Language: C++


#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
#include <vector>
#include <stack>
#include <cstdio>
#include <string>
#include <bitset>
#include <list>
#include <set>
#include <algorithm>
#include <numeric>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <functional>
#include <queue>
#include <regex>
#include <cassert>
#include <map>
#include <type_traits>
#include <array>
#include <cassert>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <time.h>
//#include "boost/variant.hpp"

// #include "bits/stdc++.h"

using namespace std;



#define rep(i, N, M) for(ll i=N, i##_len=(M); i<i##_len; ++i)
#define rep_skip(i, N, M, ...) for(ll i=N, i##_len=(M); i<i##_len; i+=(skip))
#define rrep(i, N, M)  for(ll i=(M)-1, i##_len=(N-1); i>i##_len; --i)
#define pb push_back

typedef pair<double, double> pd;

typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef pair<ll, ll> pll;
typedef tuple<ll, ll, ll> tll;
typedef tuple<ll, ll, ll, ll> tll4;
typedef tuple<ll, ll, ll, ll, ll> tll5;
typedef tuple<ll, ll, ll, ll, ll, ll> tll6;

typedef vector<ll> vll;
typedef vector<vll> vvll;
typedef vector<pll> vpll;
typedef vector<bool> vb;
typedef vector<vb> vvb;
typedef vector<string> vs;
template<typename T>
using pq_greater = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;


#define all(a)  (a).begin(),(a).end()
#define rall(a) (a).rbegin(), (a).rend()
#define vec(a) vector<a>
#define perm(c) sort(all(c));for(bool c##perm=1;c##perm;c##perm=next_permutation(all(c)))

template<typename T1, typename T2> void chmin(T1 &a, T2 b) { if (a > b) a = b; }
template<typename T1, typename T2> void chmax(T1 &a, T2 b) { if (a < b) a = b; }

constexpr ll POW_(ll n, ll m) {
	ll res = 1;
	rep(i, 0, m) {
		res *= n;
	}
	return res;
}

template<int mod=0>
constexpr ll POW(ll x, ll n) {
	if (x == 2)
	{
		return (1LL << n) % mod;
	}
	if (n == 0)return 1;
	if (n == 1)return x % mod;
	if (n % 2 == 0)return POW_(POW<mod>(x, n / 2), 2LL) % mod;
	return ((POW_(POW<mod>(x, n / 2, mod), 2LL) % mod)*(x%mod)) % mod;
}
template<>
constexpr ll POW<0>(ll x, ll n) {
	if (x == 2)
	{
		return 1LL << n;
	}
	if (n == 0)return 1;
	if (n == 1)return x ;
	if (n % 2 == 0) return POW_(POW(x, n / 2), 2);
	return (POW_(POW(x, n / 2), 2))*x ;
}

template<ll bit>
ll at_bit(ll n, ll i) {
	return n / POW(bit, i) % bit;
}

template<>
ll at_bit<2>(ll n, ll i) {
	return (n >>i) % 2LL;
}

template<ll bit>
ll get_bit(ll i) {
	return POW(bit,i);
}

template<>
ll get_bit<2>(ll i) {
	return 1LL << i;
}

template<ll bit>
ll get_max_bit(ll n) {
	ll tmp = bit;
	ll at=0;
	while (tmp <= n) {
		at++;
		tmp*= bit;
	}
	return at;
}

template<>
ll get_max_bit<2>(ll n) {
	ll tmp = 2;
	ll at = 0;
	while (tmp <= n) {
		at++;
		tmp <<= 1;
	}
	return at;
}

vll getDivisors(ll n) {
	vll res;
	ll i = 1;

	for (; i*i < n; i++) {
		if (n%i == 0) {
			res.push_back(i);
			res.push_back(n / i);
		}
	}
	if (i*i == n)res.push_back(i);
	sort(res.begin(), res.end());
	return res;
}

vll getDivisors(ll n, ll m) {
	if (n > m) swap(n, m);
	vll res;
	ll i = 1;

	for (; i*i < n; i++) {
		if (n%i == 0) {
			if (m%i == 0) res.push_back(i);
			if (m % (n / i) == 0) res.push_back(n / i);
		}
	}
	if (i*i == n) if (m%i == 0) res.push_back(i);
	sort(res.begin(), res.end());
	return res;
}


ll gcd(ll a, ll b) {
	if (a%b == 0) return b;
	else return gcd(b, a%b);
}

template<
	typename Inputs,
	typename Functor,
	typename T = typename Inputs::value_type>
void sort_by(Inputs& inputs, Functor f) {
	std::sort(std::begin(inputs), std::end(inputs),
		[&f](const T& lhs, const T& rhs) { return f(lhs) < f(rhs); });
}

template<
	typename Inputs,
	typename Functor,
	typename T = typename Inputs::value_type>
	void stable_sort_by(Inputs& inputs, Functor f) {
	std::stable_sort(std::begin(inputs), std::end(inputs),
		[&f](const T& lhs, const T& rhs) { return f(lhs) < f(rhs); });
}

// Functor is expected to be functional<val ,bool>
// This function returns the maximum iterator that stisfies f(*it) == f(* inputs.begin())
template<
	typename Inputs,
	typename Functor,
	typename ValType = typename Inputs::value_type>
pair<typename Inputs::iterator, typename Inputs::iterator> binary_solve(Inputs& inputs,  Functor f)
{

	auto left = inputs.begin();
	auto right = inputs.end();
	auto n = inputs.size();

	auto left_val = f(*left);
	auto right_val = f(*(right-1));

	// check 
	assert(n >= 2);
	assert(left_val != right_val);

	while (left + 1 != right) 
	{
		auto mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
		if (f(*mid) == left_val)
		{
			left = mid;
		}
		else
		{
			right = mid;
		}
	}

	return { left,right };
}




template<int I>
vll proj(vpll v) {
	vll res(v.size());
	rep(i, 0, v.size()) {
		if (!I) res[i] = v[i].first;
		else res[i] = v[i].second;
	}
	return res;
}


template<int I, class T>
vll proj(T v) {
	vll res(v.size());
	rep(i, 0, v.size()) {
		res[i] = get<I>(v[i]);
	}
	return res;
}
vector<pll >prime_factorize(ll n) {
	vector<pll> res;
	for (ll p = 2; p*p <= n; ++p) {
		if (n%p != 0)continue;
		ll num = 0;
		while (n%p == 0) { ++num; n /= p; }
		res.push_back({ p,num });
	}
	if (n != 1) res.push_back(make_pair(n, 1));
	return res;
}


ll MOD = 1000000007;
ll INF = 1LL << 60;
ll n;

template <class T> using reversed_priority_queue = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T> >;

template <typename Monoid>
struct segment_tree 
{

	using underlying_type = typename  Monoid::underlying_type;

	segment_tree(ll a_n) : size_original(a_n)
	{
		vector<underlying_type> initial_value = vector<underlying_type>(a_n, Monoid::unit());
		segment_tree_impl(a_n, initial_value);
	}

	segment_tree(ll a_n, vector<underlying_type>& initial_value) : size_original(a_n)
	{
		segment_tree_impl(a_n, initial_value);
	}

	void update(int i, underlying_type z) { // 0-based
		assert(0 <= i && i < 2 * n - 1);
		a[i + n - 1] = z;
		for (i = (i + n) / 2; i > 0; i /= 2) { // 1-based
			a[i - 1] = Monoid::append(a[2 * i - 1], a[2 * i]);
		}
	}

	underlying_type query(ll l, ll r) { // 0-based, [l, r)
		underlying_type lacc = Monoid::unit(), racc = Monoid::unit();
		assert(l <= r && r <= n);
		l += n; r += n;
		for (; l < r; l /= 2, r /= 2) { // 1-based loop, 2x faster than recursion
			if (l % 2 == 1) lacc = Monoid::append(lacc, a[(l++) - 1]);
			if (r % 2 == 1) racc = Monoid::append(a[(--r) - 1], racc);
		}
		return Monoid::append(lacc, racc);
	}

	ll size() { return size_original; }

private:
	ll size_original;
	ll n;
	vector<underlying_type> a;
	void segment_tree_impl(ll a_n, vector<underlying_type>& initial_value)
	{
		assert(a_n == initial_value.size());
		n = 1; while (n < a_n) n *= 2;
		a.resize(2 * n - 1, Monoid::unit());
		rep(i, 0, initial_value.size()) {
			a[i + (n - 1)] = initial_value[i];
		}
		rrep(i, 0, n - 1) a[i] = Monoid::append(a[2 * i + 1], a[2 * i + 2]); // propagate initial values
	}
};


template <typename T>
struct min_indexed_t {
	typedef pair<T, ll> underlying_type;
	static underlying_type make_indexed(vector<T> v)
	{
		underlying_type w(v.size());
		rep(i, 0, v.size()) {
			w[i] = { v[i],i };
		}
		return w;
	}
	static underlying_type unit() { return make_pair(numeric_limits<T>::max(), -1); }
	static underlying_type append(underlying_type a, underlying_type b) { return min(a, b); }
};
template <typename T>
struct min_t {
	typedef T underlying_type;
	static underlying_type unit() { return numeric_limits<T>::max(); }
	static underlying_type append(underlying_type a, underlying_type b) { return min(a, b); }
};

struct linear_t {
	typedef pd underlying_type;
	static underlying_type unit() { return underlying_type{ 1.,0. }; }
	static underlying_type append(underlying_type a, underlying_type b) {
		return underlying_type{ a.first*b.first, b.first*a.second + b.second };
	}
};



vll get_topologically_sorted_nodes(const vvll& graph)
{
	// graph needs to be represented by adjacent list.
	vll roots;
	ll nodeSize = graph.size();

	// find root
	vll roots;
	vll inDegree(nodeSize);

	rep(i, 0, nodeSize) {
		if (inDegree[i] == 0) {
			roots.push_back(i);
		}
	}

	stack<ll> parents;
	for(ll i: roots) 
		parents.push(i);
	
	vll sortedNodes;
	while (!parents.empty()) {
		ll parent = parents.top();
		parents.pop();
		sortedNodes.push_back(parent);
		for (ll sibling : graph[parent]) {
			inDegree[sibling]--;
			if (inDegree[sibling] == 0) {
				parents.push(sibling);
			}
		}
	}
	return sortedNodes;
}




int main() {
	ll N,M;
	cin >> N>>M;
	ll edgeNum = N - 1 + M;
	vvll adjList(N );
	vll inDegree(N);
	vll A(edgeNum), B(edgeNum);
	rep(i, 0, edgeNum) {
		cin >> A[i] >> B[i];
		adjList[--A[i]].push_back(--B[i]);
		inDegree[B[i]]++;
	}
	
	auto sorted = get_topologically_sorted_nodes(adjList);
	vll res(N);
	res[sorted[0]] = 0;
	rep(i, 1, N) {
		ll ind = sorted[i];
		for (ll sib : adjList[ind]) {
			res[sib] = ind;
		}
	}
	rep(i, 0, N) {
		cout << res[i] << endl;
	}

	return 0;
}


Compiler output:
a.cc: In function 'vll get_topologically_sorted_nodes(const vvll&)':
a.cc:363:13: error: redeclaration of 'vll roots'
  363 |         vll roots;
      |             ^~~~~
a.cc:359:13: note: 'vll roots' previously declared here
  359 |         vll roots;
      |             ^~~~~