crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Does polyomavirus infection interfere with bladder cancer fluorescence in situ hybridization?	Urine cytology is a proven and widely used screening tool for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. However, morphologic features of polyomavirus infected cells, characterized by nuclear inclusions (decoy cells) are a known source of diagnostic confusion with malignancy. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is now routinely used to support the cytological diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma and monitor for recurrence. We sought to determine whether polyomavirus infection could result in positive FISH results (aneuploidy). This study deals with retrospective study of 100 polyomavirus-infected urine samples from patients with no history of urothelial carcinoma or organ transplantation. All cases were stained with Papanicolaou and acid hematoxylin stain. One slide from each sample was de-stained and FISH was performed using chromosome enumeration probes 3, 7, 17, and locus-specific probe 9p21. Adequate cells for FISH analysis (25 cells) were present in 81 cases; 19 cases were insufficient due to loss of cells during de-staining and FISH preparation process. All polyomavirus-infected cells (decoy cells) exhibited a normal chromosome pattern. Four cases were FISH positive, but there were no positive decoy cells. Decoy cells did not exhibit aneuploidy by FISH. The presence of decoy cells does not exclude the possibility of concurrent urothelial carcinoma. Acid hematoxylin stain appeared to supplement the Papanicolou stain in identifying and confirming the presence of polyomavirus infection.	bladder
Integrated gene network analysis and text mining revealing PIK3R1 regulated by miR-127 in human bladder cancer.	BACKGROUND: Cancer is the result of a complex multistep process that involves the accumulation of sequential alterations of several genes, including those encoding microRNAs (miRNAs) that have critical roles in the regulation of gene expression.In this study, we aimed to predict potential mechanisms of bladder cancer related miRNAs and target genes by bioinformatics analyses. METHODS: Here we used the method of text mining to identify nine miRNAs in bladder cancer and adopted protein-protein interaction analysis to identify interaction sites between these miRNAs and related-target genes. RESULTS: There are two relationship types between bladder cancer and its related miRNAs: causal and unspecified. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment test showed that there were three pathways related to four miRNA targeted genes. The remaining five miRNAs annotated to disease are not enriched in the KEGG pathways. Of these, PIK3R1 is the overlapping gene among 38 genes in the cancer and bladder cancer pathways. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide new insights into the role of miRNAs in the pathway of cancer and give us a hypothesis that miR-127 might play a similar role in regulation and control of PIK3R1.	bladder
Risks and complications of transurethral resection of bladder tumor among patients taking antiplatelet agents for cardiovascular disease.	BACKGROUND: Urologists have not reached a consensus regarding the pre-, intra-, and postoperative management of patients taking antiplatelet agents. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course of patients receiving antithrombotic monotherapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 100 mg who underwent transurethral resection of bladder cancer. METHODS: This study was designed to compare the surgical outcomes for 108 transurethral resections of bladder cancer performed for patients taking antiplatelet therapy and for 105 procedures performed for patients who had never taken antiplatelet agents before surgery. Antiaggregant therapy was maintained according to criteria evaluated by a urologist, surgeon, anesthesiologist, and cardiologist. Variables were described using the mean as the location index and using standard deviation as a dispersion index if continuous percentages were used elsewhere. Group comparisons were performed using the t test or the chi-square test for categorical data, and Fisher's exact test was used where appropriate. RESULTS: The mean operative time for patients taking ASA was 31 min (range 10-65 min), whereas it was 26 min (range 5-60 min) for control subjects. The difference between pre- and postoperative hemoglobin values was -0.6 g/dl in the group receiving antiplatelet therapy and -0.8 g/dl in the control group (p = 0.0720). Transfusional support was required during four procedures performed for patients taking antiplatelet therapy and during two procedures for the control group (p = 0.242). No adverse cardiac events or anesthesia-related complications occurred. Three patients in the treatment group and two patients in the control group required reintervention to ensure hemostasis during the postoperative period. None of the patients in either group underwent rehospitalization for hematuria after leaving the hospital. CONCLUSION: The current results suggest that continued use of anti-aggregant monotherapy does not increase the risk of overall bleeding or reintervention for patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder neoplasms and that suspending aspirin before such a procedure is therefore unnecessary.	bladder
Conservative approach in localised rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder and prostate: results from International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) studies: malignant mesenchymal tumour (MMT) 84, 89 and 95.	BACKGROUND: The three sequential SIOP MMT studies provide the largest dataset available to date, to define the patient and tumour characteristics, treatment modalities and event-free and overall survival for children with non metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the bladder and/or prostate (BP). PROCEDURE: The combined dataset of 172 patients with BP RMS treated on the SIOP MMT 84, 89 and 95 studies was reviewed to determine tumour characteristics, details of treatment and outcome. RESULTS: Median age at diagnosis was 2.5 years (range 2 months-17.8 years) and 138 (79%) were males. Median follow-up was 11.4 years (range 3 months-22 years). The 5-year overall survival of the combined cohort was 77% (CI 70-83%). The 5-year event-free survival was 63% and included 7 patients (4%) who did not achieve complete remission (CR), and 57 (33%) who relapsed. Age ≥ 10 years (RR 3.7) and alveolar pathology (RR 3.3) were identified as independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis. Fifty-nine (50%) of the 119 survivors were cured without significant local therapy, improving from 31% in MMT84 study to 61% in MMT95 study. CONCLUSION: The clinical strategy of the MMT studies aims to minimise the burden of therapy whilst maintaining survival rates. Overall survival is comparable to that of other international groups, despite the lower use of radiotherapy and or radical surgery, although number of events experienced is higher. Further assessment of the late effects of therapy is required to confirm whether this approach results in lower morbidity in the long-term.	bladder
Fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization in the surveillance of urothelial cancers: can use of cystoscopy or ureteroscopy be deferred?	BACKGROUND: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing may be useful to screen for bladder carcinoma or dysplasia by detecting aneuploidy chromosomes 3, 7, 17 and deletion of the chromosome 9p21 locus in urine specimens. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of FISH in a multi-ethnic population in Asia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with haematuria and/or past history of urothelial cancer on follow-up had their voided urine tested with FISH. Patients then underwent cystoscopy/ ureteroscopy and any lesions seen were biopsied. The histopathological reports of the bladder or ureteroscopic mucosal biopsies were then compared with the FISH test results. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty patients were recruited. The sensitivity and specificity of the FISH test was 89.2% and 83.4% respectively. The positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were 47.1% and 97.9%. By excluding patients who had positive deletion of chromosome 9, the overall results of the screening test improved: sensitivity 84.6%; specificity 96.4%; PPV 75.9% and NPV 97.9%. CONCLUSIONS: UroVysion FISH has a high specificity of detecting urothelial cancer or dysplasia when deletion of chromosome 9 is excluded. Negative UroVysion FISH-tests may allow us to conserve health resources and minimize trauma by deferring cystoscopic or ureteroscopic examination.	bladder
Non-covalent assembly of meso-tetra-4-pyridyl porphine with single-stranded DNA to form nano-sized complexes with hydrophobicity-dependent DNA release and anti-tumor activity.	DNA and porphyrin based therapeutics are important for anti-cancer treatment. The present studies demonstrate single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) assembles with meso-tetra-4-pyridyl porphine (MTP) forming porphyrin:DNA nano-complexes (PDN) that are stable in aqueous solution under physiologically relevant conditions and undergo dissociation with DNA release in hydrophobic environments, including cell membranes. PDN formation is DNA-dependent with the ratio of porphyrin:DNA being approximately two DNA nucleobases per porphyrin. PDN produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a light-dependent manner under conditions that favor nano-complex dissociation in the presence of hydrophobic solvents. PDN induce light-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and anti-tumor activity towards bladder cancer xenografts in vivo. Light-dependent, PDN-mediated cell death results from ROS-mediated localized membrane damage due to lipid peroxidation with mass spectrometry indicating the generation of the lipid peroxidation products 9- and 13-hydroxy octadecanoic acid. Our results demonstrate that PDN have properties useful for therapeutic applications, including cancer treatment. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: In this study, porphyrin-DNA nanocomplexes were investigated as anti-cancer therapeutics inducing ROS production in a light-dependent manner. Efficacy is demonstrated in vitro as well as a in a bladder cancer xenograft model.	bladder
[Urachal adenocarcinoma treated with robotic assisted laparoscopy partial cystectomy].	OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of urachal adenocarcinoma treated with robotic assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy and en-bloc exeresis of urachus and umbilicus and bibliographic review. METHODS: A 63 year-old man with hematuria and hypogastric pain. He was diagnosed of urachal adenocarcinoma by transurethral resection and axial tomography. We performed a robotic assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy using a da Vinci® S HD (Intuitive Surgical System) device. We describe the surgical technique and examine total length of time for surgery and for console, pathology report, margin status, postoperative outcome and oncological status 7 months after surgery. RESULTS: 4 ports were used for robotic arms and one additional for the assistant. Cystoscopy was performed during surgery to mark tumor margins. Bladder was closed using a running suture with Poliglactin 0. Total length time for surgery was 2hs 28 minutes, console time was 1h54'. Two days later patient was discharged and no complication was reported. After two weeks Foley cathether was removed and bladder volume was 300ml. Pathology report informed undifferentiated urachal adenocarcinoma with perivesical tissue infiltration with margins free from tumor, corresponding to Sheldon IIIB and Ontario III classification. Seven months later patient was fee from recurrence. CONCLUSION: Robotic assisted laparoscopy partial cystectomy with en-bloc exeresis of urachal and umbilicus is feasible.	bladder
Clinicopathological analysis of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: prognostic value and clinical reliability of the 2004 WHO classification system.	OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to clarify the prognostic value and clinical reliability of the 2004 World Health Organization classification system of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. METHODS: Between January 1995 and November 2010, 153 patients were diagnosed with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We used a substage system that discerns T1-microinvasive (T1m, 42 patients) and T1-extensive-invasive (T1e, 37 patients) cancers. RESULTS: There were 2 (1.3%), 89 (58.2%) and 62 (40.5%) cases of Grade 1-3 urothelial carcinoma, respectively, on the basis of the 1973 World Health Organization classification system. Of these, 37 (24.2%) and 116 (75.8%) were graded as low and high on the basis of the 2004 World Health Organization classification system. All of the cases with progression (15 patients) were diagnosed as high grade at the time of primary transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. Based on the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the 2004 World Health Organization classification system accurately predicted tumor recurrence (P = 0.029) and progression (P = 0.031). The 5-year recurrence-free survival rates in patients with low-grade and high-grade tumors were 68.7 and 47.1%, and the 5-year progression-free survival rates were 100 and 89.0%, respectively. In the high-grade T1 cases, the substage (T1m or T1e) was a significant predictor of tumor recurrence (P = 0.001) and progression (P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: The 2004 World Health Organization classification system accurately predicts the risk of recurrence in primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer cases and has the same accuracy when predicting the risk of progression as the 1973 World Health Organization classification. Furthermore, the substaging system for high-grade T1 tumors is useful in predicting both recurrence and progression.	bladder
[Invasion patterns and metastasis of urothelial carcinoma. A challenge for translational research].	Local invasion of cancer cells occurs early during the progression of urothelial carcinoma. Micrometastatic disease and the presence of nodal metastases are major causes of cancer-specific mortality following radical surgery. Only surrogate markers for aggressive and micrometastatic disease have been identified. The metastatic cascade is complex, including multiple steps from initial invasion to colonization and proliferation at distant sites. The initial mechanisms of cancer cell dissemination in urothelial carcinoma are poorly understood. Various proteases, chemokines and growth factors are involved in this process and alterations of the lymphatic system may promote systemic spread. There is a high demand for therapeutic targeting of the metastatic process. Functional preclinical studies in representative models are therefore required to better elucidate the multiple steps of progression. We review the current knowledge on factors associated with metastasis in urothelial carcinoma. Preclinical approaches to identify key player molecules for invasion and to develop new therapeutic strategies are discussed.	bladder
Cat's claw oxindole alkaloid isomerization induced by cell incubation and cytotoxic activity against T24 and RT4 human bladder cancer cell lines.	The antitumor activity of Uncaria tomentosa, a native vine from the Amazonian rainforest, has been ascribed to pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids occurring in its bark. Former studies have shown that this activity, as well as its intensity, depends on whether cat's claw alkaloids occur as original compounds or isomerized derivatives. This work addresses this aspect, using T24 and RT4 human bladder cancer cell lines for that purpose. Bark samples were extracted by dynamic maceration, prepurified with cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone and properly fractioned by an ion exchange process to obtain an oxindole alkaloid purified fraction. Alkaloid isomerization was induced by heating it under reflux at 85 °C. Samples collected after 5, 15, and 45 min of heating were analyzed by HPLC-PDA, freeze-dried at once, and separately assayed using the non-isomerized purified fraction for comparison purposes. The latter showed significant and dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against both T24 and RT4 cancer cell lines (IC50: 164.13 and 137.23 µg/mL, respectively). However, results for both cell lines were equivalent to those observed for isomerized samples (p > 0.05). The alkaloid isomerization induced by the incubation conditions (buffered medium pH 7.4 and temperature 37 °C) helps to explain the similar results obtained from non-isomerized and isomerized samples. Mitraphylline, speciophylline, uncarine F, and, to a lesser degree, pteropodine were more susceptible to isomerization under the incubation conditions. Thus, the alkaloid profile of all fractions and their cytotoxic activities against T24 and RT4 human bladder cancer cell lines are determined to a large extent by the incubation conditions.	bladder
[A case of aggressively growing bladder cancer in patient with long-term cystostomy due to spinal cord injury].	The patient was a 38-year-old man. A cystostomy catheter had been inserted when he was 23 years of age for neuropathic bladder due to cervical spinal cord injury at 20 years of age. Purulent discharge from around the cystotomy had continued for approximately 4 months. Examination revealed the formation of a subcutaneous tumor around the cystostomy, with elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels (459.4 ng/ml) in the blood. Urothelial carcinoma was detected using open biopsy. It was considered that primary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder had progressed along the cystostomy, and clinical stage 4 cT4N2M0 was diagnosed, with intrapelvic lymph node metastasis evident on imaging. Four courses of gemcitabine-cisplatin chemotherapy were administered; a partial response was obtained, after which cystectomy and ileal conduit formation were performed with the main aim of improving difficulty in urination. However, retroperitoneal lymph node and liver metastases were observed 1 month postoperation with rapid enlargement; the patient died approximately 2 months after the surgery. The CEA level was observed to be 18,998 ng/ml before he died. Here, we have reported this case with a discussion of the literature concerning the association between long-term indwelling catheter in patients with spinal cord injury and the development of bladder cancer.	bladder
[Bladder cancer radiotherapy margins].	Radical cystectomy is the gold standard treatment of invasive bladder carcinoma, but conservative treatment is a serious option for selected patients. It comprises a transurethral resection, as complete as possible, before a radiation therapy of the whole bladder and pelvis, with a concomitant chemotherapy. Bladder wall movements during the treatment course lead to the use of wide margins to cover the clinical target volume. Planning target volume margins must be anisotropic to correspond to the mobility of each bladder zone: 10mm in the inferior portion, 15 mm in lateral directions, and 20 to 25 mm in anterior and superior directions. The development of image-guided radiotherapy and adaptative radiotherapy should lead to a reduction of these margins. Besides, partial bladder radiotherapy is showing encouraging results, by reducing the clinical target volume in well-selected patients.	bladder
Implementation of adaptive radiation therapy for urinary bladder carcinoma: imaging, planning and image guidance.	BACKGROUND: Adaptive radiation therapy (ART) for urinary bladder cancer has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional RT with potential to minimize radiation-induced toxicity to healthy tissues. In this work we have studied bladder volume variations and their effect on healthy bladder dose sparing and intrafractional margins, in order to refine our ART strategy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An online ART treatment strategy was followed for five patients with urinary bladder cancer with the tumors demarcated using Lipiodol(®). A library of 3-4 predefined treatment plans for each patient was created based on four successive computed tomography (CT) scans. Cone beam CT (CBCT) images were acquired before each treatment fraction and after the treatment at least weekly. In partial bladder treatment the sparing of the healthy part of the bladder was investigated. The bladder wall displacements due to bladder filling were determined in three orthogonal directions (CC, AP, DEX-SIN) using the treatment planning CT scans. An ellipsoidal model was applied in order to find the theoretical maximum values for the bladder wall displacements. Moreover, the actual bladder filling rate during treatment was evaluated using the CBCT images. Results. In partial bladder treatment the volume of the bladder receiving high absorbed doses was generally smaller with a full than empty bladder. The estimation of the bladder volume and the upper limit for the intrafractional movement of the bladder wall could be represented with an ellipsoidal model with a reasonable accuracy. Observed maximum growth of bladder dimensions was less than 10 mm in all three orthogonal directions during 15 minute interval. CONCLUSION: The use of Lipiodol contrast agent enables partial bladder treatment with reduced irradiation of the healthy bladder volume. The ellipsoidal bladder model can be used for the estimation of the bladder volume changes and the upper limit of the bladder wall movement during the treatment fraction.	bladder
Multiple malignant tumors.	BACKGROUND: Due to the improvement in diagnosis and therapy for certain malignant tumors, we are now faced with patients who develop in time multiple malignancies. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the patients diagnosed with at least two primary cancers that were admitted and treated in Cluj-Napoca Municipal Hospital. The study followed patients for a period of 7.5 years. RESULTS: We included in the present study 217 patients (4.33%) with two or more malignant primary tumors from 5003 cases diagnosed with a primary cancer. The most common sites for multiple malignant tumors were related to the breast, colorectum, urinary bladder, prostate and kidneys. CONCLUSIONS: We should always take into consideration the possibility of synchronous tumors and we have to keep in mind that a successful treatment of cancer might not prevent the onset of another primary mass.	bladder