copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-11): The Senkaku Islands are situated in the East China Sea, 410 kilometers west of Okinawa’s main island, 170 km north of Ishigaki Island, 170 km west-northwest of Taiwan, and 330 km east of the coast of Fujian Province in China. For administrative purposes, the group is a part of the municipality of Ishigaki in the western part of Okinawa Prefecture, and it includes the following islands: Uotsuri (the largest), Kitakojima, Minamikojima, Kuba, Taishō, Okinokitaiwa, Okinominamiiwa, and Tobise. The islands have a total area of 5.17 km2, consisting almost entirely of rocky ground unsuitable for human habitation. [...] In the autumn of 1968, the year before the Satō-Nixon summit, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific conducted resource surveys across the East China Sea. The commission, for which Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan were major members, reported the possibility of substantial seabed oil deposits in a 200,000 km2 area of sea northeast of Taiwan. It was not long after this, in 1970, that China began claiming the Senkaku Islands as part of its territory. [...] Japan has consistently maintained the view that "the Senkaku Islands are clearly an inherent territory of Japan, in light of historical facts and based upon international law," that "the Senkaku Islands are under the valid control of Japan," and that "there exists no issue of territorial sovereignty to be resolved concerning the Senkaku Islands."
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-11-10): Ties between China and Japan have been strained by a territorial row over a group of islands, known as the Senkaku islands in Japan and the Diaoyu islands in China. [...] China says that the islands have been part of its territory since ancient times, serving as important fishing grounds administered by the province of Taiwan. [...] The Senkaku/Diaoyu issue highlights the more robust attitude China has been taking to its territorial claims in both the East China Sea and the South China Sea. It poses worrying questions about regional security as China's military modernises amid the US "pivot" to Asia.
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-02-07): Tensions have flashed numerous times over the Senkaku Islands, which China calls Diaoyu Islands, including face-offs between Japanese and Chinese warplanes and ships. [...] China says its claim to the islands extend back to 1400s, when it was used as a staging point for Chinese fisherman. [...] Since then, the US has stated ownership of the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands is a matter between China and Japan, but, under treaty obligations, the US says it would defend the islands because they are administered by Japan.
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-09-25): The People’s Republic of China asserts that China (PRC) discovered and named the Senkaku Islands, simply because Chinese names of the Islands appeared in Chinese documents written in the 15th to 18th Centuries. The PRC also asserts that China utilized the Senkaku Islands, simply because the Chinese Envoy’s mission of the Ming and Qing Dynasties went through the Senkaku Islands when dispatched to the Ryukyu Dynasty. [...] The PRC asserts that China "has long placed the islands under its jurisdiction", based on the grounds that documents in the 16th and 17th century depict that the Senkaku Islands were part of the coastal defense of Ming Dynasty China. [...] The PRC asserts that maps made in the 16th to 19th centuries included the Senkaku Islands in the Chinese maritime area.
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-15): Backgrounder by Lindsay Maizland January 31, 2022 - [...] Book by Elliott Abrams October 8, 2024 Middle East Program - Webinar with Carolyn Kissane and Irina A. Faskianos April 12, 2023 -
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-27): After the 1978 treaty, tension sparked again in 1992 as the Chinese government explicitly included the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands as a part of "the territorial sea of the People’s Republic of China", prompting Japanese objection.[12] More recently in 2010, a collision incident between a Japanese Coast Guard ship and a Chinese civilian fishing ship in the disputed waters and the subsequent Japanese arrest of the Chinese civilian resulted in an increase in anti-Japanese sentiment in China.[13] Diplomatically, China canceled scheduled ministerial meetings with Japan.[14]However, possibly the most controversial incident was the Japanese nationalization of the islands. In an effort to thwart the conservative Tokyo Governor’s plan to purchase and develop the islands, the Japanese national government made the purchase instead in order to leave the islands undeveloped.[15] Ironically, the decision that was intended to minimize diplomatic repercussions prompted the Chinese government to publish "Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China", a white paper delineating the Chinese official position on the territorial dispute.[16] [...] [39] ""Diaoyu Dao, An Inherent Territory of China" White Paper"; "Senkaku Islands Q&A".
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-15): The Republic of China (ROC), or Taiwan, claims sovereignty over the Diaoyutai Islands—known as the Diaoyu Islands in the People’s Republic of China and the Senkaku Islands in Japan—as the legitimate government of China. Taipei holds that China has controlled the island group since the Ming Dynasty and that the islands were returned to the ROC by Japan in 1945. Taiwan argues that the Diaoyutais fall under the jurisdiction of Yilan County. [...] – President Ma Ying-jeou, 2012 "The Diaoyutai Islands actually form an inherent part of the territory of the Republic of China (Taiwan) based on the islands’ geographical location, geological structure, relevant historical evidence, and international law." – Foreign Minister Yung-lo Lin, 2012 "The Diaoyutai Islands are an inherent part of the Republic of China and are islands appertaining to Taiwan, whether considered from the perspective of history, geography, geology, use, or international law."
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-19): The long-standing but subdued territorial disputes over a group of uninhabited islands in the East China Sea, known as Diaoyu in China, Diaoyutai in Taiwan, and Senkaku in Japan, reignited in September 2012 when the Japanese government "nationalized" the islands in a purported "purchase" to preempt the controversial purchase proposed by the then-governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara. While most analysts focus their attention on the rising tensions between China and Japan and the implications for the United States, Taiwan (officially Republic of China, or ROC) is also a claimant and somehow managed to make its presence known through a delicate legal and diplomatic strategy. [...] It should be pointed out that this essay may fairly reflect the views of the KMT ruling party, but may not reflect the views of the opposition (pro-independence) Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), whose politicians are more likely to view the Senkakus as Japanese territories and oppose any collaboration with the PRC. In summary, despite its peculiar diplomatic status, Taiwan is a claimant of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands and East China Sea whose viewpoints should be taken seriously. Its ECSPI parallels many US objectives in the region and can potentially contribute to regional peace by calling all parties to shelve disputes, engage in dialogue, observe international law, and jointly share the resources.
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-22): The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) coercive behavior around the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands continued recently when the Chinese coast guard confronted a Japanese research vessel surveying the uninhabited East China Sea archipelago. [...] Chinese coast guard vessels have been a near-constant presence around the Senkakus for several years. The Japan Coast Guard said PRC vessels entered the islands’ contiguous zone — which extends from 22 to 44 kilometers off the coast — nearly every day in 2023, The Diplomat magazine reported. Overall, the Japan Coast Guard sighted about 1,300 PRC vessels in 2023, the highest figure since records began 15 years ago. On 42 occasions, Chinese coast guard ships intruded into Japan’s territorial waters by coming within 22 kilometers of the coast. The PRC is attempting to push its territorial claims by establishing "a greater and more enduring presence of its ships in the waters around the islands," James Brown, an associate professor of political science at Temple University’s Tokyo campus, told the broadcast network CNN.
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-13): Across much of the Indo-Pacific region, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is using military and economic coercionâ¯to bully its neighbors, advance unlawful maritime claims, threaten maritime shipping lanes, and destabilize territory along the periphery of the Peopleâs Republic of China (PRC).Â This predatory conduct increases the risk of miscalculation and conflict. The United States stands with its Southeast Asian allies and partners to champion a free and open Indo-Pacific. [...] In the East China Sea, the PRC strategically deploys its coast guard, military, and control of the worldâs largest commercial fishing fleet to intimidate and challenge its neighbors.Â For example, for more than a decade, the PRC has operated ships and planes near the Senkaku Islandsâa group of uninhabited islands that reverted to Japanâs administration in 1971 under the Okinawa Reversion Agreement.Â In 2016, hundreds of PRC fishing vessels swarmed the waters of theâ¯Senkakusâ¯in a move calculated by the CCP toâ¯undermine Japanâs administration. The United States strongly opposes such attempts to alter the status quo in the East China Sea and has long been clear that the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty applies to the Senkaku Islands by virtue of Japanâs administration of the islands.Â Decisions like the PRCâs 2013 declaration of an âEast China Sea Air Defense Identification Zoneâ are equally brazen attempts to change the status quo in the East China Sea and makeâ¯clear the PRC has no interest in playing a positive role in theâ¯region.
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-09): The East China Sea is part of the Western Pacific Ocean and located directly offshore East China. The uninhabited island chain of Senkaku is made up of five islands and three reefs. The Senkaku Islands are a group of islands under the jurisdiction of Okinawa Prefecture, which include Uotsuri, Kitakojima, Minamikojima, Kuba, Taisho, Okinokitaiwa, Okinominamiiwa and Tobise Islands.[i] According to US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates, the East China Sea has between 1 and 2 trillion cubic feet natural gas reserves. [...] In 2009, China passed the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Offshore Islands", which was adopted at the 12th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People's Congress on 26 December 2009.[iv] On 10 September 2012, the Chinese government issued a statement announcing the baselines of the territorial sea adjacent to Diaoyu and its affiliated islands of China.[v] In 2012, China published a White Paper titled "Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China". The paper argues that the Diaoyu/ Senkaku Islands have been an inseparable part of China since the ancient times. China believes that Japan should stop all activities in the region. It further stated that (China) has the capability and confidence to defend its territory sovereignty.[vi]
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-15): Every U.S. administration from Truman to Kennedy recognized Japanese residual sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands. U.S. policy changed, however, to one of neutrality under the Nixon administration during the negotiations of the Okinawa Reversion Treaty. The change in policy was not based on a belief that Japan did not retain sovereignty over the islands, but rather was done to appease the Republic of China over its impending expulsion from the United Nations and to break an impasse of the ongoing textile negotiations with Taipei. The administration’s overtures to China, culminating in Nixon’s visit to China contributed to the decision. Since 1972, the U.S. has recognized Japan’s administrative control over the Senkakus but has not taken a position on the competing sovereignty claims. In June 2020, the City Council of Okinawa changed the name of the Senkakus to strengthen Japanese control and demonstrate that the islands are Japanese territory. This action by the City Council provides the Biden administration the opportunity to acknowledge the name change and recognize Japanese sovereignty over the Senkakus. China is the greatest threat to U.S. and Asian security, and support for Japan as a front-line state balancing China’s burgeoning military power is long overdue. Recognizing the islands as Japanese territory will strengthen the U.S.-Japan alliance and enhance regional strategic security and stability.
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-12): The "White Paper" states that Diaoyu Dao was first discovered, named, and used by China, and therefore that the Senkaku Islands are Chinese sovereign territory. Namely, the paper lists the 1403 Shunfeng Xiangsong as the earliest historical text to carry names including Diaoyu Dao (Uotsuri Island) and Chiwei Yu (Taisho Island), claiming this as evidence that China had discovered and named Diaoyu Dao in the fourteenth or fifteenth century.16 This text does indeed include such terms as Diaoyu Yu and Chikan Yu, older names for those islands, but from the perspective of international law this cannot be taken as evidence of China's having discovered or named them.
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-04-23): Admittedly, there were points of friction. In 1978, when members of the ruling Japanese Liberal Democratic Party criticized their leadership for not leveraging Treaty of Peace and Friendship negotiations to get Beijing to cede its claim, hundreds of Chinese fishing ships appeared near the islands.76 The Chinese central government, however, later described the incident as "accidental," generating speculation that this was the result of internal divisions over the treaty.77 In 1992, the People’s Republic of China passed the Law on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, which explicitly names the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands as its territory. This move was reportedly fiercely debated internally and done under pressure from the military.78 But as both Beijing and Tokyo were more focused on the Japanese emperor’s upcoming visit to China, there was limited fallout.79 In 2008, official Chinese ships entered the territorial waters around the islands for the first time.80 In light of other high-level efforts to improve relations at the time, including a Sino-Japanese East China Sea joint development agreement — concluded despite internal Chinese opposition — some have attributed this to dissenting Chinese hardliners.81
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-02-13): On September 10, 2012, the Peopleâs Republic of China issued a Government Statement setting forth the coordinates of straight baselines in the East China Sea (see Annex 1).[1] Chinaâs newly published baseline coordinates enclose two groups of maritime features that are claimed by China, Japan, and Taiwan. They are known variously as the Senkaku (by Japan), Diaoyu (by China), Tiaoyutai (by Taiwan), or Pinnacle (by the United Kingdom) Islands.[2] On September 21, 2012, China deposited with the United Nations a list of these coordinates and an illustrative chart.[3] On September 24, 2012, Japan protested the Chinese straight baseline claim.[4] [...] Neither China nor Japan have explicitly claimed an EEZ or continental shelf from the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands, perhaps because they lie within 200 miles of the nearest Chinese and Japanese coastlines, that is, within their overlapping EEZ/continental shelf claims.[31] Accordingly, concerns about potential oil and gas deposits and fishing would be relevant to these features only within the twelve-mile territorial sea generated from them.[32]
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-09-14): 1. Diaoyu Islands have been China's inherent territory since ancient times. [...] Michel Benot, a French Jesuit who arrived in China in 1744, was commissioned by the Qing court to create the Great Universal Geographic Map (Kun Yu Quan Tu) in 1767, which labeled Diaoyu Islands in the coastal waters of China with the words of Minnan dialect (Ban Lam Gu). A New Map of China from the Latest Authorities, published in Britain in 1811, marked Diaoyu Islands as Chinese territory. A Map of China's East Coast: Hong Kong to Gulf of LiaoTung, compiled by the British Navy in 1877, identified Diaoyu Islands as affiliated to Taiwan and clearly separated them from Japan's Nansei Islands. This map was later widely referred to in international exchanges.
Claim: Senkaku Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Senkaku Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-09-25): PRC State Council, "Diaoyu Dao 钓鱼岛, an Inherent Territory of China," September 25, 2012 [...] Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands are an inseparable part of the Chinese territory. Diaoyu Dao is China's inherent territory in all historical, geographical and legal terms, and China enjoys indisputable sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao. [...] Over the years, the issue of Diaoyu Dao has attracted attention from Hong Kong and Macao compatriots, Taiwan compatriots and overseas Chinese. Diaoyu Dao has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times. This is the common position of the entire Chinese nation. The Chinese nation has the strong resolve to uphold state sovereignty and territorial integrity. The compatriots across the Taiwan Straits stand firmly together on matters of principle to the nation and in the efforts to uphold national interests and dignity. The compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and the overseas Chinese have all carried out various forms of activities to safeguard China's territorial sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao, strongly expressing the just position of the Chinese nation, and displaying to the rest of the world that the peace-loving Chinese nation has the determination and the will to uphold China's state sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-31): The Trans-Karakoram Tract (Chinese: 喀喇昆仑走廊; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng), also known as the Shaksgam Tract (Urdu: شکسگام, romanized: Shaksgām), is an area of approximately 5,200 km2 (2,000 sq mi)[1] north of the Karakoram watershed, including the Shaksgam valley.[2][3] The tract is administered by China as part of its Taxkorgan and Yecheng counties in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Although the Shaksgam tract was originally under the control of India following the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India in 1947, Pakistan took control of the region after the First India-Pakistan War and subsequently ceded it to China in 1963 through the Sino-Pakistan Agreement, and a border based on actual ground positions was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan.[4][5] The Shaksgam Tract, along with the entire Kashmir region, is claimed by India.[6][7] Further, New Delhi has never accepted the China-Pakistan boundary pact, asserting that Islamabad "unlawfully" attempted to cede the area to Beijing.[8] [...] The Shaksgam Valley was never part of Kashmir and the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir were undefined - ^ a b "Signing with the Red Chinese". Time (magazine). 15 March 1963. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2019. [...] - ^ "India lodges protest with China over its infra development in Shaksgam valley". The Indian Express. 2024-05-02. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-13): It is a historical fact that the dispute in Kashmir goes beyond the territory that is still under the illegal occupation of Pakistan, and includes both the territory measuring 5,180 square kilometres (sq kms) in the Shaksgam Valley in the trans-Karakoram tract ceded by Pakistan to China under their so-called border agreement of March 02, 1963, as well as approximately 38,000 sq kms of the territory of the erstwhile state of Jammu & Kashmir in Aksai Chin illegally occupied by China. [...] As provided in the above-mentioned account, historically, the Chinese boundaries ended along the Kun Lun Range and China did not exercise any jurisdiction south of these mountains. The Chinese had begun to move into areas south of the Kun Lun in the Raskam Valley only as a result of the British policy in the closing decades of the 19th century. However, China had no justifiable claim to, or presence in, the Shaksgam Valley, south of the Aghil Range.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-10): New Chinese Road in Shaksgam Valley: A Brief Historical Background [...] The spokesperson of the Indian Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) immediately asserted: "Shaksgam Valley is a part of the territory of India. We have never accepted the so-called China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement of 1963, through which Pakistan unlawfully attempted to cede the area to China. We have registered our protest with the Chinese side against illegal attempts to alter facts on the ground. We further reserve the right to take necessary measures to safeguard our interests." [...] This is a slightly modified version of the article, originally published as Claude Arpi. 2024. ‘As PoK rises in revolt against Pakistan, China continues infra-building in Shaksgam Valley'. FirstPost. 19 May.