Language: C++

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <string>
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <list>
#include <stack>
#include <queue>
#include <bitset>
#include <numeric>

/* (=＾o＾=) */
#define int ll

/* macro */
#define FOR(i, b, e) for(ll i = (ll)(b); i < (ll)(e); ++i)
#define RFOR(i, b, e) for(ll i = (ll)(e-1); i >= (ll)(b); --i)
#define REP(i, n) FOR(i, 0, n)
#define RREP(i, n) RFOR(i, 0, n)
#define REPC(x,c) for(const auto& x:(c))
#define REPI2(it,b,e) for(auto it = (b); it != (e); ++it)
#define REPI(it,c) REPI2(it, (c).begin(), (c).end())
#define RREPI(it,c) REPI2(it, (c).rbegin(), (c).rend())
#define REPI_ERACE2(it, b, e) for(auto it = (b); it != (e);)
#define REPI_ERACE(it, c) REPI_ERACE2(it, (c).begin(), (c).end())
#define ALL(x) (x).begin(),(x).end()
#define cauto const auto&
/* macro func */
#define SORT(x) do{sort(ALL(x));}while(false)
#define RSORT(x) do{sort((x).rbegin(),(x).rend());}while(false)
#define UNIQUE(v) do{v.erase( unique(v.begin(), v.end()), v.end() );}while(false)
#define MAX(x,y) do{x = std::max(x,y);}while(false)
#define MIN(x,y) do{x = std::min(x,y);}while(false)
#define BR do{cout<<"\n";}while(false)
#define dump(...) do{ auto __DUMP_NAME_LIST__ = split(#__VA_ARGS__,','); print(__DUMP_NAME_LIST__, __VA_ARGS__);BR;}while(false)

/* type define */
using ll = long long;
using PAIR = std::pair<ll, ll>;
using VS = std::vector<std::string>;
using VL = std::vector<long long>;
using VVL = std::vector<VL>;
using VVVL = std::vector<VVL>;
using VD = std::vector<double>;

/* using std */
using std::cout;
constexpr char endl = '\n';
using std::cin;
using std::sort;
using std::pair;
using std::string;
using std::stack;
using std::queue;
using std::vector;
using std::list;
using std::map;
using std::unordered_map;
using std::multimap;
using std::unordered_multimap;
using std::set;
using std::unordered_set;
using std::unordered_multiset;
using std::multiset;
using std::bitset;
using std::priority_queue;

/* constant value */
constexpr ll MOD = 1000000007;
//constexpr ll MOD = 998244353;

/* Initial processing  */
struct Preprocessing { Preprocessing() { std::cin.tie(0); std::ios::sync_with_stdio(0); }; }_Preprocessing;

/* define hash */
namespace std { template <>	class hash<std::pair<ll, ll>> { public:	size_t operator()(const std::pair<ll, ll>& x) const { return hash<ll>()(1000000000 * x.first + x.second); } }; }

/* input output */
template<class T> std::istream& operator >> (std::istream& is, vector<T>& vec) { for (T& x : vec) is >> x; return is; }
template<class S, class T>std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const std::pair<S, T>& p) { os << "(" << p.first << ", " << p.second << ")"; return os; }

/* for dump function */
inline std::list<std::string> split(std::string str, char del) { std::list<std::string> sList; string s = ""; for (const auto& c : str) { if (c == del) { sList.emplace_back(s); s = ""; } else { if (c != ' ' || del == ' ') { s += c; } } }sList.emplace_back(s);	return sList; }
template<class T>struct has_begin { private:	template <class U>	static auto check(U x) -> decltype(x.begin(), std::true_type{});	static std::false_type check(...); public:	static bool const value = decltype(check(std::declval<T>()))::value; };
inline void print(std::list<std::string>& str); template<class Primitive, class... Tail, std::enable_if_t<!has_begin<Primitive>::value, std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>inline void print(std::list<std::string>& str, const Primitive& x, const Tail&... tail); template<class Container, class... Tail>inline auto print(std::list<std::string>& str, const Container& c, const Tail&... tail) -> decltype(c.begin()); template<class... Tail>inline void print(std::list<std::string>& str, const std::string& s, const Tail&... tail);
template<class Container>inline auto printSingle(const Container& c) ->decltype(c.begin()) { for (const auto& x : c) { std::cout << x << " "; }std::cout << "\n"; return c.begin(); }
template<class Primitive, std::enable_if_t<!has_begin<Primitive>::value, std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>inline void printSingle(const Primitive& x) { std::cout << x << " "; }
inline void print(std::list<std::string>& str) {}
template<class Primitive, class... Tail, std::enable_if_t<!has_begin<Primitive>::value, std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>inline void print(std::list<std::string>& str, const Primitive& x, const Tail&... tail) { std::cout << *str.begin() << ":" << x << " "; if (sizeof...(tail) > 0) { std::cout << "\n"; str.pop_front(); print(str, tail...); } }
template<class Container, class... Tail>inline auto print(std::list<std::string>& str, const Container& c, const Tail&... tail) ->decltype(c.begin()) { std::cout << "-- " << *str.begin() << " --\n"; for (const auto& x : c) { printSingle(x); BR; }std::cout << "\n"; str.pop_front();	print(str, tail...); return c.begin(); }
template<class... Tail>inline void print(std::list<std::string>& str, const std::string& s, const Tail&... tail) { std::cout << *str.begin() << ":" << s << "\n"; str.pop_front();	print(str, tail...); }

//=============================================================================================

class CumulativeSum {
	const ll size;
	std::vector<ll> sumList;
public:

	CumulativeSum() = delete;
	CumulativeSum(const std::vector<ll>& v) :size(v.size()), sumList(size + 1) {
		for (ll i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
			sumList[i + 1] = sumList[i] + v[i];
		}
	}
	ll get(ll n) {
		return sumList[n + 1];
	}
	ll get(ll l, ll r) {
		if (r < l) { return 0LL; }
		l = std::max(l, 0LL); r = std::min(r, size - 1);
		return sumList[r + 1] - sumList[l];
	}
};


signed main() {
	string str;
	cin >> str;

	ll ans = 0;
	char n = str[0];
	REPC(c, str) {
		if (n != c) { ++ans; }
		n = ((n == '0') ? '1' : '0');
	}

	cout << std::min(ans, str.size() - ans) << endl;

}

Compiler output:
a.cc:94:107: error: redefinition of default argument for 'typename std::enable_if<(! has_begin<T>::value), std::nullptr_t>::type <anonymous>'
   94 | template<class Primitive, class... Tail, std::enable_if_t<!has_begin<Primitive>::value, std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>inline void print(std::list<std::string>& str, const Primitive& x, const Tail&... tail) { std::cout << *str.begin() << ":" << x << " "; if (sizeof...(tail) > 0) { std::cout << "\n"; str.pop_front(); print(str, tail...); } }
      |                                                                                                           ^~~~~~~
a.cc:90:155: note: original definition appeared here
   90 | inline void print(std::list<std::string>& str); template<class Primitive, class... Tail, std::enable_if_t<!has_begin<Primitive>::value, std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>inline void print(std::list<std::string>& str, const Primitive& x, const Tail&... tail); template<class Container, class... Tail>inline auto print(std::list<std::string>& str, const Container& c, const Tail&... tail) -> decltype(c.begin()); template<class... Tail>inline void print(std::list<std::string>& str, const std::string& s, const Tail&... tail);
      |                                                                                                                                                           ^~~~~~~
a.cc: In function 'int main()':
a.cc:133:25: error: no matching function for call to 'min(ll&, long long unsigned int)'
  133 |         cout << std::min(ans, str.size() - ans) << endl;
      |                 ~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from /usr/include/c++/14/string:51,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/bits/locale_classes.h:40,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/bits/ios_base.h:41,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/ios:44,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/ostream:40,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/iostream:41,
                 from a.cc:1:
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algobase.h:233:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Tp> constexpr const _Tp& std::min(const _Tp&, const _Tp&)'
  233 |     min(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b)
      |     ^~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algobase.h:233:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:133:25: note:   deduced conflicting types for parameter 'const _Tp' ('long long int' and 'long long unsigned int')
  133 |         cout << std::min(ans, str.size() - ans) << endl;
      |                 ~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algobase.h:281:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Tp, class _Compare> constexpr const _Tp& std::min(const _Tp&, const _Tp&, _Compare)'
  281 |     min(const _Tp& __a, const _Tp& __b, _Compare __comp)
      |     ^~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algobase.h:281:5: note:   candidate expects 3 arguments, 2 provided
In file included from /usr/include/c++/14/algorithm:61,
                 from a.cc:5:
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:5686:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Tp> constexpr _Tp std::min(initializer_list<_Tp>)'
 5686 |     min(initializer_list<_Tp> __l)
      |     ^~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:5686:5: note:   candidate expects 1 argument, 2 provided
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:5696:5: note: candidate: 'template<class _Tp, class _Compare> constexpr _Tp std::min(initializer_list<_Tp>, _Compare)'
 5696 |     min(initializer_list<_Tp> __l, _Compare __comp)
      |     ^~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:5696:5: note:   template argument deduction/substitution failed:
a.cc:133:25: note:   mismatched types 'std::initializer_list<_Tp>' and 'long long int'
  133 |         cout << std::min(ans, str.size() - ans) << endl;
      |                 ~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~