crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
Gluteal muscular and sciatic nerve metastases in advanced urinary bladder carcinoma: case report.	We present a case of gluteal muscular and sciatic nerve metastases from urinary bladder carcinoma. T2-weighted magnetic resonance images demonstrated diffuse swelling and an increase in the signal of the right gluteus maximus muscle without destruction of the original arrangement of muscular fibers. Further, remarkable thickening of the right sciatic nerve showing a relatively hypointense signal was detected. Postcontrast T1-weighted images showed strong enhancement of these structures. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy with ultrasonographic guidance confirmed metastatic carcinoma cells in the right gluteal muscle and the sciatic nerve. These radiologic findings may represent a rare pattern of metastasis from urinary bladder carcinoma.	bladder
Altered mRNA expression of the Rb and p16 tumor suppressor genes and of CDK4 in transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder associated with tumor progression.	Based on the concept that tumor suppressor genes are involved in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder carcinogenesis, we analysed the mRNA expression of the retinoblastoma (Rb) and p16 (CDKN2, INK4A, MTS1) genes as well as of the proto-oncogene cyclin D-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) in 71 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the urinary bladder in relation to the tumor grades and stages, and with reference to certain lifestyle and occupational risk factors. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, high-stage muscle invasive TCC expressed the Rb, p16 and CDK4 mRNA at lower levels than low-stage superficial cancers, indicating down-regulation to be linked with tumor progression. The drop of the expression in the group of grade 2 TCC when invading the muscle layer compared to grade 2 carcinomas with a superficial pattern of growth is considered to represent a key event in promoting urothelial carcinogenesis in this subset of carcinomas. The protein expression of the Rb gene evaluated by immunohistochemistry proved to be closely related to the tumor grades and stages as well as to the mRNA expression, high-grade and high-stage TCC disclosing a lower rate of positive immunoreactivity than low-grade and low-stage carcinomas. The p16 protein product was expressed at a lower level in grade 3 than in grade 1 TCC, but there was no correlation with the tumor stages or the mRNA expression. TCC with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the INK4A region showed a decreased expression of p16 mRNA compared to those without an allelic loss. Tobacco smoke was not identified to substantially modulate the Rb/p16/CDK4 pathways, except for a ten-fold elevated mRNA expression of the p16 gene in TCC of light compared to heavy smokers. Heavy coffee consumption was associated with a reduced expression of CDK4 mRNA. Among occupational exposures, TCC of patients in contact with stone dust, paints and lacquer, plastics, wood and wood preservers and chemical solvents and adhesives displayed altered partly elevated, partly reduced levels of Rb, p16 and CDK4 mRNA compared to non-exposed subjects. Although the underlying molecular-genetic pathways are not yet fully understood, the current results suggest functional reduction of the tumor suppressor genes Rb and p16 to be associated with progression of bladder cancer to a more malignant and aggressive behaviour.	bladder
Relation between bladder cancer and protein oxidation.	DNA, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation possess a major impact in carcinogenesis. Also, inflammatory and oxidative events have remarkable importance in bladder cancer. Thus, in this study total protein, protein carbonyl, nitrotyrosine, thiol residues, non-protein thiols, lipid peroxidation, and also, because of their relations to the above parameters, iron and iron binding levels have been investigated in patients with bladder cancer and in control group. Statistical evaluation of the results demonstrated significantly lower plasma protein levels in the patients with bladder cancer, as compared to the healthy control group. Serum iron levels in patients with invasive bladder cancer were found to be significantly lower when compared with non-invasive group. Protein carbonyl groups were remarkably higher in bladder cancer patients than in healthy controls. Patients with bladder cancer were demonstrated to have significantly lower levels of total thiol groups and protein-bound thiol groups as compared to healthy controls. Protein-bound thiol groups in patients with invasive bladder cancer revealed a more significant decline, than in non-invasive group.	bladder
Non-invasive methods of bladder cancer detection.	At present, the gold standard for the detection of bladder carcinoma is cystoscopy, often as part of the investigation of haematuria. There has been substantial research into the development of a non-invasive test for voided urine that would obviate the requirement for flexible cystoscopy. If such a test was 100% sensitive and 100% specific, and was cost-effective, it could represent a way of separating patients who required tumour resection from those with no bladder carcinoma development. This article reviews the development of non-invasive tests for the detection of bladder carcinoma, with emphasis on the most recent developments in fields such as microsatellite analysis, telomerase, and matrix metalloproteinase detection, in addition to the more widely researched tests such as NMP22 and BTA.	bladder
"The ""B-bladder""-an ileocolonic neobladder with a chimney: surgical technique and long-term results."	"OBJECTIVES: A modified version of the ""Le Bag"" ileocolonic neobladder with a ""Studer""-like ileal chimney (B-bladder) is presented. The surgical technique, perioperative complications, and long-term results, including cancer control and continence, are described. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion to an orthotopic ileocolonic neobladder with an ileal chimney. All operations were done by a single surgeon. Preoperative, perioperative and postoperative data were recorded. Median duration of follow-up was 3.4 years. RESULTS: The operation was technically successful in all cases. Late complications included recurrent urinary tract infection (17%) and uretero-neobladder anastomotic stricture (3%), both at acceptable rates. Postoperative daytime continence was excellent. Cancer control was satisfactory during follow-up; 11 patients (38%) died of disease progression with distant metastases. Median survival was 71.1 months. CONCLUSIONS: The B-bladder maintains the simplicity of preparation of the original ""Le-Bag"" neobladder while gaining the advantages of ureteral anastomosis to an ileal chimney. The incidence of perioperative complications is low and long-term results with regard to cancer control, continence, and complications are excellent."	bladder
TUR and adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy in T1G3 bladder tumors: recurrence, progression and survival in 137 selected patients followed up to 20 years.	OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a highly selected population of patients affected by T1G3 bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCCB) treated by transurethral resection (TUR) and adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1976 and April 1999, 137 patients with T1G3 TCCB were treated by TUR plus intravesical chemotherapy. Particularly, a sequential combination of mitomycin C (MMC) and epirubicin (EPI) was adopted in 91 patients (66.4%). The main exclusion criteria were concomitant or previous Tis, previous T1G3 TCCB, tumor size greater than 3 centimeters and number of tumors more than 3. TUR was repeated if a superficial tumor recurred. Patients went off study if Tis, recurrent T1G3 or invasive tumor were detected during treatment or thereafter. Adjuvant therapy, recurrence and progression were considered in multivariate analysis regarding recurrence, progression and survival respectively. RESULTS: Observation period was up to 240 months with a minimum of 2 years in 112 patients (82%). Seventy patients (51%) recurred. The recurring tumor was again a T1G3 in 22 (16%) patients. Thirteen patients (9.5%) progressed. The 5-year progression-free survival rate was 90%. Median progression-free survival was 149 months. Twenty-two patients (16%) died, 9 (6.6%) of whom due to bladder cancer. Median overall survival was 155 months. The 3- and 5-year disease-free overall survival rates were 89% and 80% respectively. Ten cystectomies (7.3%) were performed. In conclusion, 123 patients (90%) maintained their intact bladder with a mean disease-free overall survival of 104 months. The sequential combination of MMC and EPI adjuvant therapy resulted more effective to be than single drug chemotherapy on recurrence rate (p=0.0021) but had no impact upon progression (p=0.127) and specific survival (p=0.163). Progression (p<0.001) after conservative treatment was the main prognostic factor for survival. CONCLUSION: A conservative approach is an appropriate therapeutic option for the initial management of selected T1G3 bladder tumors.	bladder
Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) as a reliable high-throughput prescreening method for aberrant promoter methylation in cancer.	Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of CpG dinucleotides is a frequent and significant mechanism of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) silencing in cancer. As increasing numbers of downregulated putative TSGs are emerging from large-scale expression profiling studies, high-throughput techniques are needed to screen for hypermethylation. DHPLC has been established as a reliable, highly sensitive technique for mutation analysis. In this study, the use of DHPLC as a prescreening method for the identification of CpG methylation was developed by analyzing DNA samples with different, well-characterized methylation patterns of the CDKN2A/p16 promoter. Bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA was followed by PCR-amplification of unmethylated as well as methylated CDKN2A/p16 promoter sequences. PCR products were denatured and renatured, permitting the formation of heteroduplex DNA detectable by DHPLC. Methylation of all CpG-sites results in a single peak (homoduplex) with a shift in retention time, whereas partial methylation can be recognized by additional signals representing diverse heteroduplex structures. After method development, 35 DNA samples from primary bladder and breast carcinomas were analyzed in a blinded fashion, revealing complete or partial methylation of the p16 promoter in eight cases and a heterozygous mutation in one case. In conclusion, DHPLC is a highly sensitive and convenient method for methylation screening.	bladder
The expression and significance of survivin mRNA in urinary bladder carcinomas.	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the practicability of survivin detection in urine as a novel diagnostic method and prognostic molecular marker of bladder cancer. METHODS: Nested RT-PCR was used to detect survivin mRNA expression in urine specimens from 20 healthy persons and patients with bladder carcinomas (n=30), prostate cancer (n=10), and renal cancer (n=6). RESULTS: The result show that survivin was not detected in the urine samples of six of 30 patients with bladder cancer, whereas all the results were negative the other 36 persons. The positive rates of survivin and their expression levels increased with the tumors' histological grade. Six of 21 new-onset bladder tumors did not present survivin mRNA expression; however, none of the nine recurrent bladder tumors were negative, and patients with new-onset bladder tumors (0.5973+/-0.1968) had significantly lower survivin levels than those with recurrent ones (1.1627+/-0.1341)( P=2.10228E-05). We also found that survivin expression was not correlated with gender, age, and clinical stage. CONCLUSION: The high sensitivity and specificity of urine survivin can indicate the occurrence of bladder carcinomas, and its expression level might be correlated with the malignancy and prognosis of bladder carcinomas. In addition, the fact that survivin was only detected in urine samples of patients with bladder cancer, rather than in normal adult tissue (except thymus gland), suggests that survivin can be used as an ideal target in bladder carcinoma treatment.	bladder
[Cluster analysis in geographical epidemiology: the use of several statistical methods and comparison of their results].	BACKGROUND: The increasing interest in environmental epidemiology has been followed by the development of many statistical tests for detecting disease clustering near a point source. The objectives of this study were to compare several tests to detect disease clustering, among which modelisation using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. METHODS: We compared six statistical methods for detecting disease clustering of bladder cancer around an industrial centre of Isère (France) for the period 1983-1997: Stone's test, score test, and two log-linear modelisations (with and without corrections for extra-Poisson variations) using two ways of parameters estimation (maximum likelihood and Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods). RESULTS: The results of the Stone test and the score test are not in favour of a higher risk of bladder cancer around the considered point source. The conclusions brought by the log linear modelisations are the same, but the results obtained using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method are very dependant of prior distributions determined for the different parameters. CONCLUSION: Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, which allow taking into account complex geographical effects, seem well adapted to cluster analysis in geographical epidemiology. However, they remain difficult to implement.	bladder
Effect of intravesical instillation on performance of uCYT+ test.	OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of intravesical instillation of epirubicin or bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in patients with bladder cancer on the clinical performance of the uCyt+ test, which traces the three monoclonal antibodies M344, LDQ 10, and 19A211 in urothelial cells. METHODS: A total of 267 patients with a mean age of 70.5 years (range 35 to 87) were included in this prospective study. All patients were being followed up after complete transurethral resection of superficial urothelial cancer. All patients received a single instillation of 80 mg epirubicin within 24 hours of transurethral resection and 163 underwent subsequent cycles of chemotherapy with epirubicin or immunotherapy with BCG. This was because of multifocality, high-recurrence, or high-grade urothelial cancer. At the next control, all patients underwent urinary cytology, with the uCyt+ test performed on liquid-based cytology (ThinPrep), subsequent cystoscopy, and evaluation of any suspicious lesion by biopsy. Patients who underwent intravesical BCG therapy underwent random bladder cold biopsy after every instillation series. RESULTS: Of the 267 patients, 8 could not be evaluated by uCyt+ because of insufficient cells. Of the remaining 259 patients under assessment, 86 had proven urothelial cancer. In the 101 patients under assessment with only a single intravesical instillation of epirubicin (group 1), the overall sensitivity for cytology and the uCyt+ test was 44.7% and 76.6%, respectively. Cytology had a specificity of 90.7% and uCyt+ of 64.8%. The negative predictive value for cytology and uCyt+ was 65.3% and 76.1%, respectively. Of the 158 patients under evaluation who were treated with long-term intravesical therapy (group 2), the overall sensitivity and specificity for cytology and the uCyt+ test was 37.8% and 84.6% and 94.9% and 70.6%, respectively. The negative predictive value for cytology and the uCyt+ test was 83.1% and 93.3%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the overall sensitivity (P = 0.512) and specificity (P = 0.558) for the uCyt+ test in the two groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity and specificity of the uCyt+ test are not significantly affected by intravesical long-term treatment with epirubicin or BCG.	bladder
Expression of myogenic regulating factors, Myogenin and MyoD, in two canine botryoid rhabdomyosarcomas.	Myogenin and MyoD regulate the development of skeletal muscle, and their expressions are specific to the stages of myogenesis. Therefore, these myogenic regulatory proteins could be considered as sensitive and specific markers for rhabdomyosarcoma. In this report we investigated the immunohistochemical reactivities of myogenin and MyoD in two canine bladder botryoid rhabdomyosarcomas that were different in the degree of differentiation. MyoD was stained in the Ki-67 antigen-positive undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, which had proliferative activity similar to myoblasts differentiated from mesoblasts. In contrast, multinucleated neoplastic cells were positive for myogenin and alpha-sarcomeric actin but not for Ki-67 antigen, similar to the myotubes differentiated from myoblastic cells. The expressions of myogenin and MyoD were closely correlated to the histologic features of myogenic neoplastic cells.	bladder
The Human MitoChip: a high-throughput sequencing microarray for mitochondrial mutation detection.	Somatic mitochondrial mutations are common in human cancers, and can be used as a tool for early detection of cancer. We have developed a mitochondrial Custom Reseq microarray as an array-based sequencing platform for rapid and high-throughput analysis of mitochondrial DNA. The MitoChip contains oligonucleotide probes synthesized using standard photolithography and solid-phase synthesis, and is able to sequence >29 kb of double-stranded DNA in a single assay. Both strands of the entire human mitochondrial coding sequence (15,451 bp) are arrayed on the MitoChip; both strands of an additional 12,935 bp (84% of coding DNA) are arrayed in duplicate. We used 300 ng of genomic DNA to amplify the mitochondrial coding sequence in three overlapping long PCR fragments. We then sequenced >2 million base pairs of mitochondrial DNA, and successfully assigned base calls at 96.0% of nucleotide positions. Replicate experiments demonstrated >99.99% reproducibility. In matched fluid samples (urine and pancreatic juice, respectively) obtained from five patients with bladder cancer and four with pancreatic cancer, the MitoChip detected at least one cancer-associated mitochondrial mutation in six (66%) of nine samples. The MitoChip is a high-throughput sequencing tool for the reliable identification of mitochondrial DNA mutations from primary tumors in clinical samples.	bladder
GST, NAT, SULT1A1, CYP1B1 genetic polymorphisms, interactions with environmental exposures and bladder cancer risk in a high-risk population.	Tobacco smoking and occupation are major risk factors of bladder cancer via exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aromatic amines. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1, T1 and P1 are involved in the detoxification of PAH reactive metabolites. Two N-acetyltransferase isozymes, NAT2 and NAT1, have major roles in catalyzing the N-acetylation and O-acetylation of aromatic amines. Cytochrome p450 1B1 (CYP1B1) and sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) are also involved in the metabolism of PAHs and aromatic amines. It is hypothesized that the genetic polymorphisms of these metabolic enzymes have an effect on the individual susceptibility to bladder cancer in particular by interacting with relevant environmental exposures. A hospital-based case-control study among men in Brescia, Northern Italy recruited 201 incidence cases and 214 controls from 1997-2000. Occupational exposures were blindly coded by occupational physicians. Genotyping of polymorphisms were carried out with PCR-RFLP method. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression was applied to model the association between genetic polymorphisms and bladder cancer risk. Effect modifications by age of onset, smoking and occupational exposures to PAHs and aromatic amines were evaluated. We also conducted an analysis of interaction between genetic factors. GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype were associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-2.56) and 1.74 (95% CI = 1.02-2.95), respectively. The effect of GSTM1 null was seen particularly in heavy smokers, and there was a combined effect with occupational exposure of aromatic amines (OR = 2.77, 95% CI = 1.08-7.10). We observed a trend (p-value < 0.01) of increasing cancer risk comparing subjects with normal GSTM1 and T1 activity to subjects with one (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.16-2.85) or both null genotypes (OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.27-5.23). NAT2 slow acetylator was associated with marginally increased risk of bladder cancer (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.99-2.27), and the OR for the joint effect with occupational exposure of aromatic amines was 3.26 (95% CI = 1.06-9.95). SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism showed a marginal protective effect. These findings suggest that individual susceptibility to bladder cancer may be modulated by GSTM1, GSTT1 and NAT2 polymorphisms.	bladder
15-year experience on intravesical therapy of T1G3 urinary bladder cancer: a conservative approach.	OBJECTIVE: To report the recurrence, progression and survival in patients with T1G3 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder treated with sequential intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin or epirubicin) on long-term follow up. METHODS: Between July 1988 and September 1999, all patients in a single center with T1G3 bladder TCC, after complete transurethral resection (TURBT), received either 81 mg of Connaught strain BCG or 50 mg of doxorubicin or epirubicin as adjuvant therapy. A conservative approach was adopted whereby those with superficial recurrences were eligible to crossover, even repeatedly, until progression to muscle invasion. Recurrence, progression and disease-specific survival were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 36 patients included, with 26 males and 10 females. The mean age was 71.6 years (range 53-85 years). Final analysis was made at a median follow-up of 23.5 months (range 0-125 months) for recurrence, 33 months (range 0-125 months) for progression and 45.5 months (range 3-125 months) for survival. Sixteen (44.4%) patients showed recurrence. Nine (25%) of these 16 patients progressed. Five (13.9%) of those who progressed died of TCC. The 10 year Kaplan-Meier estimates for recurrence-free survival, progression-free survival and disease-specific survival were 48, 68 and 81%, respectively. Figures with this conservative approach were comparable to those with more aggressive approaches reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant intravesical therapy with either BCG or a chemotherapeutic agent (doxorubicin or epirubicin) and crossover on recurrence was an effective conservative treatment for T1G3 bladder TCC.	bladder