (co-immunoprecipitation) was performed on a T24 human bladder cancer cell lysate treated with the Hsp inhibitor VER155008 using an Hsp70 antibody attached to Dynabeads. Keratin 9, a cytoskeleton intermediate filament protein, was identified by LC MS/MS analysis. This novel finding was confirmed by Western blotting, RT-PCR, and immunocytochemistry. Other members of the keratin family of proteins have been shown to be involved in cancer progression, most recently identified to be associated with cell invasion and metastasis. The specific role of keratin 9 expression in these cells is yet to be determined.	bladder
A contemporary population-based analysis of the incidence, cost, and outcomes of postoperative delirium following major urologic cancer surgeries.	PURPOSE: Postoperative delirium (PD) is associated with poor outcomes and increased health care costs. The incidence, outcomes, and cost of delirium for major urologic cancer surgeries have not been previously characterized in a population-based analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a population-based, retrospective cohort study of patients with PD at 490 US hospitals between 2003 and 2013 to evaluate the incidence, outcomes, and cost of delirium after radical prostatectomy, radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, and radical cystectomy (RC). Delirium was defined using ICD-9 codes in combination with postoperative antipsychotics, sitters, and restraints. Regression models were constructed to assess mortality, discharge disposition, length of stay (LOS), and direct hospital admission costs. Survey-weighted adjustment for hospital clustering achieved estimates generalizable to the US population. RESULTS: We identified 165,387 patients representing a weighted total of 1,097,355 patients. The overall incidence of PD was 2.7%, with the greatest incidence occurring after RC, with 6,268 cases (11%). Delirious patients had greater adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 3.65, P<0.001), 90-day mortality (OR = 1.47, P = 0.013), discharge with home health services (OR = 2.25, P<0.001), discharge to skilled nursing facilities (OR = 4.64, P<0.001), and a 0.9-day increase in median LOS (P<0.001). Patients with delirium also experienced a $2,697 increase in direct admission costs (P<0.001), with the greatest costs incurred in RC patients ($30,859 vs. $26,607; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PD after urologic cancer surgeries experienced worse outcomes, prolonged LOS, and increased admission costs. The greatest incidence and costs were seen after RC. Further research is warranted to identify high-risk patients and devise preventative strategies.	bladder
B4GALT1 expression predicts prognosis and adjuvant chemotherapy benefits in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients.	BACKGROUND: The expression alterations of B4GALT1 have been noted in some types of cancer and they are related to cancer cell proliferation, invasiveness, metastasis, and drug resistance. We aimed to establish the expression of B4GALT1 in bladder cancer and its connection to patient outcomes, as well as forecasting the advantages of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). METHODS: There were 142 and 112 MIBC patients who were consecutively recruited and treated via radical cystectomy from 2008 to 2012 in Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC), respectively. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed in triplicate from specimens that had been fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin samples. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to evaluate B4GALT1 expression in tumor cores, the connection between B4GALT1 expression and patients' clinical characteristics, and clinical results. RESULTS: B4GALT1 expression was not connected to clinical prognosis markers, but it was linked to overall survival (OS) (P = 0.013 and P = 0.010, respectively) in the two groups. Moreover, the high levels of B4GALT1 expression were independent indicators of poor OS (P = 0.026 and P = 0.046, respectively). Inclusion of B4GALT1 in the prognostic model revealed a greater predictive accuracy than the primary models. In addition, no differences were observed between B4GALT1 expression (low vs. high) and CD8+ T cell infiltration density (number/cm(2)) within tumor cores, but there was a positive Pearson correlation between B4GALT1 expression and expression of inhibitory receptor ligands, such as PD-L1 and CTLA4. Most significantly, the advantage of ACT noted in pT3/4 or N+ bladder cancer patients with low B4GALT1 expression was greater than in patients with a high B4GALT1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our evaluation indicated that B4GALT1 may be a possible prognosticator of MIBC, and it may be a predictive marker for the choice of ACT in pT3/4 or N+ patients.	bladder
Patient Compliance With Maintenance Intravesical Therapy for Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.	OBJECTIVE: To assess patient adherence to intravesical instillation therapy for nonmuscle invasive urothelial carcinoma outside of clinical trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of patients from 2000 to 2013 who received intravesical therapy for nonmuscle invasive urothelial carcinoma. Patients with evidence of tumor recurrence or progression were excluded. We performed univariable and multivariable regression analyses to predict adherence to intravesical therapy. RESULTS: A total of 729 patients started 861 induction cycles, 63% with bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (BCG) and 37% with mitomycin C (MMC). The rate of completion of 6 weeks induction therapy with BCG and MMC was similar (86% and 87%, respectively). Within the BCG cohort, 161 (35%) patients commenced the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) maintenance protocol after induction and 16 (10%) completed all 21 treatments. A monthly protocol for BCG was started by 87 patients (19%) and 48 (55%) completed all 9 treatments. MMC therapy was started in 270 patients, 97 of whom (36%) commenced monthly maintenance treatment, and 46 (47%) completed treatments. Median number of instillations was 7 for patients undergoing monthly maintenance therapy (MMC or BCG) and 9 for patients allocated to 3 years BCG. On multivariable analysis, recurrence after prior treatment of urothelial carcinoma was predictive of patients' adherence to treatment. CONCLUSION: Compliance with intravesical therapy is low in clinical practice, notably for longer treatment schedules.	bladder
Randomized Trial Comparing Open Radical Cystectomy and Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy: Oncologic Outcomes.	BACKGROUND: Open radical cystectomy (ORC) has proven to be an important component in the treatment of high-risk bladder cancer (BCa). ORC surgical morbidity remains high; therefore, minimally invasive surgical techniques have been introduced in an attempt to improve patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To compare cancer outcomes in BCa patients managed with ORC or robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A prospective, randomized trial was completed between 2010 and 2013. Patients were randomized to ORC/pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND) or RARC/PLND, with all undergoing open/extracorporeal urinary diversion. Median follow-up was 4.9 (IQR: 3.9-5.9) yr after surgery among surviving patients. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Secondary outcomes to the trial included recurrence-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The trial randomized 118 patients who underwent RC/PLND and urinary diversion. Sixty were randomized to RARC and 58 to ORC. Four RARC-assigned patients refused randomization and received ORC; however, an intention to treat analysis was performed. No differences were observed in recurrence (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-2.36; p=0.4) or cancer-specific survival (p=0.4). No difference in overall survival was observed (p=0.8). However, the pattern of first recurrence demonstrated a nonstatistically significant increase in metastatic sites for those undergoing ORC (sub-HR [sHR]: 2.21; 95% CI: 0.96-5.12; p=0.064) and a greater number of local/abdominal sites in the RARC-treated patients (sHR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.12-0.93; p=0.035). The major limitation to this study is that the trial was not powered to determine differences in cancer recurrences, survival outcomes, or patterns of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The secondary outcomes from our randomized trial did not definitively demonstrate differences in cancer outcomes in patients treated with ORC or RARC. However, differences in observed patterns of first recurrence highlight the need for future studies. PATIENT SUMMARY: Of 118 patients randomly assigned to undergo radical cystectomy/pelvic lymphadenectomy and urinary diversion, half were assigned to open surgery and half to robot-assisted techniques. We found no difference in risk of recurring or dying of bladder cancer between the two groups.	bladder
History of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer May Have a Worse Prognostic Impact in cT2-4aN0M0 Bladder Cancer Patients Treated With Radical Cystectomy.	PURPOSE: To investigate whether a history of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) plays a prognostic role in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) treated with radical cystectomy in the era when neoadjuvant chemotherapy was established as standard therapy for MIBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 282 patients who were diagnosed with cT2-T4aN0M0 bladder cancer treated with open radical cystectomy at our institutions were included. Initially diagnosed MIBC without a history of NMIBC was defined as primary MIBC group (n = 231), and MIBC that progressed from NMIBC was defined as progressive MIBC (n = 51). RESULTS: The rate of cT3/4a tumors was significantly higher in the primary MIBC group than in the progressive MIBC group (P = .004). Five-year recurrence-free survival and cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates for the primary MIBC group versus progressive MIBC group were 68.2% versus 55.9% (P = .039) and 76.1% versus 61.6% (P = .005), respectively. Progressive MIBC (hazard ratio, 2.170; P = .008) was independently associated with cancer death. In the primary MIBC group, the 5-year CSS rate in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 85.4%, which was significantly higher than that in patients without (71.5%, P = .023). In the progressive MIBC group, no significant differences were observed in CSS between patients treated with and without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: MIBC that progressed from NMIBC had a significantly worse clinical outcome than MIBC without a history of NMIBC and may not respond as well to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These results are informative, even for NMIBC patients treated with conservative intravesical therapy.	bladder
[A Case of Metastasis of Cholangiocarcinoma to the Bladder].	The patient was an 88-year-old male. He was referred to the Department of Internal Medicine because of total body itching and jaundice in July 2011. The serum bilirubin level was elevated, and the serum CA19-9 level was also elevated to 266. 6 U/ml. Computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed a solid tumor between the hepatic hilus and common bile duct, and choler cytodiagnosis was class V ; adenocarcinoma. The patient was diagnosed with hilar cholangiocarcinoma and received conservative treatment with endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) due to his advanced age. The patient was then referred to our department because CT revealed right hydronephrosis and thickening of the right side of the bladder wall, which had not been detected on admission in October 2011. Cystoscopy revealed a broad-based edematous tumor on the right side of the bladder. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) was performed. The histological diagnosis was moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. Immunohistostaining using CA19-9 was performed, and cancer cells were positive. The final histology led to a diagnosis of metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma to the bladder. The patient died of liver failure in March 2012.	bladder
[Recurrent Urothelial Carcinoma in the Uretero-Vesical Junction Treated with Partial Ureterectomy and Ureteroneocystostomy during Long-Term Follow-Up : A Case Report].	A 54-year-old woman who had been treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumor for nonmuscle invasive urothelial carcinoma approximately nine years before presented with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy demonstrated a papillary tumor at the left side of the ureteral orifice. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 1.3 cm non-muscle invasive lesion in the lower ureter from the ureteral orifice. She suffered from connective tissue disease treated with steroids. To avoid renal failure, we performed partial ureterectomy and ureteroneocystostomy. Pathological findings revealed pT1 urothelial carcinoma with negative surgical margin. There have been no signs of recurrence during eight years of follow-up after the last treatment.	bladder
Upregulation of long non-coding RNA HNF1A-AS1 is associated with poor prognosis in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.	OBJECTIVE: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. A recent study reported that lncRNA HNF1A-AS1 (HNF1A-AS1) was upregulated in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) and served as a tumor promoter. However, the clinical significance of HNF1A-AS1 in the prognosis of patients with UCB was poorly understood. This work was designed to investigate the relationship between HNF1A-AS1 expression level and the prognosis of UCB. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Relative expression levels of HNF1A-AS1 in UCB tissues were determined by qRT-PCR. Then, the associations between HNF1A-AS1 expression and clinical pathological parameters were further evaluated. Survival and Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses were performed to determine the correlation between HNF1A-AS1 expression levels and prognosis in the patients. RESULTS: Data showed that the majority of UCB tissues showed higher HNF1A-AS1 levels than the corresponding normal tissues controls (p < 0.01). Statistical assay revealed that high HNF1A-AS1 expression was significantly correlated with histological grade (p = 0.008), tumor stage T (p = 0.003) and lymph nodes metastasis (p = 0.007). In addition, the overall survival time of patients with high HNF1A-AS1 expression was significantly shorter compared to those with low HNF1A-AS1 expression. Furthermore, multivariate analysis confirmed that relative HNF1A-AS1 expression was an independent predictor of overall survival in patients with UCB. CONCLUSIONS: HNF1A-AS1 expression was upregulated in UCB, and it may be a useful prognostic biomarker for patients with UCB.	bladder
Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy after second transurethral resection for primary T1 bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillation therapy after second transurethral resection (TUR) on primary T1 bladder cancer. METHODS: The subjects were 180 patients diagnosed with T1 bladder cancer at our university and at affiliated hospitals between January 1990 and December 2015. Tumor residual rate, intravesical recurrence rate, and risk factors for intravesical recurrence were investigated. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 26 (1-175) months. Of the 180 patients, 78 (43%) underwent a second TUR. Residual tumors were detected in 42 patients (53.8%), and no up-staging cases were observed. Within the whole group, 42 patients were treated with intravesical BCG therapy following a second TUR (group 1), 36 were treated with second TUR alone (group 2), 28 were treated with intravesical BCG therapy alone (group 3), and 74 were treated without second TUR or intravesical BCG therapy (group 4). The 1- and 5-year recurrence-free survival rates of the four groups were 80.7 and 59.7% (group 1), 69.0 and 26.3% (group 2), 76.3 and 56.6% (group 3), 64.6 and 48.6% (group 4), respectively. There was no significant difference between group 1 and group 3 (p = 0.401). Intravesical BCG therapy was the only factor preventing intravesical recurrence (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Intravesical BCG therapy alone showed a significant preventive effect with regard to intravesical recurrence. In our cohort, however, second TUR did not improve recurrence-free survival in those individuals who underwent BCG instillation.	bladder
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Bladder Cancer: Development of VI-RADS (Vesical Imaging-Reporting And Data System).	CONTEXT: Management of bladder cancer (BC) is primarily driven by stage, grade, and biological potential. Knowledge of each is derived using clinical, histopathological, and radiological investigations. This multimodal approach reduces the risk of error from one particular test, but may present a staging dilemma when results conflict. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) may improve patient care through imaging of the bladder with better resolution of the tissue planes than computed tomography and without radiation exposure. OBJECTIVE: To define a standardized approach to imaging and reporting mpMRI for BC, by developing a VI-RADS score. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We created VI-RADS (Vesical Imaging-Reporting And Data System) through consensus using existing literature. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We describe standard imaging protocols and reporting criteria (including size, location, multiplicity, and morphology) for bladder mpMRI. We propose a five-point VI-RADS score, derived using T2-weighted MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast enhancement, which suggests the risks of muscle invasion. We include sample images used to understand VI-RADS. CONCLUSIONS: We hope that VI-RADS will standardize reporting, facilitate comparisons between patients, and in future years, will be tested and refined if necessary. While we do not advocate mpMRI for all patients with BC, this imaging may compliment pathology or reduce radiation-based imaging. Bladder mpMRI may be most useful in patients with non-muscle-invasive cancers, in expediting radical treatment or for determining response to bladder-sparing approaches. PATIENT SUMMARY: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for bladder cancer are becoming more common and may provide accurate information that helps improve patient care. Here, we describe a standardized reporting criterion for bladder MRI. This should improve communication between doctors and allow better comparisons between patients.	bladder
Testicular transposition in children undergoing brachytherapy for bladder and/or prostate rhabdomyosarcoma.	BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Fertility preservation is a major goal in treatment of children with cancer. We describe a new technique of testicular transposition (TT) in patients treated with pulse-dose-rate (PDR) brachytherapy as part of the multimodal conservative treatment of bladder neck and/or prostate rhabdomyosarcoma (BP RMS). METHODS: Medical records of consecutive patients treated between September 2016 and August 2017 were studied. These patients underwent a TT performed during BP RMS surgery by the same suprapubic incision. The external oblique aponeurosis was not incised. The spermatic cord was mobilized up to the external inguinal ring, and the gubernaculum attachments were severed from the scrotum. The testis was then flipped over with care taken to avoid injury of the vessels or the vas, wrapped in a silicone material and sutured under the abdominal skin with a transfixing stitch facing the anterior superior iliac spine. At the end of brachytherapy, the testis was relocated in the scrotum and during the same general anesthesia, plastic tubes and stents were removed. Surgical outcome and dosimetric parameters were examined. RESULTS: Eight patients were identified. Median age was 24 months (range 11-80 months). All had embryonal BP RMS and received chemotherapy according to RMS 2005 protocol prior to local treatment. All patients underwent conservative surgery followed by brachytherapy (60 Gy) and had testicular transposition of one testis. None had surgical complications. After converting doses to biologically equivalent doses in 2-Gy fractions (EQD2), the dose delivered to 75% of the transposed testis was 1.5 GyEQD2 (1-3 GyEQD2), versus 5.4 GyEQD2 (3.9-9.4 Gy EQD2) for the untransposed testis (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Testicular transposition is feasible in order to potentially preserve fertility and future quality of life in children undergoing brachytherapy for BP RMS. TYPE OF STUDY: Level IV Treatment Study: Case Study with no Comparison Group.	bladder