crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Identification and prognostic significance of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition expression profile in human bladder tumors.	PURPOSE: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is reportedly an important transition in cancer progression in which the underlying cellular changes have been identified mainly using in vitro models. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of EMT markers in vivo and determined the occurrence and clinical significance of these events in a series of bladder carcinomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Eight hundred and twenty-five tumor samples from 572 bladder cancer patients were assembled in 10 tissue microarrays. Paraffin sections from each tissue microarray were subjected to antigen retrieval and processed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of E-cadherin, plakoglobin, beta-catenin, N-cadherin, and vimentin. RESULTS: Pathologic expression of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, plakoglobin, and vimentin were associated with the clinicopathologic variables of grade and stage with only the cytoplasmic localization of plakoglobin found associated with lymph node status. Associations between the aforementioned markers were found significant as determined by the Spearman correlation coefficient with N-cadherin showing no associations in this analysis. In univariate survival analysis involving patients who underwent cystectomy, the reduction or loss of plakoglobin significantly influenced overall survival (P = 0.02) in which the median time to death was 2 years compared with 4 years when a normal level of plakoglobin was recorded. When the analysis was done for cancer-specific survival, low levels of both plakoglobin (P = 0.02) and beta-catenin (P = 0.02) significantly influenced survival. CONCLUSION: The putative markers of EMT defined within a panel of bladder carcinoma cell lines were recorded in vivo, frequently associated with tumors of high grade and stage. Although multivariate analysis showed no significant influence of the EMT biomarkers on survival, alterations associated with plakoglobin were identified as significant prognostic features in these tumors.	bladder
Proapoptotic ability of oncogenic H-Ras to facilitate apoptosis induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors in human cancer cells.	More than 35% of human urinary bladder cancers involve oncogenic H-Ras activation. In addition to tumorigenic ability, oncogenic H-Ras possesses a novel proapoptotic ability to facilitate the induction of apoptosis by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI). HDACIs are a new class of anticancer agents and are highly cytotoxic to transformed cells. To understand the connection between the selectivity of HDACIs on transformed cells and the proapoptotic ability of oncogenic H-Ras to facilitate HDACI-induced apoptosis, we introduced oncogenic H-Ras into urinary bladder J82 cancer cells to mimic an acquisition of the H-ras gene activation in tumor development. Expression of oncogenic H-Ras promoted J82 cells to acquire tumorigenic ability. Meanwhile, oncogenic H-Ras increased susceptibility of J82 cells to HDACIs, including FR901228 and trichostatin A, for inducing apoptosis. The caspase pathways, the B-Raf and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1), and core histone contents are regulated differently by FR901228 in oncogenic H-Ras-expressed J82 cells than their counterparts in parental J82 cells, contributing to the increased susceptibility to the induction of selective apoptosis. Our results lead us to a suggestion that HDACIs activate the proapoptotic ability of oncogenic H-Ras, indicating a potential therapeutic value of this new class of anticancer agents in the control of human urinary bladder cancer that has progressed to acquire oncogenic H-Ras.	bladder
CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are predictive of survival in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma.	Tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (TILs), including CD8 TILs, have been associated with favorable clinical outcomes in multiple tumor types. Tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression in urothelial carcinoma (UC) have not been previously reported. Most immune responses are mediated by local cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8 T cells), which can eradicate tumor cells by recognizing tumor-associated antigens presented by MHC class I molecules. Here we analyzed the presence of intratumoral CD8 T cells, the expression of MHC class I antigen, and the expression of the NY-ESO-1 tumor antigen in UC samples and correlated our findings with clinical outcome. Immunohistochemical staining for intratumoral CD8 T cells in tissue samples from 69 patients with UC showed that patients with advanced UC (pT2, pT3, or pT4) and higher numbers of CD8 TILs within the tumor (> or =8) had better disease-free survival (P < 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.018) than did patients with similar-staged UC and fewer intratumoral CD8 TILs. We conclude that the extent of intratumoral CD8 TILs is an important prognostic indicator in advanced UC.	bladder
Nerve-sparing radical cystectomy and orthotopic bladder replacement in female patients.	OBJECTIVES: Orthotopic diversion, initially performed solely in men, has now become a viable option in women. Approximately 15 yr ago, at several centres, urethra-sparing cystectomy and orthotopic diversion were initiated in women with bladder cancer. Several studies have since addressed both the oncologic and functional outcomes of this procedure. METHODS: We describe our surgical technique of cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion in female patients, with an emphasis on how we preserve the neurovascular bundle. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: An improved understanding of the anatomic neurovascular and fascial planes related to the rhabdosphincter has facilitated identification of elements needed for orthotopic diversion in female patients. The technique of en bloc anterior exenteration includes the anterior portion of the vagina; however, preservation of the rhabdosphincter and its autonomic nerve supply necessitates specific modifications of the standard operation. The video provides a detailed description of our surgical technique with attention to anatomic details necessary to avoid damage to the proximal urethra and to preserve the autonomic innervation of the rhabdosphincter.	bladder
Establishment of human cancer cell clones with different characteristics: a model for screening chemopreventive agents.	BACKGROUND: The present study was undertaken in order to establish phenotypically different cell clones from 10 parental lines of human breast (MCF-7 and T-47D), prostate (PC-3 and DU145), lung (A549 and A427), colon (HCT-116 and HT-29) and bladder (TCCSUP and T24) cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sublines were established from each of the parental lines by the limiting dilution method. The derived clones were characterized in terms of plating efficiency, cell proliferation rate, saturation density and colony formation efficiency in soft agar. RESULTS: Phenotypically different cell clones were derived from each parental human cancer cell line, with many clones having more 'normal' characteristics than the parental line from which they were derived. CONCLUSION: Phenotypically normal clones obtained through clonal selection from human cancer cell populations are expected to be a useful tool for the screening of cancer chemopreventive agents and the study of tumor progression.	bladder
[Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder treated with neo-adjuvant cp chemotherapy (CPT-11 and CDDP): a case report].	We report a cases of primary small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A 68-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of asymptomatic gross hematuria. Cystoscopy showed a solid tumor on the dome of the urinary bladder. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a mass lesion with extravesical extention, and computed tomography(CT) scan and bone scintigraphy showed no distant metastasis. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TUR-BT) was performed. Histopathological findings of the specimen showed small cell carcinoma (> pT2), with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), grade 2-3. We performed one course of neoadjuvant CP chemotherapy using Irinotecan (CPT-11) and Cisplatin (CDDP), followed by radical cystectomy. Histopathological finding of the specimen showed no evidence of malignancy. We performed one more course of adjuvant CP chemotherapy. He has been free of disease 7 months after operation.	bladder
Malignancy associated with the use of intestinal segments in the urinary tract.	Use of intestinal segments for urinary tract reconstruction has become widespread. In these patients, urologists are increasingly encountering malignancies that may be a direct result of this altered milieu. This review attempts to summarize the current literature on cancer in patients with intestinal segments in their urinary tracts. Although the exact etiology for this increased risk of malignancy is still unclear, several theories have been proposed. Many investigators now recommend annual screening in patients who have intestinal segments in contact with urine beginning 10 years after the initial surgery.	bladder
The green tea compound, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate downregulates N-cadherin and suppresses migration of bladder carcinoma cells.	Green tea has been reported as potential dietary protection against numerous cancers and has been shown to have activity in bladder tumor inhibition in different animal models. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG-the major phytochemical in green tea) on growth inhibition and behavior of human bladder carcinoma cells and to identify the altered signaling pathway(s) underlying the response to EGCG exposure. EGCG inhibited the in vitro growth of invasive bladder carcinoma cells with an IC(50) range of 70-87 microM. At a concentration of 20 microM, EGCG decreased the migratory potential of bladder carcinoma cells with concomitant activation of p42/44 MAPK and STAT3 and inactivation of Akt. Using biochemical inhibitors of MAPK/ERK, and siRNA to knockdown STAT3 and Akt, inhibition of migration was recorded associated with Akt but not MAPK/ERK or STAT3 signaling in bladder cells. In addition, EGCG downregulated N-cadherin in a dose-dependent manner where reduction in N-cadherin expression paralleled declining migratory potential. Continuous feeding of EGCG to mice prior to and during the establishment of bladder carcinoma xenografts in vivo revealed >50% reduction in mean final tumor volume (P </= 0.05) with no detectable toxicity. EGCG inhibited bladder carcinoma cell growth and suppressed the in vitro migration capacity of cells via downregulation of N-cadherin and inactivation of Akt signaling. Continuous administration of EGCG to mice revealed significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo indicating a possible preventative role for green tea in bladder cancer.	bladder
Quality-of-life assessment in patients with bladder cancer.	Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with bladder cancer is important, because radical cystectomy and urinary diversion significantly affect urinary and sexual function, and lead to associated sex-specific morbidity. This article reviews the current methods for defining HRQOL, describes the specific challenges in measuring HRQOL in patients with bladder cancer, and critically analyzes the existing literature on bladder cancer HRQOL. Previous studies have been limited by study design, generalizability, and by the different instruments used, namely nonvalidated questionnaires that are not specific for bladder cancer. To date, only two prospective studies with baseline HRQOL data have been published and few conclusions can be drawn from these cross-sectional, retrospective studies. On the basis of the published literature, there is no convincing evidence that superior HRQOL is achieved with a particular type of urinary diversion after cystectomy for bladder cancer. Patients should be counseled on all reconstructive alternatives and a diversion chosen on the basis of patient preference, patient anatomy and tumor status, rather than on a potential difference in HRQOL. Prospective studies with appropriate adjustment for confounding factors, which use validated and disease-specific questionnaires, are needed for HRQOL research on bladder cancer.	bladder
A prostate-specific antigen-activated channel-forming toxin as therapy for prostatic disease.	BACKGROUND: Most men will develop prostatic abnormalities, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer, as they age. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that is secreted at high levels by the normal and diseased prostate. Therapies that are activated by PSA may prove effective in treating prostatic malignancies. METHODS: We modified proaerolysin (PA), the inactive precursor of a bacterial cytolytic pore-forming protein, to produce a PSA-activated protoxin (PRX302). The viability of the prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines LNCaP, PC-3, CWR22H, and DU145 and the bladder cancer cell line TSU after treatment with PA or PRX302 in the presence or absence of purified PSA was assayed. Mice carrying xenograft tumors derived from LNCaP, CWR22H, or TSU cells were treated with intratumoral injection of PA or PRX302, and tumor size was monitored. To test the safety of PRX302, we administered it into the PSA-secreting prostate glands of cynomolgus monkeys. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Native PA was highly toxic in vitro but had no tumor-specific effects in vitro or in vivo. Picomolar concentrations of PRX302 led to PSA-dependent decreases in cell viability in vitro (PRX302 versus PRX302 + PSA: DU145 cells, mean viability = 78.7% versus mean = 1.6%, difference = 77.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 70.6% to 86.1%; P<.001; TSU cells, mean = 100.2% versus mean = 1.4%, difference = 98.8%, 95% CI = 96.4% to 104.0%; P<.001). Single intratumoral injections of PRX302 produced substantial and often complete regression of PSA-secreting human prostate cancer xenografts (5 microg dose, complete regression in 6 of 26 mice bearing LNCap or CWR22H xenografts [23%]; 10 microg dose, complete regression in 10 of 26 mice [38.5%]) but not PSA-null bladder cancer xenografts. The prostates of cynomolgus monkeys injected with a single dose of PRX302 displayed extensive but organ-confined damage, with no toxicity to neighboring organs or general morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations demonstrate the potential safe and effective intraprostatic application of this engineered protoxin.	bladder
The investigation of GSTT1, GSTM1 and SOD polymorphism in bladder cancer patients.	Glutathione S transferases (GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1) are enzymes that activate the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous agents. The genetic polymorphism in these genes may change the response of individuals to environmental toxicants. The genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1 have been studied extensively in the determination of individual cancer risks. Some studies showed a strong relationship between polymorphism of GSTs and superoxidedismutase enzymes. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the prevalence of genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1, GSTM1 and MnSOD (Manganese Superoxide Dismurase) was investigated in 104 cases and controls to seek any association with the risk of bladder cancer. The frequency of GSTT1 +/+ polymorphism was 65% (33/51) in the cases and 79% (42/53) in the controls. The frequency of the GSTM1 +/+ polymorphism was 33% (17/51) in the cases and 58% (31/53) in the controls. The frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype was 42% (22/53) in the controls and 68% (34/51) in the patients. The frequency of the SOD AA genotype was 36% (17/51) in the cases and 33% (19/53) in the controls. There was no association between the GSTT1 and SOD polymorphism and bladder cancer incidence. The incidence of the GSTM1 null genotype was increased in bladder cancer patients compared to controls (OR = 1.755, 95% CI = 1.119-2.751).	bladder
Orbital metastasis from urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder.	Radical cystectomy with ileal conduit diversion remains the standard treatment for invasive bladder cancer. We report a patient with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder and found metastasis to the orbit post radical cystectomy and ileal conduit diversion presenting as blurred vision and diagnosed by open biopsy. The orbit is an infrequent site of metastasis from bladder cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, there are fewer than 10 case reports of orbital metastasis from urothelial carcinoma reported in the English medical literature.	bladder
Combined use of percutaneous and transurethral instruments in the preadolescent children with intravesical pathologies.	The approach for the intravesical suspicious lesions or stones in the preadolescent children especially in boys is still a challenging problem. Open surgery, percutaneous suprapubic endoscopy or transurethral endoscopic approaches are the treatments of choice in children. However, there is a group in children between the ages of 10 and 12 years, which can be named as grey zone population; the length of the instruments is insufficient for transurethral intervention such as endoscopic stone extraction, transurethral bladder tumor resection especially for the lesion at the posterior bladder wall in this group. The aim of this study is to describe a new technique using laparoscopic instruments for percutaneous bladder stone and tumoral lesion and determines the efficacy of this procedure. Satisfactory results have been obtained in patients with these pathologies. In selected cases, operation time, urethral and mucosal damage, hospital stay, and cost can be decreased to a minimum with this simple technique.	bladder
Pathological review of internal genitalia after anterior exenteration for bladder cancer in women. Evaluating risk factors for female organ involvement.	To evaluate cancer involvement of internal female genitalia of patients undergoing anterior exenteration for clinically organ confined transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and identify potential preoperative risk factors. Charts and anterior exenteration specimens from 54 women with clinically organ confined transitional cell bladder cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Emphasis was given to the presence of internal genitalia involvement and or primary gynecologic pathology. Unsuspected internal genitalia involvement was reported in only three patients (5.7%). The vagina was involved in two cases (3.8%) while the uterus in one (1.9%). In all cases involvement was due to direst extension from bladder tumors of the base and dome respectively. No preoperative variable could predict internal genitalia involvement in a statistical significant manner. Benign pathology of the female reproductive organs was observed in six patients and involved in all cases the uterus (11.5%). Internal genitalia involvement after radical cystectomy for TCC tumors of the bladder is rare (5.8%). Preoperative risk factors could not be identified although all involved genitalia were seen in tumors of the bladder dome and base. Therefore large multi-institutional studies are needed in order to identify preoperative risk factors for internal genitalia involvement in females with bladder cancer.	bladder
Aurora-A/STK-15 is a predictive factor for recurrent behaviour in non-invasive bladder carcinoma: a study of 128 cases of non-invasive neoplasms.	Aurora-A, a member of serine/threonine kinase, is implied in mitosis and centrosome maturation. Increasing levels of Aurora-A have been shown to be present in several malignancies and especially in bladder cancer. No immunohistochemical marker has shown to be able to predict the clinical outcome of patients with superficial bladder cancer, except MIB-1, as a predictive marker of relapse and progression. The aim was to investigate the expression of Aurora-A and MIB-1 in tissue micro arrays of superficial bladder cancer representative of pTa papillary urothelial neoplasm with different degrees of aggressiveness (low malignant potential [PUNLMP], non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma low grade [NILGC], non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma high grade [NIHGC] and carcinoma in situ). We analysed predictive values of both markers, their specificity and sensitivity in tumor recurrence. Aurora-A was a sensitive marker to predict tumor recurrence especially for pTa (PUNLMP, NILGC; PUNLMP p<0.001, NILGC p<0.001) with statistical significant correlation between immunohistochemical staining and clinical outcome. MIB-1 expression displayed statistical difference p=0.002 in the PUNLMP group and p=0.03 in the NILGC group. Aurora-A is a more sensitive marker than MIB-1 to predict relapse in pTa bladder neoplasias. The combination of both markers seems to have a very powerful predictive value of recurrence (p<0.001).	bladder
Multidetector computed tomography urography (MDCTU) for diagnosing urothelial malignancy.	Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is well established for the detection of stones and renal masses, but more recently MDCT urography (MDCTU) is becoming widely used for examination of the entire urinary tract aimed specifically for diagnosing urothelial lesions. Evidence is rapidly accumulating to support the use of MDCTU in this manner. Familiarity with the MDCTU signs of urothelial malignancy is a prerequisite for optimum radiological practice. This article provides a review of the appearances of transitional cell cancer in the upper urinary tract and bladder.	bladder