crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
HYAL3 as a potential novel marker of BLCA patient prognosis.	BACKGROUND: It has been previously demonstrated that hyaluronan (HA) potentially regulates the initiation and propagation of bladder cancer (BLCA). HYAL3 encodes hyaluronidase and is a potential therapeutic target for BLCA. We aimed to explore the role that HYAL3 plays in BLCA pathogenesis. METHODS: HYAL3 expression in BLCA specimens was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohort as well as confirmed in cell lines and The Human Protein Atlas. Then, associations between HYAL3 expression and clinicopathological data were analyzed using survival curves and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The functions of HYAL3 were further dissected using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and the protein-protein interaction network. Finally, we harnessed the Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis to obtain correlations between HYAL3 expression, infiltrating immunocytes, and the corresponding immune marker sets. RESULTS: HYAL3 expression varied greatly between many types of cancers. In addition, a higher HYAL3 expression level predicted a poor overall survival (OS) in both TCGA-BLCA and GEO gene chips (P < 0.05). HYAL3 also exhibited an acceptable diagnostic ability for the pathological stage of BLCA (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve = 0.769). Furthermore, HYAL3 acted as an independent prognostic factor in BLCA patients and correlated with the infiltration of various types of immunocytes, including B cells, CD8(+) T cells, cytotoxic cells, T follicular helper cells, and T helper (Th) 2 cells. CONCLUSION: HYAL3 might serve as a potential biomarker for predicting poor OS in BLCA patients and correlated with immunocyte infiltration in BLCA.	bladder
Peritoneal tuberculosis caused by intravesical instillation with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) following nephroureterectomy in a patient with bladder and upper tract urothelial cancer: a case report.	BACKGROUND: The standard treatment for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is trans-urethral resection of the bladder (TURB) followed by instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). The occurrence of peritoneal tuberculosis after intravesical BCG instillation is extremely rare and difficult to diagnose. METHODS: We report the case of a 79-year-old man with urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the kidney and bladder who developed peritoneal tuberculosis after consecutive TURB and nephroureterectomy followed by intravesical BCG instillation. Further investigation revealed an undiagnosed bladder leak. CONCLUSION: This case serves as a reminder for urologists to be suspicious for urothelium discontinuity when administering BCG shortly after bladder surgery.	bladder
What's new in WHO fifth edition - urinary tract.	The fifth edition of the WHO Blue Book on urological tumours, specifically in the bladder chapter, represents a refinement and update in the classification of bladder tumours building on the aggregate major changes made in previous editions. Progress in the molecular underpinnings of urothelial tumours, particularly with promising stratifiers for more precision-based treatment approaches, have been made. Special attention has been paid to burning questions in bladder pathology, such as grading, heterogeneous lesions, inverted tumours and substaging. The concept of neuroendocrine tumours will be explained precisely.	bladder
Induction of apoptosis through inactivation of ROS-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by platycodin D in human bladder urothelial carcinoma cells.	Platycodin D (PD) is a triterpenoid saponin, a major bioactive constituent of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, which is well known for possessing various pharmacological properties. However, the anti-cancer mechanism of PD in bladder cancer cells remains poorly understood. In the current study, we investigated the effect of PD on the growth of human bladder urothelial carcinoma cells. PD treatment significantly reduced the cell survival of bladder cancer cells associated with induction of apoptosis and DNA damage. PD inhibited the expression of inhibitor of apoptosis family members, activated caspases, and induced cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. PD also increased the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm by disrupting the mitochondrial membrane potential while upregulating the expression ratio of Bax to Bcl-2. The PD-mediated anti-proliferative effect was significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with a pancaspase inhibitor, but not by an inhibitor of necroptosis. Moreover, PD suppressed the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and the apoptosis-inducing effect of PD was further enhanced by a PI3K inhibitor. In addition, PD increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an ROS inhibitor, significantly attenuated the growth inhibition and inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling caused by PD. Furthermore, NAC significantly suppressed apoptosis, DNA damage, and decreased cell viability induced by PD treatment. Collectively, our findings indicated that PD blocked the growth of bladder urothelial carcinoma cells by inducing ROS-mediated inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.	bladder
[Organoids as a milestone on the way to personalized treatment of urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review].	BACKGROUND: The treatment options for locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) are currently limited to established chemotherapy and immunotherapy protocols. Targeted treatment is so far restricted to a small subgroup of patients. Urothelial organoid systems could make a decisive contribution in establishing effective personalized treatment options by enabling drug response prediction through testing the sensitivity of individual patients. The aim of this article is to describe the state of the science of clinically applicable organoid systems for UC. METHODOLOGY: A systematic literature search was conducted in several medical databases (Medline, Cochrane Library) and study registers (ClinicalTrials.gov, the EU Clinical Trials Register and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry). The search terms and the search strategy were adapted to the databases used. RESULTS: Overall, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria on the topic of UC organoids. These studies describe the fundamental workflow in establishing organoid systems in patients with tumors of the urinary bladder or the renal pelvis. The success rates in generating organoids from non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer were 70-77% and for muscle-invasive bladder cancer 42%. For patient organoids systematic drug testing was carried out. CONCLUSION: The generation of UC organoids is feasible and the ex vivo testing of individual treatment forms is possible. Due to the lack of a standardized methodology, their implementation remains experimental at the moment. The methodology has a high potential to provide a personalized treatment concept to patients with urothelial cancer.	bladder
[Quality assurance for the treatment of muscle-invasive and metastasized bladder carcinoma in Germany : An initiative of the Working Groups Urological Oncology (AUO) and Internal Oncology (AIO) in the German Cancer Society (DKG)].	"BACKGROUND: The S3-guideline on bladder cancer recommends radical cystectomy and cisplatin-based perioperative chemotherapy (POC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Recommendation for metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) is cisplatin-based or immuno-oncological (IO) treatment in platinum-ineligible patients (pts) or as 2nd-line therapy. OBJECTIVES: Aim of the study was to obtain representative data on clinical routine treatment of MIBC and mUC in Germany. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nationwide survey was performed to obtain data on stage-related patient volume in hospitals and office-based physicians. Based on these results, a representative sample of treatment data was collected retrospectively from pts with MIBC and mUC. RESULTS: Data from 956 pts (MIBC 576; mUC: 380) were collected. Of the MIBC pts, 49.8% received a systemic therapy (80.4% of them received cisplatin/gemcitabine) and 50.2% were treated with a cystectomy without POC. Significant factors for cystectomy without POC were higher age > 75 years (odds ratio [OR] 4.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.01-8.11, p < 0.001) and platinum-ineligible pts (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.30-3.59; p = 0.003). Treatment decision without interdisciplinary tumor board was also correlated with no POC (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.65-3.61, p < 0.001). In mUC platinum-pretreated pts generally receive IO therapy (OR 12.07, 95% CI 6.94-21.82, p < 0.001). Other significant factors are positive PD-L1 status (OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.30-5.71, p < 0.001), higher age > 75 years (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.43-5.73, p = 0.003) and platinum-ineligible pts (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.30-5.71, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The ""gold standard"" cisplatin/gemcitabine is established in Germany if pts are treated with POC. Nonetheless half of the MIBC pts did not receive a POC, especially if the treatment decision is not discussed in a tumor board. In mUC IO therapy is established as 2nd-line therapy after a platinum-based treatment. Although the guideline recommendations are largely implemented, there is potential for optimization, especially in the establishment of interdisciplinary tumor boards."	bladder
Expression and prognostic value of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) in bladder urothelial carcinoma.	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression intensity of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) in bladder urothelial carcinoma and its predictive value for the recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder tumor. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made of 194 specimens who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors in our hospital from January 2014 to January 2016 and completed follow-up. The expression intensity of CA-IX and the clinical data of the patients were analyzed, and the subjects were divided into positive group and negative group according to the expression intensity of CA-IX. The age, gender, T stage, degree of differentiation, tumor number, tumor diameter, recurrence of each group was analyzed. Logistic univariate and multivariate analysis was used successively to find independent influencing factors for predicting the recurrence of bladder urothelial carcinoma after resection. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was drawn according to the relationship between CA-IX expression intensity and postoperative recurrence. RESULTS: The positive expression rates of CA-IX in bladder urothelial carcinomas were 68.1% (132/194). The positive expression of CA-IX had no statistical significance with age, gender and tumor diameter (P > 0.05), while the positive expression of CA-IX had statistical significance with tumor T stage, tumor differentiation, tumor number and recurrence (P < 0.05); Logistic regression analysis showed that clinical T stage, tumor differentiation, tumor number, and CA-IX expression intensities were independent risk factors for predicting recurrence of bladder urothelial carcinoma after resection (P < 0.05); There were 59 cases of recurrence in the positive expression of CA-IX group, with a recurrence rate of 44.69% (59/132), and 17 cases of recurrence in the negative expression group, with a recurrence rate of 27.41% (17/62). The mean recurrence time of CA-IX positive group was 29.93 ± 9.86 (months), and the mean recurrence time of CA-IX negative group was 34.02 ± 12.44 (months). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the recurrence rate and recurrence time of patients with positive expression of CA-IX in bladder urothelial carcinomas were significantly higher than those of patients with negative expression of CA-IX. CONCLUSION: CA-IX is highly expressed in bladder urothelial carcinoma, is a good tumor marker, and can be used as a good indicator for predicting the recurrence of bladder urothelial carcinoma after transurethral resection of bladder tumor.	bladder
Genomic landscape of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation compared to pure urothelial carcinoma.	BACKGROUND: Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (UCS) is the most common variant differentiation of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Although treatment is usually similar to pure UC, there is paucity of data regarding its genomic landscape and putative molecular drivers. In this study, we compared the mutational profile of tumors with UCS and UC histology. METHODS: In this IRB-approved retrospective study, patients with advanced UCS and UC undergoing tumor based comprehensive genomic profiling from a CLIA-certified laboratory were included. An independent genitourinary pathologist reviewed all cases. Patients were determined to have UCS based on presence of any component of squamous differentiation. Patients with UC having any other secondary histology variant were excluded. Genes with alterations (GA) in less than 5% of patients and variants of unknown significance were excluded from the analysis. Chi-square test was used to compare gene aberration frequency and the p-values were adjusted for false using Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) correction. RESULTS: Among the 87 eligible patients with UCS (n=31) and UC (n=56), patients with UCS were more likely to be female (32.3% vs. 14.3%, p=0.047) with no significant differences in other clinicopathological features. Most common genomic alterations seen in UCS were TP53 (67.7%), KMT2D (48.4%) and ARID1A (32.3%). KMT2D mutations were significantly enriched in UCS (48.4% vs. 0%, FDR adj p <0.001, p = <0.001) compared to UC. Prevalence of CUL4A mutations was numerically higher in UCS vs. UC (12.9% vs. 1.8%, FDR adj p = 0.43, p = 0.03). Tumor mutation burden and the number of genomic aberrations per patient were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight significant enrichment of KMT2D mutations in UCS and potential role of chromatin remodeling genes as drivers and potential therapeutic targets.	bladder
Radical cystectomy and women's sexual health - can we do better?	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Female sexual function after radical cystectomy is a crucial, but historically overlooked component of bladder cancer survivorship. This review focuses on recent studies, which have investigated pelvic health and sexual function after radical cystectomy. We discuss modifiable factors, which may contribute to decreased sexual function after radical cystectomy and techniques, which may lead to improved outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: Sexual function is important to women and there is a significant desire (and unmet need) for more perioperative counseling and discussion regarding sexual function changes and quality of life impacts. Sexual function may be altered due to a combination of hormonal changes from ovarian removal, anatomic changes from vaginal alteration, and sensation changes due to damage to the neurovascular bundle. Techniques to preserve these structures have been developed. SUMMARY: Sexual function is an important component of survivorship and increasing attention is being focused on this area. Long term studies with objective measures are needed for to compare various techniques and ensure oncologic safety. Ovarian preservation, anterior vaginal wall preservation, and vaginal estrogen replacement should be carefully considered for most patients.	bladder
Estimating National Exposures and Potential Bladder Cancer Cases Associated with Chlorination DBPs in U.S. Drinking Water.	BACKGROUND: Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in public water systems (PWS) are an unintended consequence resulting from reactions between mostly chlorine-based disinfectants and organic and inorganic compounds in source waters. Epidemiology studies have shown that exposure to DBP (specifically trihalomethanes) was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to characterize the relative differences in exposures and estimated potential bladder cancer risks for people served by different strata of PWS in the United States and to evaluate uncertainties associated with these estimates. METHODS: We stratified PWS by source water type (surface vs. groundwater) and population served (large, medium, and small) and calculated population-weighted mean trihalomethane-4 (THM4) concentrations for each stratum. For each stratum, we calculated a population attributable risk (PAR) for bladder cancer using odds ratios derived from published pooled epidemiology estimates as a function of the mean THM4 concentration and the fraction of the total U.S. population served by each stratum of systems. We then applied the stratum-specific PARs to the total annual number of new bladder cancer cases in the U.S. population to estimate bladder cancer incidence in each stratum. RESULTS: Our results show that approximately 8,000 of the 79,000 annual bladder cancer cases in the United States were potentially attributable to DBPs in drinking water systems. The estimated attributable cases vary based on source water type and system size. Approximately 74% of the estimated attributable cases were from surface water systems serving populations of  > 10,000 people. We also identified several uncertainties that may affect the results from this study, primarily related to the use of THM4 as a surrogate measure for DBPs relevant to bladder cancer. DISCUSSION: Despite significant reductions in exposure over the past several decades, our study suggests that  ∼ 10% of the bladder cancer cases in the United States may still be attributed to exposure to DBPs found in drinking water systems. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9985.	bladder
Rosa hybrida Petal Extract Exhibits Antitumor Effects by Abrogating Tumor Progression and Angiogenesis in Bladder Cancer Both In Vivo and In Vitro.	The edible Rosa hybrida (RH) petal is utilized in functional foods and cosmetics. Although the biological function of RH petal extract is known, mechanism of action studies involving tumor-associated angiogenesis have not yet been reported. Herein, we investigated the regulatory effect of the ethanol extract of RH petal (EERH) on tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis against bladder cancer. EERH treatment inhibited the bladder carcinoma T24 cell and 5637 cell proliferation because of G(1)-phase cell cycle arrest by inducing p21WAF1 expression and reducing cyclins/CDKs level. EERH regulated signaling pathways differently in both cells. EERH-stimulated suppression of T24 and 5637 cell migration and invasion was associated with the decline in transcription factor-mediated MMP-9 expression. EERH oral administration to xenograft mice reduced tumor growth. Furthermore, no obvious toxicity was observed in acute toxicity test. Decreased CD31 levels in EERH-treated tumor tissues led to examine the angiogenic response. EERH alleviated VEGF-stimulated tube formation and proliferation by downregulating the VEGFR2/eNOS/AKT/ERK1/2 cascade in HUVECs. EERH impeded migration and invasion of VEGF-induced HUVECs, which is attributed to the repressed MMP-2 expression. Suppression of neo-microvessel sprouting, induced by VEGF, was verified by treatment with EERH using the ex vivo aortic ring assay. Finally, kaempferol was identified as the main active compound of EERH. The present study demonstrated that EERH may aid the development of antitumor agents against bladder cancer.	bladder
Identification of immune-related and autophagy-related genes for the prediction of survival in bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer has the characteristics of high morbidity and mortality, and the prevalence of bladder cancer has been increasing in recent years. Immune and autophagy related genes play important roles in cancer, but there are few studies on their effects on the prognosis of bladder cancer patients. METHODS: Using gene expression data from the TCGA-BLCA database, we clustered bladder cancer samples into 6 immune-related and autophagy-related molecular subtypes with different prognostic outcomes based on 2208 immune-related and autophagy-related genes. Six subtypes were divided into two groups which had significantly different prognosis. Differential expression analysis was used to explore genes closely related to the progression of bladder cancer. Then we used Cox stepwise regression to define a combination of gene expression levels and immune infiltration indexes to construct the risk model. Finally, we built a Nomogram which consist of risk score and several other prognosis-related clinical indicators. RESULTS: The risk model suggested that high expression of C5AR2, CSF3R, FBXW10, FCAR, GHR, OLR1, PGLYRP3, RASGRP4, S100A12 was associated with poor prognosis, while high expression level of CD96, IL10, MEFV pointed to a better prognosis. Validation by internal and external dataset suggested that our risk model had a high ability to discriminate between the outcomes of patients with bladder cancer. The immunohistochemical results basically confirmed our results. The C-Index value and Calibration curves verified the robustness of Nomogram. CONCLUSIONS: Our study constructed a model that included a risk score for patients with bladder cancer, which provided a lot of helps to predict the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer.	bladder
[Rectal metastasis of a resected urothelial bladder cancer].	We present the case of a female patient with a history of high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with secondary lymph node and bone involvement, who presented with hematochezia, tenesmus and rectal pain one year after her oncological surgery. The abdomen and pelvis magnetic resonance image showed a 5 cm solid rectal lesion that stenosed the lumen and crossed the peritoneum, 6 cm away from the anal margin. The histology of this lesion reported an urothelial metastasis at the level of the lower rectum according to the patient's history. This case identifies an atypical evolution of urothelial carcinomas (UC), highlighting an unusual route of distant metastasis. UC can, on rare occasions, metastasize to the rectum, usually in advanced or recurrent cases of the disease. As the literature available on this topic is scarce, it is crucial to highlight the importance of maintaining high suspicion in patients with a history of urothelial carcinoma and urinary/rectal symptoms (rectal pain and urgency, suprapubic pain, urinary and fecal incontinence).	bladder