copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-05-15): You can drive into Brunei from Sarawak, Malaysia. There are two entry points for the main part of Brunei, one from Miri at Sungai Tujuh and one from Limbang at Kuala Lurah (Tedungan on the Malaysian side). Both these crossings have drive-through immigration checkpoints at the border but queues can be horribly long, especially during weekends. It is also possible to drive from the Sarawak towns of Limbang and Lawas to the Temburong district of Brunei. A bridge across the Pandaruan River was opened in December 2013 and the ferry service has been discontinued. Immigration is now conducted at Pandaruan (Malaysia side; opened in June 2007) and at Puni (Brunei side; opened in 2013). From Lawas (which is connected by road to Kota Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia), another bridge completes the connection between the banks of the Trusan River (and no ferry ride is required anymore). Malaysian immigration formalities are done in Trusan (the immigration office, officially known as the Mengkalap immigration checkpoint, is in a shoplot just east of the ferry crossing) about 8 km away, and no longer in Lawas. Those for Brunei can be done at the Labu checkpoint at the border. [...] The Malaysia-Brunei ferry the Malaysian town of Limbang and the Bruneian district of Temburong has been discontinued since December 2013, due to the completion of the toll-free Friendship Bridge, which connects the two borders at the eastern side of Limbang.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-26): As a small state in a complicated region, Brunei has sought to maintain strong relations with both powers to protect and promote its interests. [...] The second concern is maritime characteristics. Two geographical features are located within Brunei's exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the Louisa Reef (a low-tide elevation) and the Riflemen Bank (a submerged feature). Under international law, neither is entitled to a maritime zone (such as a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles or an EEZ of 200 nautical miles). Louisa Reef and Rifleman Bank have never been formally claimed by Brunei, although it appears to claim Rifleman Bank as part of its extended continental shelf. China and Vietnam both assert sovereignty over the Spratly Islands, which these two features are considered to be a part of. Malaysia relinquished its claim to Louisa Reef in 2019 in exchange for Brunei abandoning its territorial claim to Limbang in Sarawak. In addition, both countries agreed to jointly develop maritime resources in certain Malaysian-claimed areas of Brunei's EEZ. [...] Sufrizul Husseini is an associate researcher at the Centre for Strategic and Policy Studies, Brunei Darussalam.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Although its early history is obscure, Brunei was known to be trading with and paying tribute to China in the 6th century ce. It then came under Hindu influence for a time through allegiance to the Majapahit empire, based in Java. When the ships of the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan anchored off Brunei in 1521, the fifth sultan, the great Bolkiah, controlled practically the whole of Borneo, the Sulu Archipelago, and neighbouring islands. Toward the end of the 16th century, however, the territory was torn by internal strife. Brunei’s power subsequently declined through the 19th century, notably with the cession of Sarawak in northwestern Borneo to the English adventurer James (later Sir James) Brooke in 1841, the expansion of Sarawak by additional grants to Brooke, the cession to Great Britain of the island of Labuan in Brunei Bay, and the final loss of what is now Sabah, East Malaysia, in northeastern Borneo. [...] Ooi Jin Bee Pushpa Thambipillai Mohamad Yusop DamitSultanate [...] At independence in 1984, Brunei’s relations with neighbouring Malaysia were strained over boundary and territorial disputes in Sarawak. Ties between the two countries gradually improved, as most of the border issues were resolved, but Brunei still claimed the Limbang region of Sarawak between the two portions of Brunei. In 2009 an agreement was reached by which Brunei would drop its claim on Limbang and Malaysia would forgo its claim to oil-rich areas in the South China Sea that the two countries had contested. However, the two countries would jointly exploit any reserves found there.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Located at 300km in the south-west of the northern most point of Borneo, Brunei is of modest dimensions: 400,000 inhabitants (one tenth of Singapore's population) and 5,765km² (8 times the surface of Singapore and the equivalent of Delaware), embedded in Sarawak whose Limbang division parts its territory in two. Non-citizensrepresent some 35% of the resident population, divided into: Malaysian Malays (9%), overseas Chinese (8%), other Malaysian indigenous (1%), Philipinos and Indonesians(17%). [...] Slow commercial erosion (17th-18th centuries) gradually deprives Brunei of the means of suzerainty on its riverine dependencies. The internal tensions thus attract foreign predators. In the south first, where the Brookes seize the whole of Sarawak in one half-century (1840-1890). In the north then, where the North-East Borneo Company lays hands in three decades (1877-1904) on Sabah. Saved in extremis by the British from absorption by Sarawak, Sultan Hashim gives up his sovereign rights in 1906.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-06): A quick glance at a map reminds me that two physically distinct sections compose Brunei. Temburong, with its capital in Bangar, forms a single district (daerah) encompassing the entire eastern portion of the country. Fewer than 10,000 people or only about 3% of Brunei’s population live there. [...] Brunei Darussalam is a remnant of a much larger Brunein sultanate that once encompassed all of Borneo and parts of the Philippines at its height. Its final contraction came as a result of the territorial aspirations of its neighbors, the White Rajahs of Sarawak during the latter half of the nineteenth century. The land split into its two distinctive portions when the Sultan of Brunei ceded the intervening Limbang district to the White Rajahs. Limbang is now a part of Malaysia, a point that Brunei still disputes. The residual bits of land became a British protectorate in 1888. Thus, that defined Brunei’s modern borders when the United Kingdom finally conferred independence in 1984.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-12-01): Purchase instant access for 1, 7 or 30 days on the home page of this publication.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-21): The key to making sense of Malaysia’s maritime boundary sensibility is to unpack how it conceptualizes its Tanah air (land and sea) or territorial integrity, which is utilitarian instead of ownership obsessed. From conversations with Malaysian elites and scholars, a shared theme emerged that the Malaysian concept of maritime territory emphasizes generating maximum benefits to those in the land. This makes Kuala Lumpur more willing to negotiate on its maritime zones, such as surrendering titles and ownership of maritime areas disputed with Brunei, in exchange for continued access over the area and the right to exploit oil deposits, as well as the commitment for Brunei to abandon its claim over Limbang (in Sarawak). The unequal value between land and the sea contrasts with Indonesia’s archipelagic notion that gives equal weight as it emphasizes uniting its disparate territory, thus inherently preoccupying it with securing ownership of its maritime zone.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The eastern seaboard of Borneo was charted, though not settled, by the Portuguese in the early 16th century. The area of Sarawak was known to Portuguese cartographers as Cerava, and by the early 19th century, Sarawak had become a loosely governed territory under the control of the Brunei Sultanate. [...] The State is separated from Peninsular Malaysia by the South China Sea -- a distance of 600 kilometres. It is directly joined to the State of Sabah to the northeast where the Sultanate of Brunei forms a double enclave. Inland, Sarawak borders with Kalimantan, Indonesia. [...] Humidity is consistently high in the lowlands ranging from 80 per cent to 90 per cent.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-29): The idea that Brunei would buy Limbang is however, also an absurdity, for as far as the Sultanate is concerned it had never recognized the annexation of the territory by Rajah Charles Brooke of Sarawak in 1890. It could not buy what it claimed was its own district. [...] The Fifth Division of Sarawak is made up of the Limbang and Lawas districts which surround the Brunei district of Temburong, thus splitting the sultanate into two. It would be highly unlikely that the whole district could be transferred to Brunei, but a part of it, to provide a land bridge to link the two parts of the sultanate could be viable. [...] In their article in the publication Geography in 1992, authors Mark Cleary and Brian Shaw note: "Brunei continues to regard the Limbang borders as provisional, noting on official maps that regions "which rightfully belongs to Brunei Darusalaam from the Islamic point of view are still being administered by another government." (Limbang: a Lost Province of Oil Rich Brunei Darusalaam." Geography, Vol. 77, No.2 of 1992,).
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-09): Limbang [edit]The dispute over Limbang district arose from the annexation of the district by Sarawak's Rajah Charles Brooke in 1890. The "involuntary cession" resulted in Brunei being split into two – the main part with three districts (Brunei-Muara, Tutong and Belait) to the west of Limbang, and the Temburong district to the east of Limbang. [...] With the Exchange of Letters on 16 March 2009, the territorial dispute involving Limbang was deemed solved in Malaysia's favour. See below. In 2011, the Brunei government stated that in the specific meeting in 2009 where media reported that Brunei lifted all claims to Limbang, Brunei reiterated that both parties never mentioned anything about Limbang, more so on Brunei's lifting of the dispute. Effectively, Brunei maintains that it has active claims on the district of Limbang. [...] - ^ a b c d e Hafizah Kamaruddin (17 March 2009). "Brunei Drops Territorial Claim Over Limbang". Bernama. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Limbang is a border town and the capital of Limbang District of northern Sarawak, East Malaysia. The bustling river port of Limbang (pronounced lim-bahng) is something of a backwater. It's a popular weekend destination among visitor from Brunei Sultanate. Brunei dropped all territorial claims over Limbang, thus ceding the district to the state of Sarawak and recognising it as Malaysian territory, Prime Minister Dato' Seri Abdullah Hj Ahmad Badawi was reported to have told Malaysian media 17 March 2009. This was among the boundary issues resolved under the Letters of Exchange (LoE), which included the establishment of a "Commercial Arrangement Area" (CAA) and the right of passage for Malaysian vessels across Bruneian waters. His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam and Malaysian Prime Minister signed the documents at the Istana Nurul Iman.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-06-24): Brunei (officially the, "Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace") is a surprisingly successful and stable states despite its apparent tenuous geography. It is surrounded by Malaysia and separated into two, disconnected states by Malaysia's Limbang District. Brunei occupies just one percent of the island of Borneo that it shares with the countries of Malaysia, and Indonesia. Despite its small size, it has a per capita GDP in the top ten of countries worldwide. Brunei owes its split existence to the colonial era. It was once a much larger empire that extended beyond the shores of Borneo. Starting in the 1800s, it lost territory to colonial powers and James Brooke, a British citizen who became the first of the "White Rajas" of Sarawak. Brooke was given control of the Limbang District among other territories that eventually became part of Malaysia. In 1888, The "Abode of Peace" agreed to become a British protectorate and stayed that way for a hundred years. It regained it's independence from the United Kingdom in 1984. Although the Limbang District is connected to the rest of Malaysia, it's roads are not. The only way to drive from the Limbang District to the rest of Malaysia is to drive across the border into Brunei and then across Brunei back into Malaysia.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): On 11 December, there was a change in the attitude of their guards, who took every opportunity to whisper to them that their hearts were not really in the enterprise and they hoped the "Tuan" resident would deal gently with them when it was all over. Though the Morrises were not aware of it at the time, the military chief of the rebels, Yassin Affandy, had passed through Limbang on his way to Temburoung District and realized quickly that his cause was lost in the shadow of coming British forces.12 The feeling that something was about to happen was further strengthened when friendly visitors conveyed news of British military successes in Brunei Town, Kuala Belait, Seria, and Miri. That day, most of the hostages were moved to the hospital. In spite of the change in conditions, the hostages did not get much sleep that night, with the significant increase in guards and noise. They must have sensed something was about to happen. At first light the next morning, Dorothy Morris writes, [...] Sketch of Limbang, showing the positions of the jail, hospital, police station, and residency, where hostages were being held by the rebels. Map by author
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Administratively, Brunei Bay comes under two countries (Malaysia and Brunei). The Malaysian parts of its shoreline are also divided between two States: Sarawak and Sabah. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Brunei constitutes two separate territories (Brunei and Temburong districts) which are separated, along this bay, by Sarawak (Limbang district). The eastern curve of the bay is formed by the estuaries of the Klias, Padas and Menumbok rivers, flowing out of the Klias peninsula in Beaufort district, Sabah (MYSB09).There are three separate areas within this bay which are significance for birds: Limbang estuary, Trusan-Sundar and Menumbok estuary. These are treated separately below.(I) Physical Characteristics [...] Nasalis larvatus). Protection of the Limbang mangroves was also echoed by Bennett and Gombek (1986) based on the following reasons;Limbang is Sarawak's only major contribution to Brunei Bay fishery.Limbang links two protected sections of Brunei's mangroves. Destruction of Limbang will result in faunal degradation and reduced protection of Brunei areas.Brunei Bay's Proboscis Monkey (
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-16): Limbang, Brunei's exclave, is a small district located in the northern part of Borneo. It's separated from the main territory of Brunei by a strip of land belonging to Sarawak, a Malaysian state. This peculiar arrangement has its roots in historical events and political developments. [...] After World War II, both Brunei and Sarawak gained independence. While Brunei remained a sultanate, Sarawak became a state within Malaysia. Despite the political changes, the territorial boundaries remained intact, leaving Limbang as an exclave of Brunei. The existence of Limbang has significant implications for Brunei. It provides the sultanate with access to the South China Sea, which is important for trade and transportation. Limbang also contributes to Brunei's economy through its agricultural and forestry resources.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Malaysia (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-15): Tuzla Island (Ukrainian: Тузла, Russian: Тузла, Crimean Tatar: Tuzla; from Turkic "tuzla" – salty, saline, literally: saltpan) is a sandy islet in the form of a spit located in the middle of the Strait of Kerch, between the Kerch Peninsula in the west and the Taman Peninsula in the east. The island was formed from part of the Taman Peninsula after a 1925 storm. [...] History [edit]Tuzla Island was formed when the spit that continued the Taman peninsula suffered from massive erosion during a major storm in 1925.[2] In ancient times (2,500 years ago) the sea level was four meters below the present, which meant that at the site of modern Tuzla was quite an extensive area of land, which was part of the Taman Peninsula. Taman Peninsula itself at that time was part of the Kuban delta, and was separated from the rest of the land by river channels, which drained into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. Some historians identify Tuzla as the island of Alopeka, mentioned by ancient authors, located in the waters of Cimmerian Bosporus, and when the island periodically joined to the Asian shore of the Bosporus, the resulting braid[clarification needed] was used as the entrance to the passage through the narrowest part of the Cimmerian Bosporus, which is located between Alopekoy and the European shore of the Bosporus. Other historians and geologists reject such a hypothesis, believing that neither the island nor the Tuzla Spit existed in ancient times.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Malaysia (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-29): That act of hybrid Russian aggression against Ukraine focused on the small, but strategically-important island of Tuzla, located in the middle of the Kerch Strait between the Black and Azov Seas. The island was formed in 1925 after a severe storm eroded the narrow spit of land that extended into the strait from the Taman Peninsula on its eastern side. Soviet authorities ruled that the island of Tuzla belonged to the Crimean oblast, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR in1954. After Ukraine declared its independence, the island, along with all of Crimea, became an integral part of Ukraine’s sovereign territory. Then, on September 29, 2003, without any warning, Russia began constructing a causeway to Tuzla to connect the island to the Russian shore. The entire arsenal of Russian state propaganda was launched against Ukraine and its government on the international arena, claiming that Tuzla is not legally an island, and that it is supposedly "Russian" territory that "has never been part of Crimea, and therefore did not form part of Ukraine in 1991." [...] Today, the Ukrainian island of Tuzla remains occupied by Russia. The Russian invaders used its territory to build the illegal Crimean bridge in 2018, which firmly "bound" occupied Crimea to the Russian Federation, and today serves as the Russian occupational army’s main supply line into Ukraine.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Malaysia (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-04-04): Tuzla Island (Ukrainian: Тузла, Russian: Тузла, Crimean Tatar: Tuzla; from Turkic "tuzla" – salty, saline, literally: saltpan) is a sandy islet in the form of a spit located in the middle of the Strait of Kerch, between the Kerch Peninsula in the west and the Taman Peninsula in the east. The island was formed from part of the Taman Peninsula after a 1925 storm. Tuzla Island was formed when the spit that continued the Taman peninsula suffered from massive erosion during a major storm in 1925.[2] In ancient times (2,500 years ago) the sea level was four meters below the present, which meant that at the site of modern Tuzla was quite an extensive area of land, which was part of the Taman Peninsula. Taman Peninsula itself at that time was part of the Kuban delta, and was separated from the rest of the land by river channels, which drained into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. Some historians identify Tuzla as the island of Alopeka, mentioned by ancient authors, located in the waters of Cimmerian Bosporus, and when the island periodically joined to the Asian shore of the Bosporus, the resulting braid[clarification needed] was used as the entrance to the passage through the narrowest part of the Cimmerian Bosporus, which is located between Alopekoy and the European shore of the Bosporus. Other historians and geologists reject such a hypothesis, believing that neither the island nor the Tuzla Spit existed in ancient times.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Malaysia (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-11-27): The States and Federal Territories of Malaysia [...] Kuala Lumpur is one of Malaysia's three federal territories. It is located on the Malay Peninsula, and is entirely surrounded by the state of Selangor. Kuala Lumpur became Malaysia's first federal territory when it separated from Selangor in 1974. It is Malaysia's capital city, and houses the Istana Negara (National Palace) of the monarch, as well as the parliament. As of 2016, the population of Kuala Lumpur was 1,768,000. [...] The state of Sabah is located one northern section of Borneo Island.The region has an equatorial kind of climate with an abundance of animal and plant species. Kota Kinabalu is the capital city and the economical center of the state. It also acts as the office for the Sabah state government. Sabah has a population of 3,543,500.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Malaysia (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Tuzla Island, is a sandy islet in the form of a spit located in the middle of the Strait of Kerch between the Kerch Peninsula in the west and the Taman Peninsula in the east. The Strait of Kerch connects the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. Administratively, Tuzla Island is a part of the Kerch municipality in eastern Crimea. Download Download See moreWikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzla_Island
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Malaysia (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-10-03): Tuzla Island <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [...] Tuzla Island (Ukrainian: Тузла; Russian: Тузла; Crimean Tatar: Tuzla) (from Turkish "tuzluk" - saturated solution of salt in water for salting fish) - is a sandy islet in the form of a spit located in the middle of the Strait of Kerch between the Kerch Peninsula in the west and the Taman Peninsula in the east. Administratively, it is part of Kerch city in eastern Crimea. There was a territorial dispute over the ownership of the island between Ukraine and Russia in October 2003. The Russian authorities claimed the 1954 transfer of Crimea to Ukraine had only included the continental parts of Crimea, even though the Tuzla Island had been administratively part of Crimea since 1941.[1]