copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-15): The ministry also reminded the Indian government that Nepal has consistently maintained that as per the Sugauli Treaty (1816), all the territories east of Kali (Mahakali) River, including Limpiyadhura, Kalapani and Lipu Lekh, belong to Nepal. [...] In his address to the House of Representatives of Nepal, Nepal's Foreign Minister Pradeep Kumar Gyawali said that 1816 Treaty of Sugauli that Nepal entered with British colonial rulers determined the country's western border with India. According to him, Lipu Lekh, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura are sovereign Nepali territories as per the treaty and India should respect to Nepal's sovereignty and territorial integrity. [...] In November 2019, India released its updated political map incorporating Nepal's Kalapani area within Indian borders. Nepal had strongly opposed to the Indian map and urged New Delhi for holding talks on the border issues by sending a diplomatic note to the Indian External Affairs Ministry. However, India did not give response to Nepal's call for having dialogue. Rather, India insisted that Kalapani area lies within Indian territory.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-08): India’s new political map has stirred controversy in Nepal, with both New Delhi and Kathmandu laying claim to a region, known as Kalapani, as part of their countries’ territory. [...] Kalapani is the land of Nepal and our party stands firm on this conviction. India is continuously trying to settle this issue but we won't go back in our claim. [...] "Kalapani is the land of Nepal and our party stands firm on this conviction. India is continuously trying to settle this issue but we won’t go back in our claim," Narayan Kaji Shrestha, a spokesman of the ruling Nepal Communist Party, told Al Jazeera.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-02-05): Nepal has long claimed Kalapani as part of its territory as per the Sugauli Treaty signed between Nepal and the then East India Company.Anil Giri [...] As Nepal has always included Kalapani within its territory and India within its, the piece of land has remained a matter of dispute, said Bhatta. [...] During Matrika Prasad Koirala’s prime ministership in 1952, Nepal allowed India to station its troops in Kathmandu and on Nepal’s northern border, including Kalapani. India later withdrew from all other posts and stationed its troops on its side of the border of Kalapani. But later, India moved into Nepali territory, making Kalapani a disputed area between Nepal and India, according to Shrestha.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-20): The Indian road was not built overnight and the Nepal government was surely aware and monitoring the situation in Kalapani over the preceding months and years. The issue had come up in November last year, when India announced its new political map, after the revocation of Article 370: as for many decades before, the Indian map continued to include territories claimed by Nepal, but this time the government in Kathmandu took it up officially and publically. It also became a popular issue in Nepal, with the hashtag #BackOffIndia trending on social media. [...] Yes. The border dispute has been addressed through several official channels since the 1990s, as observed by former Indian ambassador Jayant Prasad. The dispute has roots going back to the 1950s, as detailed in a deeply researched essay by Sam Cowan. Besides Kalapani, there is also a second dispute with India in the Susta river border region. While not well known, there is also a possible issue at the Eastern tri-junction with China and the Indian state of Sikkim. [...] The sooner India settles this dispute with Nepal, the lesser the chances for China to get involved. Beijing has chosen to remain quiet this time, but its future calculation may change. The Kalapani dispute between India and Nepal is also an almost perfect mirror case of the 2017 Doklam crisis between China and Bhutan, where India stepped up and deployed its military forces to restore the status quo ante.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-10): Kalapani territory - Wikipedia This area is administrative Part of Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand State in India. Although claim by Nepal. [...] There are numerous proofs to claim Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura-Kalapani belongs to Nepal that Nepal possesses. Few of which have been mentioned below. [...] Therefore, there is no any dispute or problem regarding the Sugauli Treaty nor regarding the true ownership of the regions like Lipulekh, Kalapani, and Limpiyadhura. These lands were/are the sovereign regions of Nepal. India has encroached Nepalese territories in a complete daylight.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-04): In response, the government of Nepalese Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli issued a new political map of Nepal that showed the disputed territory — including the areas of Kalapani, Lipu Lekh and Limpiyadhura — within its borders. Nepal, which was never under colonial rule, has long claimed these areas in accordance with the 1816 Sugauli treaty with the British Raj following the Anglo-Nepalese (Gurkha) War. The treaty recognized the Kali River as Nepal’s western boundary with India and the land lying east of the river is Nepalese territory. People living in Kalapani, Lipu Lekh and Limpiyadhura had cast votes during Nepal's 1959 general election and been paying taxes before the conflict erupted. India then fought a war with China in 1962, and these areas have remained in control of Indian troops since. [...] In an interview with Indian newspaper The Hindu, Foreign Minister Gyawali said that "the most appropriate way" for resolving the country's territorial disputes is to "withdraw security forces from Kalapani and hand over occupied territories back to Nepal."
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-21): Susta is a disputed territory between Nepal and India. It is administered by India as part of West Champaran district of Bihar. It is claimed by Nepal as part of Susta rural municipality, under West Nawalparasi District in Lumbini Province. The disputed territory is located on the eastern side of the Gandak river (Narayani River in Nepal). Nepal claims the area a part of West Nawalparasi District under Susta rural municipality (part of ward no. 5), alleging that over 14,860 hectares of Nepali land in Susta has been encroached upon by India while India claims "Susta" to be a part of West Champaran district. According to the Sugauli Treaty signed between British East India Company and Nepal in 1816, the Gandak river is the international boundary and eastern part of the river belongs to India and western part of the river belongs to Nepal. At the time the treaty was signed Susta village was situated west of the river. But, over the years, the Gandak river changed its course and Susta moved to the east side of the river, that is now on the Indian side of the river. Nepal maintains the Gandak's course in 1816 to be taken as the fixed international boundary but India claims that land on the eastern side of the river is its own territory.[1][2][3]
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-03-19): The residents of Susta, which comprises over 265 families, claim they are part of Ward 4 of Triveni Susta panchayat in Nawalparasi district of Nepal. "Susta has always been a part of Nepal and we are Nepali," said Aurangzeb Khan, vice-principal of the Shri Janta Dalit Primary School, the only school in Susa, whose painted wall reads Nawalparasi, Nepal. The people blame the changing course of the Gandak river, known as Narayani in Nepal, for the controversy around Susta. "Gandak forms the international boundary between Nepal and India [Bihar]. said Khan. "Earlier, Susta was on the right bank of the Gandak, which falls in Nepal. But, in due course of time, the river has changed its route and Susta now falls on the left bank of the Gandak, which is controlled by India. Should the changing course of a river change the nationality of local residents?" [...] At the time the treaty was signed, Susta was on the right bank of the Gandak and a part of Nepal. But, over the years, the Gandak changed its course and Susta moved to the left bank, that is, on the Indian side of the river.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-16): Treaty of Sugauli - The Nepalese kingdom had stretched from the Sutlej river in the west to the Teesta river in the East. [...] - The Sugauli Treaty stated that Nepal ceded to British the whole of the lowlands between the Rivers Kali and Rapti. [...] - By 2007, the Nepal-India Technical Level Joint Boundary Working Group agreed on 182 strip maps covering almost 98% of the boundary, except the two disputed areas of Kalapani and Susta.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-14): Susta Territory - Susta is another territory that is disputed between Nepal and India. [...] - Nepal claims that Susta belongs to Nepal and they are Nepali citizens. [...] - The Government of Nepal has repeatedly stated that Susta belongs to Nepal and that the Indian government should return the area.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-05-11): - Susta region is located on the banks of the Gandak river. The Gandak river is also called as the Narayani river in Nepal. [...] - But due to frequent change of course by the Gandak river, the Susta region at present belongs to the Eastern part (I.e., belongs to India). This is not accepted by Nepal. [...] First, In the 1980s, both countries set up a Joint Technical Level Boundary Working Group. It succeeded in the demarcation of all territories except Kalapani and Susta. Both governments have to create such a joint working group to resolve the dispute.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The Susta we talk about today is situated towards the south-eastern part of Tribeni beyond the Narayani River with some 265 households and 3,133 people. The Nepal government’s existence is seen in the village as there is a health post with three staff, a primary school with seven teachers, a police post under the command of a sub-inspector and a border outpost of the Armed Police Force under the command of an inspector. Till recently, there were 337 houses but some 112 had to leave the village and migrate to India with the beginning of the ‘Save Susta’ movement. According to Gopal Gurung, Chairperson of the Save Susta Movement, people who worked as ‘informers’ for Indian agencies against the movement were chased away from the village. Some of them still have their land in Susta even if they have shifted their homes to the Indian side of the border. There are still some 70 Indian families residing in Susta, but not as citizens with land but as tenants or non-citizens. It is said that most are ‘anagarik’ who till others’ land and shear crops for survival.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-06): - The river works as a natural border between India and Nepal. [...] - Nepal alleges that the river originates either from Limpiyadhura or from Lipulekh and considers both the locations as part of Nepal’s Sudurpaschim province. [...] - Nepal had protested strongly against this move by India and claimed that it is a breach of agreement reached between the Prime Ministers of India and Nepal in 2014 to work out on the outstanding boundary issues on Kalapani and Susta (West Champaran, Bihar).
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Susta territory #1379 among destinations in India [...] Susta is a disputed territory between Nepal and India. It is administered by India as part of West Champaran district of Bihar. It is claimed by Nepal as part of Susta rural municipality, under West Nawalparasi District in Lumbini Province. The disputed territory is located on the eastern side of the Gandak river. Nepal claims the area a part of West Nawalparasi District under Susta rural municipality however, alleged that over 14,860 hectares of Nepali land in Susta has been encroached upon by India and India claims "Susta" a part of West Champaran district () Susta territory Public Transportation
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-14): Article 5 of the treaty stated that the King of Nepal would give up territorial claims towards the west of river Kali that originates in the upper Himalayas and flows into the Indian plains. While the British recognized Nepal’s suzerainty over territories that fell towards the east of the river. [...] To sum it up, the main cause of the dispute is in the diverging interpretations of the origins of the Kali river. While Nepal’s claim of the territory east of Kali is based on the Limpiyadhura origin, India says the river actually takes the name Kali near Kalapani.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-18): The problem of the Mahakali river’s origin was first posed in 1997. The matter was referred to the Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee formed in 1981 to re-identify and replace the old and damaged boundary pillars along the border between India and Nepal. 98 percent of the border was clarified by the Commission, leaving only Kalapani and Susta (in the Terai) as unresolved. It was decided afterward that the issue should be resolved at the level of the Foreign Secretary. [...] Since the 1990s, as former Indian ambassador Jayant Prasad noted, the border conflict has been addressed through many official channels. The dispute has its roots from the 1950s. Besides Kalapani, the border area of the Susta river also had a conflict with India. Both governments agreed to discuss the issue through Foreign Secretary-level talks during Modi’s 2014 visit. Nepal says that it has since attempted to convene these talks twice, and has received no positive response from Delhi. Different conceptions of what exactly supports a diplomatic dialogue may also be at the root of the problem. In Nepal’s maximalist perspective, on the one hand, this would include all the territories it holds, including now even Limpyadhura. In India’s minimalist perspective, on the other hand, the problem is seen as more of a technical sort, based on delimitation, boundary pillars etc., perhaps reflecting why it delayed discussion. The ongoing crisis has revealed the extent to which the perceptions of both countries conflict, as well as the conflicting goals.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2006-12-07): Susta is situated on the east of Narayani River in mid-southern part of Nawalparasi district in the pointed portion left over by the floodwater. On its west is the flow of the Narayani river, and it is surrounded by India on the north, east and south by a curved boundary line. One can reach there after travelling about 25 kilometers south-east from Parasi bazaar, the district headquarter to Pakalihawa VDC and another 20 to 25 minutes boat ride across the Narayani River. Susta VDC was merged with the Tribeni VDC in 1980. Presently the area along the banks of the river on the north of Susta has been called ward number 4 of the Tribeni VDC. The Susta area came within the Nepali territory when the British returned the Tarai region from Koshi to Rapti Rivers on 11 December 1816 instead of paying Rs. two hundred thousand annually, as per Article 4 of the Treaty of Sugauli. The work to erect border pillars along the Susta borderline was started in 1829, and in 1883-84-85 the border map was also prepared.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-07-07): Nepalese photographer Prasiit Sthapit grew up hearing snippets about a place named Susta on the news. The small village is disputed territory. The land, claimed in part by both India and Nepal, lies along the Gandaki (also known as the Narayani) River, serves as the informal border between the two countries. But that river is changing course, and with it the boundary changes too, leaving leaders in disagreement over who owns Susta. Meanwhile, those who live there are left in limbo. [...] He tells the story of Ram Pyare Kurmi, a man who moved his house nine times, "mostly because of the river, and also because of Indian infiltration. He said if the river was not contained within two or three years, Susta would not be there at all." But the man stayed. Susta is a fertile area, and many residents feel like they have nowhere else to go. "Resilience" is another key word Sthapit uses to describe the town.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-01-02): Before 1977, explains Sthapit, Susta rested on the west bank of the Narayani River, which marked the border between Nepal and India. Today, due to floods and the ever-changing course of the river, Susta can be found opposite side of the river, and India wants to change the boundary accordingly. Nepal is holding fast to what was previously theirs, as some 14,860 hectares of land hangs in the balance. When asked where the people of Susta themselves stand on the political contest, Sthapit admits they are "torn" and don’t pick sides, though they identify as Nepali. "Neither of the countries are really helping them out," says the photographer, and perhaps more than anything, the population of Susta fears the advancement of the river, land erosion, and the loss of their homes. When Sthapit first set foot on Susta, he found huts along the riverbank; they are no longer standing, and only this year were their pleas for retaining walls met. Susta is remote and difficult to reach, and locals must travel either across the river to mainland Nepal or through India in order to access basic goods. This means, stresses Sthapit, that they must either brave treacherous waters or navigate security at the Indian border. To make life easier for those living in Susta, a foot bridge is finally being built to connect it with the rest of Nepal. The area will finally see electricity for the first time.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-11-09): The settlement of Susta was once perched firmly on the west bank of the Narayani River, long considered the border between Nepal and India. But the river has changed course, cutting persistently into Nepali territory. Susta today finds itself on the east bank of the Narayani. India maintains that the new course of the river is the international boundary while Nepal disagrees. Susta, thus, remains contested – claimed by Nepal, hemmed in on three sides by India and on the other by the Narayani. It is estimated that 14,860 hectares have come under Indian encroachment thus far. There is the ‘Save Susta Campaign’, a local movement protesting Indian advancement, but locals are also concerned about the advancing Narayani river, which is an immediate threat. Every monsoon, the Narayani expands further. Locals surmise that the river has advanced roughly 100 meters inland this year alone. Caught between India and the Narayani, Laila Begum, a Susta local, asks, "How many battles must we fight?" This is a petition to the people of Nepal and the world, for change in Susta – resolution of the dispute between the two countries and the building of retaining walls along the banks of the Narayani. This is a poem dedicated to the people of Susta, their sorrow, their grief, their determination, their resistance, their persistence, their isolation.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The locals of Susta village, which is surrounded by the Narayani river and Indian territory, have heaved a sigh of relief with the construction of a suspension bridge across the river. Previously, the residents of Susta had to risk their lives on a wooden boat to cross the Narayani, a country’s major river, or travel through Indian territory during health emergencies or important tasks. With the new bridge now open, the villagers are elated. [...] Susta village lies in ward 5 of Susta Rural Municipality in Nawalparasi West. Nepal and India have a longstanding border dispute in the Susta area after the Narayani river changed its course. The residents in Susta complained that Indian authorities have encroached on Nepali land and the Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), the border security force of India, harasses them under various pretexts.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-23): Recently, Nepal has released a new political map that claims Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh of Uttarakhand as part of Nepal’s territory. The area of Susta (West Champaran district, Bihar) can also be noted in the new map. [...] Border Dispute Between India and Nepal - Currently, India and Nepal have border disputes over Kalapani - Limpiyadhura - Lipulekh trijunction between India-Nepal and China and Susta area (West Champaran district, Bihar). [...] - Susta is located on the bank of the Gandak river.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-01-03): The other disputed area situated in the East of Naryani River, is the Susta area, which is the tensest area owing to encroachment. Some time ago, over one thousand Indian villagers backed by Indian border police force (SSB) had forcibly entered the Nepali territory in Susta. They completely destroyed sugarcane in about ten hectares of land and also manhandled men and women. Where the locals of Susta complain such incidents are rampant in the area. The main reason behind the dispute is the changing course of Naryani River, over the past decades. The river has said to change its course towards the Nepalese side in the West. India has encroached about 14,500 hectares of the reclaimed land because of this. The intrusion happened in stages over a period of decades. According to reports, lands disputes among locals are usually won by Indian nationals who have the support of the armed Indian Border Police Force – the Seema Sashastra Bal. Considering the situation, the people of Nepal had launched a "save Susta campaign". The organizers requested students of Nepal to join them and launch a valley wide campaign from Nepal’s capital Katmandu.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-09-23): Two areas in particular strike a chord in Nepal: Kalapani and Susta, which lie on the western and eastern border of Nepal, respectively. [...] In eastern Susta, the Narayani river forms the Indian-Nepali border. But several large floods have re-shaped the river, causing a 14,500 hectare Indian encroachment into Nepal. Here, again, Nepalese are sensitive to the perceived threat to their sovereignty. According to reports, lands disputes among locals are usually won by Indian nationals who have the support of the armed Indian Border Police Force (Seema Sashastra Bal) SSB.