crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
[Effects of survivin small interfering RNA on biological behaviors of bladder cancer T24 cells].	BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Bladder cancer, a common tumor of urinary system, is related to genetic mutations that deregulate cell cycle and render tumor cells resistant to apoptosis. Survivin, a new member of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis (IAP) family, participates in the genesis of several human cancers, including bladder cancer, through inducing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. This study was to explore the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting survivin on the biological behaviors of bladder cancer T24 cells. METHODS: A pair of survivin siRNA were designed and synthesized, and transfected into T24 cells with increasing concentrations (50-200 nmol/L) and injected in tumor-bearing mice at different doses (5 and 50 microg). The effects of survivin siRNA on the biological behaviors of T24 cells were assessed. RESULTS: Survivin siRNA efficiently down-regulated the expression of survivin mRNA. Its maximal effect was achieved at the concentration of 100 nmol/L, at which survivin expression level was down-regulated by 75.91%, the inhibition rate of cell proliferation was 55.29% (P<0.01), and the apoptosis rate was significantly higher in siRNA-transfected cells than in control cells (45.70% vs. 2.8%, P<0.01). Intratumoral injection of 50 microg survivin siRNA significantly inhibited the growth of bladder cancer in mice (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Survivin siRNA could markedly inhibit survivin expression in T24 cells, induce cell apoptosis and inhibit the growth of transplanted tumor in mice. It might be a new gene therapy tool for bladder cancer.	bladder
Antitumor effects, cell selectivity and structure-activity relationship of a novel antimicrobial peptide polybia-MPI.	A novel antimicrobial peptide, polybia-MPI, was purified from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista. It has potent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but causing no hemolysis to rat erythrocytes. To date, there is no report about its antitumor effects on any tumor cell lines. In this study we synthesized polybia-MPI and studied its antitumor efficacy and cell selectivity. Our results revealed that polybia-MPI exerts cytotoxic and antiproliferative efficacy by pore formation. It can selectively inhibit the proliferation of prostate and bladder cancer cells, but has lower cytotoxicity to normal murine fibroblasts. In addition, to investigate the structure-activity relationship of polybia-MPI, three analogs in which Leu7, Ala8 or Asp9 replaced by L-Pro were designed and synthesized. L-Pro substitution of Leu7 or Asp9 significantly reduces the content of alpha-helix conformation, and L-Pro substitution of Ala8 can disrupt the alpha-helix conformation thoroughly. The L-Pro substitution induces a significant reduction of antitumor activity, indicating that the alpha-helix conformation of polybia-MPI is important for its antitumor activity. In summary, polybia-MPI may offer a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of prostate cancer and bladder cancer, considering its relatively lower cytotoxicity to normal cells.	bladder
Is routine urine cytology useful in the haematuria clinic?	INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to determine the value of routine urine cytology in the initial evaluation of patients presenting to a one-stop haematuria clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1000 consecutive patients who attended the haematuria clinic between June 2003 and November 2004 were studied prospectively. A standard protocol was used to investigate these patients. This included urine cytology, upper tract imaging and flexible cystoscopy. RESULTS: Overall, 986 samples of urine were sent for cytology. In 126 patients, the report was abnormal; of these, 71 patients were found to have bladder transitional cell carcinoma by flexible cystoscopy and a further 3 had upper tract transitional cell carcinoma diagnosed radiologically. The remaining 52 patients with abnormal cytology were not found to have cancer on further investigations. The total cost for urine cytology and additional investigations was pound50,535. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of the initial evaluation of patients with haematuria, no case of urothelial malignancy was diagnosed on the basis of urine cytology alone. Therefore, urine cytology need not be used routinely in the initial diagnostic work-up for haematuria.	bladder
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma presenting as a bladder neoplasm.	Malignant lymphoma presenting in the bladder has been classified in primary cases, as the first sign of disseminated disease and as a secondary infiltration. Most of the examples in the literature have been reported as single cases. Reported herein is the case of a 45-year-old man with an anaplastic large cell lymphoma (anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and granzyme B positive) that presented as a bladder neoplasm. The morphological differential diagnosis was complex because the EMA-positive immunophenotype, CD45 and CD3 negativity and the clinical manifestation simulated a transitional cell carcinoma. It is important to be aware of its existence because a poorly differentiated bladder carcinoma cannot be ruled out if CD30 and ALK immunostaining are not performed. T-cell receptor-gamma clonal rearrangement could be also helpful in these cases. Although bladder involvement by recurrent lymphoma is a sign of widely disseminated disease and it is associated with a very poor prognosis, it seems that chemotherapeutic regimens in this kind of ALK-positive lymphoma could be effective, given that the present patient had an impressive response to chemotherapy treatment.	bladder
[Anaphylactoid purpura after intravesical therapy using bacillus Calmette-Guerin for superficial bladder cancer].	We report a very rare side effect, anaphylactoid purpula, after intravesical administration of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). A 83-year-old man presented with purpura located on his bilateral lower legs. He had received transurethral resections four times for superficial bladder tumors. Intravesical therapy using BCG was performed. During the treatment course, asymptomatic purpura was suddenly seen in the lower legs after the third administration. Lymphocyte stimulation test was highly positive for BCG. He was diagnosed with anaphylactoid purpura caused by BCG. Conservative treatment was selected because there were no concomitant diseases in other organs. There have been no signs of recurrence of tumors or purpura during the one-year follow-up. However, physicians need to be cautious of anaphylactoid purpura which could lead to severe diseases, such as renal failure, gastrointestinal dysfunction and systematic arthritis.	bladder
Serum level of galectin-3 in human bladder cancer.	We examine serum level of galectin-3 in patients with bladder cancer. We used serum samples of 67 patients with urological diseases and classified these patients into bladder cancer group (n=43) and control group (n=24). Galectin-3 concentration was measured by ELISA (Human Galectin-3 Assay Kit, IBL). And we selected the patient with high serum galectin-3 concentration (Urothelial Carcinoma, G3, pT3a pN0M0), we performed immunohistochemical staining with the VECTASTAIN ABC (Avidin Biotinylated enzyme Complex) system. Median value of serum galectin-3 concentration was 1068 pg/ml (range 551-2028) in the cancer group vs 584 pg/ml (range 259-1262) in controls. Serum galectin-3 concentration of the bladder cancer patients was statistically higher than that of controls (p<0.0005). There was no apparent correlation in serum galectin-3 concentration with the clinico-pathological features such as stage and grade. Higher expression of galectin-3 was observed in bladder cancer tissue than in normal bladder tissue. We suggest the measurement of serum galectin-3 is useful for diagnosis of bladder cancer.	bladder
Diagnostic algorithm for papillary urothelial tumors in the urinary bladder.	Papillary urothelial neoplasms with deceptively bland cytology cannot be easily classified. We aimed to design a new algorithm that could differentiate between these neoplasms based on a scoring system. We proposed a new scoring system that enables to reproducibly diagnose non-invasive papillary urothelial tumors. In this system, each lesion was given individual scores from 0 to 3 for mitosis and cellular thickness, from 0 to 2 for cellular atypia, and an additional score for papillary fusion. These scores were combined to form a summed score allowing the tumors to be ranked as follows: 0-1 = UP, 2-4 = low malignant potential (LMP), 5-7 = low-grade transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), and 8-9 = high-grade TCC. In addition to the scoring system, ancillary studies of MIB and p53 indexes with CK20 expression pattern analyses were compared together with clinical parameters. The MIB index was strongly correlated with disease progression. Four of the 22 LMP patients (18.2%) had late recurrences, two of these four (9.1%) had progression to low-grade carcinoma. The MIB index for LMP patients was strongly associated with recurrence (recurrence vs. non-recurrence, 16.5 vs. 8.1, p < 0.001). The proposed scoring system could enhance the reproducibility to distinguish papillary urothelial neoplasms.	bladder
The role of TGF-beta-1 protein and TGF-beta-R-1 receptor in immune escape mechanism in bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND: Tumor cells have numerous immune surveillance escape mechanisms as well as means of resistance to apoptosis. This study tried to clarify one of these mechanisms in bladder cancer with the hope of being able to develop targeted therapy that will sensitize the tumor cells to immune-mediated apoptosis. METHODS: In this study, electron microscopic examination and expression of TGF-beta-1 protein and TGF-beta-R-1 receptor using immunoelectronmicroscopic and immunocytochemical techniques were investigated in urine and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs). Samples were obtained from 5 healthy controls (Group 1) and 60 study patients who were classified according to the cytopathologic examination of their urine into 2 main subgroups: chronic cystitis (bilharzial and nonbilharzial, Group 2, n = 15) and bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, Group 3, n = 45). RESULTS: Examination of PBMNCs by immunoelectronmicroscopic and immunocytochemical techniques showed a significant increase in the percentage of positive cases expressing both TGF-beta-1 protein and TGF-beta-R-1 receptors in bladder cancer in comparison with the control (P < .01 and P < .05, respectively) and with chronic cystitis (P < .05). By electron microscopic examination, 42 out of 45 bladder cancer cases (93.3%) revealed remarkable apoptotic changes represented by cell shrinkage, surface blebs, nuclear chromatin condensation, and vacuolated cytoplasm. Urine examination by immunoelectronmicroscopic and immunocytochemical techniques revealed a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of positive cases expressing TGF-beta-R1 receptor in bladder cancer in comparison with either chronic cystitis cases or controls (P < .01), while TGF-beta-1 protein was significantly increased (P < .01). By electron microscopic examination, exfoliated necrotic malignant epithelial (urothelial) cells and many inflammatory cells were detected. CONCLUSIONS: This work helps researchers and clinicians to better understand one of the escape mechanisms in bladder cancer that may facilitate the reverse of tumor escape from the immune system. It also draws attention to TGF-beta-1 protein and TGF-beta-R1 receptor; TGF-beta-1 protein can be used as an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and the absence of TGF-beta-R1 can be considered a marker for malignant transformation of urothelial cells in bladder cancer.	bladder
Bladder cancer in Africa.	Accurate epidemiological data about the incidence and mortality of bladder cancer are unavailable for most African countries. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is probably less common in rural African regions than in industrialized countries, due to lower levels of exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. In areas with endemic schistosomiasis (bilharzia) caused by parasitic schistosomes (blood flukes), most bladder cancer cases are comprised of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, with increased urbanization, industrialization, and cigarette smoking in many African countries, there is an increasing incidence of TCC relative to SCC of the bladder. SCC of the bladder presents in patients who are on average 10 to 20 years younger than those with TCC. In Egypt and other North African countries, SCC is more common in men (the male to female ratio ranges from 3:1 to 5:1), probably because boys and men performing agricultural work are more exposed to schistosomiasis-infested water. In some sub-Saharan countries, SCC of the bladder is equally common in men and women, probably due to equal schistosomiasis exposure of girls and boys, and because women obtain household water and perform most agricultural tasks. Although SCC of the bladder often presents at a locally advanced stage, the tumors are usually well differentiated, with a relatively low incidence of lymphatic and hematogenous metastases. Patients with localized SCC are ideal candidates for cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder construction, because they are relatively young and healthy, and there is no risk of urethral recurrence, unlike with TCC. Unfortunately, many patients in Africa still present with advanced and inoperable bladder cancer, and many do not have access to healthcare facilities that can provide a cure and a good quality of life by means of radical cystectomy and neobladder construction.	bladder
Laparoscopic radical cystectomy: long-term outcomes.	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is being increasingly performed at several centers across the world. This review analyzes the published perioperative and oncologic outcomes of this procedure. RECENT FINDINGS: Minimally invasive radical cystectomy for bladder cancer is performed laparoscopically or robotically. Urinary diversion is currently usually performed extracorporeally through a small open incision in order to decrease operating time and minimize bowel complications. Although rigorous comparisons with open cystectomy are lacking, minimally invasive radical cystectomy appears to have superior perioperative outcomes. Although long-term outcomes after minimally invasive radical cystectomy are limited, intermediate term oncologic outcomes appear comparable to open radical cystectomy, the reference standard. SUMMARY: Minimally invasive radical cystectomy is technically feasible. Perioperative outcomes are as good as open radical cystectomy if not better. Intermediate term oncologic outcomes compare well with open radical cystectomy. Initial long-term oncologic outcomes are encouraging. Prospective randomized comparison between minimally invasive radical cystectomy and open radical cystectomy is needed to define the role of these modalities in the current context.	bladder
Delayed local recurrence following radiation therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer emphasizing the need for lifelong surveillance: a case report.	We report a case of 68 years old gentleman who developed a delayed local recurrence, 30 years following curative radiation treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer. This case emphasizes the importance of lifelong post treatment surveillance for bladder cancer.	bladder
Outcomes for a large series of radical cystectomies for bladder cancer.	AIMS: We present the characteristics and outcomes of a large Chinese series of patients treated with radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for invasive cancer of the bladder. Our aim is to determine the significant independent prognostic factors that determine this outcome. METHODS: The records of 356 patients with invasive bladder cancer, operated at three Chinese medical institutes between 1995 and 2004, were reviewed. Of the 356 patients, 324 (91.0%) were TCC, 24 (6.7%) were adenocarcinoma, eight (2.3%) were squamous carcinoma. The incidence of pelvic lymph node involvement was 22.8%. The mean (SD, range) follow-up of the 356 patients was 54.89 (31.66, 3-137) months. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the clinical and pathological variables affecting disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: The 1-, 2- and 5-year DFS rates were 87%, 75% and 48%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, tumor configuration (RR=1.62, p=0.012), multiplicity (RR=1.41, p=0.036), histological subtype (RR=2.17, p<0.001), tumor stage (RR=2.50, p<0.001), tumor grade (RR=2.40, p<0.001), node status (RR=2.51, p<0.001), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (RR=0.46, p=0.016) had independent significance for survival on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this series show that radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy provide durable local control and DFS in patients with invasive bladder cancer. Multivariates affect the prognosis after radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer. The treatment of invasive bladder cancer in China is still in need of improvement and normalization.	bladder
Assessing the value of reflex fluorescence in situ hybridization testing in the diagnosis of bladder cancer when routine urine cytological examination is equivocal.	PURPOSE: We evaluated the usefulness of fluorescence in situ hybridization in the treatment of patients with equivocal cytology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed in residual urine from 124 patients with a cytological diagnosis of cell clusters (22), atypical findings (46) and suspicious findings (56) who had a same day cystoscopy result and bladder biopsy within 6 months of the cytology diagnosis. Urologists and fluorescence in situ hybridization technologists were blinded to the matching fluorescence in situ hybridization and cystoscopy results, respectively. RESULTS: In conjunction with cystoscopy fluorescence in situ hybridization was significantly more sensitive than cystoscopy alone for detecting cancer (87% vs 67%, p <0.001) and muscle invasive cancer (94% vs 56%, p = 0.031). Of the 124 equivocal cytology specimens 58 (47%) were positive by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Of these patients 53 (91%) had subsequent evidence of carcinoma, including Ta tumors in 17, Tis in 13, T1 in 8 and T2 or greater in 15, on the first followup biopsy. Three of the 5 remaining patients with a positive fluorescence in situ hybridization result and negative first followup biopsy had evidence of cancer at a later date, including TxN+ disease in 2 and Tis in 1. A total of 66 specimens were diagnosed as negative by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Of these patients 34 (52%) had negative biopsy results, whereas the remaining 32 (48%) demonstrated bladder cancer, including Ta disease in 20, Tis in 8, T1 in 2 and T2+ in 2. Cystoscopy detected 21 of the 32 tumors (66%) not detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization, while fluorescence in situ hybridization detected 17 of the 28 (61%) not detected by cystoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that fluorescence in situ hybridization with cystoscopy can aid clinicians in the diagnosis of bladder cancer in patients with equivocal cytology.	bladder
Clinical significance of urine heparanase in bladder cancer progression.	Heparanase is an endo-beta-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate (HS), an activity implicated in tumor metastasis. Heparanase expression is upregulated in primary human tumors, correlating with reduced post operative survival and elevated microvessel density. An ELISA method was used to quantify heparanase in urine from 282 individuals. Urine was collected from healthy volunteers (n = 41), patients diagnosed with noncancerous pathologic disorders (n = 90), and bladder cancer patients (n = 92). Fifty-nine bladder carcinoma patients after transurethral resection (TUR) with no evidence of disease (NED) were also included. Heparanase levels were significantly elevated in urine from bladder cancer patients compared with healthy controls (P < .001) and with noncancerous urinary disorders (P < .05). Heparanase elevation strongly correlated with tumor grade (P < .001) and stage (P = .027). An optimal cutoff value of 154 pg/ml was determined. Of 199 individuals enrolled (59 patients after TUR and 24 patients with recurring disease were excluded), 65 had heparanase levels above 154 pg/ml. Only 3 of 65 (4.6%) were healthy individuals. In contrast, 52.3% (34 of 65) of individuals with heparanase levels above 154 pg/ml were bladder cancer patients. The results indicate that urine heparanase levels are elevated during bladder cancer progression, suggesting that the ELISA method may be applied for bladder cancer diagnosis.	bladder
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule: a new paradox in cancer.	The activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule [ALCAM/CD166/melanoma metastasis clone D (MEMD)] is an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule. It is expressed developmentally in cells of all 3 embryonic lineages. The ALCAM expression is limited to subsets of cells in most adult tissues. ALCAM is localized at intercellular junctions in epithelium presumably as part of the adhesive complex that maintains tissue architecture. Over the past decade, alterations in expression of ALCAM have been reported in several human tumors (melanoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma, bladder cancer, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma). This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of ALCAM in malignancies.	bladder
[Bladder cancer in neurological patients: analysis of a single-centre series].	OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence, aetiologies and course of bladder cancer in our population of neurological patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The case files of 1825 neurological patients followed in our department between 2000 and 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. The following data were recorded in patients with bladder tumour: age, gender smoking, aetiology of the neurological disease, voiding mode, history of neurogenic bladder, mode of discovery, histological type, grade, TNM stage, treatment and outcome. RESULTS: Eight neurological patients (0.44%) developed bladder cancer. The mean age was 58.8 13.7 years (range: 36-72 years). The male/female sex ratio was 3. Neurogenic bladder was due to: spinal cord injury (n=4), multiple sclerosis (n=1), spina bifida (n=1), familial spastic paraplegia (n=1) and idiopathic peripheral syndrome (n=1). Three cases of squamous cell carcinoma (37.5%) were diagnosed. Seven tumours were high grade and 7 were invasive (> or = pT2) The mean follow-up was 27.8 +/- 23.5 months (range: 14-71 months). Three patients have died. CONCLUSION: The incidence of bladder cancer in neurological patients is similar to that of the general population. However, more immediately invasive squamous cell carcinomas are observed, requiring aggressive treatment, but no consensus concerning a surveillance protocol adapted to this population has been published.	bladder
[Bladder perforation during transurethral resection of bladder tumour: a review].	Transurethral resection of bladder tumour is a common procedure (10,711 new cases of bladder tumour diagnosed in France in 2000), associated with a certain morbidity. Intra- or extraperitoneal perforation of the bladder wall is a possible complication. The diagnosis is generally established intraoperatively and cystography can be performed in the operating room to demonstrate the diameter of the perforation. Most cases of extraperitoneal perforation can be treated conservatively by simple bladder drainage. Intraperitoneal perforations may require surgical repair Laparoscopy is currently tending to replace open surgery for this repair. One of the risks of perforation is also tumour seeding outside of the bladder However metastases related to perforation appear to be rare and occur rapidly requiring close surveillance.	bladder