Language: C++

#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#define SREP(s,i,m) for(unsigned int i = s; i < m; ++i)
#define REP(i,m) SREP(0,i,m)
using namespace std;
#ifdef _MSC_VER
using LONG = __int64;
using ULONG = unsigned __int64;
#else
using LONG = long long int;
//using ULONG = unsigned long long int;
using ULONG = unsigned __int128;
#endif

int N;
vector<int> a;
set<int> used;
map<int, int> pos;
ULONG result = 0;

void calculate() {
  for (int num = 1; num <= N; num++) {
    auto prev = used.lower_bound(pos[num]);
    if (prev == used.begin()) prev = used.end();
    else prev--;
    auto next = used.upper_bound(pos[num]);
    int left, right;
    if (prev == used.end()) {
      left = pos[num];
    } else {
      left = pos[num] - *prev - 1;
    }
    if (next == used.end()) {
      right = N - pos[num] - 1;
    } else {
      right = *next - pos[num] - 1;
    }
    if (right < 0) throw runtime_error("bug 1");
    if (left < 0) throw runtime_error("bug 2");
    if (right >= N) throw runtime_error("bug 3");
    if (left >= N) throw runtime_error("bug 4");
    result += (ULONG)num * (ULONG)(right * left + right + left + 1);
    used.insert(pos[num]);
  }
}

int main(void) {
  cin >> N;
  a.resize(N);
  REP(i, N) {
    cin >> a[i];
    pos[a[i]] = i;
  }
  calculate();
  cout << result << endl;
  return 0;
}

Compiler output:
a.cc: In function 'int main()':
a.cc:64:8: error: ambiguous overload for 'operator<<' (operand types are 'std::ostream' {aka 'std::basic_ostream<char>'} and 'ULONG' {aka '__int128 unsigned'})
   64 |   cout << result << endl;
      |   ~~~~ ^~ ~~~~~~
      |   |       |
      |   |       ULONG {aka __int128 unsigned}
      |   std::ostream {aka std::basic_ostream<char>}
In file included from /usr/include/c++/14/istream:41,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/sstream:40,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/bits/quoted_string.h:38,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/iomanip:50,
                 from a.cc:3:
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:174:7: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; __ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]'
  174 |       operator<<(long __n)
      |       ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:178:7: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long unsigned int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; __ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]'
  178 |       operator<<(unsigned long __n)
      |       ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:182:7: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(bool) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; __ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]'
  182 |       operator<<(bool __n)
      |       ^~~~~~~~
In file included from /usr/include/c++/14/ostream:1022:
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/ostream.tcc:96:5: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(short int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>]'
   96 |     basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::
      |     ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:189:7: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(short unsigned int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; __ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]'
  189 |       operator<<(unsigned short __n)
      |       ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/ostream.tcc:110:5: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>]'
  110 |     basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::
      |     ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:200:7: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; __ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]'
  200 |       operator<<(unsigned int __n)
      |       ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:211:7: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long long int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; __ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]'
  211 |       operator<<(long long __n)
      |       ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:215:7: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long long unsigned int) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; __ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]'
  215 |       operator<<(unsigned long long __n)
      |       ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:231:7: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(double) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; __ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]'
  231 |       operator<<(double __f)
      |       ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:235:7: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(float) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; __ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]'
  235 |       operator<<(float __f)
      |       ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:243:7: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::__ostream_type& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long double) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits<char>; __ostream_type = std::basic_ostream<char>]'
  243 |       operator<<(long double __f)
      |       ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:573:5: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&, char) [with _CharT = char; _Traits = char_traits<char>]'
  573 |     operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __out, char __c)
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:579:5: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, char) [with _Traits = char_traits<char>]'
  579 |     operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, char __c)
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:590:5: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, signed char) [with _Traits = char_traits<char>]'
  590 |     operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, signed char __c)
      |     ^~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/ostream:595:5: note: candidate: 'std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, unsigned char) [with _Traits = char_traits<char>]'
  595 |     operator<<(basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& __out, unsigned char __c)
      |     ^~~~~~~~