News Finding: They found that adding permeable alpha-ketoglutarate to the low interleukin 2 condition induced about a third of the gene program induced by high interleukin 2 relative to low interleukin 2 in T cells, while it inhibited about 10 percent of the genes that were more highly expressed in low interleukin 2 relative to high interleukin 2 conditions.
Paper Finding: In addition, not all pathways, including the cell cycle G2M checkpoint, that were induced by strong IL-2 signaling were also regulated by aKG (Figure 1 , 2, and S2).
News Context: These different concentrations of interleukin 2 signaling drive the cells to turn on different gene programs and develop gene programs similar to those from either effector or memory T cells. They found that adding permeable alpha-ketoglutarate to the low interleukin 2 condition induced about a third of the gene program induced by high interleukin 2 relative to low interleukin 2 in T cells, while it inhibited about 10 percent of the genes that were more highly expressed in low interleukin 2 relative to high interleukin 2 conditions. Alpha-ketoglutarate thus appears to be responsible for part, but not all, of interleukin 2's impact on T cell gene programming.
Paper Context: Of note, not all genes that were induced by aKG in the low IL-2 condition were expressed to the same magnitude as compared to the high IL-2 condition. In addition, not all pathways, including the cell cycle G2M checkpoint, that were induced by strong IL-2 signaling were also regulated by aKG (Figure 1 , 2, and S2). There was also some divergence in the identity of the genes with defined effector functions and some variability in the magnitude for the aKG-sensitive induction of genes between CD4 + Th1 and CD8 + Tc1 cells (Figure 1 , 2, and S2).