crossing96/oncoscreening huggingface dataset:
The histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat (PXD101) suppresses bladder cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo.	BACKGROUND: Treatment options for patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer are limited, necessitating aggressive exploration of new treatment strategies that effectively prevent recurrence and progression to invasive disease. We assessed the effects of belinostat (previously PXD101), a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, on a panel of human bladder cancer cell lines representing superficial and invasive disease, and on a transgenic mouse model of superficial bladder cancer. METHODS: Growth inhibition and cell cycle distribution effect of belinostat on 5637, T24, J82, and RT4 urothelial lines were assessed. Ha-ras transgenic mice with established superficial bladder cancer were randomized to receive either belinostat or vehicle alone, and assessed for bladder weight, hematuria, gene expression profiling, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: Belinostat had a significant linear dose-dependent growth inhibition on all cell lines (IC50 range of 1.0-10.0 microM). The 5637 cell line, which was derived from a superficial papillary tumor, was the most sensitive to treatment. Belinostat (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, 5 days each week for 3 weeks) treated mice had less bladder weight (p < 0.05), and no hematuria compared with 6/10 control mice that developed at least one episode. IHC of bladder tumors showed less cell proliferation and a higher expression of p21WAF1 in the belinostat-treated mice. Gene expression profile analysis revealed 56 genes significantly different in the treated group; these included the upregulation of p21WAF1, induction of core histone deacetylase (HDAC), and cell communication genes. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that belinostat inhibits bladder cancer and supports the clinical evaluation of belinostat for the treatment of patients with superficial bladder cancer.	bladder
[Bladder preservation by chemoradiotherapy in combination with radical TUR-Bt in muscle invasive bladder cancer].	PURPOSE: To evaluate bladder preservation protocol by radical TUR-Bt and subsequent concurrent chemoradiotherapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (T2-T4NOM0) were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy after transurethral resection of the tumor as much as possible beyond muscle layers. Chemotherapy was consisted of systemic administration of methoterexete (30 mg/m2 day 1 and day 22) and intraarterial infusion of cisplatin (70 mg/m2, day 2 and day 23). The response was evaluated by TUR, urine cytology, CT and/or MRI 4 to 6 weeks after the treatment. RESULTS: Among 24 evaluable cases, pathological complete response was achieved in 13 cases (50%) and residual tumors were noted in 11 cases (pT1 in 9 and pT2 in 2). During follow-up period up to 69.8 months, invasive recurrence was observed in 2 cases, superficial recurrence was noted in 5 patients and distant metastasis without evidence of local recurrence was noted in 4 cases. Overall bladder preservation rate was 92%. CONCLUSIONS: The bladder preservation by radical TUR-Bt and chemoradiotherapy is a safe and effective treatment option for muscle invasive bladder cancer.	bladder
[Fluorescence cystoscopy at bladder cancer: present trials].	"Bladder cancer is a frequent disease and represents the second most common genitourinary neoplasm. Although many aspects of the management of not-muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer are now well established, significant challenges remain, which influence patient outcome. Early detection and treatment of recurrent disease is required to optimize bladder preservation, reduce patient morbidity and increase quality of life and survival. Fluorescence cystoscopy, often referred to as ""photodynamic diagnosis"" (PDD) with intravesical application of photosensitizing agents has been developed in order to enhance the early detection of bladder cancer. Since March 2005 the hexyl-ALA ester (Hexvix) has been approved for the diagnosis of bladder cancer in 27 EU/EEA countries through the European Mutual Recognition Procedure. There is growing evidence that PDD enhances the detection of bladder cancer, particularly of high-grade flat lesions. Furthermore, transurethral resection of bladder tumor under fluorescence guidance has been shown to reduce the risk of recurrent tumors. Nevertheless, a resulting relatively decreased number of recurrences have still to be verified in prospective randomized trials."	bladder
Transitional cell carcinoma in a herniated vesical diverticulum.	Carcinoma in vesical diverticula is a rare clinical entity and rarer still is the herniation of the vesical diverticulum into the scrotal sac. Carcinoma arising within a vesical diverticulum often represents a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic challenge, with overall poor outcome despite all available forms of treatment. Multidetector CT helps in the diagnosis and detailed evaluation of carcinoma arising from the vesical diverticulum by allowing excellent reconstructions in any desired plane. We report here a case of transitional cell carcinoma arising in a herniated vesical diverticulum with hepatic metastasis.	bladder
Improved filter method for urine sediment detection of urothelial carcinoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization.	CONTEXT: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of voided urine sediment is a sensitive and specific test for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. The time required for slide preparation using the conventional cytospin method is lengthy. OBJECTIVE: To present an alternative to the conventional cytospin method. DESIGN: We compared the results of an improved filter monolayer method with published results of the conventional cytospin method. A total of 624 patients with cytology and FISH analyses were followed with cystoscopy and/or bladder biopsy. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed on 624 cases using fluorescence-labeled probes to the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and band 9p21; cytology was also performed in all cases. RESULTS: A total of 217 (34.7%) of 624 patients had follow-up bladder biopsies, and 170 of these (78.3%) had urothelial carcinoma. The sensitivity for cancer detection was higher for FISH than for urine cytology (92.9% [158/ 170] for FISH vs 72.9% [124/170] for urine cytology, P = <5%). The specificity was equivalent for FISH and urine cytology (97.5% [443/454] for FISH vs 92.2% [419/454] for cytology). The sensitivity for FISH was better (92.9% vs 81%), and there was no significant difference in specificity (97.5% vs 96%) between the filter method and the conventional cytospin method. Unlike the conventional cytospin method, the filter method did not require multiple centrifugation and decantation steps or investment in dedicated equipment. CONCLUSIONS: The improved filter method was faster, easier, and less expensive than published results with the conventional cytospin method with better sensitivity and equivalent specificity.	bladder
Detection of bladder cancer from the urine using fluorescence in situ hybridization technique.	The authors report on their first experiences with the UroVysion fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) kit developed for the detection of bladder cancer. This new non-invasive diagnostic application of the FISH technique in the field of urology was elaborated to replace cystoscopy. The special urine examination method detects genetic alterations of the urothelial cells found in the urine, using fluorescent directlabeled DNA probes binding to the peri-centromeric regions of chromosomes 3, 7 and 17 as well as on the 9p21 locus. We aimed to evaluate the utility of UroVysion test in the light of the histological diagnosis. Urine samples from 43 bladder cancer patients and 12 patients with no or benign alterations were studied using a new application of FISH technique: the UroVysion reagent kit. The obtained FISH results were compared with the histological findings of the transurethral surgical resection specimens. The study rated the specificity and sensitivity of the technique 100% and 87%, respectively. Therefore, the technique could well fit into the diagnostic process of bladder carcinomas. Statistical analyses showed significant correlation between tumor progression and the severity of the genetic alterations detected by this FISH technique. Furthermore, positive correlation was found between tumor grade and the proportion of tumor cells showing genetic abnormality. The noninvasiveness, the robustness of evaluation and the high specificity/sensitivity are all in favor of this technique. The disadvantages are the higher costs of the technical background and the required future clinical studies to determine whether this technique can replace cystoscopy.	bladder
The role of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy in bladder cancer.	Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is labor intensive and costly to manage. Owing to long-term survival rates and life-long monitoring and treatment, it is the most expensive cancer to manage in per-patient terms. Significant costs are attributable to the treatment of recurrences and complications. Fluorescence-guided cystoscopy, using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or its hexyl ester, hexaminolevulinate 5-ALA (Hexvix [HAL], Photocure, Oslo, Norway), improves the detection of bladder tumors, particularly carcinoma in situ, compared with standard white-light cystoscopy. The quality of transurethral resection of the bladder tumor is also improved. It has been shown that improved tumor detection leads to better patient management and, in the case of ALA, reduced long-term recurrence rates and costs. Long-term studies in this area with HAL are ongoing. The technique is well tolerated and is a useful adjunct to white-light cystoscopy.	bladder
Midkine promoter-based conditionally replicative adenovirus for targeting midkine-expressing human bladder cancer model.	OBJECTIVES: To develop a novel therapeutic strategy against human bladder cancer using Ad-MK-E1a-a midkine (MK) promoter-regulated, conditionally replicating, adenovirus. METHODS: We tested several human cancer cell lines in vitro, including those of bladder cancer (KK47, 5637, and T24), lung cancer (A549), and head and neck cancer (H891). In each cell line, we examined MK mRNA expression by TaqMan real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, MK promoter activity, after plasmid transfection, using a luciferase assay, and the transduction efficiency by co-transfection with the cytomegalovirus-beta-gal plasmid. In these cells, we assessed the cell type-specific replication of Ad-MK-E1a virus by measuring the E1a DNA copy number by real-time polymerase chain reaction and the cell growth inhibition due to this virus using the Alamar blue assay. In animal studies, nude mice were subcutaneously inoculated with KK47 cells and later intratumorally injected with phosphate-buffered saline or Ad5-CMV-LacZ or Ad-MK-E1a. RESULTS: The MK mRNA expression level and MK promoter-driven luciferase activity were relatively greater and markedly increased, respectively, in the 5637, A549, and KK47 cells than in the T24 and H891 cells. After Ad-MK-E1a infection, the E1a DNA copy number increased more significantly in the KK47, 5637, and A549 cells than in the T24 and H891 cells. At a multiplicity of infection of 0.01, Ad-MK-E1a significantly inhibited KK47 and 5637 cell growth. In vivo, Ad-MK-E1a injection markedly inhibited KK47 tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated the antitumor effect of Ad-MK-E1a in a human bladder cancer model overexpressing MK mRNA.	bladder
Potential for molecular targeted therapy of HER-2/neu for invasive bladder cancer: examination of gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization.	Analysis of HER-2/neu gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed in 40 patients with invasive bladder cancer in order to evaluate the potential for molecular targeted therapy of HER-2 as a tailor-made treatment for patients with invasive bladder cancer. This study included 40 patients seen at the Aichi Medical University Hospital from January 2001 to December 2004 and were pathologically diagnosed with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (pT2-pT4). The PathVysion kit was used to evaluate the status of HER-2/neu gene amplification, and a signal ratio > or =2.0 was considered positive for HER-2/neu gene amplification. In primary foci 5 patients (12.5%) were positive for HER-2/neu gene amplification. According to the classification of grade and stage, no statistically significant difference was observed. Lymph node metastasis was found in 10 patients, and 3 patients (30%) were positive for HER-2/neu gene amplification. In the patients with HER-2/neu gene-amplified metastatic lymph nodes, primary foci were also positive for gene amplification, showing a statistically significant difference. This study indicates that 12.5% of patients with invasive bladder cancer may benefit from molecular targeted therapy of HER-2, and that molecular targeted therapy can be expected to be effective even for patients with lymph node metastases as long as their primary foci are positive for HER-2/neu gene amplification.	bladder
Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder--a new case report.	"Primary pure small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is an extremely rare and highly aggressive tumor with an average five-year survival rate of less than 10% as cited by multiple case reports. It accounts for about 0.5-1% of all bladder tumors. We present the case of a 44-years-old man, smoker (10 cigarettes/day) hospitalized in the Department of Urology, from the ""Prof. dr. Th. Burghele"" Hospital, Bucharest, for one month intermittent hematuria. Ultrasonography showed a sessile tumoral mass, sized 37/30mm. Transurethral resection of the tumor mass was performed and tissue fragments were sent to the pathologic lab to establish the histologic type, the degree of differentiation and invasion. Fragments of the tumor were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, paraffin embedded and processed as standard technique; the sections were stained with HE, VG and immunohistochemically with: CROMO, EMA, NSE, CD56, NK1, p53 and betaHCG. The microscopic examination reveled a tumor proliferation composed of two distinct components: extensive small cells areas and foci of typical low grade (G2) papillary urothelial carcinoma. The small cell are uniformly, round, with increased nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, eosinophyl cytoplasm, hyperchromatic nuclei, finely granular chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. Immunohistochemical stains showed diffuse positive staining of the small cell component for CROMO, EMA, NSE, CD56, NK1 and urothelial carcinoma component stained focally for betaHCG. The rate of cell proliferation was increased (p53 - 80% positive reaction). Conclusions. A diagnosis of small cell carcinoma coexisting with low-grade urothelial carcinoma was established. Because of aggressive behavior and distinct treatment, the pathologist should watch out for the presence of small cell carcinoma component."	bladder
[New markers for pharmacological targeting in bladder cancer with lymph node metastasis].	"PURPOSE: VECF-C, -D and their receptor Flt-4 are associated with lymph node metastasis and a poor prognosis in many tumour entities. We have analysed the expression of these factors in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with positive lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed ""tissue microarrays"" (TMAs) from bladder cancer specimens (BC-array) and corresponding lymph node metastases (LN-array) of 73 patients, who all underwent radical cystectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy. After immunohistochemical staining, semiquantitative analysis was performed using polyclonal antibodies for VEGF-C, -D and Flt-4. The results were correlated with various histopathological and clinical variables. RESULTS: VEGF-C (p = 0.007) and Flt-4 (p = 0.019) were significantly higher expressed in the LN-array compared to the BC-array. In the LN-array VEGF-D correlated with T-(p = 0.013) and N-stage (p = 0.030) Flt-4 correlated with N-stage (p = 0.011) and distant metastasis (p = 0.011) in the BC-array, as well as with T-(p = 0.004) and N-stage (p = 0.014) in the LN-array. Accordingly, in the LN-array VEGF-D positive patients showed both a shorter disease-free survival (p = 0.028) and a poorer overall survival (p = 0.014). Similarly, Flt-4 positive patients had a shorter overall survival (p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with transitional bladder cancer and lymph node metastasis have a poorer prognosis when they overexpress VEGF-D and Flt-4 in their lymph nodes. Pharmacological targeting of these factors could improve their overall survival."	bladder
Survivin expression in patients with non-muscle-invasive urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder.	OBJECTIVES: Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis gene family that controls mitotic progression and induces tumor cell invasion. Our objectives were to evaluate the association of survivin expression with the presence of urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder and clinical outcomes in patients with non-muscle-invasive urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for survivin was performed on archival bladder tissue microarray specimens from 9 normal controls and 74 consecutive patients who had Stage Ta, Tis, and/or T1 disease on transurethral resection (TUR). Staining was also performed on cystectomy specimens from 22 of these patients who had undergone radical cystectomy for disease progression. Survivin was considered overexpressed when more than 10% of the cells expressed survivin. RESULTS: Survivin was not expressed in normal bladder urothelium. Survivin was overexpressed in 53% of non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors. Overexpression of survivin was associated with greater tumor grade (P <0.001). On multivariate analyses adjusted for the effects of TUR stage, grade, and intravesical therapy, survivin overexpression was independently associated with cancer recurrence (hazard ratio 2.50, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 5.69, P = 0.02) and progression (hazard ratio 3.87, 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 13.24, P = 0.03), but not disease-specific survival (hazard ratio 1.88, 95% confidence interval 0.90 to 6.46, P = 0.07). A high concordance rate for survivin expression was found between the 22 matched TUR and cystectomy specimens (86%). CONCLUSIONS: Survivin expression analysis performed on TUR specimens might help identify patients with non-muscle-invasive urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder at high risk of disease recurrence and progression who would benefit from closer follow-up or more aggressive therapy.	bladder
Searching urinary tumor markers for bladder cancer using a two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) approach.	Aiming at identifying biomarkers for bladder cancer, the urinary proteome was explored through a two-dimensional gel-based proteomic approach (2D-DIGE) coupled with mass spectrometry and database interrogation. The increased expression of proteins differentially expressed between patients with bladder tumors and controls such as Reg-1 and keratin 10 was confirmed to be associated with bladder cancer progression on bladder cancer cell lines by immunoblotting, and bladder tumors by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the association of these proteins, especially Reg-1, with tumor staging and clinical outcome was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using an independent series of bladder tumors contained in tissue microarrays (n=292). Furthermore, Reg-1 was quantified using an independent series of urinary specimens (n=80) and provided diagnostic utility to discriminate patients with bladder cancer and controls (area under the curve (AUC=0.88)). Thus, the 2D-DIGE approach has identified Reg-1 as a biomarker for bladder cancer diagnostics, staging, and outcome prognosis.	bladder
Three-dimensional transvaginal sonography in local staging of cervical carcinoma: description of a novel technique and preliminary results.	OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional multiplanar sonography in the local staging of cervical carcinoma. METHODS: Between January 2005 and May 2006, 14 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma underwent transvaginal volume ultrasound examination prior to primary surgery. Parametrial invasion was evaluated in the coronal plane, while both bladder and rectal invasion were evaluated in the sagittal plane. Ultrasound findings were compared with surgical and histological results. RESULTS: In 12 of the 14 cases, three-dimensional ultrasound findings were compatible with pathology results. In the remaining two cases, either infiltration of right parametrium or rectal invasion were suspected at ultrasound but not confirmed at pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small number of patients evaluated, three-dimensional multiplanar sonography appears to be a promising technique in the local staging of cervical carcinoma.	bladder
Mediastinal mass mimicking a tumor in a patient with bladder cancer after Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment.	We describe the case of a 78-year-old male with bladder cancer who developed a mediastinal mass after intravesical immunotherapy with live Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The clinical diagnosis was mediastinal tumor suggestive for lymphoma. However, cultures of the biopsy specimens grew an acid-fast organism, which was identified as M. bovis BCG. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case in which a post-instillation BCG infection induced a mediastinal mass that mimicked a tumor in a patient with bladder cancer.	bladder
Therapy of metastatic bladder carcinoma.	The methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, cisplatin (M-VAC) regimen has been considered as standard treatment of metastatic bladder carcinoma till recent years. The superiority of M-VAC both to cisplatin alone and to another cisplatin combination regimen has been demonstrated in randomized studies. During the last years, the use of gemcitabine in metastatic bladder carcinoma has considerably increased, mainly in combination with cisplatin (CG). A phase III trial comparing M-VAC and CG demonstrated similar activity and less toxicity for CG, which has now become the new standard of care for patients with metastatic bladder carcinoma. The substitution of cisplatin with carboplatin, the combination of platinum and taxanes, and the addition of a third drug to basal CG combination represent possible ways to improve outcome. Among the novel cytotoxic compounds, pemetrexed has raised interest, since a phase II second-line study showed a 28% response rate with a manageable toxicity profile. Vinflunine is a novel antitubulin agent with a relevant clinical activity in pretreated metastatic bladder carcinoma (18% response rate, 6.6 months median survival). Novel biologic compounds (in particular drugs targeting epidermal growth factor receptor) are being tested in metastatic bladder carcinoma also and much effort is being pursued in understanding the determinants of tumor response. Crucial mutations to which the tumor becomes addicted have to be discovered so that more effective and specific drugs or combinations can be delivered.	bladder