copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-03-15): The president of Djibouti, Ismail Omar Guelleh, addressed the Council on 19 May and asserted that the Eritrean occupation of his country’s territory was a matter of the gravest national security concern and warned that recent meetings between Eritrean officials and Ambassador Heller was not a sign that Eritrea was becoming more cooperative. [...] Djibouti sent a letter to the Council expressing concern about a build-up of Eritrean troops along the common border. Recalling previous tensions in 1996 over border issues, the letter contained a timeline of the build-up starting in February up until April 2008, when Djibouti President Ismael Omar Guelleh advised of Eritrean occupation of the Ras-Doumeira border area.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-09): Djiboutian territory without warning and seized Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island. A military confrontation initiated by Eritrea on 10 June 2008, the Complainant State alleges that thirty (30) Djiboutian soldiers were killed, one hundred and nineteen (119) were wounded and a further nineteen (19) Djiboutian military personnel, including one officer, were reported missing in action.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-07-04): AU urges Eritrea for an immediate withdrawal from Djiboutian territories July 3, 2008 (ADDIS ABABA) — The African union peace and security council urged Eritrea to immediately and unconditionally pull-out from the Djiboutian territory of Ras Doumeira and Doumeira areas where Eritrean troops are still active.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-18): This study is based on the problem that colonial demarcated undetermined borders of most African territories, still create tension along border regions threatening border security. This paper emphasizes the concept of border security in terms of territorial sovereignty concerns. This paper seeks to analyze what territorial sovereignty implies in the case of the Djibouti and Eritrea border crisis over the territory of Ras Doumeira. Other sub-elements to be analyzed include the extent that territorial boundaries become threatened and treated as a border security issue. The degree at which a breach of physical boundaries invite international reaction. Highlighting the use of spatial analysis this paper contends that the implementation of territorial borders in Africa does not exactly define the position of linear border demarcations, particularly in the case of the Djibouti and Eritrea border crisis. Therefore this paper exerts that the position at which a state exercises political domination over a given space of territory in rival of another state, delineated by a common separated line, determines the extent of the state to call it as its border. It other words the coercion in which a state lays claim to a territory determines the border in the reality of international relations.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-06-13): Today the UN Security condemned Eritrea’s military action against Djibouti in Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island." The Council further urged the two parties to commit to a ceasefire asking Eritrea to withdraw its troops to the status quo ante. In Cairo, the Arab League issued a tough statement calling Asmara to withdraw its troops from Ras Doumeira in respect of Djibouti sovereignty and territorial integrity. Eritrea had refused to receive an Arab fact finding committee on May 8. [...] Clashes on the Djibouti-Eritrea frontier broke out in the Ras Doumeira area, which straddles the Bab al-Mandib straits.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-05-08): In mid-April this year the Djibouti government complained that Eritrean forces had crossed the border in the vicinity of Doumeira, on the Red Sea coast, and were erecting fortifications there, some of which, they claimed lay hundreds of metres inside Djiboutian territory. There have been previous problems in this remote area, and in April 1996 the two states nearly went to war after accusations of Eritrean shelling of the border town of Ras Doumeira. Relations between the two also became fraught at the time of Eritrea’s war with Ethiopia, in which Djibouti found it difficult to convince Asmara of its neutrality. Djiboutian rebel movements have also used Eritrean territory from which to mount operations from time to time.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-06-13): The UN Security Council has condemned Eritrea for killing at least six soldiers during border raids against Djibouti. The attacks were carried out at Ras Doumeira, a strategic territory both countries claim as their own. [...] The Security Council "condemns Eritrea's military action against Djibouti in Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island," read the declaration, adopted unanimously. Ras Doumeira, in northern Djibouti, is a strategic promontory overlooking the Red Sea.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-06-20): The conflict between the two countries centers on a remote area, Ras Doumeira, the status of which has been a matter of dispute for decades. Tensions first flared up in 1996, when the two countries almost went to war after a Djiboutian official claimed that Eritrea had shelled Ras Doumeira; the matter de-escalated after Eritrea withdrew troops from the area, according to a 2008 paper by the Institute for Security Studies, an African think tank. But 12 years later, the two sides did descend into fighting, albeit briefly. Djibouti accused Eritrea of digging trenches at Ras Doumeira and of stationing troops in its territory. The conflict erupted in June 2008: According to Djibouti, it was triggered when several Eritrean soldiers deserted into Djiboutian territory and failed to return. The number of dead on both sides was unclear, but the U.S. blamed Eritrea for starting the conflict, accusing it of "military aggression." France also backed Djibouti in the conflict, providing medical, logistical and intelligence support." [...] Djibouti says that Eritrea has swooped in to occupy Ras Doumeira following the Qatari pullout. Djibouti's ambassador to Ethiopia, Mohammed Idriss Farah, told the AP that Eritrean forces had "moved in right after the peacekeepers left" and occupied the mountainous region. Djibouti lodged a complaint with the African Union (AU) and the United Nations received correspondence from both sides.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-12): Skirmishes broke out between the Eritrean and Ethiopian military periodically. Military hostilities with Djibouti escalated over ownership of the disputed territory of Ras Doumeira.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-06-24): Members of the Security Council this afternoon urged the withdrawal of Eritrean and Djiboutian troops from a disputed area in Ras Doumeira on the Red Sea coast and called for dialogue between the two Horn of African countries to avert further escalation of the border crisis that had flared this month. [...] According to local Somali radio, Eritrea had reportedly deployed heavy military equipment in Ras Doumeira, north-east of Obock. Another source reported a reinforcement of Eritrean troops near the town of Daddato, located north-west of Obock. That might indicate tension, both towards the north-west and north-east of Djibouti. A Somali newspaper had reported that an Eritrean gunboat had been sunk after being hit by a missile on 15 June. It was not known whether the missile had been fired by a French warship or the Djibouti navy. Press and other sources reported that Djibouti forces had regrouped at the border, while others had said they had retreated out of range of Eritrean mortars. Ethiopian troops were also reported to be at the border. [...] YAHYA MAHMASSANI, Permanent Observer of the League of Arab States, said that the Government of Djibouti had been informing the League, starting in February, of a gradual amassing of Eritrean troops along the border between the two countries. It had also reported incursions on the Djibouti side in an area overlooking the Red Sea. In response, the League had sent a fact-finding mission to the Ras Doumeira region in May, where it had met with officials from Djibouti. Meetings had also been sought with Eritrean officials, but there had been no response.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2006-11-07): Eritrea–Djibouti Border (June 11): The United States condemns Eritrea’s military aggression against Djibouti in the vicinity of the border between the two countries at Ras Doumeira. Full text (May 2008): Advancing Freedom and Democracy Reports - AFRICA Only
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Eritrea (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-01-14): "The Security Council, "Affirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of both Djibouti and Eritrea, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation, "Recalling that in the statement of its President dated 12 June 2008 (S/PRST/2008/20) it condemned Eritrea’s military action against Djibouti in Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island and called upon the two parties to show maximum restraint and withdraw forces to the status quo ante, "Taking note of the letter of the Secretary-General dated 11 September 2008 (S/2008/602) in which he transmitted the report of the fact-finding mission he sent following its 5924th meeting (S/PV.5924), "Expressing its deep concern that, as mentioned in the report of the fact-finding mission referred to above, Eritrea has not withdrawn its forces to the status quo ante, as called for by the Security Council in the statement of its President dated 12 June 2008 (S/PRST/2008/20), "Reiterating its serious concern at the absence of dialogue between the two parties, and at the refusal of Eritrea so far to engage in dialogue, or to accept bilateral contacts, mediation or facilitation efforts by subregional or regional organizations or to respond positively to the efforts of
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-07): The Ungar-Too (also: Ungar-Tepe) is a mountain located on the Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border, which has been a cause of tension between the two countries. [...] References [edit]- ^ "Ungar-Too Mountain history: Disputed area was recognized as belonging to Uzbekistan 10 years ago during Bakiev's tenure". [...] - ^ "Ungar-Too Mountain not on list of defined border sections between Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan".
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-23): In accordance with the terms of a bilateral agreement, Barak -- a 208-hectare cutout of Kyrgyz territory entirely surrounded by Uzbekistan -- was absorbed by the larger country, with Kyrgyzstan receiving an equivalent parcel of Uzbekistan's Andijon Province in exchange. [...] In 2016, the countries mobilized their militaries close to a small mountain known in Uzbek as Ungar-Tepa and Unkur-Too in Kyrgyz.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): - 35 hectares on Mount Unkur-Too (Ungar-Too). [...] Now there are four Uzbek enclaves on the territory of Kyrgyzstan - Sokh, Shakhimardan, Chon-Gara and Tash-Dobe.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-29): Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan became embroiled in a fresh standoff over the disputed mountain Ungar-Too, located on the border. The latest incident once more highlighted the need for rapid and radical efforts to improve bilateral relations and eliminate tensions between the two neighboring countries. On August 24, two helicopters from Uzbekistan landed on the contested mountain, on top of which Kyrgyzstan has a large TV and radio transmitter. Uzbekistani police officers detained four citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic who were working there (Kloop,kg, August 24, 2016). These workers were held in custody at Uzbekistan’s Yangi Kurgan police station. The event sparked a new wave of escalation in bilateral relations. Already, in March of this year, the situation reached a particularly dangerous level, when both sides deployed heavily armed personnel to this contested border region (see EDM, March 31).
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-15): In turn, the Uzbek side is ready to cede Unkur-Too (Ungar-Too) area to Kyrgyzstan, which was the subject of disputes and political tension between residents of the border areas until that time.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-08-29): The directive to remove dust from documents is explained by a new aggravation of the situation on the Kyrgyz-Uzbek border. Seven Uzbek policemen landed on the Ungar-Too (Ungar-Tepe in the Uzbek inscription) Mountain disputed by Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Four citizens of Kyrgyzstan who worked at the Kyrgyz radio relay station located on top of the mountain were taken by the Uzbek policemen to the local police precinct. The border guard service of Kyrgyzstan announced that it insisted on return of the unjustly detained citizens. [...] Disputes around the border have been going on for decades. While the Uzbek and the Kyrgyz soviet socialist republics existed in the framework of a unified state the matter did not come to such noticeable conflicts but after breakup of the USSR the situation grew worse. There are more than 50 disputed parts on the border of the two countries now. The Ungar-Too Mountain is one of them. A land plot of 45 hectares is valuable not only as a strategic height but also as a place for location of a radio relay station a signal of which covers significant territory. Discussions regarding belonging of the mountain also influenced the mapmaking data. Google Maps service points out that the northern half of the Ungar-Too including the radio relay station is Kyrgyz territory. Yandex-Maps service says that the disputed land plot is located on the territory of Uzbekistan.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-31): A disputed mountain that the two countries had squabbled over throughout that year, Ungar-Too, has now been confirmed as Kyrgyz territory in the border deal agreed to by Mirziyoev and Japarov.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-23): Uzbekistan has complicated border relations with all of its neighbors except, ironically enough, Afghanistan. Many of its border issues have remained unresolved to differing degrees for decades. The Kyrgyz side issued the details of the border delimitation plan for the remaining unresolved territory, although the statement had to be changed. At the same time, Uzbekistan limited its comments to resolution timelines only. What stayed unchanged in the official statement is that Uzbekistan was ready to give the disputed territory Ungar-Too to Kyrgyzstan in order to finalize border delimitation negotiations. It’s unclear whether that move from Tashkent is bound by Bishkek offering its own territorial concessions.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-08-25): The Ungar-Too (also: Ungar-Tepe) is a mountain located on the Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan border, which has been a cause of tension between the two countries. There is an important relay station on the mountain, which is of great importance for Kyrgyz telecommunications service providers. Overall, development of the Ungar-Too mountain is limited to six antenna masts and a few smaller buildings. [...] The Uzbek presence on the mountain remained for the time being and was increased to 20 people at the beginning of September 2016. The occupation of the Ungar-Too was also used as leverage in other acute issues, but bilateral negotiations initially remained unsuccessful. The four Kyrgyz workers were held in a police station in Yangikurgan.[4] The diplomatic efforts eventually led to the release of the prisoners and the evacuation of the mountain on 18 September.[5]
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-21): No Kyrgyz territory is endangered by the airport, but symbolically it certainly reinforces Uzbekistan’s claim to the exclave and is a reminder to local Kyrgyz that its larger neighbor is paying attention to an area many in Kyrgyzstan believe is neglected by their government. [...] Uzbek troops crossed into the area twice in 2016 and, in August of that year, occupied a nearby mountain called Ungar-Too, holding captive several Kyrgyz employees there who were operating a telecommunications relay station.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-03-23): The current quarrel centers around a small mountain known in Uzbek as Ungar-Tepa and Unkur-Too in Kyrgyz, which lies on the undemarcated Kyrgyz-Uzbek border about 10 kilometers from the western Kyrgyz town of Kerben. On March 18, two Uzbek armored personnel carriers and some 40 soldiers suddenly appeared at the border crossing near Ungar-Tepa at a place called Chala-Sart in Kyrgyz. [...] He added that Kyrgyz officials were "now saying that those 12 hectares of land [that make up the Ungar-Tepa mountain] have never been fully delineated [with Uzbekistan]. Well it has been defined as it has been used by Kyrgyz people for ages. Is there anyone here who would say this piece of land is in fact disputed with Uzbekistan?"
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-25): According to the agreements reached between the two countries in March 2021, several cross-border sections, in particular, Mount Ungar-Too, will be transferred to Kyrgyzstan. In exchange for these territories, Uzbekistan acquired the right to use the Kempir-Abad reservoir. The 50-hectare area where the Shahrikhonsoy canal is located was also transferred to Uzbekistan. In return, Kyrgyzstan received 50 hectares of land in the border area of the Ozgan district.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-31): When Mirziyoyev became acting president in September 2016 after the death of predecessor Islam Karimov, Uzbek troops were occupying Ungar-Too, a mountain with a transmission relay station just inside Kyrgyzstan. [...] Ungar-Too is part of the border deal Mirziyoyev and Japarov have just signed. It is officially Kyrgyz territory now. While that might please some Kyrgyz residents of the Ungar-Too area, the part of the deal that has ceded the Kempir-Abad reservoir to Uzbekistan sparked protests from more than 1,000 people in Kyrgyz villages near the reservoir.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-16): Der Ungar-Too (auch: Ungar-Tepe) ist ein Berg im kirgisisch-usbekischen Grenzgebiet, der immer wieder Anlass für Spannungen zwischen den beiden Staaten ist. [...] Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- ↑ Ungar-Too Mountain history: Disputed area was recognized as belonging to Uzbekistan 10 years ago during Bakiev's tenure. Abgerufen am 16. August 2019. [...] - ↑ Ungar-Too Mountain not on list of defined border sections between Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan. Abgerufen am 16. August 2019.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-01-07): Narama C, Duishonakunov M, Kaab A, Daiyrov M, Abdrakhmatov K (2010a) The 24 july 2008 outburst flood at the western Zyndan glacier lake and recent regional changes in glacier lakes of the Teskey Ala-Too range, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10(4):647–659. doi:10.5194/nhess-10-647-2010
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-26): According to him, the Orto-Tokoi water reservoir remains the territory of Kyrgyzstan, but will be used by Uzbekistan. «As you know, Orto-Tokoi reservoir was used by Uzbekistan by 95 percent. In accordance with the agreement, they had to transfer us a land plot equal to the area of the reservoir — more than 700 hectares — as compensation. About 200 hectares have already been transferred, 500 remained. Thanks to the reservoir, we received several disputable areas: Kok-Serek — 105 hectares, Bayastan — 212 hectares, Ak-Tash — 100 hectares, Ungar-Too — 35 hectares, Kara-Beles — 25 hectares. I would like to note that Kara-Beles was previously transfered to Uzbekistan, but we returned it,» he said. As for Ungar-Too, Kamchybek Tashiev clarified that the border line would run not along the mountain, but at its foot. «Ungar-Too itself remains our territory,» he added.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-09): The most sensitive areas of the border are where Soviet infrastructure projects were later split, such as the dam of the Kasansay Water Reservoir. This reservoir sits on the territory of today’s Kyrgyz Republic but was originally financed by the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic and was meant to irrigate farmland in today’s Uzbekistan. Most recently, the site hosted a tense military standoff in the spring of 2016 after Kyrgyzstan refused to admit a group of Uzbek engineers to do repair work. Later, in August of the same year, Uzbek police arrested a group of four Kyrgyz workers operating a telecommunications antenna on the summit of the disputed Ungar-Too mountain and detained them for 16 days.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-10-04): When Mirziyaev took over as Uzbekistan's leader on September 8, Uzbek police had been occupying a hill in Kyrgyzstan, Ungar-Too, for more than two weeks. The Uzbek forces detained four Kyrgyz nationals who were working at the television relay station on Ungar-Too and refused to free them, angering Kyrgyz villagers in the area and the government in Bishkek. [...] On September 20, the Uzbek police withdrew from Ungar-Too. The same day, the pro-government website Uzdaily.uz reported that from September 14 to 20 a working group of officials from both countries had been reviewing questions of border demarcation in 23 disputed areas along the common frontier.
Claim: Ungar-Too is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Ungar-Too, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-30): "As you know, Orto-Tokoi reservoir was used by Uzbekistan by 95 percent. In accordance with the agreement, they had to transfer us a land plot equal to the area of the reservoir — more than 700 hectares — as compensation. About 200 hectares have already been transferred, 500 remained. Thanks to the reservoir, we received several disputable areas: Kok-Serek — 105 hectares, Bayastan — 212 hectares, Ak-Tash — 100 hectares, Ungar-Too — 35 hectares, Kara-Beles — 25 hectares." Ungar-Too, a mountain that has also featured in previous tensions, will be marked as Kyrgyz territory, with the border at its base. [...] Negotiations also touched on the matter of Sokh, an Uzbek exclave surrounded by Kyrgyz territory. The recent agreement commits both sides to opening checkpoints for cars and minibuses that should simplify the process of travel between the exclave and the main portion of Uzbekistan for the 85,000 Uzbek citizens who live there.