copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Pratas Island is a territory of Republic of China (Pratas Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-05): Territorial sovereignty claims over the South China Sea islands have been made by six countries, namely, China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia. In addition, Taiwan (China) also has made claims based upon special political factors, thus creating a six-nation-and-seven-party situation in the area. The Pratas Islands are garrisoned by Taiwan’s (China) armed forces. The Macclesfield Bank is dominated by the practical control of the Philippines. The Paracel Islands are controlled by mainland China. The Spratly Islands are controlled by the following countries respectively, mainland China controls 7 reefs, Taiwan (China) 2, Vietnam 29, Philippines 8, Malaysia 5, with Brunei 2, and Indonesia 1.9 1 Mainland China
Claim: Pratas Island is a territory of Republic of China (Pratas Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-12-23): Paracels. Located about 160 miles southeast of Hong Kong., 280 miles north- west of Luzon, and 280 miles east-northeast''of Hainan, the reef consists of a circular coral barrier, roughly 13 miles in diameter, enclosing a coral- studded lagoon with Pratas Island on the western side. Many points -vdthin the lagoon and on t he'northern, eastern, and southern sides of the reef are uncovered at low tide. Pratas, largest of the South China Sea islands con- sidered in this paper, had no permanent inhabitants before 'World I'Tar II but was frequented by Chinese., Japanese, and Formosan fishermen, who gathered seaweed, shells, and corals. It has guano deposits of some value and also can be'used for meteorological observations. [...] After World I-Tar II the Chinese Nationalists established a meteorolog- ical station on Pratas Island, and have since maintained it under the auspices of the Nationalist navy, Although the Chinese Communists claim the Pratas [...] Pratas Island (200421 N., 116?431 E.) is a low, horseshoe-shaped island about one and one-half miles long and one and one-half miles wide. Vegetation includes a few coconut trees and some bushes. The island has a radio, station, a 120-foot light tower, and a radar reflector.
Claim: Pratas Island is a territory of Republic of China (Pratas Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-25): China has carried out regular flights over the international waters between the southern part of Taiwan and the Taiwanese-controlled Pratas Islands in the South China Sea in recent months.
Claim: Pratas Island is a territory of Republic of China (Pratas Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-20): Pratas Island is 260 kilometers (140 nautical miles) away from Shantou, in China’s Guangdong Province, 315 kilometers (170 nautical miles) southeast of Hong Kong, 740 kilometers (400 nautical miles) northwest of Manila, and 450 kilometers (240 nautical miles) away from Kaohsiung, Taiwan. While the island is of significant geostrategic importance along the major sea route connecting the Pacific and Indian oceans, it is not considered to be explicitly covered by the Taiwan Relations Act, which only mentions the islands of Taiwan and the Pescadores (Penghu Islands, 澎湖群島). Pratas Island was first placed under the administration of Kaohsiung in 1939 and is now treated as a component part of the city. [1] Due to the island’s unique position, it seems likely that US reactions to a contingency in Pratas Island would be different from a military crisis involving Taiwan or Penghu. Regarding the security situation of Pratas Island, Japanese scholars Yoshiyuki Ogasawara and Rira Momma have given stern warnings of the possibility of a Chinese military attack.
Claim: Pratas Island is a territory of Republic of China (Pratas Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-18): - Whether from the perspectives of history, geography, or international law, the Nansha（Spratly）Islands, Shisha （Paracel） Islands, Chungsha Islands （Macclesfield Bank）, and Tungsha （Pratas） Islands, as well as their surrounding waters, are an inherent part of ROC territory and waters. As the ROC enjoys all rights to these island groups and their surrounding waters in accordance with international law, the ROC government does not recognize any claim to sovereignty over, or occupation of, these areas by other countries, irrespective of the reasons put forward or methods used for such claim or occupation.
Claim: Pratas Island is a territory of Republic of China (Pratas Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-01-28): Whether from the perspective of history, geography, or international law, the Nansha (Spratly) Islands, Shisha (Paracel) Islands, Chungsha (Macclesfield Bank) Islands, and Tungsha (Pratas) Islands, as well as their surrounding waters, are an inherent part of ROC territory and waters, and the ROC enjoys all rights over these islands and their surrounding waters in accordance with international law. This is indisputable. To resolve disputes in the South China Sea, the ROC government has come up with a concrete approach: to safeguard sovereignty, shelve disputes, pursue peace and reciprocity, and promote joint development. [...] Taiping Island, an inherent part of the territory of the Republic of China, is, at 0.51 square kilometers, the largest island in the Nanshas, and the only natural island with a supply of freshwater. In December 1946, following World War II, our government dispatched the ROCS Taiping to recover Taiping Island. While our forces were withdrawn from the island starting in June 1950 due to supply issues, they have been on the island now for nearly 60 unbroken years starting in June 1956.
Claim: Pratas Island is a territory of Republic of China (Pratas Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-06-01): The dotted line encloses the main island features of the South China Sea: the Pratas Islands, the Paracel Islands, the Macclesfield Bank, and the Spratly Islands. The dotted line also captures James Shoal which is as far south as 4 degrees north latitude. On its significance, it is noted in an essay that, [...] These are Paracel Islands [Xisha Islands=Chinese name for Paracel Islands, Hoang Sa Islands=Vietnamese name for Paracel Islands, Yong Xing=Chinese name for Woody Island]; Spratly Islands [Nansha Islands=Chinese name for Spratly Islands, Kalayaan Island Group (KIG)=Philippine name for group in the Spratly Islands, Truong Sa Islands=Vietnamese name for Spratly Islands, Tai Ping=new Chinese name for Itu Aba]; Dongsha Islands=Chinese name for Pratas Islands; Zhongsha Islands=Chinese name embracing Macclesfield Bank and certain rocks, sandbanks, and reefs; and Huang Yan=Chinese name for Scarborough Shoal or Reef. See for the presentation, Lori Fisler Damrosch and Bernard H. Oxman, Agora: the South China Sea, editors’ introduction, 107 AJIL (2013), 95-97 at 97. Taiwan’s claims are similar to the one asserted by China. [...] China first expressed its intentions regarding the South China Sea in the international arena in its 4 September 1958 Declaration on China’s Territorial Sea. Although paragraph 1 clearly indicates that China considered the Pratas Islands, Paracel Islands, Macclesfield Bank, and Spratly Islands to belong to its territories, the declaration provided no legal explanation. Its sole purpose was, it seems, to define the limits of its sovereignty as a pure fact.
Claim: Pratas Island is a territory of Republic of China (Pratas Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-09-10): In passing, as far as the Pratas Islands (Dōngshā Qúndăo) were concerned, they were already recognized by Japan as islands remaining under Imperial China through the 1909 Japan- Ch‘ing Agreement for Handing Over Pratas Island (11 Oct. 1909). Accordingly, it appears that, even before the Second World War, the status or the sovereignty of the islands in the South China Sea (scs) was unsettled in law, except for the Pratas Islands. [...] In 1958 the prc made a declaration on 12-mile territorial sea, allowing for straight lines between the mainland and the coastal islands and requiring not only foreign airplanes but also foreign military vessels to procure the permission from the Chinese authorities for their passage through the territorial waters. While it was stipulated that these rules also apply in the Spratly Islands, it was unknown whether they meant to apply the straight baselines or to require foreign military vessels to seek and get passage permits from the authorities. In 1992 the prc enacted the Law on Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, which formally introduced 12-mile territorial sea and straight baselines without any geomorphological restriction, and it clarified that China’s territory includes the Spratly Islands, the Paracel Islands and the Pratas Islands in the scs.9 In 1996 it issued a Declaration on Territorial Sea Baselines, and in the same year the prc ratified the un Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos), and it issued a Declaration on Exclusive Economic Zone (eez) but therein did not mention any historic right yet.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-31): The Trans-Karakoram Tract (Chinese: 喀喇昆仑走廊; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng), also known as the Shaksgam Tract (Urdu: شکسگام, romanized: Shaksgām), is an area of approximately 5,200 km2 (2,000 sq mi)[1] north of the Karakoram watershed, including the Shaksgam valley.[2][3] The tract is administered by China as part of its Taxkorgan and Yecheng counties in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Although the Shaksgam tract was originally under the control of India following the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India in 1947, Pakistan took control of the region after the First India-Pakistan War and subsequently ceded it to China in 1963 through the Sino-Pakistan Agreement, and a border based on actual ground positions was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan.[4][5] The Shaksgam Tract, along with the entire Kashmir region, is claimed by India.[6][7] Further, New Delhi has never accepted the China-Pakistan boundary pact, asserting that Islamabad "unlawfully" attempted to cede the area to Beijing.[8] [...] For an idea of the extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract, a view the map (C) from the Joe Schwartzberg's Historical Atlas of South Asia at DSAL in Chicago with the caption, "The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed and proposed by Britain prior to 1947" would show that the geographical and territorial extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract is more or less the territory enclosed between the northernmost line and the innermost lines.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-12): The Trans-Karakoram Tract, also known as the Shaksgam Tract (Urdu: {{nq|شکسگام), is an area of approximately 2000order=flipNaNorder=flip[1] north of the Karakoram watershed, including the Shaksgam valley. The tract is administered by China as part of its Taxkorgan and Yecheng counties in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Although the Shaksgam tract was originally under the control of India following the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India in 1947, Pakistan took control of the region after the First India-Pakistan War and subsequently ceded it to China in 1963 through the Sino-Pakistan Agreement, and a border based on actual ground positions was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan.[2] [3] The Shaksgam Tract, along with the entire Kashmir region, is claimed by India.[4] [5] Further, New Delhi has never accepted the China-Pakistan boundary pact, asserting that Islamabad "unlawfully" attempted to cede the area to Beijing.[6] [...] For an idea of the extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract, a view the map (C) from the Joe Schwartzberg's Historical Atlas of South Asia at DSAL in Chicago with the caption, "The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed and proposed by Britain prior to 1947" would show that the geographical and territorial extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract is more or less the territory enclosed between the northernmost line and the innermost lines.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-04): The Shaksgam Valley, also known as the Trans-Karakoram Tract, is a region of strategic importance located within the Hunza-Gilgit area of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK). [...] Karakoram Highway ●The boundary agreement between Pakistan and China in 1963 laid the foundation for the construction of the Karakoram Highway, a strategic road link connecting Pakistan and China through the Karakoram mountain range.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-17): The territory of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has frequently been revised since its formation on 1 October 1949. [...] - 21 November 1962, China won the military victory of Sino-Indian War but withdrew to the pre-war boundaries. Since then[clarification needed], India maintains control of North-East Frontier Agency area i.e. Arunachal Pradesh (83,743 km2); China controls areas of Aksai Chin (~30,000 /33,444/37,555 km2) and Trans-Karakoram Tract (5,181/5,180 km2).[citation needed] See article: Sino-Indian War. [...] See also [edit]- Land reclamations of the People's Republic of China - Borders of China - Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-03-27): One of the Valleys lying hidden in the inaccessible depths of the Trans Karakorams is the Shaksgam Valley but thats not its real claim to fame. It is purported to be an integral part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir but under Pakistani control and has since been "ceded" to China by Pakistan as per the terms of their Border Settlement Agreement.It is also referred to as the Trans Karakoram Tract and the Tract has an area of almost 7000 sq km. And as soon as it became a part of China access and approach to it became much more complicated and has been out of bounds till the Chinese decided to open the Valley as it serves as a an alternative Basecamp from the North for the K2, the second highest Peak on the Planet. The Valley itself is around the Shaksgam River and as said before its bounded by the Karakorams in the South and the Kun Luns in the North. Its political status notwithstanding the Shaksgam valley is one of the most inhospitable places on the planet.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-11): The Trans-Karakoram Tract (Hindi: शक्स्गम्, Shaksgam;Chinese: 喀喇昆仑走廊; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng), also known as Shaksgam or the Shaksgam Tract, is an area of more than 9,900 km2 (3,822 sq mi) along both sides of the Shaksgam River and extending up to the Kunlun range wherein are the Kukalang, Yangi, Kilian, Sanju-la and Hindutash border passes, entirely administered by the People's Republic of China as a part of Kargilik County and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in the Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, but claimed by Pakistan until 1963.[1] It is claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. [...] The tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world, with some of the highest mountains. Bounded by the Kun Lun Mountains in the north, and the Karakoram peaks to the south, including Broad Peak, K2 and Gasherbrum, on the southeast it is adjacent to the highest battlefield in the world on the Siachen Glacier region. [...] Also for an idea of the extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract, a view the map (C) from the Joe Schwartzberg's Historical Atlas of South Asia at DSAL in Chicagowith the caption, "The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed and proposed by Britain prior to 1947" would show that the geographical and territorial extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract is more or less the territory enclosed between the northern most line and the innermost lines!
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-03): About Shaksgam Valley - The Shaksgam Valley, or Trans Karakoram Tract, is part of the Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK) and is a disputed territoryclaimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. - It borders Xinjiang Provinceof the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the north, the Northern Areas of POK to the south and west, and the Siachen Glacier region to the east.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1999-02-22): The Trans-Karakoram Tract (Chinese: 喀喇昆仑走廊; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng), also known as the Shaksgam Tract (Urdu: شکسگام, romanized: Shaksgām), is an area of approximately 5,300 km2 (2,050 sq mi) north of the Karakoram watershed, including the Shaksgam valley. The tract is administered by China as part of its Taxkorgan and Yecheng counties in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Although the Shaksgam tract was never under the control of Pakistan since 1947, in the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement, Pakistan recognized Chinese sovereignty over the Shaksgam tract, while China recognized Pakistani sovereignty over the Gilgit Agency, and a border based on actual ground positions was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan. It is claimed by India as part of the Union territory
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-06): Following the abrogation of Article 370 and reorganisation of the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), a China-Pakistan tandem has emerged to internationalise the issue, including in the UN Security Council . Pakistan has feigned solidarity with the people of Kashmir and continues to train and fund separatists and terrorists. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), the global watchdog that monitors terror financing, has retained Pakistan on its ‘Grey List’ for a good reason. China’s support for Pakistan is motivated by a desire to perpetuate its own territorial grab in the trans-Karakoram Shaksgam Tract of Kashmir. [...] The Shaksgam valley in the trans-Karakoram tract, part of PoK, was handed over on a platter by a supine Pakistan to China through an illegal border agreement on March 2, 1963. However, the continuing Chinese occupation of Kashmir’s territory does not find adequate mention in the contemporary discourse surrounding this issue. [...] The provisional nature of the territorial settlement between China and Pakistan is evident in Article 6 of the 1963 agreement, which clearly states that "the two Parties have agreed that after the settlement of the Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India, the sovereign authority concerned will reopen negotiations with the Government of the People’s Republic of China, on the boundary as described in Article Two of the present Agreement, so as to sign a formal Boundary Treaty to replace the present agreement". In effect, this agreement has established China as a party to the dispute. It has a vested interest in legitimising its illegitimate gains in the trans-Karakoram tract.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-09): India asserts that Pakistan concluded a boundary agreement with China in 1963 where Pakistan illegally ceded 5180 sq. km of Indian Territory in PoK (known as Shaksgam Valley) to China. The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. This agreement was condemned and highly objected to by the Government of India. According to India, Pakistan has been in illegal and forcible occupation of approximately 78,000 sq. km of Indian Territory in the state of J&K.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-21): The Trans-Karakoram Tract is an area of approximately 5,300 km² that was transferred by a border agreement from the Pakistani-administered Northern Areas to China in 1963 with the proviso that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute. Pakistan says that it was a no-man's undemarcated border land, hence no question arises of its being transferred. It is claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. [...] The Tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world, with some of the highest mountains including Broad Peak, Gasherbrum and Masherbrum, and is adjacent to the highest battlefield in the world at Siachen Glacier.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-08-29): India has control of 48% of the area of the former State of Jammu & Kashmir (Jammu, Kashmir Valley, Ladakh and Siachen Glacier); Pakistan controls 35% of the region (Gilgit Baltistan and Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir) and China administers and controls 17% (Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract) of the State since 1962. [...] From 1947 to 1970, the government of Pakistan established and administered the ‘Northern Areas’ under the arrangement stated above. In 1970, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto established the ‘Northern Areas Council’ and Gilgit Baltistan was directly administered by the Federal government with nomenclature changed to Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA). On 2 March 1963, Pakistan signed an agreement with China which gave away around 5,180 sq km of the territory of the former state of Hunza to China despite opposition and protests by the Mir of Hunza. This was not only illegal, but also in contravention of the UNSC Resolutions on the Jammu & Kashmir dispute. The agreement ceded a part of Hunza-Gilgit, called Raskam and the Shaksgam Valley of Baltistan region, to China, pending settlement of the dispute over Jammu & Kashmir, which is also known as the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-16): The India-Pakistan-China triangle is mired in a convoluted history of unresolved border disputes, with military confrontations between India and China at the Line of Actual Control (LAC), and India and Pakistan at the Line of Control (LoC) occurring intermittently. In 1947, Britain’s hasty withdrawal from the subcontinent as a result of post-war decolonization led to a haphazard redrawing of political boundaries in Southern Asia, leaving some territory contested. The four wars that India and Pakistan have fought since 1947, the Sino-Indian Border War of 1962, and recurrent India-China and India-Pakistan conflicts at the LAC and LoC trace their genesis back to this protracted history. The military dimension of this triangle evolved in the years after the 1962 Sino-Indian Border War, when Beijing and Islamabad signed the border delimitation agreement in 1963. As part of this agreement, Pakistan handed over the Trans-Karakoram tract, a territory in Kashmir that India claimed, to China, turning the dispute into a trilateral one.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-12-27): Mandip Singh replies: The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK), and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Province of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the north, the Northern Areas of POK to the south and west, and the Siachen Glacier region to the east.