copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Depsang Plains is a territory of India (Depsang Plains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-04): With the conclusion of the 20th Party Congress last month which consolidated President Xi Jinping’s continued reign for an unprecedented third term, there are daunting and potentially ominous times ahead for its two immediate neighbours–Taiwan and India. Let us begin with the latter, the Chinese have shown considerable truculence in their negotiations with India. As reported recently, an Indian intelligence report indicates that the Chinese are in no mood to vacate territory claimed by India in the Depsang plains of Ladakh. The territory on which Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) units are perched is 18 kilometres inside India’s claim lines, and the PLA has significantly enhanced its development of infrastructure along the Western sector. The Modi government would be well advised to be cautious and disabused of any temptation to concede the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) land grab, notwithstanding the Modi-Xi handshake at the G-20 Summit in Bali. This is reinforced by the Indian Army Chief General Manoj Pande’s recent statement that while the contested border is "…stable… unpredictable". The Depsang Plains is a strategically important territory, because the PLA’s control threatens India’s control over the Siachen Glacier, bringing the Indian Army under a pincer from both China and Pakistan.
Claim: Depsang Plains is a territory of India (Depsang Plains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-19): New Delhi: Amid the ongoing tensions at the Line of Actual Control (LAC), a 972 square kilometer area at over 16,400 feet — the Depsang Plains — continues to be a source of major friction, with India ramping up its defence and the Chinese increasing their presence in the area. The Depsang Plains come under India’s Sub Sector North (SSN) and as elsewhere, the LAC here is disputed. The SSN is sandwiched between the Siachen Glacier on one side and Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin on the other. [...] The importance of the Depsang Plains lies in its geographical location. The strategic and military threat to the plains is the greatest along the eastern Ladakh, which is also part of the SSN.
Claim: Depsang Plains is a territory of India (Depsang Plains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-17): In Ladakh’s Depsang Plains, India lost access to nearly 972 square kilometres of territory on its side of the Line of Actual Control (LAC), a report in the Indian Express, based on inputs from a top security officer, says. [...] Depsang Plains is located 30 km southeast of the strategically important Daulat Beg Oldi post in north eastern Ladakh. The Depsang Plains is strategically important not only because it lies close to the Karakoram Pass and the Daulat Beg Oldie airfield, but also because the Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldi (DS-DBO) road passes through Depsang.
Claim: Depsang Plains is a territory of India (Depsang Plains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-04): The beginning of the three-week standoff between India and China in the Depsang plain was as sudden as its ending. On April 15, an Indian patrol found that a Chinese platoon had established a camp in what was clearly the Indian side of the Line of Actual Control. On the evening of May 5, after weeks of consultations and flag meetings, the Chinese and Indian sides agreed to restore status quo ante in the area, which essentially meant that the Chinese removed the five tents they had set up on April 15. [...] The Chinese action can be seen at three levels- one as a straightforward land grab, and two instances of signalling. The first is an established pattern where the PLA keeps nibbling at Indian territory to create new "facts on the ground" or a "new normal" in relation to their claimed LAC. They do this, as they have done in the past-- occupy an area, then assert that it has always been part of their territory and offer to negotiate. In this very sector, Chinese claim lines have been varying since 1956. At that time, for example, the entire Chip Chap and Galwan river valleys were accepted by China as being Indian territory. But in 1960 China insisted that these areas were within their claim line and they occupied them following the 1962 war. The April 2013 Depsang encampment seemed to be pushing even further westward.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-16): The Chumar settlement itself is in a side valley of Pare Chu, on the bank of a stream, called Chumur Tokpo that flows down from Mount Shinowu. (32°42′31″N 78°43′38″E / 32.7087°N 78.7273°E).[a] There is also a historic gompa (Buddhist temple) near the village and a Chumur monastery further upstream.[6] Along the course of Pare Chu and its tributary streams are numerous pastures and campgrounds utilised by the pastoral nomads of Rupshu. Some of them close to Pare Chu are listed as Sarlale, Takdible, Nirale, Tible, Lemarle and Chepzile. [...] Sino-Indian border dispute [edit]Chumar has been one of the most active areas on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in terms of interactions between Chinese and Indian troops. Located 190 km northwest of Zanda, it had long been an area of discomfort for the Chinese troops as, until 2014, Chumar had been one of the relatively few places along the Sino-Indian border where the Chinese had no roads near the LAC.[19][20] According to Phunchok Stobdan, "In Chumar, China probably wants a straight border from PT (point) 4925 to PT 5318 to bring the Tible-Mane area under its control", in essence removing the bulge along the LAC at Chumar.[21] The Chinese opened up this new front of the border dispute in Chumar in 2012, prior to that, the border here was the International Border and not the Line of Actual Control.[3][4]
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-07-08): Unlike a majority of areas along the Line Of Actual Control as perceived by India, Chumar is one sector where the Chinese do not enjoy the benefit of access. [...] Unlike a majority of areas along the 4,000 km long Line Of Actual Control (LAC) as perceived by India, Chumar is one sector where the Chinese do not enjoy the benefit of access. The reason for that is the lack of road development and terrain which acts as an impediment for the former. It is not that the Indian side has it all developed but owing to the presence of dirt tracks and a not-so rocky terrain means vehicles can move. [...] And perhaps it is that reason which is making the People's Liberation Army nervous. Experts told this correspondent that they wouldn't disagree if the PLA felt that a thrust into China-held territories could be launched from Chumar sector, in case of war.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-17): Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China The territory of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has frequently been revised since its formation on 1 October 1949. [...] See also [edit]- Land reclamations of the People's Republic of China - Borders of China - Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-07-26): The border security situation in Chumar sector of the eastern Ladakh turned worse when Chinese PLA soldiers crossed the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and took away 150 metres of Optical Fibre Cable (OFC) linked to a surveillance camera and 300 metres of army’s telephone cable last Sunday. [...] Senior officials says that Chumar has been the focus of PLA aggression as Indian Army’s observation post 30R dominates the LAC and gives a vantage view of the Chinese activity deep across the border. [...] The whole purpose is to push the Indian Army out of the vantage point near the LAC. While incursions in Arunachal Pradesh and Barahoti could be due to difference in LAC perceptions but the Chumar incident is about securing tactical advantage for the PLA in case of worst case scenario," said a senior official.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-09-22): It was also the day that Army Chief General Dalbir Singh postponed his visit to Bhutan as the standoff with Chinese troops at Chumar on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh remained unresolved. The only positive development was the People's Liberation Army (PLA) commenting for the first time on the border tussle, saying that both sides can resolve such issues through dialogue. Top government sources admitted for the first time that the PLA troops were holding positions around three kilometres inside Indian territory in the Chumar region along the LAC. "They are claiming it as their territory and asking us to go back. But our forces have been instructed not to move back," a senior government official said. [...] According to the assessment in New Delhi, the way forward from this situation is to find a facesaving arrangement. China has brought its soldiers right up to the border in Chumar, which led to a build-up by India. If both sides agree, there can be simultaneous withdrawal. It is more difficult for China to sustain its troops as their supply lines are deeper, said officials. There are already signs of difficulties being faced by the other side.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-09-19): Hours after withdrawing from the Chumar region in Ladakh, Chinese People’s Liberation Army soldiers were on Friday reported to have crossed into Indian territory again and stationed themselves on a hillock. Official sources said about 35 PLA men returned to Chumar in northeast Ladakh and were perched on a hillock claiming the area to be part of China while another 300 soldiers were maintaining presence close to Line of Actual Control. [...] Chumar, the last village in Ladakh area bordering Himachal Pradesh, has been a bone of contention with China claiming it to be its own territory and has been frequenting the area with helicopter incursions almost every year.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): This article is about territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China (PRC). A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more political entities. Many of China's territorial disputes result from the historical consequences of colonialism in Asia and the lack of clear historical boundary demarcations. Many of these disputes are almost identical to those that the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei, also known as Taiwan, has with other countries. Therefore, many of the subsequent resolved disputes made by the PRC after 1949 with other governments may not be recognized by the ROC.[1] [...] Mongolia [edit]The People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations with Mongolia on October 16, 1949, and both nations signed a border treaty in 1962.[50] With the Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia aligned itself with the Soviet Union and asked for the deployment of Soviet forces, leading to security concerns in China.[51] As a result, bilateral ties remained tense until 1984, when a high-level Chinese delegation visited Mongolia and both nations began to survey and demarcate their borders. Mongolian General Secretary Jambyn Batmönkh, during a meeting with President Kim Il sung while on a state visit to Pyongyang in November 1986 states that "renewing the development of Sino-Mongolian relations is important for our two countries’ people's common interest".[52] In 1986, a series of agreements to bolster trade and establish transport and air links was signed.[51]
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): The special administrative regions (SAR) of the People's Republic of China are one of four types of province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China directly under the control of its Central People's Government (State Council), being integral areas of the country. As a region, they possess the highest degree of autonomy from China's central government. However, despite the relative autonomy that the Central People's Government offers the special administrative regions, the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee remains capable of enforcing laws for the special administrative regions.[3] [...] - Macau participates in 19 intergovernmental international organizations with countries as participating units. - Macau participates in 30 intergovernmental international organizations that do not use countries as their participating units.[15]
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-13): Chumar (2014): Indian and Chinese forces locked horns in eastern Ladakh near the village of Chumar. The Chinese had started construction work in Indian territory, which the Indian forces objected to. The stand-off, which lasted 16 days, began on September 16, 2014, the eve of Chinese President Xi Jinping’s first visit to India, and was a huge embarrassment to him. While the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) tried to extend the road from Chepzi towards Chumar, in Demchok, PLA troops transgressed into Indian territory and prevented an irrigation canal work.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-15): Chumar is a place in the provences of Jammu and Kashmir, India.[1] The area is claimed by both China and India.[2] According to China's Ministry of Defence "the two countries’ border, to this day, has not been designated".[2] The problem is that for centuries, the sparsely inhabited mountainous region existed as a buffer zone between empires.[3] A border war broke out in 1962 that has to date killed thousands of soldiers. The tension between the two countries has come and gone but is now raised again.[3] References [change | change source]- ↑ "Where is Chumar in Jammu and Kashmir, India Located?". GoMapper. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2015. [...] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chumar.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-08-31): CHUMAR STAND-OFF: APRIL - May 2013 Hours after Chinese troops pulled back from Daulat Beg Oldi, they came back in Chumar area in Ladakh. This time, the local patrol teams said that some 300 PLA troops were camping in Chumar. Chinese troops came there objecting to tin shed structures put by the Indian forces. [...] Chumar is the last village in Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir bordering Himachal Pradesh. Chumar has been a bone of contention between India and China with latter claiming it to be its own territory. Chinese troops have been foraying into this border area with their helicopters almost every year. This time, their troops raised tents on the ground.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-10-30): The new Indian government headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has pursued its foreign policy with exceptional vigor. One bout of "fast track" diplomacy came to an end with his euphoric visit to the U.S. and another has just begun with Modi hosting Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung. The first round also included successful visits to Bhutan, Nepal and Japan. The visit of Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott to India was likewise a success, even if understated. The success of the summit with Chinese President Xi Jinping however, cannot be stated as convincingly. Xi was given a grand welcome in Ahmedabad by Modi. In Delhi, Xi committed to a $20 billion investment in India over five years, yet while they were touring Gujarat, hundreds of PLA soldiers crossed the border into the Indian territory of Chumar. [...] In essence, Modi’s attempt to consolidate South Asia as an Indian-led bloc has not gone well. China cannot leave South Asia to Indian influence while harboring visions of its own pre-eminence in Asia. The incident in Chumar was an attempt by China to reassert its own regional influence.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-09-20): The staring match between Indian and Chinese troops at Chumar in eastern Ladakh continued on Friday amid evidence that the Chinese were retreating. Indian troops, however, have decided to adopt an aggressive stance and stay put at their positions in the sector. [...] Chumar, the last village in Ladakh area bordering Himachal Pradesh, has been a bone of contention with China claiming it to be its own territory. China has been sending helicopter sorties to the area almost every year. [...] Chumar became flash point during the fortnight long standoff last year in Daulat Beg Oldie as the Chinese side had objected to overhead bunkers erected by the Indian side.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-10): While it is not possible to be certain about what caused the latest flare-up, the escalation of tension is by no means sudden. Over the last few years, there have been a number of such incidents in the congested boundary region, including at Daulat Beg Oldi (2013), Chumar (2013), Demchok (2014), and the Doklam trijunction (2017). However, the current standoff is unique in its spread, with the buildup of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) forces reported from the Depsang Plains in the northern end of the western sector to Naku La in the eastern sector.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-04): In a single year (2011), IE reported two incidents that caused property damage. It said that the Chinese damaged a 60-metre-high wall 250 meters inside Indian territory in the Yangste area in Arunachal Pradesh.27 The second incident reported in IE was that of the PLA troops intruding into the Chumar sector in Ladakh and smashing some bunkers, apart from cutting the wires of some cameras installed at the Indian border post.28 This was also reported in TH and ToI.29 In 2013, a PLA patrol in Chumar sector in Southern Ladakh took away a camera placed on the ground about six km ahead of an Indian army post. India is said to have raised the issue of the camera at the border personnel meeting, after which it was returned.30 [...] Despite the agreements reached in consecutive years, the 2014 face- off in Chumar indicates the vulnerability of the CBMs in the absence of a clear roadmap for resolution of the border question. In the period that followed the signing of the 2005 agreement, China, at least on a couple of occasions, contravened certain key articles in it. The former Chinese Ambassador to India, Sun Yuxi’s assertion in 2006 that the whole of Arunachal Pradesh is Chinese territory was one such instance.42 His comments were in conflict with Article VII of the 2005 Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question which agrees in principle, that interests of settled populations on both the sides would be kept in mind while finding a solution to the border conflict.43
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-29): The border law also mentions that "the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the People’s Republic of China are sacred and inviolable". This is of concern to New Delhi as Chinese maps show parts of Ladakh, the Barahoti Plains in the state of Uttarakhand, and the entirety of Arunachal Pradesh as part of China. This has raised speculation that any Indian territory that China occupies either militarily or through settling civilians within these areas will automatically be considered sovereign Chinese territory. In other words, the border law could legitimise China’s military incursions along the LAC and empower it to continue building villages in disputed areas to support its territorial claims. Indian observes have also pointed out that this provision will make it harder to resolve the ongoing standoff in eastern Ladakh as China is likely to refuse to withdraw any further and remain encamped in its current positions.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-04): Even before the April-May 2020 incursions, the government had been trying to build a case of perceptional differences qua Chinese belligerence on the LAC, given that Chumar 2014 and Doklam 2017 had already happened on their watch. Speaking in the Lok Sabha on July 5, 2019, the defence minister asserted, "There is a perceptional difference between the two countries over the LAC. The main reason is that there is no mutually marked LAC. Both countries have their own perception. Due to this, often, incidences of transgression occur."
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-25): A three-week standoff between Indian and Chinese troops near each other and the Line of Actual Control between Jammu and Kashmir's Ladakh region and Aksai Chin (Aksai Chin is a disputed border area between China and India. It is administered by China as part of Hotan County, which lies in the southwestern part of Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, but is also claimed by India as a part of the Ladakh region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1962, China and India fought a brief war in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, but in 1993 and 1996, the two countries signed agreements to respect the Line of Actual Control.) was defused on 5 May 2013. The Chinese agreed to withdraw their troops in exchange for an Indian agreement to demolish several "live-in bunkers" 250 km to the south in the disputed Chumar sector. The agreement led to another duration of relative peace until on 16 June 2017 Chinese troops with construction vehicles and road-building equipment under the Belt and Road initiative began extending an existing road southward in Doklam, a territory which is claimed by both China as well as India's ally Bhutan. On June 18, 2017, around 270 Indian troops, with weapons and two bulldozers, entered Doklam to stop the Chinese troops from constructing the road assuming that the 2007 India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty was a enough of a reason for preventive action, to say nothing of their issues relating to national interests.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-12): This chapter examines the escalation of border tensions between China and India in the past two decades, focusing on the actions and motivations of each side, and assessing the extent to which actions on the ground aligned with each side’s broader aims. Four Sino-Indian border standoffs are examined in detail: the 2013 Daulat Beg Oldie (or Depsang) standoff; the 2014 Chumar standoff during Xi Jinping’s visit to India; the 2017 Doklam standoff at the trijunction of China, Bhutan, and India; and the ongoing eastern Ladakh standoff that began in spring 2020. Beginning with a review of the history of the India-China border dispute and how each sides’ intentions and capabilities have evolved over time, the authors evaluate each of the four border incidents as narrative case studies focusing on pivotal military moves, statements by leadership, and outcomes. The chapter concludes by situating these border crises within broader trends in the Sino-Indian relationship and the implications for future faceoffs and the overall border dispute.