copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Nelang is a territory of India (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-14): The Gangotri National Park (2,390 km2) located in Uttarkashi district of the Uttarakhand State, India, covers a continuous zone of the greater and trans-Himalayan region of the western Himalaya. The study was carried out in a park in the trans-Himalayan valley (Nelang) located between 31°00′ 44.1″–31°27′06.26″ latitudes and 78°53′39″–79°15y″ E longitude (Figure 1). Spread over about 1,360 km2, it forms the catchment area of the Jadh Ganga river and its tributaries. This area represents the southeastern extension range of Zanskar and is a collision zone between the Asian and Indian plates lying immediately north of the Main Central Thrust (Chandola, 2008). The Nelang valley exhibits geobotanical affinity to the trans-Himalaya (Kumar et al., 2017). Nearly 25% of the Nelang valley is (southwestern part) is extremely rugged and steep in the form of a deep canyon formed by the Jadh Ganga river. The northern parts are characterized by gentle slopes and plateau. The lower part of the valley (3,000–3,500 m) supports a temperate forest comprising mainly of blue pine Pinus wallichiana. Mid elevation (3,500–3,800 m) sees a gradual change from blue pine to open juniper and alpine scrub comprising species such as Artemisia spp., Juniperus spp., Cotoneaster spp., and Lonicera hypoleuca. [...] Figure 3. The activity overlap (gray area) and overlap coefficient (Δ) of anthropogenic disturbance (people, livestock, and domestic dogs) with woolly wolves in the summer and winter seasons in the Nelang valley of the Gangotri National Park, Uttarakhand, India. Original observations are displayed as a rug at the bottom of the plot.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of India (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-17): Download Solution PDFIn which State the Nelong Valley is located? [...] Key Points - Nelong Valley is located in Uttarakhand state.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): This article is about territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China (PRC). A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more political entities. Many of China's territorial disputes result from the historical consequences of colonialism in Asia and the lack of clear historical boundary demarcations. Many of these disputes are almost identical to those that the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei, also known as Taiwan, has with other countries. Therefore, many of the subsequent resolved disputes made by the PRC after 1949 with other governments may not be recognized by the ROC.[1] [...] Arunachal Pradesh is a state of India created on 20 January 1972, located in the far northeast. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Burma in the east, Bhutan in the west, and China in the north. The majority of the territory is claimed by China, by whom it is called South Tibet.[23] The northern border of Arunachal Pradesh reflects the McMahon Line, a line demarcated by the 1914 Simla Convention between the United Kingdom and the Tibetan government. The Simla Convention was never accepted by the Chinese government, and it was also considered invalid by Tibetans due to unmet conditions specified in the treaty.[24] The boundary was not broadly enforced by the Indian government until 1950. Currently, this territory is administered by India.[25][26]
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): - ^ 中华人民共和国行政区划 [Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China], 15 June 2005, archived from the original on 2010-07-23, retrieved 5 June 2010 - ^ Chapter II : Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Article 12, archived from the original on 2010-07-29, retrieved 5 June 2010 - ^ Chapter II Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Macau Special Administrative Region, Article 12, archived from the original on 5 February 2012, retrieved 5 June 2010 - ^ "Hudong Wiki" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2010-09-06. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-06): In releasing the map now, Beijing is widely seen as signaling it has no intention of backing down on any of its claims and is making sure that its positions are fresh in the minds of other countries in the region.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-11): Eastern China [edit]- Northeast Plain Northeast of Shanhaiguan a narrow sliver of flat coastal land opens up into the vast Northeast China Plain. The plains extend north to the crown of the "Chinese rooster", near where the Greater and Lesser Hinggan ranges converge. The Changbai Mountains to the east divide China from the Korean peninsula. [...] Territory and boundary disputes [edit]The territory of China has been defined as a homeland for many different ethnic and racial groups in the country. However, the way that the territory has been defined varies between ethnic groups. In relation to the Han Chinese, the homeland has been defined by national borders which are more or less accepted internationally. This is because the Han Chinese are the largest population and have most influence politically than any other ethnic population in China. To the Han Chinese population, the territory of the country is defined by the regions of Tibet, inner Mongolia, Manchuria, and the Xinjiang Province which is the most western land of China. The Chinese territory is the second largest in land area and also has the longest combined land border in the world. However, there are many other ethnic groups in China that have their own definitions of what concerns the territory of China.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-24): When Japan surrendered three years later, the then-Nationalist government of China (known as the Republic of China) seized the opportunity to stake its claim to the waters and published a national map of China in 1947, including an eleven-dash claim to the South China Sea. [...] The other countries that claim parts of the sea and reject the nine-dash line say the Chinese claim encroaches onto their territory as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Under that law, each country has an EEZ extending 200 nautical miles (around 370km) from their coast over which it has sovereign rights. [...] In the 20 years since, China has reinforced the map with more concrete signs of its claim – building on rocks and islets and expanding its military facilities on these man-made outposts. It has also backed up its claims with ships from its coast guard, maritime militia and fishing fleets.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-18): - ^ "中华人民共和国民族区域自治法 – Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy". www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2005-12-10. Retrieved 2021-07-07. 各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分 – Each and every ethnic autonomous region is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-11): Laos has a 313-mile border with China that runs from the tripoint with Myanmar in the west to the tripoint with Vietnam in the east. Beijing "alleges that it owns large parts of Laos on historical precedent dating back to the Yuan Dynasty", said The Print. [...] Along with Taiwan, this is perhaps the most well-known of China’s territorial disputes. In 1950, China enforced a long-held claim on the Himalayan country and incorporated it with its own territory. Following an unsuccessful uprising in 1959, Tibet’s spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, fled to India, where he set up a government in exile.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-12): Nelang or Nilang is a river valley of the Himalayas, containing a small eponymous village, in the Uttarkashi District of the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is close to the disputed Sino-Indian Line of Actual Control (LAC), and is also claimed by China as part of Zanda County of Ngari Prefecture of Tibet. [...] The Gartang Gali cliff-side hanging-stairway or Gartang Gali bridge, a 500-metre-long narrow wooden stairway hanging on the side of a vertical ridge at a height of 11,000 feet, lies in the narrow Nelang river valley of Jadh Ganga river canyon. After cutting a narrow horizontal U-shaped passage on the side of the monolithic cliff, the wooden structure was built inside it in the traditional native style. It offers great views of the Nelang valley and its ecology. It was initially supposedly constructed by the Pathan traders from Peshawar. Gartang Gali, a narrow and steep gorge, was once used as a Silk Road trade route between Tibet and India. After the 1962 Sino-Indian War, access to the area was prohibited by the Indian military, and consequently the bridge fell into disrepair. In 2015, after India opened these areas for tourism, the wooden stairway was repaired in the native traditional style and reopened in August 2021 after a gap of 59 years.[3] [...] Culture [edit]Nelang and Jadhang villages are inhabited by the Char Bhutia tribe, who practice Buddhism. During the 1962 Sino-Indian War, India evacuated these villages.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-10-02): Nelang Valley: Mountain Desert and a Blue River [...] At an altitude of 11,600 feet, located 45 kilometres from the Indo-China border in Gangotri National Park is a cold mountain desert called Nelang. The etymology of the word Nelang suggests that it means the ‘place of blue stones’. It was once an important centre for trade with Tibet. [...] The women of this tribe were good weavers of carpets, blankets and woollen clothes. Jadh Bhotia tribesmen would travel to the Tibetan plateau for trade through the Nelang and Jadung Valleys. Traded goods included livestock such as yak, sheep and goats and products made out of their wool and skin.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-17): The territory of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has frequently been revised since its formation on 1 October 1949. [...] 2000–2009 [edit]- 14 October 2004 – 2 June 2005, a treaty establishing the eastern border between China and Russia was signed by China and Russia. It's said China "regained 337 km2" territory. See Russian article: Демаркация российско-китайской границы (2005); Chinese article: 中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦关于中俄国界东段的补充协定. [...] See also [edit]- Land reclamations of the People's Republic of China - Borders of China - Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): The territory of China lies between latitudes 18° and 54° N, and longitudes 73° and 135° E. China's landscapes vary significantly across its vast width. In the east, along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, there are extensive and densely populated alluvial plains, while on the edges of the Inner Mongolian plateau in the north, broad grasslands predominate. Southern China is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges, while the central-east hosts the deltas of China's two major rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. Other major rivers include the Xi, Mekong, Brahmaputra and Amur. To the west sit major mountain ranges, most notably the Himalayas. High plateaus feature among the more arid landscapes of the north, such as the Taklamakan and the Gobi Desert. The world's highest point, Mount Everest (8,848m), lies on the Sino-Nepalese border. The country's lowest point, and the world's third-lowest, is the dried lake bed of Ayding Lake (−154m) in the Turpan Depression.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-06-10): The oft-repeated dictum about Taiwan’s territorial status was not widely held within China in 1895, the year that the Qing Dynasty ceded Taiwan, which it had annexed in 1684, to Japanese colonization. When Qing officials received Japan’s territorial demands in the wake of the First Sino-Japanese War, they ardently defended the Liaodong Peninsula, in Manchuria, as essential imperial territory, but viewed Taiwan as a shield that could be surrendered. Although some individuals insisted that Taiwan must be retained, or at least not surrendered to Japan, most viewed it as less important than Liaodong. [...] These opinions and depictions do not suggest that Taiwan and its environs rose to the level of integral territory for Qing-era Chinese. Historians have shown that popular and official discussion of Taiwan as a part of China, and formal efforts to gain control of Taiwan by the government of the Republic of China (ROC) and its ruling Nationalist Party, originated in the 1930s and 1940s, within the context of anti-Japanese sentiment and war.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-05): Amidst the turmoil brewing between the Nationalist and Communist parties who were vying for control of China at the time, Japan had launched an invasion of Manchuria in 1934 and began to creep steadily inland. China, the Nationalist party in particular, owed Japan immense amounts of money, which they could not pay whilst infused in their own civil war. The Treaty of Versailles promised the Japanese government land in China in return for forgiveness of their debt. This ended up not being a popular sentiment and was rallied against all over the country, and most famously during the May 4th Movement in Beijing in 1919. When the Chinese did not readily give up their rights to their land, Japan tried to take it by force. This was the beginning of World War II in the Pacific Theater.[20]
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-08): Historical sources suggest it first came under the full control of a Chinese empire in the 17th Century. It became a Japanese colony in 1895, after the Qing empire lost the first Sino-Japanese war. Then in 1945, after Japan lost World War Two, China took the island but now a nationalist government, led by General Chiang Kai-shek, was in power. This was at the height of a decades-long conflict between Chiang's forces and Mao Zedong's Communist Party. When the communists won in 1949, Chiang and what was left of the nationalist party, known as the Kuomintang or KMT, fled to Taiwan, where they ruled for several decades. They called this the Republic of China, a name Taiwan has retained.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-26): Since then, both the ROC and the PRC have been claiming to represent all of "China", and both officially claim each other's territory. In the 1992 consensus, both governments agreed that there is only one "China" but each claimed to be the sole representative of the sovereignty of undivided China. The PRC's (China's) official policy is to reunify Taiwan with mainland China under the formula of "one country, two systems" and refuses to renounce the use of military force, especially if Taiwan seeks a declaration of independence. [...] The border between PRC and ROC is located in territorial waters. The PRC exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly administered municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two highly autonomous special administrative regions (SARs) – Hong Kong and Macau. It borders with 14 Nations Vietnam, Laos, Burma, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and North Korea.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): Arunachal Pradesh is a state of India created on 20 January 1972, located in the far northeast. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Burma in the east, Bhutan in the west, and China in the north. The majority of the territory is claimed by China, by whom it is called South Tibet. The northern border of Arunachal Pradesh reflects the McMahon Line, a line demarcated by the 1914 Simla Convention between the United Kingdom and the Tibetan government. The Simla Convention was never accepted by the Chinese government, and it was also considered invalid by Tibetans due to unmet conditions specified in the treaty.[7] The boundary was not broadly enforced by the Indian government until 1950. Currently, this territory is administered by India.[8][9]
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-10-25): NENG-KAO SHAN SEE NOTAKA-YAMA NE=WENG S E E NHIYO [...] NAKTSONG- TSO SEE NAGTSONG TSHO
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-07-25): Giving a gift to the tourists, Uttarakhand government has settled on opening the Nelang Valley in Uttarakhand for Indian tourists. Located on the Indo-China border at a height of over 11,000 feet above the sea level, the valley was closed for civilians after the 1962 Sino-Indian border conflict. [...] An important point for cross-border traders pre-war, Nelang valley still has structures which are related to the old trade route. Gartang Galion, a wooden bridge and the Lal Devta temple are such points in the area which fall on the route for Tibet. Tourists can board safari jeeps for travelling to Nelong Valley from Bhairavghati which is 25 Km ride. Only the jeeps which are registered with forest department can be used for carrying the tourists. As the valley re-opens now, tourists can also get a chance to see Tibetan plateau.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-06): Nelong Valley is located within Gangotri National Park, so the opening and closing times of the National Park also apply to the valley. The National Park opens in April, and tourist visits are allowed only after forest officials complete their reconnaissance. In April, the National Park is still covered with snow, as is Nelong Valley. The best time to visit the nelong valley is from May to June and mid-September to mid-October. [...] Nelong Valley is visited only during the daytime, so the temperatures mentioned here reflect daytime conditions. [...] Before the Sino-Indian War of 1962, Nelong and other villages were residences of the Jadh Bhotiya tribe. The Jadh of Kinnaur and Nelong had trade ties with Tibet, and people from here used to go to Tibet regularly for trade. However, due to the war, all the villages were evacuated by 1965, and the Jad community was settled in Bagori and Dunda.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-10): - However there seems no end to boundary disputes with China and Pakistan, which often turn into a major military and diplomatic standoffs. [...] - On paper, the map links Pakistan with Chinese-administered territory via the Shaksgam Valley, a part of the Gilgit-Baltistan region ceded to China by Pakistan under their 1963 border settlement.
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-13): El conflicto fronterizo sino-indio es una disputa territorial en curso sobre la soberanía de dos partes de territorio relativamente grandes y varias más pequeñas, separadas entre China e India. El primero de los territorios, Aksai Chin, está administrado por China y reclamado por India; se trata en su mayor parte de un páramo deshabitado a gran altitud, pero con algunas tierras de pastoreo importantes en los márgenes.[1] Se encuentra en la intersección de Cachemira, Tíbet y Sinkiang y lo atraviesa la autopista china Sinkiang-Tíbet; el otro territorio en disputa está al sur de la Línea McMahon, en la zona antes conocida como Agencia de la Frontera Noreste (NEFA: The North–East Frontier Agency) y ahora un estado llamado Arunachal Pradesh. Está administrado por India y reclamado por China. La Línea McMahon se firmó entre la India británica y Tíbet para formar parte de la Convención de Simla de 1914, pero ésta nunca fue ratificada por China.[2] China reniega del acuerdo de la Línea McMahon, afirmando que Tíbet no era independiente cuando firmó la Convención de Simla. [...] En 2006, el embajador chino en India afirmó que todo Arunachal Pradesh es territorio chino[47] en medio de una escalada militar.[48] En aquel momento, ambos países afirmaron incursiones de hasta un kilómetro en el extremo norte de Sikkim.[35] En 2009, India anunció que desplegaría fuerzas militares adicionales a lo largo de la frontera.[49] En 2014, India propuso que China reconociera una política de "Una India" para resolver la disputa fronteriza.[50][51]
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-28): L'accord pour résoudre le différend conclu en 1996 comprenait des « mesures de confiance » et la ligne de contrôle effectif. En 2006, l'ambassadeur de Chine en Inde a affirmé que tout l'Arunachal Pradesh est un territoire chinois[5] au milieu d'un renforcement militaire[6]. À l'époque, les deux pays revendiquaient des incursions jusqu'à un kilomètre à la pointe nord du Sikkim[7]. En 2009, l'Inde a annoncé qu'elle déploierait des forces militaires supplémentaires le long de la frontière[8]. En 2014, l'Inde a proposé que la Chine reconnaisse une politique « d'une seule Inde » afin de résoudre le différend frontalier[9],[10]. [...] - (en) « Arunachal Pradesh is our territory": Chinese envoy », sur Rediff India Abroad, (consulté le ).
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): China's claim on areas south of the McMahon Line, encompassed in the NEFA, were based on the traditional boundaries. India believes that the boundaries China proposed in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh have no written basis and no documentation of acceptance by anyone apart from China. The Indian government has argued that China claims the territory on the basis that it was under Chinese imperial control in the past,[26] while the Chinese government argues that India claims the territory on the basis that it was under British imperial control in the past.[29] The last Qing emperor's 1912 edict of abdication authorised its succeeding republican government to form a union of "five peoples, namely, Manchus, Han Chinese, Mongols, Muslims, and Tibetans together with their territory in its integrity."[30] However, the practice that India does not place a claim to the regions which previously had the presence of the Mauryan Empire and Chola Dynasty, but which were heavily influenced by Indian culture, further complicates the issue.[26] [...] In 2006, the Chinese ambassador to India claimed that all of Arunachal Pradesh is Chinese territory[48] amidst a military buildup.[49] At the time, both countries claimed incursions as much as a kilometre at the northern tip of Sikkim.[36] In 2009, India announced it would deploy additional military forces along the border.[50] In 2014, India proposed China should acknowledge a "One India" policy to resolve the border dispute.[51][52]
Claim: Nelang is a territory of Republic of China (Nelang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-25): The places are Nilang (also written as Nelang), a village located in the Jadh Ganga valley, Jadhang (or Jadhung) and Pulam Sumda, the latter two lying on the upper reaches, towards the India-Tibet frontier. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) with the Chinese army occupying Tibet is located on top of the ridge. [...] In 1921, the Tsaparang Dzongpen visited Nelang again. This time, he sent a letter to the Raja of Tehri requesting him to nominate an official to sort out the boundary issue; at that time, it was not yet considered a 'dispute'; it was only a 'difference of perceptions' between friendly neighbours. [...] On May 2, 1956, the ministry of external affairs complained about a Chinese intrusion. The ministry said: 'Nilang at the area right up to Tsang Chok‐la pass is clearly within Indian territory and has always been in our possession.'