Language: C++

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#define _SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <cassert>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#include <utility>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <cmath>
#include <stack>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <iomanip>
#include <sstream>
#include <bitset>
#include <limits>
#include <numeric>
#include <valarray>
#include <fstream>
#include <array>
#include <random>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <unordered_map>

using namespace std;
using uint = uint32_t;
using LL = int64_t;
using ULL = uint64_t;
using PP = pair<LL, LL>;
template <typename T> using PriorityQ = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T> >;
#define REP(i, a, n) for(LL i = (a), i##_max_ = (n); i < i##_max_; ++i)
#define REM(i, a, n) for(LL i = (LL)(n) - 1, i##_min_ = (a); i >= i##_min_; --i)
#define FLOAT fixed << setprecision(16)
#define SPEEDUP { cin.tie(NULL); ios::sync_with_stdio(false); }
const int INF = 0x3FFFFFFF;
const LL INFLL = 0x3FFFFFFF3FFFFFFF;
const double INFD = 1.0e+308;
const double EPS = 1.0e-9;

void YesNo(bool b) { cout << (b ? "Yes" : "No") << endl; }
void YESNO(bool b) { cout << (b ? "YES" : "NO") << endl; }
template <class T, class U> istream& operator>>(istream& ist, pair<T, U>& right) { return ist >> right.first >> right.second; }
template <class T, class U> ostream& operator<<(ostream& ost, const pair<T, U>& right) { return ost << right.first << ' ' << right.second; }
template <class T, class TCompatible, size_t N> void Fill(T(&dest)[N], const TCompatible& val) { fill(dest, dest + N, val); }
template <class T, class TCompatible, size_t M, size_t N> void Fill(T(&dest)[M][N], const TCompatible& val) { for (int i = 0; i < M; ++i) Fill(dest[i], val); }
template <class T> T Next() { T buf; cin >> buf; return buf; }
istream& Ignore(istream& ist) { string s; ist >> s; return ist; }
bool Inside(int i, int j, int h, int w) { return i >= 0 && i < h && j >= 0 && j < w; }

#ifdef ONLY_MY_ENVIR
#include "Accumulator.h"
#include "Algebraic.h"
#include "BinaryMatrix.h"
#include "BinaryTree.h"
#include "Bipartite.h"
#include "BIT.h"
#include "Compressor.h"
#include "Decompositions.h"
#include "DiscreteLog.h"
#include "DynamicMod.h"
#include "Exponential.h"
#include "Factorization.h"
#include "FFT.h"
#include "FlowSolver.h"
#include "Graph.h"
#include "GraphUtil.h"
#include "Interpolation.h"
#include "IntMod.h"
#include "LazySegmentTree.h"
#include "LIS.h"
#include "Math.h"
#include "MathUtil.h"
#include "Matrix.h"
#include "MinCostFlowSolver.h"
#include "MinMax.h"
#include "Numbers.h"
#include "Optimize.h"
#include "Permutation.h"
#include "Polynomial.h"
#include "Position.h"
#include "Random.h"
#include "Range.h"
#include "Rational.h"
#include "RuntimeMod.h"
#include "SegmentTree.h"
#include "SegmentTree2D.h"
#include "Sets.h"
#include "Shortest.h"
#include "SlidingWindow.h"
#include "SpanningTree.h"
#include "StringSearching.h"
#include "SuffixArray.h"
#include "SwitchList.h"
#include "Timer.h"
#include "Tree.h"
#include "TreeUtil.h"
#include "UnionFind.h"
#include "Util.h"
#include "VectorUtil.h"
#endif

#ifdef __GNUC__
typedef __int128 LLL;
istream& operator>>(istream& ist, __int128& val) { LL tmp; ist >> tmp; val = tmp; return ist; }
ostream& operator<<(ostream& ost, __int128 val) { LL tmp = val; ost << tmp; return ost; }
#endif

vector<int> sub(int n, int mod) {
	vector<int> ret(n);
	if (mod <= 0) return ret;
	int base = 1 % mod;
	REP(i, 0, n) {
		ret[i] = base;
		base = base * 2 % mod;
	}
	return ret;
}

int cat(int curr) {
	int cnt = 1;
	while (curr > 0) {
		curr %= popcount(curr);
		++cnt;
	}
	return cnt;
}

int main() {
	int N;
	string S;
	cin >> N >> S;
	reverse(S.begin(), S.end());
	
	int cnt = 0;
	for (char c : S) cnt += c - '0';
	auto P = sub(N, cnt - 1);
	auto Q = sub(N, cnt + 1);
	int x = 0;
	int y = 0;

	REP(i, 0, N) {
		if (cnt > 1) x = (x + P[i] * (S[i] - '0')) % (cnt - 1);
		y = (y + Q[i] * (S[i] - '0')) % (cnt + 1);
	}

	REM(i, 0, N) {
		if (S[i] == '0') {
			int mod = cnt + 1;
			int curr = (y + mod + Q[i]) % mod;
			cout << cat(curr) << endl;
		} else {
			if (cnt == 1) {
				cout << 0 << endl;
			} else {
				int mod = cnt - 1;
				int curr = (x + mod - P[i]) % mod;
				cout << cat(curr) << endl;
			}
		}
	}

	return 0;
}


Compiler output:
a.cc: In function 'int cat(int)':
a.cc:128:25: error: 'popcount' was not declared in this scope
  128 |                 curr %= popcount(curr);
      |                         ^~~~~~~~