crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Distribution and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in tumor tissue.	BACKGROUND: Tumor has an ability to become enriched in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and of guiding MSCs to migrate to tumor tissue. But there are lack of relevant reports on the distribution and differentiation of MSCs in tumor tissue and the effect on tumor growth after MSCs engrafted in tumor tissue. In this study, we observed the distribution of bone marrow MSCs in tumor tissue and the possibility of MSCs differentiating into myofibroblast under the induction of local tumor microenvironment. METHODS: Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits were randomly classified into the control group and the test group. MSCs were isolated and cultured for each animal. vx-2 tumor tissue was transplanted under the bladder mucosa of each animal. One week after the transplantation, the self F2 passage MSCs marked by 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole were transplanted into tumor tissue in the test group while only Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-low glucose was infused into the control group. Ultrasonography was performed for each animal 1, 2, 3 and 4 week (s) after the vx-2 tumor mass was transplanted. The maximum bladder tumor diameter of each animal was recorded and the mean value of each group was calculated. One animal from each group was sacrificed in the third week and the remaining animals in the fourth week to observe the tumor development. Another animal treated the same as the test group was sacrificed to observe the distribution of MSCs in tumor tissue one week after self MSCs transplantation. Immunofluorescence was used to trace MSCs in tumor tissue. The double labeling immunofluorescence for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and vimentin was performed to identify whether the MSCs can differentiate into myofibroblast. RESULTS: The ultrasonography showed no tumor mass one week after the vx-2 tumor mass transplantation. The mean maximum tumor diameter of the control group and test group was (0.70 +/- 0.14) cm and (0.78 +/- 0.14) cm, respectively, and there was no significant difference (t = 1.308, P = 0.204). The tumor growth rate of the test group increased gradually in the third and fourth weeks, and the difference of the mean maximum tumor diameter between the two groups also increased gradually and was statistically significant (P < 0.05). MSCs distributed uniformly in tumor tissue one week after transplantation while most were distributed in the tumor stroma three weeks after transplantation. The double labeling immunofluorescence showed that the expression of alpha-SMA as well as Vimentin increased significantly three weeks after mesenchymal stem cells engrafted into tumor, indicating that MSCs had differentiated into myofibroblasts under the induction of the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION: MSCs can accelerate the tumor development and can differentiate into myofibroblast under the induction of tumor microenvironment.	bladder
Arsenic methylation capability, myeloperoxidase and sulfotransferase genetic polymorphisms, and the stage and grade of urothelial carcinoma.	Arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. To explore the distribution of the arsenic methylation capability and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 genotypes in patients at different stages and grades of urothelial carcinoma (UC), 112 UC cases were recruited between September 2002 and May 2004 for this study. Urinary arsenic species, including inorganic arsenic (As(III) + As(V)), monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid, were determined with a high-performance liquid chromatography-linked hydride generator and atomic absorption spectrometry. The MPO and SULT1A1 genotypes were examined with polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Differential effects of the arsenic methylation capability were found among patients with different stages of UC; however, urinary arsenic concentrations were borderline significantly increased with the progress of UC patients regardless of whether or not they had been exposed to arsenic from drinking water. The MPO and SULT genetic polymorphisms might modify the arsenic methylation profile and UC progression, and thus are worthy of further investigation.	bladder
Cutaneous metastasis from large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder expressing CK20 and TTF-1.	Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the urinary bladder is very rare. Immunohistochemical and biochemical examinations have shown that neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) have features of neuroendocrine and epithelial differentiation. We describe the first case of cutaneous metastasis from LCNEC of the urinary bladder. The patient had been treated with partial cystectomy and chemotherapy for LCNEC of the urinary bladder, but a year later, he visited our clinic with a reddish mass on his scalp that was diagnosed as a cutaneous metastasis from LCNEC. The tumor cells were positive for the neuroendocrine markers, cytokeratin (CK) 20 and thyroid transcription factor-1. Most NECs, except for Merkel cell carcinomas, do not express CK20, whereas most urothelial carcinomas do express CK20. These results suggest that a histogenetic link may exist between NEC of the urinary bladder and urothelial carcinoma.	bladder
The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of superficial bladder tumors in patients presenting with hematuria.	Ultrasonography has been proposed as the initial test for detection of bladder carcinomas in patients presenting with hematuria, but the accuracy of transabdominal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of superficial bladder carcinoma has not been assessed. We prospectively evaluated 173 patients presenting to the outpatient department with painless hematuria by transabdominal ultrasound and cystoscopy. The tolerability of cystoscopy was also assessed. Of 148 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 39 with bladder carcinoma were identified by cystoscopy as having bladder carcinoma, while 34 were identified by ultrasonography. For ultrasonography, the sensitivity (87.1%), specificity (98.1%), positive predictive value (94.4%) and negative predictive value (95.4%) were good but not as good as cystoscopy. While the tolerability of cystoscopy is relatively low, it is still superior to ultrasonography in the evaluation of the bladder as a possible source of hematuria.	bladder
Bladder cancer: diagnosis with diffusion-weighted MR imaging in patients with gross hematuria.	PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the usefulness of diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for the detection of bladder neoplasms in patients with gross hematuria of lower urinary tract origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study protocol received institutional ethical committee approval, and informed consent was obtained. Between April 2007 and March 2008, 130 consecutive patients with gross hematuria whose upper urinary tract had a normal appearance at ultrasonographic examination were prospectively enrolled. Mean age was 59.4 years (range, 45-75 years). All patients were evaluated by using T2-weighted high-spatial-resolution MR imaging of the urinary bladder, followed by DW MR imaging. Two radiologists independently interpreted the T2-weighted and DW images, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Agreement was evaluated by using the kappa statistic. All patients underwent conventional cystoscopy. With cystoscopy and the final histopathologic findings as the reference standards, a comparison with imaging findings was performed by using the McNemar test. RESULTS: The consensus diagnostic performance of DW MR imaging for identification of bladder tumors was: sensitivity, 98.1% (104 of 106); specificity, 92.3% (24 of 26); PPV, 100% (104 of 104); negative predictive value, 92.3% (24 of 26); and accuracy, 97.0% (128 of 132). Two cases were falsely negative on T2-weighted MR images but were correctly diagnosed by using DW MR images. The agreement between DW MR imaging results and cystoscopic findings was excellent (kappa = 0.94) for identification of bladder neoplasm. DW MR imaging had a sensitivity and PPV of 98.5% (128 of 130) and 100% (128 of 128), respectively, for determining the cause of hematuria. CONCLUSION: DW MR imaging is a highly reliable imaging approach for identification of bladder tumors in patients with gross hematuria.	bladder
Value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and correlation with tumor angiogenesis in bladder cancer.	OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) for the noninvasive measurement of bladder cancer angiogenesis by correlation with microvessel density, histologic grade, and tumor staging, and to predict the outcome of local recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients with bladder cancer were examined using DCE-MRI. Hemodynamic parameters obtained by DCE-MRI included peak time enhancement in the first minute (E(max/1)) after contrast administration, second minute (E(max/2)), third minute (E(max/3)), fourth minute (E(max/4)), and fifth minute (E(max/5)), and the steepest slope. Microvessel density was identified by immunostaining of endothelial cells using FVIII-related antigen. The Mann-Whitney U test, multivariate discriminant analysis, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Correlation was seen between DCE-MRI parameters (E(max/1) and steepest slope) and microvessel density (p < 0.05). E(max/1) and steepest slope were found to have a statistically significant correlation with histologic grade (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). A significant difference was seen between groups of patients with and without local recurrence with regard to two of the DCE-MRI parameters (p < 0.05 for E(max/1) and E(max/2)). CONCLUSION: The contrast enhancement patterns on DCE-MRI are influenced by tumor angiogenesis, as reflected by elevated microvessel density expression. Therefore, they are valuable indicators for assessing tumor angiogenic activity and tumor neovascularization in bladder cancers.	bladder
Overexpression of EIF-5A2 predicts tumor recurrence and progression in pTa/pT1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.	The authors investigated the status of abnormalities of eIF-5A2 gene in superficial (pTa/pT1) urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC), as well as its correlation with clinicopathologic variables and patient outcome. The methods of immunohistochemistry (IHC), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were utilized to examine protein/mRNA(messenger RNA) expression and amplification of eIF-5A2 in a cohort of pTa/pT1 UCs. Overexpression of EIF-5A2 was examined by IHC in 38/112 (33.9%) pTa/pT1 UCs. A significant association of overexpression of EIF-5A2 with shortened UC patient recurrence-free survival (P = 0.002), as well as with shortened progression-free survival (P = 0.004), was demonstrated. Importantly, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that EIF-5A2 expression provided a significant independent prognostic parameter either in tumor recurrence (P = 0.002) or in tumor progression (P = 0.007). FISH results demonstrated that eIF-5A2 amplification was detected in 5/59 of the informative UCs; in each of the five cases with eIF-5A2 amplification, overexpression of EIF-5A2 was observed. In the remaining 54 UCs without eIF-5A2 amplification, 16 cases were also observed to have overexpression of EIF-5A2. In 13 pairs of UC and adjacent normal tissues, eight UCs were examined and showed up-regulated eIF-5A2 mRNA by RT-PCR, while increased expression of EIF-5A2 protein was only detected in 4/8 UCs by Western blotting. These findings suggest that overexpression of EIF-5A2, as detected by IHC, may predict tumor recurrence and progression in pTa/pT1 UC patients, and the protein expression of eIF-5A2 might be regulated not only by gene amplification, but also by other molecular mechanisms.	bladder
Molecular markers for detection, surveillance and prognostication of bladder cancer.	Many markers for the detection of bladder cancers have been tested and almost all urinary markers reported are better than cytology with regard to sensitivity, but they score lower in specificity. Currently molecular and genetic changes play an important role in the discovery of new molecular markers for detection, prognostication and surveillance. The purpose of this review is to highlight the most important urinary molecular biomarker developments that have been studied and reported recently. In the current review we have summarized the most recent and relevant published reports on molecular urinary markers. The results of this review show that the first generation of urinary markers did not add much to urinary cytology. The current generation of markers is better, but additional clinical trials are needed. Our knowledge of molecular pathways in bladder cancer is growing and new methods of marker development emerge, but the perfect marker is still to be found. Currently, there are not clinically usable molecular markers that can guide us in diagnosis or surveillance, nor guide us in lowering the frequency of urethrocystoscopy in bladder cancer.	bladder
A case of metachronous triple primary urogenital cancer: urinary bladder, prostate, and renal cancer.	BACKGROUND: Multiple primary malignant tumors are rarely seen. Tobacco is one of the factors in their etiology. We report the case of a heavy smoker with metachronous triple primary cancer occurring in the prostate, kidney and urinary bladder. CASE REPORT: A 70-year-old man with prostate cancer presented with the complaint of hematuria. Computed tomography (CT) showed increased wall thickness of the urinary bladder with an enlarged prostate. After the trans-urothelial resection operation pathological diagnosis was consistent with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. After 9 months of follow-up, the control CT showed metastatic lesions in the right and left kidneys and in the right lung. Bilateral partial nephrectomy was performed. Interestingly, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was diagnosed. Rightsided video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was also performed. The results of the histopathological examination were consistent with metastatic RCC. CONCLUSIONS: Although the patient presented with triple carcinoma, there was no familial cancer history suggesting a genetic association. The patient was a heavy smoker, and tobacco usage may be the underlying cause of the detected cancers. This is one of the rare cases in the published literature with triple primary urogenital cancer.	bladder
Human papillomavirus is detected in transitional cell carcinoma arising in renal transplant recipients.	AIMS: We investigated the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) arising in renal transplant recipients. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from 10 microm paraffin embedded sections of five TCCs arising in five renal transplant recipients using the QIAamp DNA mini kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. beta-globin PCR was performed to test DNA adequacy. Samples were tested for the presence of HPV DNA by broad spectrum HPV PCR method using non-biotinylated SPF10 primers (SPF1A, SPF1B, SPF1C, SPF1D, SPF2B, SPF2D) which amplify a short 65 bp fragment. Positive bands were identified on a 3% gel. Positive samples underwent a second HPV PCR and were amplified using biotinylated SPF10 primer set, which amplifies the same 65 bp region of the L1 open reading frame. INNO-LiPA line probe assay was then performed to genotype the samples which uses a reverse hybridisation principle. RESULTS: Four of five TCCs examined were positive for HPV. The high risk HPV16 was detected in three cases whereas in the fourth case an unclassifiable HPV genotype was present. In all DNA samples, beta-globin amplification was successful. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that HPV and in particular HPV16 may play an aetiological role in the development of TCC in renal transplant patients.	bladder
FGFR3 and TP53 mutation analysis in inverted urothelial papilloma: incidence and etiological considerations.	Urothelial papillomas and low-grade urothelial carcinomas have shown a high incidence of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations and are associated with a favorable prognosis. The association of FGFR3 mutations with inverted papillomas is less known. We analyzed 20 cases of inverted papilloma in the urinary tract. Mutations of FGFR3 (exons 7, 10, and 15) and TP53 genes were evaluated by DNA sequencing in these cases. Point mutations of the FGFR3 gene were identified in 45% (9 of 20) of inverted papillomas with four cases exhibiting mutations at multiple exons. Seven cases had exon 7 mutations containing R248C, S249T, L259L, P260P, and V266M. Two cases had exon 10 and 15 mutations including A366D, H412H, E627D, D641N, and H643D; five cases had N653H. The most frequent mutation was identified at R248C. None of the inverted papillomas exhibited mutations in TP53. During a mean follow-up of 78 months, none had recurrence or developed urothelial carcinoma. These findings support the concept that low-grade and low-stage urothelial neoplasms arise in a background of molecular changes that are distinctly different from the molecular changes of high-grade and high-stage urothelial cancers.	bladder
Expression and clinical significance of CD147 in genitourinary carcinomas.	BACKGROUND: CD147/extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) expressed by tumor cells stimulates peri-tumorous fibroblasts to produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thus contributing to tumor invasion and metastasis. To assess its suitability as a potential therapeutic target, as well as its association with the clinicopathologic features and the prognosis of patients, the expression of CD147/EMMPRIN in neoplastic tissues of the genitourinary system were analyzed. METHODS: CD147/EMMPRIN expression in 52 patients with renal carcinoma, 58 patients with bladder carcinoma, 101 patients with prostate carcinoma, 17 patients of penis carcinoma, and 17 patients of testis carcinoma were examined by immunostaining on paraffin-embedded tumor specimens using monoclonal antibodies. Then, the association of its expression with clinicopathologic characteristics to the patients' prognosis was analyzed. The RNA interference approach was used to silence CD147/EMMPRIN expression in the human prostate carcinoma cell line LNCAP and human bladder carcinoma cell line J82. The in vitro proliferative ability of CD147/EMMPRIN-deficient cells was determined by a 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assay. RESULTS: CD147/EMMPRIN was expressed in neoplastic tissues, but not in normal tissues. Positive expression was shown in 42 of 52 (80.77%) of the patients with renal carcinoma, 41 of 58 (70.69%) of the patients with bladder carcinoma, 67 of 101 (66.34%) of the patients with prostate carcinoma, 16 of 17 (94.12%) of the patients with penis carcinoma and testis carcinoma. Positive CD147/EMMPRIN staining was significantly associated with TNM stages and histological subtypes of patients with various urinary carcinomas (P < 0.05). In all five groups, for different expression levels of CD147/EMMPRIN, the patients with a highly positive expression of CD147/EMMPRIN had the poorest prognosis. The siRNA-treated cells exhibited significantly decreased growth ability compared with control cells in vitro. CONCLUSION: These results may assist in defining the suitability of CD147/EMMPRIN as a therapeutic target and as a method for predicting a poor outcome in patients with various urinary carcinomas.	bladder
A new generation of optical diagnostics for bladder cancer: technology, diagnostic accuracy, and future applications.	CONTEXT: New developments in optical diagnostics have a potential for less invasive and improved detection of bladder cancer. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the technology and diagnostic yield of recently developed optical diagnostics for bladder cancer and to outline their potential future applications. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A PubMed literature search was performed, and papers on Raman spectroscopy (RS), optical coherence tomography (OCT), photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and narrow-band imaging (NBI) regarding bladder cancer were reviewed. Technology, clinical evidence, and future applications of the techniques are discussed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: With RS, the molecular components of tissue can be measured objectively in qualitative and quantitative ways. The first studies demonstrating human in vivo applicability are still awaited. OCT produces high-resolution, cross-sectional images of tissue, comparable with histopathology, and provides information about depth of tumour growth. The first in vivo studies of OCT demonstrated promising diagnostic accuracy. RS and OCT are not suitable for scanning the entire bladder. PDD is a technique using fluorescence to indicate pathologic tissue. Several studies have shown that PDD increases the detection rate of bladder tumours and improves resection, resulting in fewer early recurrences. The relatively low specificity of PDD remains a problem. NBI enhances contrast of mucosal surface and microvascular structures. The NBI technique has clear advantages over PDD, and the two studies published to date have shown promising preliminary results. PDD and NBI do not contribute to histopathologic diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: RS and OCT aim at providing a real-time, minimally invasive, objective prediction of histopathologic diagnosis, while PDD and NBI aim at improving visualisation of bladder tumours. For RS, OCT, and NBI, more research has to be conducted before these techniques can be implemented in the management of bladder cancer. All techniques might be of value in specific clinical scenarios.	bladder
Ultrasound imaging to assess inter- and intra-fraction motion during bladder radiotherapy and its potential as a verification tool.	AIMS: Organ motion is the principle source of error in bladder cancer radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate ultrasound bladder volume measurement as a surrogate measure of organ motion during radiotherapy: (1) to assess inter- and intra-fraction bladder variation and (2) as a potential treatment verification tool. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients receiving radical radiotherapy for bladder cancer underwent post-void ultrasound bladder volume measurement at the time of radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP), and immediately before (post-void) and after receiving daily fractions. RESULTS: Ultrasound bladder volume measurement was found to be a simple and acceptable method to estimate relative bladder volume changes. Six patients showed significant changes to post-void bladder volume over the treatment course (P<0.05). The mean inter-fraction post-void bladder volume of five patients exceeded their RTP ultrasound bladder volume by more than 50%. Intra-fraction bladder volume increased on 275/308 (89%) assessed fractions, with the mean intra-fraction volume increases of seven patients exceeding their RTP ultrasound bladder volume by more than 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Both day-to-day bladder volume variation and bladder filling during treatment should be considered in RTP and delivery. Ultrasound may provide a practical daily verification tool by: supporting volume limitation as a method of treatment margin reduction; allowing detection of patients who may require interventions to promote bladder reproducibility; and identifying patients with prominent volume changes for the selective application of more advanced adaptive/image-guided radiotherapy techniques.	bladder