Language: C++

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define FO(x) {freopen(#x".in","r",stdin);freopen(#x".out","w",stdout);}
#define pa pair<int,int>
#define mod 998244353
#define ll long long
#define mk make_pair
#define pb push_back
#define fi first
#define se second
#define cl(x) memset(x,0,sizeof x)
#ifdef Devil_Gary
#define bug(x) cout<<(#x)<<" "<<(x)<<endl
#define debug(...) fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__)
#else
#define bug(x)
#define debug(...)
#endif

const int INF = 0x7fffffff;
const int N=5e5+5;
/*
char *TT,*mo,but[(1<<15)+2];
#define getchar() ((TT==mo&&(mo=(TT=but)+fread(but,1,1<<15,stdin),TT==mo))?-1:*TT++)//*/
inline int read(){
    int x=0,rev=0,ch=getchar();
    while(ch<'0'||ch>'9'){if(ch=='-')rev=1;ch=getchar();}
    while(ch>='0'&&ch<='9'){x=(x<<1)+(x<<3)+ch-'0';ch=getchar();}
    return rev?-x:x;
}/*
struct Edge{
	int nxt,v;
//	int w;
//	int id;
}e[N<<1];
void add(int u,int v){
	e[++tot].v=v,e[tot].nxt=head[u],head[u]=tot;
	e[++tot].v=u,e[tot].nxt=head[v],head[v]=tot;
}*/

struct data{
	int l,r;
	int id;
	int an;
}a[N];
int ans,n,Q,sq,c[N],t[N],d[N];
bool cmp (data a,data b){
	if(t[a.l]==t[b.l]) return a.r<b.r;
	return a.l<b.l;
}
bool cmp2(data a,data b){
	return a.id<b.id;
}
void up(int x){
	++d[c[x]];
	if(d[c[x]]==1) ++ans;
}
void down(int x){
	--d[c[x]];
	if(d[c[x]]==0) --ans;
}
int main(){
#ifdef Devil_Gary
    freopen("in.txt","r",stdin);
//  freopen("out.txt","w",stdout);
#endif
	n=read(),Q=read();sq=sqrt(n+1); 
	for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) c[i]=read();
	for(int i=1,x,y;i<=Q;i++) x=read(),y=read(),a[i]=data{x,y,i,0};
	for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
		t[i]=(i+1)/sq;
	}
	sort(a+1,a+Q+1,cmp);
	for(int i=1,l=0,r=0;i<=Q;i++){
		int L=a[i].l,R=a[i].r;
		while(l<L) {
			down(l);
			++l; 
		} 
		while(l>L){
			--l;
			up(l);
		}
		while(r<R){
			++r;
			up(r);
		}
		while(r>R){
			down(r);
			--r;
		}
		a[i].an=ans;
	}
	sort(a+1,a+Q+1,cmp2);
	for(int i=1;i<=Q;i++) printf("%d\n",a[i].an);
	return 0;
}


Compiler output:
a.cc:47:11: error: reference to 'data' is ambiguous
   47 | bool cmp (data a,data b){
      |           ^~~~
In file included from /usr/include/c++/14/string:53,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/bitset:52,
                 from /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/14/bits/stdc++.h:52,
                 from a.cc:1:
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:344:5: note: candidates are: 'template<class _Tp> constexpr const _Tp* std::data(initializer_list<_Tp>)'
  344 |     data(initializer_list<_Tp> __il) noexcept
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:334:5: note:                 'template<class _Tp, long unsigned int _Nm> constexpr _Tp* std::data(_Tp (&)[_Nm])'
  334 |     data(_Tp (&__array)[_Nm]) noexcept
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:323:5: note:                 'template<class _Container> constexpr decltype (__cont.data()) std::data(const _Container&)'
  323 |     data(const _Container& __cont) noexcept(noexcept(__cont.data()))
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:312:5: note:                 'template<class _Container> constexpr decltype (__cont.data()) std::data(_Container&)'
  312 |     data(_Container& __cont) noexcept(noexcept(__cont.data()))
      |     ^~~~
a.cc:41:8: note:                 'struct data'
   41 | struct data{
      |        ^~~~
a.cc:47:18: error: reference to 'data' is ambiguous
   47 | bool cmp (data a,data b){
      |                  ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:344:5: note: candidates are: 'template<class _Tp> constexpr const _Tp* std::data(initializer_list<_Tp>)'
  344 |     data(initializer_list<_Tp> __il) noexcept
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:334:5: note:                 'template<class _Tp, long unsigned int _Nm> constexpr _Tp* std::data(_Tp (&)[_Nm])'
  334 |     data(_Tp (&__array)[_Nm]) noexcept
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:323:5: note:                 'template<class _Container> constexpr decltype (__cont.data()) std::data(const _Container&)'
  323 |     data(const _Container& __cont) noexcept(noexcept(__cont.data()))
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:312:5: note:                 'template<class _Container> constexpr decltype (__cont.data()) std::data(_Container&)'
  312 |     data(_Container& __cont) noexcept(noexcept(__cont.data()))
      |     ^~~~
a.cc:41:8: note:                 'struct data'
   41 | struct data{
      |        ^~~~
a.cc:47:24: error: expression list treated as compound expression in initializer [-fpermissive]
   47 | bool cmp (data a,data b){
      |                        ^
a.cc:51:11: error: reference to 'data' is ambiguous
   51 | bool cmp2(data a,data b){
      |           ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:344:5: note: candidates are: 'template<class _Tp> constexpr const _Tp* std::data(initializer_list<_Tp>)'
  344 |     data(initializer_list<_Tp> __il) noexcept
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:334:5: note:                 'template<class _Tp, long unsigned int _Nm> constexpr _Tp* std::data(_Tp (&)[_Nm])'
  334 |     data(_Tp (&__array)[_Nm]) noexcept
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:323:5: note:                 'template<class _Container> constexpr decltype (__cont.data()) std::data(const _Container&)'
  323 |     data(const _Container& __cont) noexcept(noexcept(__cont.data()))
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:312:5: note:                 'template<class _Container> constexpr decltype (__cont.data()) std::data(_Container&)'
  312 |     data(_Container& __cont) noexcept(noexcept(__cont.data()))
      |     ^~~~
a.cc:41:8: note:                 'struct data'
   41 | struct data{
      |        ^~~~
a.cc:51:18: error: reference to 'data' is ambiguous
   51 | bool cmp2(data a,data b){
      |                  ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:344:5: note: candidates are: 'template<class _Tp> constexpr const _Tp* std::data(initializer_list<_Tp>)'
  344 |     data(initializer_list<_Tp> __il) noexcept
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:334:5: note:                 'template<class _Tp, long unsigned int _Nm> constexpr _Tp* std::data(_Tp (&)[_Nm])'
  334 |     data(_Tp (&__array)[_Nm]) noexcept
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:323:5: note:                 'template<class _Container> constexpr decltype (__cont.data()) std::data(const _Container&)'
  323 |     data(const _Container& __cont) noexcept(noexcept(__cont.data()))
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:312:5: note:                 'template<class _Container> constexpr decltype (__cont.data()) std::data(_Container&)'
  312 |     data(_Container& __cont) noexcept(noexcept(__cont.data()))
      |     ^~~~
a.cc:41:8: note:                 'struct data'
   41 | struct data{
      |        ^~~~
a.cc:51:24: error: expression list treated as compound expression in initializer [-fpermissive]
   51 | bool cmp2(data a,data b){
      |                        ^
a.cc: In function 'int main()':
a.cc:69:58: error: reference to 'data' is ambiguous
   69 |         for(int i=1,x,y;i<=Q;i++) x=read(),y=read(),a[i]=data{x,y,i,0};
      |                                                          ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:344:5: note: candidates are: 'template<class _Tp> constexpr const _Tp* std::data(initializer_list<_Tp>)'
  344 |     data(initializer_list<_Tp> __il) noexcept
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:334:5: note:                 'template<class _Tp, long unsigned int _Nm> constexpr _Tp* std::data(_Tp (&)[_Nm])'
  334 |     data(_Tp (&__array)[_Nm]) noexcept
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:323:5: note:                 'template<class _Container> constexpr decltype (__cont.data()) std::data(const _Container&)'
  323 |     data(const _Container& __cont) noexcept(noexcept(__cont.data()))
      |     ^~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/range_access.h:312:5: note:                 'template<class _Container> constexpr decltype (__cont.data()) std::data(_Container&)'
  312 |     data(_Container& __cont) noexcept(noexcept(__cont.data()))
      |     ^~~~
a.cc:41:8: note:                 'struct data'
   41 | struct data{
      |        ^~~~
In file included from /usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algobase.h:71,
                 from /usr/include/c++/14/algorithm:60,
                 from /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/14/bits/stdc++.h:51:
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/predefined_ops.h: In instantiation of 'constexpr bool __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<_Compare>::operator()(_Iterator1, _Iterator2) [with _Iterator1 = data*; _Iterator2 = data*; _Compare = bool]':
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:1777:14:   required from 'void std::__insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIterator, _RandomAccessIterator, _Compare) [with _RandomAccessIterator = data*; _Compare = __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<bool>]'
 1777 |           if (__comp(__i, __first))
      |               ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:1817:25:   required from 'void std::__final_insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIterator, _RandomAccessIterator, _Compare) [with _RandomAccessIterator = data*; _Compare = __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<bool>]'
 1817 |           std::__insertion_sort(__first, __first + int(_S_threshold), __comp);
      |           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:1908:31:   required from 'void std::__sort(_RandomAccessIterator, _RandomAccessIterator, _Compare) [with _RandomAccessIterator = data*; _Compare = __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<bool>]'
 1908 |           std::__final_insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);
      |           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:4805:18:   required from 'void std::sort(_RAIter, _RAIter, _Compare) [with _RAIter = data*; _Compare = bool]'
 4805 |       std::__sort(__first, __last, __gnu_cxx::__ops::__iter_comp_iter(__comp));
      |       ~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
a.cc:73:6:   required from here
   73 |         sort(a+1,a+Q+1,cmp);
      |         ~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/predefined_ops.h:158:30: error: expression cannot be used as a function
  158 |         { return bool(_M_comp(*__it1, *__it2)); }
      |                       ~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/predefined_ops.h: In instantiation of 'bool __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_comp_iter<_Compare>::operator()(_Value&, _Iterator) [with _Value = data; _Iterator = data*; _Compare = bool]':
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:1757:20:   required from 'void std::__unguarded_linear_insert(_RandomAccessIterator, _Compare) [with _RandomAccessIterator = data*; _Compare = __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_comp_iter<bool>]'
 1757 |       while (__comp(__val, __next))
      |              ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:1785:36:   required from 'void std::__insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIterator, _RandomAccessIterator, _Compare) [with _RandomAccessIterator = data*; _Compare = __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<bool>]'
 1785 |             std::__unguarded_linear_insert(__i,
      |             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~
 1786 |                                 __gnu_cxx::__ops::__val_comp_iter(__comp));
      |                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:1817:25:   required from 'void std::__final_insertion_sort(_RandomAccessIterator, _RandomAccessIterator, _Compare) [with _RandomAccessIterator = data*; _Compare = __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<bool>]'
 1817 |           std::__insertion_sort(__first, __first + int(_S_threshold), __comp);
      |           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/include/c++/14/bits/stl_algo.h:1908:31:   required from 'void std::__sort(_RandomAccessIterator, _RandomAccessIterator, _Compare) [with _RandomAccessIterator = data*; _Compare = __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<bool>]'
 1908 |           std::__final_insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);
      |