crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Gemcitabine plus carboplatin; and gemcitabine, docetaxel, and carboplatin combined chemotherapy regimens in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma previously treated with a platinum-based regimen: preliminary report.	BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two combined chemotherapy regimens in the treatment of previously treated metastatic urothelial carcinoma: gemcitabine plus carboplatin (GC), and gemcitabine, docetaxel, and carboplatin (GDC). METHODS: Sixteen patients with metastatic urothelial cancer, previously treated with a platinum-based regimen, were studied. GC (gemcitabine 750 mg/m(2), on days 1, 8, and 15; carboplatin 200 mg/m(2), on day 2) was administered every 28 days to 15 patients. GDC (gemcitabine 750 mg/m(2), on days 1 and 8; docetaxel 50 mg/m(2), on day 1; carboplatin 200 mg/m(2) on day 1) was administered every 21 days to 9 patients. Eight of the 9 GDC-treated patients had earlier been treated with GC and had become refractory. RESULTS: With the GC therapy, 7 of the 15 treated patients (47%; 95% confidence interval, 21%-73%) showed an objective response, with 3 achieving a clinical complete response (CR) and 4 a partial response (PR). With the GDC therapy, 6 of the 9 treated patients (67%; 95% confidence interval, 29%-92%) showed an objective response, with 1 achieving CR and 5, PR. Five of the 8 (63%) GC-refractory patients responded to GDC therapy. The median duration of response was 4 months (range, 2-10+ months) on GC therapy, and 3 months (range, 3-5 months) on GDC therapy. Toxicities associated with GC were less than those with GDC. CONCLUSION: GC was effective for refractory metastatic urothelial cancer, and GDC was effective for GC-refractory cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two combined chemotherapy regimens in the treatment of previously treated metastatic urothelial carcinoma: gemcitabine plus carboplatin (GC), and gemcitabine, docetaxel, and carboplatin (GDC).	bladder
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK 1) staining and molecular analysis in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours of the bladder: a preliminary clinicopathological study of nine cases and review of the literature.	Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours (IMFT) may arise at any anatomical site, including lung, soft tissues, retroperitoneum and bladder. Although morphologically similar, these lesions encompass a spectrum of entities with differing aetiology, ranging from reactive/regenerative proliferations to low-grade neoplasms with a risk of local recurrence, but no significant metastatic potential. Vesical IMFT usually presents as a polypoid mass with a pale firm cut surface and can be of considerable size, mimicking a malignant tumour clinically and radiologically. Its good outcome, however, warrants conservative surgical excision, emphasising the importance of identification and distinction from malignant tumours of the bladder that may require more radical surgery and/or adjuvant therapy. We conducted a preliminary retrospective, comparative immunocytochemical study of 20 bladder tumours, including nine IMFTs, five spindle cell (sarcomatoid) carcinomas, two rhabdomyosarcomas, two leiomyosarcomas and two neurofibromas. The results confirmed IMFT positivity for smooth muscle actin, desmin and cytokeratin in 78-89% cases, resulting in potential confusion with sarcomatoid carcinoma or leiomyosarcoma. In contrast, cytoplasmic anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK 1) staining was present in eight IMFT (89%), but was not seen in any other lesion examined. The ALK 1 staining was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation, with translocation of the ALK gene present in 15-60% tumour cells in four of six IMFT examined, but not in four cases of sarcomatoid carcinoma or three of leiomyosarcoma. In conclusion, ALK 1 staining may be of value in the distinction of vesical IMFT from morphologically similar entities, and often reflects ALK gene translocations in these lesions.	bladder
[Bladder hemangioma: a case report].	We report a case of a bladder hemangioma in a 30-year-old woman. She was admitted to our department with the chief complaints of gross hematuria and dysuria. Cystoscopy revealed a red sessiled tumor 5 mm in diameter on the right wall of the bladder. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed on September 13, 2000. The specimen was pathologically diagnosed as cavenous hemangioma of the urinary bladder. Including our case, 85 cases of hemangioma of the bladder are reviewed in the Japanese literature.	bladder
[Squamous cell carcinoma of the ureter arising seventeen years after total cystectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: a case report].	We report a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the ureter. A 62-year-old woman had undergone total cystectomy and ileal conduit because of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder when she was 44 years old. Seventeen years later, she complained of edema and oliguria. Antegrade pyelography and loopography revealed a left ureteral tumor. She underwent left ureterectomy and extirpation of the conduit. Pathological diagnosis was moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the ureter, pT2. The patient is alive without recurrence or metastasis in the first year after surgery.	bladder
[Expression of MAGE genes and MAGE gene products in human renal and urinary bladder tumor].	OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of MAGE-1 MAGE-3 genes and MAGE-3 gene product in renal and urinary bladder tumor, and to explore the possibility of MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 genes encoding proteins or MAGE-3 gene product used as a target for immunotherapy in renal and urinary bladder tumor patients. METHODS: Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 genes was performed using 39 renal and urinary bladder tumor specimens. Immunohistochemical technique for MAGE-3 antigen was performed using formal infixed paraffin embedded section of 121 renal and urinary bladder tumor specimens. RESULTS: MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 mRNAs were detected in 23(59.0%) and 22(56.4%) of 39 patients with renal and urinary bladder tumor without expression in 10 tumor surrounding tissues.MAGE-3 antigen was detected in 56(46.3%) of 121 patients with renal and urinary bladder tumor without expression in 10 tumor surrounding tissues. The expression rates of MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 mRNA and MAGE-3 gene product were significantly higher in renal and urinary bladder tumors tissues than in tumor surrounding tissues. The frequency of MAGE-3 gene product expression was examined according to clinical stage and differentiation of histopathology. The results revealed no significant differences in MAGE gene product expression among the clinical stage and the grade of differentiation of histopathology according to Logistic Regression test(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The tumor-specific antigens might be used as molecular markers and targets for human renal and urinary bladder tumor.	bladder
[Review of the value of BCG maintenance therapy in superficial bladder tumours].	This article reviews the benefits of BCG maintenance therapy in ment patients with superficial bladder tumours. The rare published studies conclude on contradictory results. These differences can probably be explained by the variability of the protocols used, the small number of patients included, and the heterogeneity of the series (presenting tumours of different stages and grades). In the largest series, that reported by the Southwest Oncology Group SWOG), maintenance therapy significantly reduced the risk of tumour recurrence and progression in carcinomas in situ and recurrent Ta or T1 tumours. The treatment recommended by the SWOG consists of a weekly instillation for 3 weeks 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months after induction therapy.	bladder
Arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer mortality in the United States: an analysis based on 133 U.S. counties and 30 years of observation.	This study analyzes the relationship between arsenic exposure through drinking water and bladder cancer mortality. The county-specific white male bladder cancer mortality data (1950-1979) and county-specific groundwater arsenic concentration data were obtained for 133 U.S. counties known to be exclusively dependent on groundwater for their public drinking water supply. No arsenic-related increase in bladder cancer mortality was found over the exposure range of 3 to 60 microg/L using stratified analysis and regression analyses (both unweighted and weighted by county population and using both mean and median arsenic concentrations). These results, which provide a direct estimate of arsenic-related cancer risk for U.S. residents, exclude the National Research Council's 2001 risk estimate that was based on Southwest Taiwan data and required adjusting for differences between the body mass and water consumption rates of U.S. and Taiwanese residents.	bladder
Prediction of lymph node metastasis based on p53 and nm23-H1 expression in muscle invasive grade III transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.	OBJECTIVE: A surgically positive lymph node in invasive bladder cancer generally implies distant micrometastasis; thus, preoperative identification of lymph node status is important. Various antioncoproteins were evaluated for their accuracy in predicting lymph node metastasis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven subjects who had invasive, grade III transitional cell carcinoma at TURB, and then were confirmed to have stage T2, T3a, and T3b tumors after radical cystectomy from 1985 to 1994, were selected. Tissues acquired from transurethral resection were immunostained with tumor suppressor gene p53 (DO7 and PAb 1801) and antimetastatic gene nm23-H1 (NM301). Results of staining and pathological staging were compared with the status of lymph node metastasis. RESULT: Expression of p53 was 42.1% (24/57) for DO7 and 22.8% (13/57) for PAb1801, with DO7 exhibiting superiority over PAb1801. Expression of nm23-H1 was seen in 50.9% (29/57) of cases. Combined analysis of p53 and nm23-H1 expression and nodal status (N stage) was not significant. However, pathological nodal status was statistically significantly correlated with pathological tumor (T) stage and p53 expression. CONCLUSION: A high risk of lymph node metastasis can be predicted when Grade III, muscle invasive tumor and p53 expression are seen from TURB specimens. Lymph node metastasis is correlated with the degree of invasion in Grade III muscle invasive tumors--especially in T3b tumors, where there is highest probability of node involvement.	bladder
Molecular cloning and expression of uroplakins in transitional cell carcinoma.	BACKGROUND: Uroplakins (UPs), urothelium-specific transmembrane proteins, are present only in urothelia and may be good candidates as tumor markers specific for transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs). We investigated the expression of UP genes in the tissues and peripheral blood of patients with TCCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined the nucleotide sequences of UPs by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method. We then investigated UP gene expression in tissues from 12 patients with TCC by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. We also investigated UP gene expression in peripheral blood of 12 other patients with TCC by nested RT-PCR. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against UPs were generated using synthesized polypeptides and recombinant protein, respectively, as immunogens. RESULTS: We determined the nucleotide sequence of human UP-Ib, UP-II, and UP-III cDNAs and produced gene-specific primer pairs for each and for UP-Ia. UP genes were expressed in both cancerous and non-cancerous urothelia taken from all patients examined (as detected by RT-PCR). The detection sensitivity of our assay system was such that 1 cancer cell could be detected in 5 mL of peripheral blood. UP gene-expression was also detected in the peripheral blood of 3 patients with metastatic TCC, but not from 9 patients with non-metastatic TCC or from 3 healthy volunteers. Antibodies against both UP-Ia and UP-Ib reacted with the cell membrane of TCCs. CONCLUSIONS: UPs may be employed as tumor markers for TCCs, because they are highly conserved and well expressed in non-cancerous and cancerous cells. Furthermore, detection of UP gene expression in blood by nested RT-PCR may provide helpful information in the diagnosis and management of TCCs. We are currently expanding an immunohistochemical study by targeting a larger number of patients to examine the clinical usefulness of these antibodies.	bladder
A population-based study of immunohistochemical detection of p53 alteration in bladder cancer.	The molecular pathology of bladder cancer has been the subject of considerable interest and mutation of the p53 gene, which has been associated with more invasive bladder cancer, has been widely studied. Further, there is evidence that p53 inactivation (either mutation or protein dysregulation), independent of stage, may be predictive of bladder cancer progression. In an effort to avoid possible biases associated with selection of more advanced cases, we examined p53 inactivation in a population-based study of bladder cancer in New Hampshire, using both mutation and immunohistochemical methods. We found the overall prevalence of mutation to be approximately 10%, while immunohistochemical analysis suggests that approximately 66% of the tumours have dysregulated p53 at the protein level. There was a significant association of mutation with persistent p53 staining, but there remained a marked number of tumours discordant for mutation and aberrant p53 immunohistochemistry. Based upon immunohistochemical staining alone, intensity rather than extent of p53 staining was more strongly related to tumour invasiveness. Additionally, all tumours with a mutation in exon 8 stained intensely. Taken together, this suggests that intense staining represents a distinct phenotype of dysfunctional protein. Our data indicate that population-based approaches to somatic alteration of p53 in bladder cancer are crucial to understanding the relationship of p53 changes to aetiology and the outcome of this disease, and further suggest that the pattern of immunohistochemical staining may represent distinct, discernible phenotypes. British Journal of Cancer (2004) 90, 1572-1576. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601748 www.bjcancer.com Published online 6 April 2004	bladder
Prognostic factors in stage T1 grade 3 bladder cancer survival: the role of G1-S modulators (p53, p21Waf1, p27kip1, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin D3) and proliferation index (ki67-MIB1).	OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognostic value of a subset of regulators of the transition from G1-to-S phase of cell cycle in stage T1 grade 3 bladder cancers. METHODS: Fifty-one such cases were investigated to determine the significance on patient's survival of p53, p21Waf1, p27Kip1, Cyclin D1, Cyclin D3, and ki67-MIB1 (proliferation index). The statistical analysis included Kaplan-Meier methodology with Log-rank test and Cox' proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS: Tumor size (p=0.0034), and the labeling index of ki67-MIB1 (p=0.0034), p53 (p=0.0332), p27kip1 (p=0.0059) and Cyclin D1 (p=0.0103) were associated to disease-free survival. Progression-free survival was related to tumor size (p<0.0001), ki67 (p=0.0163), p53 (p=0.0041), p27kip1 (p=0.0161), Cyclin D1 (p<0.0001) and Cyclin D3 (p<0.0001). Patient's overall survival was associated to Cyclin D3 (p<0.0001), p53 (p=0.0017), p21Waf1 (p=0.0142), Cyclin D1 (p<0.0001), ki67-MIB1 (p=0.0450), and tumor size (p=0.0296). Down-regulation of p27kip1 and Cyclin D3 over-expression (disease-free), over-expression of p53, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D3 (progression-free), and over-expression of Cyclin D3 (overall survival) were independent predictors by Cox's multivariate analysis. Down-regulation of p27kip1 (p<0.001, R.R. 0.997, 95%C.I. 0.995-0.999), and over-expression of Cyclin D1 (p<0.001, R.R. 1.009, 95%C.I. 1.004-1.014) and Cyclin D3 (p=0.005, R.R. 1.013, 95%C.I. 1.004-1.022) were the main independent predictors. CONCLUSION: Down-regulation of p27kip1 and over-expression of Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D3 might be relevant predictors of survival in stage T1 grade 3 bladder cancers, thus selecting a group of patients at higher risk of malignant behavior.	bladder
The prevalence and clinicopathologic correlate of p16INK4a, retinoblastoma and p53 immunoreactivity in locally advanced urinary bladder cancer.	The purpose of the study was to investigate the prognostic value and clinicopathological correlate of tumor p53, p16 and Rb protein expression in patients with locally advanced urinary bladder cancer. Sixty-five patients (44 men and 21 women; 40 to 84 yrs old) with locally advanced urinary bladder cancer (21 pT2, 27pT3, 17pT4) undergoing radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection were followed up for 2 to 116 months (mean +/- SD: 30.02 +/- 6.46 months). Immunohistochemical staining for p53, Rb and p16 proteins were performed on surgically obtained, formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue sections. Thirty of the tumors (46.2%) were p53+, 52 of the tumors (80%) were p16- and 41 (63%) were Rb-. Only 5 of the tumors (7.7%) had normal expression of all three proteins. The tumor expression status of p53 could not be correlated with p16 (P = 1.000) or Rb (P = 1.000). Only a marginal inverse relationship was found between the expression of p16 and Rb (P = 0.056). Higher grade tumors had significantly lower percentage of p16 abnormality (P = 0.05), while higher grade (not higher stage) tumors had higher percentage of Rb abnormality (P = 0.0245). Univariate analysis showed that tumor expression of Rb or p16, alone or combined, had no predictive value on progression-free and disease-specific survival. It did, however, show a significant correlation between progression-free survival and tumor p53 and LN status (P = 0.032 and P = 0.0304) and a significant correlation between tumor stage disease-specific survival (P = 0.042). Multivariate analysis showed tumor stage and nodal status to be two significant independent indicators for progression-free survival (P = 0.0038 and P = 0.0049) and disease-specific survival (P = 0.0066 and P = 0.0484). It was also noteworthy that, after receiving postoperative adjuvant systemic M-VEC chemotherapy, patients with node-positive p53-normal tumors had significantly better progression-free and disease-specific survivals than those with node-positive p53-abnormal tumors (P = 0.036 and P = 0.0479, respectively). This study has found tumor expression of p53, p16 and Rb proteins in locally advanced bladder cancer to be frequently abnormal. Although multivariate analysis showed tumor stage and nodal status to be the only two statistically significant parameters, p53 may also serve as an additional prognostic predictor of the outcome of postoperative adjuvant systemic chemotherapy in patients with regional lymph node tumor involvement. Such patients with p53-normal tumors experienced significantly better progression-free and disease-specific survivals than those with p53-abnormal tumors.	bladder
Prognostic value of EGF receptor and tumor cell proliferation in bladder cancer: therapeutic implications.	Changes in growth factor receptor expression may confer a growth advantage on tumour cells. Epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R) has been associated with the genesis of bladder tumours. We sought a link between EGF-R expression and MIB-1 cell proliferation and examined their prognostic value in the progression of bladder cancer. Fresh frozen samples from 113 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the bladder and 10 healthy bladders were studied by immunohistochemistry, using monoclonal antibodies for EGF-R expression and MIB-1 for cell proliferation. Qualitative and quantitative immunostaining were analyzed in relation to time to progression and compared with clinical and pathologic parameters for prognostic significance in univariate and multivariate analysis (stepwise logistic regression). EGF-R stained more intensively in invasive tumours. Median nuclear over-expression of MIB-1 was 28%. Progression free survival rate estimates (log rank test) were significantly lower in patients EGF-R positive and with MIB-1 score above 28% (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that MIB-1 immunostaining was the most significant independent variable and EGF-R expression had no additional prognostic value over clinical stage and grade and cell proliferation. The MIB-1 proliferation index is a stronger predictor of bladder tumour progression than is EGF-R over-expression. This marker yield significant prognostic information in addition to stage and grade and may be of value for the clinical management of superficial and invasive bladder carcinomas. The pattern of EGF-R immunostaining and its association with tumour progression makes it a candidate for antigrowth factor therapy.	bladder
Standardization of radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for bladder cancer: a collaborative group report.	PURPOSE: We propose standards for radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection in the surgical treatment of patients with invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compiled the consecutive cystectomy experience of 16 experienced surgeons during the last 3 years (2000 to 2002) from 4 institutions. We evaluated patient, tumor and surgical variables of margin status, extent of pelvic node dissection, number of nodes examined and surgeon volume associated with bladder cancer outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1,091 cystectomy cases were evaluated. Surgical margins and number of nodes retrieved correlated with patient age, prior treatments, pathological tumor stage and extent of node dissection, but not surgeon volume. CONCLUSIONS: Standards for radical cystectomy can be established and achieved by experienced surgeons operating on patients presenting with diverse clinical situations.	bladder
Expression of intercellular adhesion molecules in the bladder of patients with interstitial cystitis.	"OBJECTIVES: To study the presence of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, and E-selectin, as well as the cytoskeletal components talin and vinculin that bind to cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), in bladder biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) and controls. IC is a sterile, bladder disorder characterized by urinary frequency and pelvic floor pain. The pathologic bladder findings include defective urothelium, activated mast cells, and variable inflammation. Mast cells can induce the expression of CAMs necessary for initiation of inflammation. METHODS: Fresh frozen biopsies were analyzed immunocytochemically from 2 female normal bladders, 10 female IC bladders, 1 clear margin of transitional cell carcinoma of female bladder, 1 normal foreskin, 1 transitional cell carcinoma of foreskin, and 1 inflamed male finger. RESULTS: Of the 10 IC samples, 9 were positive for ICAM-1, 6 for P-selectin, 6 for vinculin, 5 for talin, and 4 for E-selectin, all exclusively perivascular. Both normal bladders were negative for ICAM-1 and P-selectin and faintly positive for E-selectin, and one was weakly positive for talin and vinculin; the normal foreskin was negative. The ""control"" samples from the transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and foreskin, as well as the inflamed finger skin, were positive only for ICAM-1. An increased number of activated mast cells associated with ICAM-1 was noted in IC. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that ICAM-1 is expressed in IC, with variable expression of the other markers studied, supporting the different degrees of bladder inflammation noted in patients with IC."	bladder