crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Glycosaminoglycans in the urinary bladder mucosa, tumor tissue and mucosal tissue around tumor.	INTRODUCTION/AIM: Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are one of the main constituents of the connective tissue and cellular membrane. Their presence has been evidenced in mucosa and muscular tissue of the urinary bladder of both healthy individuals and those affected by carcinoma. This suggest their potential role in the onset of bladder carcinoma and follow-up of those patients. The aim of the study was to determine GAG levels in tumor tissue and the surrounding bladder mucosa in patients with bladder tumor, as well as in the bladder mucosa in patients with bladder carcinoma, and to compare the results according to the grade and stage of tumor and relapse. METHODS: Tissue samples were taken in 61 patients (48 males and 13 females), mean age 61.5 years, range 40-92 years, obtained by transurethral resection (TUR) of bladder tumor, and 8 healthy persons. Determination of a total GAG content in the tissue samples was done by the Whiteman's method and then compared regarding the tumor grade and stage. RESULTS: Tumor grade and stage directly correlated with the levels of GAG. The GAG levels were significantly higher in tumor samples as compared to healthy mucosa. CONCLUSION: Higher GAG levels were recorded in all the patients with bladder tumors comparing to samples obtained from healthy individuals. GAG levels do not predict tumor relapse.	bladder
[Proliferation effects of sirolimus, cyclosporine A and mycophenolate mofetil on human transitional cell carcinoma cells].	OBJECTIVE: To compared the effects of three immunosuppressive agents, i.e. sirolimus (SRL), cyclosporine A (CsA) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), with different mechanisms of action on the in vitro growth of various tumor cell lines of human transitional cell carcinoma of bladder cell lines EJ and T24 and in vivo growth of cell line of EJ in nude mice model. METHODS: The effects of SRL, CsA and MMF on the proliferation of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder cell lines were examined with the method of methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT). The effects of these immunosuppressants on tumor growth and metastasis were explored in a nude mice model with human transitional cell carcinoma of bladder cell line EJ. Forty-two nude mice were divided into 7 groups to receive normal saline (control), SRL, CsA, MMF, SRL + CsA, SRL + MMF and CsA + MMF respectively (n = 6 each). RESULTS: The in vitro cell proliferation was inhibited by SRL and MMF versus the control groups. But no obvious inhibition of proliferation was observed at < 1000 ng/ml in the CsA-treated group. In the in vivo nude mice mode, the tumor volume of SRL, CsA group were lower than that in control group ((441 ± 231), (463 ± 110) vs (1032 ± 382) mm(3), both P < 0.05). In the in vivo nude mice mode of EJ treated by SRL, CsA, SRL + CsA, SRL + MMF and CsA + MMF, tumor volume at Day 23 was the lowest in the SRL + CsA group ((191 ± 92) vs (1032 ± 382) mm(3), P < 0.05). There was an inhibition of 75.26% in SRL + CsA group versus the control groups. CONCLUSIONS: SRL and MMF demonstrate dose-dependent antiproliferative effects in human transitional cell carcinoma of bladder cell both in vitro and in vivo. CsA can inhibit the growth of human transitional cell carcinoma of bladder cell lines EJ cells in vivo.	bladder
[Evaluation of novel gene UCA1 as a tumor biomarker for the detection of bladder cancer].	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical utility of novel gene urothelial carcinoma antigen 1 (UCA1) as a urinary tumor marker for the diagnosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma. METHODS: A cohort of 180 cases of bladder cancer (including 94 cases in previous study), 144 cases of non-bladder-cancer individuals as control group (including 85 cases in previous study) from 2005 to 2009 were recruited. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) of urinary sediments was performed to detect the expression of UCA1. RNasin was added to the urinary sediments collected after 2007 from 86 cases of bladder cancer and 59 cases in control group to improve the quantity and quality of RNA isolation. The parameters of sensitivity, specificity, area under curve (AUC) of ROC and its 95%CI were calculated.χ(2) test was used to compare the sensitivity of UCA1 with NMP22 and cytology in 116 cases of bladder cancer with the parallel data of UCA1 and NMP22 and in 108 cases with the parallel data of UCA1 and cytology. RESULTS: 95.4% of RNA was isolated successfully from urinary sediments after the addition of RNasin UCA1 was highly specific (92.4%, 133/144) and quite sensitive (84.4%, 152/180) in the diagnosis of bladder cancer with a favorable AUC-ROC of 0.898 (95%CI: 0.851 - 0.945). It was especially valuable for superficial G(2)-G(3) patients (sensitivity: 86.4%, 92.3%) at a high risk for muscular invasion. CONCLUSION: With a high level of sensitivity and specificity, UCA1 is a promising urinary marker for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.	bladder
Fluorescence in situ hybridization assay detects upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients with asymptomatic hematuria and negative urine cytology.	We evaluated the performance of a multiprobe FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) assay for noninvasive detection of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (UUT-TCC) in patients with asymptomatic hematuria and negative urine cytology. Voided urine samples from 285 patients with asymptomatic hematuria and negative urine cytology were prospectively analyzed by FISH technique. FISH assays were performed to detect chromosomal changes frequently associated with TCC, including aneuploidy of chromosomes 3, 7 and 17, and loss of the 9p21 locus. Eleven (3.9%) had a positive FISH result. Of the 11 patients, nine (81.8%) were found to have a TCC of the upper urinary tract, while no patients with negative FISH findings were found to have UUT-TCC. In this selected cohort, the sensitivity and specificity of FISH for the detection of UUT-TCC was 100% and 99.3%, respectively. Our preliminary data suggest that the clinical utility of FISH assay of chromosomes 3, 7, 9, and 17 as a noninvasive ancillary test for the diagnosis of UUT-TCC in a selected patient population with asymptomatic hematuria and negative urine cytology and by significant high sensitivity and specificity may be a reliable diagnostic approach for early detection of UUT-TCC patients. Further larger prospective and multicenter trials are needed to confirm our results.	bladder
Immediate radical cystectomy vs conservative management for high grade cT1 bladder cancer: is there a survival difference?	OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a survival difference exists between patients with high grade (HG) cT1 urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) receiving immediate radical cystectomy (IRC) as opposed to those choosing bladder-sparing therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1990 and August 2010, 349 patients were retrospectively identified with a diagnosis of HG cT1 UCC of the bladder. Patients were divided into two groups: those who underwent IRC and those treated with conservative management (CM), consisting of transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) and intravesical therapy. IRC was defined as surgery within 90 days of HG cT1 diagnosis with no intervening transurethral resection (TUR) or intravesical therapy (IVT). Trends in patient selection and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were analyzed over consecutive decades. The primary outcome was to compare CSS among patients during consecutive decades whereby management paradigms shifted from IRC to CM. The secondary outcome was to examine whether patient selection changed over time for each respective intervention. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen patients underwent IRC and 236 had CM. From 1990 to 1999, only 90 patients were diagnosed with HG cT1 disease, and a majority of patients (n= 54) underwent IRC. From 2000 to 2010, only 23% (59/259) of the patients with HG cT1 underwent IRC. Despite 42.3% more patients successfully maintaining their bladder in the long-term, no difference in 5 year bladder CSS was noted between decades (77% vs 80% consecutively, P= 0.566). A subset analysis of risk factors for bladder cancer progression/recurrence demonstrated more patients with lymphovascular invasion (LVI) on TUR underwent IRC in the current era (13/59 (22.0%) vs 13/200 (6.5%), P < 0.001). These findings remain to be validated in prospective work at other institutions. CONCLUSION: Conservative management strategies are a viable treatment option within a well selected subset of patients with HG cT1 UCC.	bladder
Comparative analysis of outcomes and costs following open radical cystectomy versus robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy: results from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample.	BACKGROUND: Although robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RARC) was first reported in 2003 and has gained popularity, comparisons with open radical cystectomy (ORC) are limited to reports from high-volume referral centers. OBJECTIVE: To compare population-based perioperative outcomes and costs of ORC and RARC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective observational cohort study using the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample to characterize 2009 RARC compared with ORC use and outcomes. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Propensity score methods were used to compare inpatient morbidity and mortality, lengths of stay, and costs. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: We identified 1444 ORCs and 224 RARCs. Women were less likely to undergo RARC than ORC (9.8% compared with 15.5%, p = 0.048), and 95.7% of RARCs and 73.9% of ORCs were performed at teaching hospitals (p<0.001). In adjusted analyses, subjects undergoing RARC compared with ORC experienced fewer inpatient complications (49.1% and 63.8%, p = 0.035) and fewer deaths (0% and 2.5%, p<0.001). RARC compared with ORC was associated with lower parenteral nutrition use (6.4% and 13.3%, p = 0.046); however, there was no difference in length of stay. RARC compared with ORC was $3797 more costly (p = 0.023). Limitations include retrospective design, absence of tumor characteristics, and lack of outcomes beyond hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: RARC is associated with lower parenteral nutrition use and fewer inpatient complications and deaths. However, lengths of stay are similar, and the robotic approach is significantly more costly.	bladder
Productive infection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 in the placenta of pregnant cows affected with urinary bladder tumors.	Papillomaviruses (PVs) are believed to be highly epitheliotropic as they usually establish productive infections within stratified epithelia. In vitro, various PVs appear to complete their entire life-cycle in different trophoblastic cell lines. In this study, infection by and protein expression of bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) in the uterine and chorionic epithelium of the placenta has been described in four cows suffering from naturally occurring papillomavirus-associated urothelial bladder tumors. E5 oncoprotein was detected both by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemically. It appears to be complexed and perfectly co-localized with the activated platelet-derived growth factor ß receptor (PDGFßR) by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The activated PDGFßR might be involved in organogenesis and neo-angiogenesis rather than in cell transformation during pregnancy. The major capsid protein, L1, believed to be only expressed in productive papillomavirus infection has been detected by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical investigations confirmed the presence of L1 protein both in the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells of the uterine and chorionic epithelium. Trophoblastic cells appear to be the major target for L1 protein expression. Finally, the early protein E2, required for viral DNA replication and known to be expressed during a productive infection, has been detected by Western blot and immunohistochemically. Electron microscopic investigations detected viral particles in nuclei of uterine and chorionic epithelium. This study shows that both active and productive infections by BPV-2 in the placenta of pregnant cows can occur in vivo.	bladder
The prognostic significance of nuclear CSE1L in urinary bladder urothelial carcinomas.	Prognosis of urinary bladder urothelial carcinomas may be challenging; many tumors with similar histopathologic features show significantly different clinical outcomes. CSE1L, the chromosome segregation 1-like protein, is both a cytoplasmic and nuclear protein. We investigated the cytoplasmic/nuclear expression pattern of CSE1L to determine its potential prognostic significance. In immunohistochemical analysis, nonneoplastic urothelium showed faint CSE1L staining, whereas all tumors in the bladder cancer specimens had significant staining for CSE1L (100%, or 38/38). CSE1L cytoplasmic/nuclear staining was defined based on relative staining intensity. A total of 20 (52.6%) of 38 cancer specimens had strong nuclear CSE1L staining, and 44.7.3% (17/38) of the samples had strong cytoplasmic CSE1L staining. Bladder urothelial carcinomas with high CSE1L nuclear staining had a significantly lower overall survival rate (log-rank test, P = .011). CSE1L expression was not correlated with tumor stage, likely reflecting the faultiness of current urothelial carcinoma evaluation methods. Our results suggest that nuclear CSE1L may play an oncogenic role in bladder tumor progression and that immunohistochemical staining of nuclear CSE1L may be useful for the prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinomas.	bladder
Phase II study of everolimus in patients with locally advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract: clinical activity, molecular response, and biomarkers.	BACKGROUND: This phase II study assessed the safety and efficacy of everolimus, an oral mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor in advanced transitional carcinoma cell (TCC) after failure of platinum-based therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with advanced TCC received everolimus 10 mg/day until progressive disease (PD) or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was the disease control rate (DCR), defined as either stable disease (SD), partial response (PR), or complete response at 8 weeks. Angiogenesis-related proteins were detected in plasma and changes during everolimus treatment were analyzed. PTEN expression and PIK3CA mutations were correlated to disease control. RESULTS: Two confirmed PR and eight SD were observed, resulting in a DCR of 27% at 8 weeks. Everolimus was well tolerated. Compared with patients with noncontrolled disease, we observed in patients with controlled disease a significant higher baseline level of angiopoietin-1 and a significant early plasma decrease in angiopoietin-1, endoglin, and platelet-derived growth factor-AB. PTEN loss was observed only in patients with PD. CONCLUSIONS: Everolimus showed clinical activity in advanced TCC. The profile of the plasma angiogenesis-related proteins suggested a role of the everolimus antiangiogenic properties in disease control. PTEN loss might be associated with everolimus resistance.	bladder
Preliminary short-term outcomes of a modified double-T ileal continent cutaneous urinary diversion using Yang-Monti tube implantation through serosa-lined extramural tunnel: the PGIMER pouch.	"OBJECTIVE: To present our simplified technical modification of double-T continent cutaneous diversion (CCD) using Yang-Monti tubes. METHODS: During 2008-2011, 8 adult patients underwent CCD; 4 had classical exstrophy, 2 bladder cancer, 1 recurrent vaginal cancer post-radiotherapy, and 1 prostate cancer with post-simple retropubic prostatectomy urethral stricture with incontinence. For reconstruction, a 45- to 50-cm segment of terminal ileum sparing 25 cm of terminal ileum was harvested. Its distal 3- to 6-cm and proximal 3-cm segments were separated on vascular pedicle and fashioned into Yang-Monti tubes (1 proximally and 1 or 2 distally). The middle 40- to 45-cm detubularized segment was fashioned into a ""W"" shape, and serosal aspects of adjacent loops were sutured together close to the mesentery. The tubes were implanted into the W pouch via extramural serosa-lined tunnel (Abol-Enein and Ghoneim). The pouch was closed transversely over an 18-Fr pouchostomy and 16-Fr stomal catheter. The ureters were implanted into the proximal tube using the Wallace principle, over 6- to 8-Fr infant feeding tubes exteriorized through the pouch. The distal end of the distal tube was made into a flush stoma. RESULTS: In the early postoperative period, intestinal obstruction (2 cases), ureteroileal anastomotic leakage (3 cases) and vesico-ileocutaneous fistula (1 case) were encountered. No ureteroileal anastomotic obstruction or catherization-related difficulty was observed until the last follow-up (2 months to 3 years). Of 15 anastomoses, 14 were nonrefluxing. CONCLUSION: Ileal double-T CCD using the Yang-Monti principle is technically feasible and relatively simple, particularly in nonirradiated ileum. However, early complications indicate a learning curve, and long-term follow-up and larger data are needed."	bladder
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma: current treatment and outcomes.	The reference standard treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma is open radical nephroureterectomy. Many centers have advocated less-invasive treatment modalities. We reviewed contemporary treatments of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and their outcomes. A MEDLINE search was conducted for all relevant published data during the past 15 years. Endoscopic management is feasible for low-grade disease with strict surveillance protocols. Radical nephroureterectomy remains the reference standard for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. The intermediate-term oncologic outcomes are similar between the laparoscopic and open approaches. Controversies still exist regarding the optimal management of the distal ureter, the utility of topical therapy, and the role of lymphadenectomy.	bladder
Tumours of the bladder: what does the urologist expect from imaging?	Cancer of the bladder is the seventh most common of all cancers observed in France, and is the second urological cancer after prostate cancer. It is mainly related to nicotine addiction. When doing the initial tests, ultrasound examination of the bladder can enable the clinician to diagnose a polypoid tumour and thus avoid his having to organise diagnostic fibroscopy. When the bladder tumour infiltrates the detrusor muscle, the situation becomes life-threatening for the patient and radical treatment is envisaged. Uro-CT is the standard examination to characterise the lesion and describe its relationship with neighbouring organs. It is essential, and must be performed before endoscopic resection of the tumour, to be correctly interpreted. It is imperative for imaging to look for a synchronous lesion in the upper urinary tract (ureters, renal pelvis), because the presence of such a lesion changes the prognosis of the disease and the sequence of therapy, which is decided by the urologist in a multidisciplinary consultation.	bladder
Tumour pathology of the bladder: the role of MRI.	Bladder cancer occurs frequently and is serious. Although ultrasound and CT examination are essential, magnetic resonance imaging is more effective for staging large tumours and in atypical cases, in particular submucosal lesions. CT and MRI are equally effective in examining the lymph nodes. The examination technique is simple. The prospects for using MRI, in particular with diffusion imaging, are being evaluated.	bladder
Added value of use of a purified protein derivative-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay for patients with Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection after intravesical BCG instillations.	In this case series, we describe four cases in which the use of gamma interferon release assays with purified protein derivative (PPD) as a stimulating antigen was able to demonstrate PPD-specific immune activation. This may help to improve the adequate diagnosis of (systemic) Mycobacterium bovis BCG infections after intravesical BCG instillations for bladder carcinoma.	bladder
Pioglitazone and risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients in France: a population-based cohort study.	AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Previous studies have suggested an increased risk of bladder cancer with pioglitazone exposure. We aimed to investigate the association between pioglitazone exposure and bladder cancer in France. METHODS: This cohort study involved use of data from the French national health insurance information system (Système National d'Information Inter-régimes de l'Assurance Maladie; SNIIRAM) linked with the French hospital discharge database (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information; PMSI). The cohort included patients aged 40 to 79 years who filled a prescription for a glucose-lowering drug in 2006. The cohort was followed for up to 42 months. Pioglitazone exposure was modelled as a time-dependent variable and defined by having filled at least two prescriptions over a 6-month period. Incident cases of bladder cancer were identified by a discharge diagnosis of bladder cancer combined with specific aggressive treatment. Statistical analyses involved a multivariate Cox model adjusted for age, sex and exposure to other glucose-lowering drugs. RESULTS: The cohort included 1,491,060 diabetic patients, 155,535 of whom were exposed to pioglitazone. We found 175 cases of bladder cancer among exposed patients and 1,841 among non-exposed patients. Incidence rates were 49.4 and 42.8 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. Pioglitazone exposure was significantly associated with bladder cancer incidence (adjusted HR 1.22 [95% CI 1.05, 1.43]). We observed a dose-effect relationship, with a significantly increased risk for high cumulative doses (≥ 28,000 mg, adjusted HR 1.75 [95% CI 1.22, 2.50]) and long duration of exposure (≥ 24 months, adjusted HR 1.36 [1.04, 1.79]). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In this cohort of diabetic patients from France, pioglitazone exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of bladder cancer.	bladder
Emerging critical role of molecular testing in diagnostic genitourinary pathology.	CONTEXT: The unprecedented advances in cancer genetics and genomics are rapidly affecting clinical management and diagnostics in solid tumor oncology. Molecular diagnostics is now an integral part of routine clinical management in patients with lung, colon, and breast cancer. In sharp contrast, molecular biomarkers have been largely excluded from current management algorithms of urologic malignancies. OBJECTIVE: To discuss promising candidate biomarkers that may soon make their transition to the realm of clinical management of genitourologic malignancies. The need for new treatment alternatives that can improve upon the modest outcome so far in patients with several types of urologic cancer is evident. Well-validated prognostic molecular biomarkers that can help clinicians identify patients in need of early aggressive management are lacking. Identifying robust predictive biomarkers that will stratify response to emerging targeted therapeutics is another crucially needed development. A compiled review of salient studies addressing the topic could be helpful in focusing future efforts. DATA SOURCES: A PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) search for published studies with the following search terms was conducted: molecular , prognostic , targeted therapy , genomics , theranostics and urinary bladder cancer , prostate adenocarcinoma , and renal cell carcinoma . Articles with large cohorts and multivariate analyses were given preference. CONCLUSIONS: Our recent understanding of the complex molecular alterations involved in the development and progression of urologic malignancies is yielding novel diagnostic and prognostic molecular tools and opening the doors for experimental targeted therapies for these prevalent, frequently lethal solid tumors.	bladder