copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-11-27): China itself highlights Tibet as the core issue with India by laying claim to Indian territories on the basis of purported Tibetan ecclesial or tutelary links, rather than any professed Han Chinese connection. Indeed, ever since China gobbled up the historical buffer with India, Tibet has remained the core issue. [...] This new formulation ran counter to India’s position since 2010 — a stance that came with the promise of repairing the damage from India’s past blunders over Tibet, including by prime ministers Jawaharlal Nehru and Rajiv Gandhi. Nehru in 1954ceded India’s British-inherited extraterritorial rights in Tibet and accepted the sprawling region’s annexation without any quid pro quo. Under the terms of this accord, India withdrew its "military escorts" from Tibet, and handed over to China the postal, telegraph and telephone services it operated there. [...] Vajpayee’s blunder opened the way for China to claim Arunachal Pradesh as "South Tibet," a term it coined in 2006 to legitimize its attempt at rolling annexation. Had Vajpayee not caved in, China would not have been emboldened to ingeniously invent the term "South Tibet" for Arunachal Pradesh, which is three times the size of Taiwan and twice as large as Switzerland. And since 2010, Beijing has also questioned India’s sovereignty over the state of Jammu and Kashmir, one-fifth of which is under Chinese occupation.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-13): China's expansionism along Tibet's southern border with India thus has a much more limited aim than the acquisition of territory of the conquest of India. It is intended to widen the buffer zone that surrounds Tibet. [...] Despite the heightened tensions, India didn't prepare for war. China did, using the Sky Road as a logistics route for a surprise attack in 1962. In the brief war that ensued, China consolidated its possession of almost the entire territory of Aksai Chin. So it's no surprise that 55 years later, when China started building road infrastructure on the Doklam Plateau bordering southeastern Tibet, India took notice. The non-lethal 2017 Doklam standoff lasted more than two months before being resolved by a mutual withdrawal to the status quo ante. [...] China's expansionism along Tibet's southern border with India thus has a much more limited aim than the acquisition of territory of the conquest of India. It is intended to widen the buffer zone that surrounds Tibet. Trucks and trains may not stream across the India-China frontier, but people and yaks do. China wants to cut off all contact across the border, whether physical or even online. Its infrastructure-building near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) is more likely targeted at controlling its own restive subject population than at provoking an international incident.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-18): India accepted Tibet as part of China through a 2003 agreement that saw a quid pro quo recognition by China of the Himalayan region of Sikkim as Indian territory. However, growing tensions since the deadly June 15 clash between the Chinese and Indian armies has led many in New Delhi to suggest that India play the "Tibet card" as retaliation to growing Chinese intransigence on the disputed boundary and beyond. [...] That, in turn, could pave the way for China de-recognizing Sikkim as Indian territory – or, more alarmingly from New Delhi’s point of view, Beijing asserting that all of Jammu and Kashmir, as well as Ladakh, are disputed territories. Note that China already considers Arunachal Pradesh as part of "South Tibet." As strident symbolism, last year it destroyed 30,000 world maps made in China for export for failing to mark the territory as such. [...] The Tibet card for India – beyond relatively staid diplomatic signalling – is limited. At the same time, the India-China history clearly demonstrates how frontiers for both countries remain major, shared vulnerabilities. Both realize this. Therefore, for the time being, mere optics – such as Wang’s visit to Tibet – will have to make up for the lack of genuine options that carry a bite.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-23): But its strategic location has long made it the focus of tensions between India and China - Tibet, annexed by China in 1950, lies just 35km (22 miles) to the north. In fact, the Tawang monastery was where the 14th Dalai Lama briefly stayed after fleeing from Tibet in 1959. India and China share a frontier that isn't fully demarcated - India says it is 3,488km long but China puts it at around 2,000km. Both sides have deployed tens of thousands of soldiers with heavy armaments along of the Line of Actual Control (LAC), which separates Chinese and Indian territory. China continues to stake claim on the whole of Arunachal Pradesh, calling it "South Tibet". In 2021, it even came out with a list renaming 15 places in the state, triggering a sharp response from India. Beijing has also routinely objected to visits by the Dalai Lama and Indian leaders to the region.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-30): Indian media have reported that the map shows the north-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh and the disputed Aksai Chin plateau as China's territory. [...] China says it considers the whole of Arunachal Pradesh its territory, calling it "South Tibet" - a claim India firmly rejects. India claims the Aksai Chin plateau in the Himalayas, which is controlled by China. In April, Delhi reacted sharply to China's attempts to rename 11 places in Arunachal Pradesh, saying the state would always be "an "integral and inalienable part of India".
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-18): Both countries’ troops have patrolled this region for decades, as the contested 2,200-mile border [PDF] is a long-standing subject of competing claims and tensions, including a brief war in 1962. The border, or Line of Actual Control, is not demarcated, and China and India have differing ideas of where it should be located, leading to regular border "transgressions." Often these don’t escalate tensions; a serious border standoff like the current one is less frequent, though this is the fourth since 2013. The Ladakh region is especially complex, with particularly unusual features. First, there is Aksai Chin, a territory that India has long claimed but China occupies. China began building a road through the area in 1956—linking Tibet to Xinjiang—and has occupied it since 1962. There is also territory that Pakistan ceded to China in 1963. Surveying and mapping the region’s terrain historically proved immensely challenging. A forthcoming history of the Ladakh region points out how colonial-era efforts to survey this area using natural features such as watersheds as focal points did not always align with cartographic needs for precision, and, importantly, ideas of where a country’s territory begins and ends.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-23): For India, Tibet is a sensitive issue as it has to balance its delicate relationship with China with which it has long-pending border disputes. India welcomed the Dalai Lama and a sizable Tibetan refugee population with open arms in 1959 when they fled their homeland after a failed uprising against China. While India has historically supported the Tibetan cause, New Delhi’s official position since Jawaharlal Nehru’s time has been to accept Tibet as part of China. [...] "The Indian side recognizes that the Tibet Autonomous Region is part of the territory of the People’s Republic of China and reiterates that it does not allow Tibetans to engage in anti-China political activities in India," the joint statement read. China used this statement to claim Tibet is a done deal. [...] A settlement in favour of the people of Tibet could work in India’s favour as it will negate China’s outlandish claims on Arunachal Pradesh, which Beijing refers to as South Tibet. It may also address China’s disregard for the McMahon Line, the boundary between Tibet and India settled as part of the Simla Accord of 1914 signed by British India, Tibet and China, to some extent.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-20): South Tibet (Chinese: Zàngnán, 藏南) is what the Chinese government names a geographic area that is the focus of border dispute between the Government of India and the China. The area, most of which lies within the Indian region recognised as Arunachal Pradesh, is claimed by both China and India. The people of South Tibet have Tibetan cultural, Tibetan languages/linguistic, and the ethnic ties to the Tibet Autonomous Region.[1] [...] Historical maps marked South Tibet a Chinese territory - Southern Tibet is famous for its mountainous landscape.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): Tibet, historic region and autonomous region of China that is often called "the roof of the world." It occupies a vast area of plateaus and mountains in Central Asia, including Mount Everest (Qomolangma [or Zhumulangma] Feng; Tibetan: Chomolungma). It is bordered by the Chinese provinces of Qinghai to the northeast, Sichuan to the east, and Yunnan to the southeast; by Myanmar (Burma), India, Bhutan, and Nepal to the south; by the disputed Kashmir region to the west; and by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northwest. Lhasa is the capital city. The name Tibet is derived from the Mongolian Thubet, the Chinese Tufan, the Tai Thibet, and the Arabic Tubbat.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): Tibet (/tɪˈbɛt/ ; Tibetan: བོད, Lhasa dialect: [pʰøːʔ˨˧˩] Böd; Chinese: 藏区; pinyin: Zàngqū), or Greater Tibet,[1] is a region in the western part of East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi). It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as the Monpa, Tamang, Qiang, Sherpa and Lhoba peoples and, since the 20th century, considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui settlers. Since the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1951, the entire plateau has been under the administration of the People's Republic of China. Tibet is divided administratively into the Tibet Autonomous Region, and parts of the Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces. Tibet is also constitutionally claimed by the Republic of China as the Tibet Area since 1912. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,380 m (14,000 ft).[2][3] Located in the Himalayas, the highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, rising 8,848 m (29,000 ft) above sea level.[4] [...] Tibetan cultural influences extend to the neighboring states of Bhutan, Nepal, regions of India such as Sikkim, Ladakh, Lahaul, and Spiti, Northern Pakistan Baltistan or Balti-yul in addition to designated Tibetan autonomous areas in adjacent Chinese provinces.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): The first of the territories, Aksai Chin, is administered by China and claimed by India; it is mostly uninhabited high-altitude wasteland but with some significant pasture lands at the margins.[1] It lies at the intersection of Kashmir, Tibet and Xinjiang, and is crossed by China's Xinjiang-Tibet Highway; the other disputed territory is south of the McMahon Line, in the area formerly known as the North-East Frontier Agency and now a state called Arunachal Pradesh. It is administered by India and claimed by China. The McMahon Line was signed between British India and Tibet to form part of the 1914 Simla Convention, but the latter was never ratified by China.[2] China disowns the McMahon Line agreement, stating that Tibet was not independent when it signed the Simla Convention.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): After Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visit to China in June 2003, a joint declaration was signed in which India recognised that "the Tibet Autonomous Region is part of the territory of the People's Republic of China".[31][32] In Chinese view, this meant that India had, for "the first time", officially recognised Tibet as "part of China".[33][34] Some Indian and western commentators interpret it to mean that India had recognised China's "sovereignty" over Tibet.[31][35] In return China, over a period of time, incrementally took steps to acknowledge India's sovereignty over Sikkim.[35][36] Brahma Chellaney has written that India's recognition of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet constituted its "single biggest security blunder".[37] [...] - ^ Nilofar Shrawardy, India Recognizes Tibet As Part Of China, Arab News, 25 June 2003. "... India for the first time explicitly recognized Tibet as a part of China, according to a copy of the declaration released by the official Chinese news agency Xinhua late yesterday."
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-23): But nonetheless, what that agreement did is essentially de facto India recognizing Tibet as a region of China—that was in 1954. Fast forward many decades: in 2003, India went further and recognized the Tibet Autonomous Region as a part of the territory of China. But in ‘54, what you did see is India essentially saying, we don’t think of Tibet as independent, we are now negotiating with China on the issue of Tibet. [...] Now, part of the reason that was not negotiated, and this was a wrong assumption on Nehru’s part, is Nehru assumed the boundary was settled and was settled as part of the agreement because China didn’t bring it up. China did not consider it settled. And this is, again, where Tibet comes in. India discovers that China doesn’t consider it settled when they suddenly note that there’s a road that China’s built to consolidate its own control linking Tibet and Xinjiang. India says, wait, this is on territory we claim. And that’s when you really see this border issue come to the fore. And you see this Tibet link also in India’s east. So, this was all in the western sector in what India calls Ladakh, areas China claims as Aksai Chin. But even in the eastern sector, China claims a part of territory India identifies as the state of Arunachal Pradesh—China calls it South Tibet.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-03): Importantly, Xi also stressed the need to consolidate and securitize Tibet’s borders. He asked people to "take root" (resettle) in the border areas, guard the borders, and defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country. The Sino-Indian border in the Tibetan region is disputed, with China claiming the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh as "South Tibet." [...] Amid these efforts, there have been local reports of encroachment onto the Indian side of the de facto border. In an interview given to Voice of Tibet, Rinzin Tengyal, who had been the village head of Demchok in Ladakh, India, for more than 17 years, complained of infiltrations into Demchok. He had come down to New Delhi and planned to protest at the Chinese Embassy, saying people from the Chinese side of the border had occupied the area where where he and his villagers used to shepherd their flocks, and even taken away 47 of his yaks in the last few years. [...] With an increasing emphasis on border defense and security in Tibet, including frequent inspections by Chinese officials, the tensions between India and China over borders is likely to get murkier and possibly birth more skirmishes moving forward. With a substantial TAR budget allocated for border-related infrastructure, relocation projects, and lucrative deals to attract people from other parts of Tibet and even from China to relocate and resettle in the border areas, tensions are set to grow.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2010-03-26): But the matter didn’t end there. A note was appended to the Simla accord, which contained a map showing a part of Tibetan territory as Indian, based on a thick red line known as the McMahon line. Furthermore, China was barred from any rights and privileges of the Accord with respect to Tibet. [...] 2) The Eastern Sector – The Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, which China calls South Tibet, covering an area of 83,743 sq.km (32,333 sq.mi) – currently occupied by India. [...] India had enjoyed certain privileges with regard to Tibet under the Simla Agreement, including those regarding trade and commerce. If the Simla accord is legal, then it serves India’s cause; and if it is illegal, China’s. However, when China annexed Tibet in 1951, India under Nehru recognized it as Chinese territory, thus giving up those privileges and undermining Tibet’s sovereignty (which it may have momentarily enjoyed during the time of the Simla agreement). Thus in a sense the Indian government tacitly admitted that the Simla agreement was effectively illegal, which to this day remains China’s official position. In doing so, India weakened its own position with respect to the border dispute.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-04-04): China and India share a disputed 3,440km (2,100 mile) long de facto border - called the Line of Actual Control, or LAC - which is poorly demarcated. The presence of rivers, lakes and snowcaps means the line can shift. China continues to stake claim on the whole of Arunachal Pradesh, calling it "South Tibet". [...] The latest tensions began after the Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs on 1 April announced that it had "standardised some geographical names in southern Tibet".
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-30): China claims that India occupies some 90,000 square kilometers of its territory in India's northeast, including Arunachal Pradesh, which it views as southern Tibet. But New Delhi, which controls Arunachal Pradesh, insists it is part of India. [...] A Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson said in April at a regular news briefing in Beijing that the southern Tibet region was indeed a part of Chinese territory. [...] "Today, the real issue between India and China is that they have transgressed along the Line of Actual Control at multiple points on a theater level. Analysts believe that the Chinese are currently in occupation of 2,000 square kilometersof Indian territory. This is the territory that the [Indian] government needs to get vacated," Tewari said.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-08): Though framed in terms hydropower production and flood control, water infrastructure in the Brahmaputra also serves as a form of territorial demarcation and control along a contested frontier. As one Indian official stated in 2016 with respect to one of China’s dams, "The strategic value of the Lalho project lies also in the fact that Shigatse is only a few hours driving distance from the junction of Bhutan and Sikkim, and the city from which the Chinese plan to extend their railroads to Nepal." The Great Bend Dam, if constructed, would for the first time move Chinese infrastructure off the Tibetan Plateau onto the southern slopes of the Himalaya toward the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, a region China calls "South Tibet." India, for its part, would place its mega-dam near its border with China, likewise signaling control of not only water but territory. The Indian megadam is also part of larger planning begun in the early 2000s for up to 150 dams within Arunachal Pradesh. [...] In the early 20th century, China and the United Kingdom placed stones to demarcate territorial ambitions in the Brahmaputra basin. In the early 21st century, China and India are using dams as the new boundary markers and water investments — or a lack thereof — as a way to build or assert regional power. Infrastructure may not drive water conflict in the Brahmaputra basin, but it plays a significant role in the contest for space and influence.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-04): Southern Tibetan rifting since late Miocene enabled by basal shear of the underthrusting Indian lithosphere [...] Hou, Z., Zhao, Z., Gao, Y., Yang, Z. & Jiang, W. Tearing and dischronal subduction of the Indian continental slab: Evidence from Cenozoic Gangdese volcano-magmatic rocks in south Tibet. Acta Petrol. Sin.22, 761–774 (2006). [...] Zhang, B., Bao, X., Wu, Y. et al. Southern Tibetan rifting since late Miocene enabled by basal shear of the underthrusting Indian lithosphere.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-02-22): Chinese claims over Arunachal Pradesh have grown substantially over the past couple of decades. In the mid-1980s, Beijing only laid claims over a region called Tawang, but in the 2000s it started claiming all of Arunachal Pradesh as ‘South Tibet’. India has recognised China’s use of ‘salami-slicing’ tactics to increase its territorial claims, which over time change the status quo in an area. But New Delhi has assessed that Beijing doesn’t want to escalate tensions over Arunachal Pradesh and will likely limit its response to the latest Indian initiatives to lodging routine diplomatic protests and perhaps engaging in minor skirmishes along the boundary (like the stone-pelting incident between Indian and Chinese soldiers on the border with Chinese-occupied Kashmir in August 2017). Last year, a Chinese civilian road-building team entered Arunachal Pradesh and was forced to return after a minor faceoff with Indian army personnel. It appears that India has calculated that China wouldn’t risk an active confrontation over Arunachal Pradesh, given the difficulty in navigating the mountainous terrain in the region and, more significantly, the priority China places on its interests in Taiwan and the South and East China seas.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-04-05): China’s moves to assert control along disputed border risk further tensions with India - Plans to upgrade 2 frontier towns to city status are likely to lead to more investment in an area that includes territory claimed by both sides - The two sides have clashed over a ‘standardised’ place names in territory Beijing claims is part of Tibet but is held by India as the state of Arunachal Pradesh [...] The announcement, which one analyst said amounted to an assertion of its sovereignty, follows a row this week with India after the Chinese authorities published a map of newly "standardised" place names that included Indian-held territory south of the Line of Actual Control (LAC). [...] The territory at the heart of the latest dispute is claimed by China as Southern Tibet, but is held by India as the state of Arunachal Pradesh.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): AFP: Indian media have reported that a team of Indian mountain climbers has summited a previously unclimbed and unnamed peak in the region of Arunachal Pradesh, which China claims as part of southern Tibet. The Indian climbers have named the peak after the 6th Dalai Lama. Does China have any comment on this? Lin Jian: I’m not aware of what you mentioned. Let me say more broadly that the area of Zangnan is Chinese territory, and it’s illegal, and null and void for India to set up the so-called "Arunachal Pradesh" in Chinese territory. This has been China’s consistent position.