Language: C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
using vi = vector<int>;
using vll = vector<long long int>;
using vb = vector<bool>;
using vvi = vector<vector<int>>;
using vvll = vector<vector<long long int>>;
using ll = long long int;

void dfs(int a, int b, const vvll &c, vll &p, vb &ald, vll &dist){
    ald[a] = true;
    dist[a] = b+1;
    for(auto x: c[a]){
        if(ald[x] == true){
            if(b+1>=dist[a]){
                p[x]=a;
                dfs(x, b+1, c, p, ald, dist);
            }else{
                return;
            }
        }else{
            dfs(x, b+1, c, p, ald, dist);
        }
    }
}

int main(){
    ll N, M; cin >> N >> M;
    vvll c(N+1, vll(0)), p(N+1, vll(0));
    for(int i=0; i<N+M-1; i++){
        ll a, b; cin >> a >> b;
        c[a].emplace_back(b);
        p[b].emplace_back(a);
    }
    ll r = 1;
    while(p[r].size()>0){
        r = p[r][0];
    }
    vll p(N+1, 0);
    vb ald(N+1, false);
    vll dist(N+1, 0);
    dfs(r, 0, c, p, ald, dist);
    for(int i=1; i<N+1; i++){
        if(p[i]==0){
            cout << 0 << endl;
        }else{
            cout << p[i] << endl;
        }
    }
}

Compiler output:
a.cc: In function 'int main()':
a.cc:41:9: error: conflicting declaration 'vll p'
   41 |     vll p(N+1, 0);
      |         ^
a.cc:31:26: note: previous declaration as 'vvll p'
   31 |     vvll c(N+1, vll(0)), p(N+1, vll(0));
      |                          ^
a.cc:44:18: error: invalid initialization of reference of type 'vll&' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>&'} from expression of type 'vvll' {aka 'std::vector<std::vector<long long int> >'}
   44 |     dfs(r, 0, c, p, ald, dist);
      |                  ^
a.cc:12:44: note: in passing argument 4 of 'void dfs(int, int, const vvll&, vll&, vb&, vll&)'
   12 | void dfs(int a, int b, const vvll &c, vll &p, vb &ald, vll &dist){
      |                                       ~~~~~^
a.cc:46:16: error: no match for 'operator==' (operand types are '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} and 'int')
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
In file included from /usr/include/c++/14/regex:68,
                 from /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/14/bits/stdc++.h:181,
                 from a.cc:1:
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1103:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _BiIter> bool std::__cxx11::operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>&, const sub_match<_BiIter>&)'
 1103 |     operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>& __lhs, const sub_match<_BiIter>& __rhs)
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1103:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'const std::__cxx11::sub_match<_BiIter>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1199:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Bi_iter, class _Ch_traits, class _Ch_alloc> bool std::__cxx11::operator==(__sub_match_string<_Bi_iter, _Ch_traits, _Ch_alloc>&, const sub_match<_BiIter>&)'
 1199 |     operator==(const __sub_match_string<_Bi_iter, _Ch_traits, _Ch_alloc>& __lhs,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1199:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'std::__cxx11::__sub_match_string<_Bi_iter, _Ch_traits, _Ch_alloc>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1274:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Bi_iter, class _Ch_traits, class _Ch_alloc> bool std::__cxx11::operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>&, __sub_match_string<_Bi_iter, _Ch_traits, _Ch_alloc>&)'
 1274 |     operator==(const sub_match<_Bi_iter>& __lhs,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1274:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'const std::__cxx11::sub_match<_BiIter>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1366:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Bi_iter> bool std::__cxx11::operator==(const typename std::iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type*, const sub_match<_BiIter>&)'
 1366 |     operator==(typename iterator_traits<_Bi_iter>::value_type const* __lhs,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1366:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   mismatched types 'const std::__cxx11::sub_match<_BiIter>' and 'int'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1441:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Bi_iter> bool std::__cxx11::operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>&, const typename std::iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type*)'
 1441 |     operator==(const sub_match<_Bi_iter>& __lhs,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1441:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'const std::__cxx11::sub_match<_BiIter>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1534:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Bi_iter> bool std::__cxx11::operator==(const typename std::iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type&, const sub_match<_BiIter>&)'
 1534 |     operator==(typename iterator_traits<_Bi_iter>::value_type const& __lhs,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1534:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   mismatched types 'const std::__cxx11::sub_match<_BiIter>' and 'int'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1613:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Bi_iter> bool std::__cxx11::operator==(const sub_match<_BiIter>&, const typename std::iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type&)'
 1613 |     operator==(const sub_match<_Bi_iter>& __lhs,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:1613:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'const std::__cxx11::sub_match<_BiIter>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:2186:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Bi_iter, class _Alloc> bool std::__cxx11::operator==(const match_results<_BiIter, _Alloc>&, const match_results<_BiIter, _Alloc>&)'
 2186 |     operator==(const match_results<_Bi_iter, _Alloc>& __m1,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/regex.h:2186:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'const std::__cxx11::match_results<_BiIter, _Alloc>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algobase.h:64,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/algorithm:60,
                 from /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/14/bits/stdc++.h:51:
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_pair.h:1033:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _T1, class _T2> constexpr bool std::operator==(const pair<_T1, _T2>&, const pair<_T1, _T2>&)'
 1033 |     operator==(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, const pair<_T1, _T2>& __y)
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_pair.h:1033:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'const std::pair<_T1, _T2>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algobase.h:67:
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_iterator.h:441:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Iterator> constexpr bool std::operator==(const reverse_iterator<_Iterator>&, const reverse_iterator<_Iterator>&)'
  441 |     operator==(const reverse_iterator<_Iterator>& __x,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_iterator.h:441:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'const std::reverse_iterator<_Iterator>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_iterator.h:486:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _IteratorL, class _IteratorR> constexpr bool std::operator==(const reverse_iterator<_Iterator>&, const reverse_iterator<_IteratorR>&)'
  486 |     operator==(const reverse_iterator<_IteratorL>& __x,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_iterator.h:486:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'const std::reverse_iterator<_Iterator>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_iterator.h:1667:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _IteratorL, class _IteratorR> constexpr bool std::operator==(const move_iterator<_IteratorL>&, const move_iterator<_IteratorR>&)'
 1667 |     operator==(const move_iterator<_IteratorL>& __x,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_iterator.h:1667:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'const std::move_iterator<_IteratorL>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_iterator.h:1737:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Iterator> constexpr bool std::operator==(const move_iterator<_IteratorL>&, const move_iterator<_IteratorL>&)'
 1737 |     operator==(const move_iterator<_Iterator>& __x,
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_iterator.h:1737:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:46:18: note:   '__gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<std::allocator<std::vector<long long int> >, std::vector<long long int> >::value_type' {aka 'std::vector<long long int>'} is not derived from 'const std::move_iterator<_IteratorL>'
   46 |         if(p[i]==0){
      |                  ^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/14/bits/char_traits.h:42,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/string:42,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/bitset:52,
                 from /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/14/bits/stdc++.h:52:
/usr/include/c++/14