copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): Kashmir (/ˈkæʃmɪər/ KASH-meer or /kæʃˈmɪər/ kash-MEER) is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. The term has since come to encompass a larger area that includes the India-administered territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered territories of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.[1][2][3] [...] India has control of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which comprises Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, while Pakistan controls a third of the region, divided into two provinces, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh are administered by India as union territories. They formed a single state until 5 August 2019, when the state was bifurcated and its limited autonomy was revoked.[41] [...] - ^ Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5, archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-02-03): Since 1947, India and Pakistan have been locked in conflict over Kashmir, a majority-Muslim region in the northernmost part of India. The mountainous, 86,000-square-mile territory was once a princely state. Now, it is claimed by both India and Pakistan. [...] At the time, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had a majority Muslim population, was governed by maharaja Hari Singh, a Hindu. Unlike most of the princely states which aligned themselves with one nation or the other, Singh wanted independence for Kashmir. To avert pressure to join either new nation, the maharaja signed a standstill agreement with Pakistan that allowed citizens of Kashmir to continue trade and travel with the new country. India did not sign a similar standstill agreement with the princely state. [...] Singh agreed and signed the Instrument of Accession, the document that aligned Kashmir with the Dominion of India, in October 1947. Kashmir was later given special status within the Indian constitution—a status which guaranteed that Kashmir would have independence over everything but communications, foreign affairs, and defense. This special status was revoked by the Indian government in August 2019.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-19): The population of historic Kashmir is divided into about 10 million people in Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir and 4.5 million in Pakistani-administered Kashmir. There are a further 1.8 million people in the Gilgit-Baltistan autonomous territory, which Pakistan created from northern Kashmir and the two small princely states of Hunza and Nagar in 1970. [...] Rise of Kashmiri nationalism: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front is founded with the aim of forming an independent state through the reunification of Indian-administered and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. [...] 2019 - Indian government strips Jammu and Kashmir state of the special status that gave it significant autonomy.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Jammu and Kashmir, Union territory (pop., 2011: 12,367,013), northern India. With an area of 39,146 sq mi (101,387 sq km), it occupies the southern portion of the Kashmir region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent and is bordered by Pakistan, by the portion of Kashmir administered by that country, and by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab as well as the union territory of Ladakh. The land is predominantly mountainous and includes segments of the Karakoram and Himalaya ranges. There are two major lowland areas: the plains of the Jammu region and the fertile and heavily populated Vale of Kashmir. The majority of the union territory’s people are Muslims, although Hindus predominate in the southeastern Jammu area. Formerly a princely state, Jammu and Kashmir became an Indian state in 1947, even as India and Pakistan were fighting for control of the entire Kashmir region. In 2019 it was downgraded to a union territory, and the eastern Ladakh region became a separate union territory.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): Security Council Report 711 Third Avenue, Suite 1501 [...] Copyright © 2024 Security Council Report
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Bill, 2019 converted the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir into two separate union territories, namely the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the Union Territory of Ladakh. Governments at the helm of affairs in the erstwhile state and present union territory have prioritized infrastructure development within the state to improve connectivity, and better integrate it with the rest of India. Jammu & Kashmir is largely dependent on agriculture, handicrafts and tourism, although the lowland Jammu region has had more success at building industry. [...] Population 13.6 million - [...] Lok Sabha Seats 5 -
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-22): Responding to Supreme Court’s verdict upholding the central government’s 2019 decision to abrogate Article 370 of the Indian Constitution which granted special status to the region of Jammu and Kashmir, Aakar Patel, chair of board at Amnesty International India, said: [...] On 11 December 2023, a Constitution Bench headed by the Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud unanimously upheld the 2019 decision of the central government to abrogate Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. The revocation in 2019 was followed by the deprivation of Jammu & Kashmir’s statehood within India and splitting it into two separate union territories directly governed by the central government. Further, the Court today ordered the restoration of statehood of Jammu and Kashmir as soon as possible and proceeded to order the Election Commission of India to hold elections to the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly by 30 September 2024.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-21): Muslims are the majority in the small tropical archipelago of Lakshadweep (total population 60,000) and in Jammu and Kashmir (13 million, or 130 lakh), on the border with Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir was carved out as a state separate from both India and Pakistan during Partition, but in 2019 was stripped of its semi-autonomous status and reorganized into territories to be administered by India directly. Jammu and Kashmir was home to about 8.6 million (86 lakh) Muslims as of the 2011 census, making it the Indian state with the seventh-largest Muslim population. [...] India’s domestic borders were largely stable across its 35 states and union territories during that decade, making it possible to track state-level changes in the relative sizes of religious groups. Prior to 2001, the boundaries of states and territories shifted frequently, making it difficult to draw comparisons from one census to the next. (See previous sidebar for more on India’s shifting geography.) [...] Muslims usually maintained their population shares within states or increased them slightly between 2001 and 2011. For instance, Muslims grew as a share of West Bengal’s population by 1.8 percentage points, and the Muslim majority in Jammu and Kashmir grew by 1.3 points. The only state in which the Muslim share dropped was Manipur, with a 0.4-point decrease.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-12-08): On August 5, 2019, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) announced the revocation of Articles 370 and 35-A from the country’s constitution. These two connected pieces of legislation grant the state of Jammu and Kashmir—the Indian-controlled portion of the overall Kashmir region—special semi-autonomous status. Scrapping these provisions will have significant implications for Jammu and Kashmir’s Muslim-majority citizenry, grave ramifications for already tense India-Pakistan relations, and could lead to violence in the region. [...] These conditions were translated to Articles 370 and 35-A, introduced soon thereafter into the Constitution of India. These articles institutionalized a significant level of autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir within Indian law. Although the central government in New Delhi retains jurisdiction over issues such as foreign affairs and defense, Articles 370 and 35-A have allowed Jammu and Kashmir to form their own state legislature and create their own laws. Most notably, the laws restrict permanent residency and land ownership in the region by and large to local Kashmiris, providing some modicum of control and protection to Kashmiri citizens in a heavily contested region. Revoking Articles 370 and 35-A wrests this autonomy from the population of Jammu and Kashmir, numbering about 8 million, and into the central government’s hands. By allowing non-Kashmiris to settle and purchase land in the region, the Hindu-nationalist BJP is seen by many Kashmiris as seeking to change the Muslim-majority demography of Jammu and Kashmir.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-05): The government, led by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), also moved a bill proposing the Jammu and Kashmir state be divided into two "union territories" directly ruled by New Delhi. The Jammu and Kashmir union territory will include the Hindu-majority Jammu region and will have a legislative assembly. [...] "It now consists of union territories which are centrally governed – Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir. This is a sort of a radical new provision, which many people are saying will require a constitutional amendment."
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-05): Kashmir is a Himalayan region that both India and Pakistan say is fully theirs. The area was once a princely state called Jammu and Kashmir, but it joined India in 1947 soon after the sub-continent was divided up at the end of British rule. [...] The government is also moving to break up the state into two smaller, federally administered territories. One region will combine Muslim-majority Kashmir and Hindu-majority Jammu. The other is Buddhist-majority Ladakh, which is culturally and historically close to Tibet.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir – Level 4: Do Not Travel Terrorist attacks and violent civil unrest are possible in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Do not travel to this state (with the exception of visits to the eastern Ladakh region and its capital, Leh). Violence happens sporadically in this area and is common along the Line of Control (LOC) between India and Pakistan. It also occurs in tourist spots in the Kashmir Valley: Srinagar, Gulmarg, and Pahalgam. The Indian government does not allow foreign tourists to visit certain areas along the LOC. [...] India-Pakistan Border – Level 4: Do Not Travel
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-09): The conflict between India and Pakistan arose out of the 1947 Partition of British India, enshrined in the Indian Independence Act. The Partition established a Muslim-majority Pakistan and a Hindu-majority India and provided the diverse regions of Jammu and Kashmir the opportunity to choose which country to accede to. The maharaja (Kashmir’s monarch) at the time initially sought independence, as Kashmir was neglected and subjugated for centuries by conquering empires. However, he ultimately agreed to join India in exchange for help against invading Pakistani herders, triggering the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48. The Karachi Agreement of 1949 temporarily ended violence in the Jammu-Kashmir region by establishing a cease-fire line (CFL) overseen by members of a UN truce sub-committee. [...] In August 2019, following a deployment of tens of thousands of additional troops and paramilitary forces to the region, the Indian government moved to revoke Article 370 of the Indian constitution, removing the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. The abrogation of Article 370 removed Kashmir’s ability to determine its own property and settlement laws, forcing Kashmiris to abide by Indian property and customary law and effectively diminishing their autonomy. The ruling not only angered Kashmiris but was also viewed as a "grave injustice" by Pakistan. The removal of Article 370 signified the more aggressive approach of the Modi government to integrate Kashmir into India through a doctrine of Hindu nationalism.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Jammu and Kashmir, union territory of India (until October 31, 2019, a state), located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent centered on the plains around Jammu to the south and the Vale of Kashmir to the north. The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. Legislation passed in August 2019 set the stage for downgrading Jammu and Kashmir from statehood to union territory status and splitting off a part of it, known as the Ladakh region, into a separate union territory. The change went into effect on October 31 of that year. Jammu and Kashmir, formerly one of the largest princely states of India, is bounded to the east by the Indian union territory of Ladakh, to the south by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, to the southwest by Pakistan, and to the northwest by the Pakistani-administered portion of Kashmir. The administrative capitals are Srinagar in summer and Jammu in winter. Area 16,309 square miles (101,387 square km). Pop. (2011) 12,367,013.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-20): Shri Vinai Kumar Saxena (Lieutenant Governor) Jammu and Kashmir (UT) [...] Shri K. Kailashnathan (Lieutenant Governor)
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of India (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The region, with a total area of some 85,800 square miles (222,200 square km), has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a single administrative unit called Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Jammu[b] and Kashmir[c] is a region administered by India as a union territory[1] and consists of the southern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 and between India and China since 1959.[3] The Line of Control separates Jammu and Kashmir from the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in the west and north. It lies to the north of the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and to the west of Ladakh which is administered by India as a union territory.[2] [...] Notes - ^ Jammu and Kashmir is a disputed territory between India and Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir has 42,241 km2 (16,309 sq mi) of area administered by India and 13,297 km2 (5,134 sq mi) of area controlled by Pakistan under Azad Kashmir which is claimed by India as part of Jammu and Kashmir. [...] (d) Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): The deadlock was broken in a personal meeting between the Prime Ministers Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Indira Gandhi, where Bhutto acknowledged that the Kashmir issue should be finally resolved and removed as a hurdle in India-Pakistan relations; that the cease-fire line, to be renamed the Line of Control, could be gradually converted into a de jure border between India and Pakistan; and that he would take steps to integrate the Pakistani-controlled portions of Jammu and Kashmir into the federal territories of Pakistan.[161] However, he requested that the formal declaration of the Agreement should not include a final settlement of the Kashmir dispute as it would endanger his fledgling civilian government and bring in military and other hardline elements into power in Pakistan.[163] [...] Pakistan maintains that Kashmir is the "jugular vein of Pakistan"[399] and a currently disputed territory whose final status must be determined by the people of Kashmir.[400][401] Pakistan's claims to the disputed region are based on the rejection of Indian claims to Kashmir, namely the Instrument of Accession. Pakistan insists that the Maharaja was not a popular leader, and was regarded as a tyrant by most Kashmiris. Pakistan maintains that the Maharaja used brute force to suppress the population.[402]
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Jammu and Kashmir is a union territory of India. Formerly a state of India, it is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of India in 1947. Legislation passed by India’s parliament in August 2019 set the stage for downgrading Jammu and Kashmir from statehood to union territory status and splitting off a part of it, known as the Ladakh region, into a second union territory. The change went into effect on October 31 of that year. The information that follows describes the former state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the Ladakh region. Jammu and Kashmir is bounded on the northwest by the Pakistani-administered portion of Kashmir. On the northeast and east it is bordered by two parts of China—the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang and the Tibet Autonomous Region—as well as the Chinese-administered portions of Kashmir. The Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab lie to the south. Jammu and Kashmir has an area of 39,146 square miles (101,387 square kilometers). The administrative capitals are Srinagar in the summer and Jammu in the winter.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-05): Kashmir has always captured the imagination of the Pakistani people and stirred their emotions. This is partly because of shared religion but also because Pakistan’s largest province, Punjab, and its ruling elite have very close ethnic and cultural association with Kashmir. [...] Kashmir doesn’t bleed alone; Pakistan and India bleed with it perpetually. For as long as the Kashmir continues to bleed through militarization, killings, rape, and draconian tactics, the chaos will continue to permeate and affect the lives of the people in the region. This is why Pakistan has been insisting on resolving the Kashmir issue for the benefit of Kashmiri people first, and then the overall stability of the region. In many ways, the true potential of India, Pakistan, and Kashmir itself is a hostage to the inability of status quo powers (in this case India) to resolve the Kashmir issue. For Pakistan and India, Kashmir isn’t some far away land like Afghanistan was for the U.S., that it could exit at will. Pakistan and India share borders, cultures, traditions, and much more with the Kashmiris. To then stand for the rights of Kashmir may be exhausting and taxing, but it is principally right. As much as anyone argues otherwise through a reductionist "realist" lens, principles do matter in policymaking and international relations, especially in the mid and long run. Therefore, it is important that the international community fulfills its commitment to the peaceful resolution of the Kashmir issue.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-09): The conflict between India and Pakistan arose out of the 1947 Partition of British India, enshrined in the Indian Independence Act. The Partition established a Muslim-majority Pakistan and a Hindu-majority India and provided the diverse regions of Jammu and Kashmir the opportunity to choose which country to accede to. The maharaja (Kashmir’s monarch) at the time initially sought independence, as Kashmir was neglected and subjugated for centuries by conquering empires. However, he ultimately agreed to join India in exchange for help against invading Pakistani herders, triggering the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48. The Karachi Agreement of 1949 temporarily ended violence in the Jammu-Kashmir region by establishing a cease-fire line (CFL) overseen by members of a UN truce sub-committee.
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-03-01): The population of historic Kashmir is divided into about 10 million people in Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir and 4.5 million in Pakistani-run Azad Kashmir. There are a further 1.8 million people in the Gilgit-Baltistan autonomous territory, which Pakistan created from northern Kashmir and the two small princely states of Hunza and Nagar in 1970. The government of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir has often been led by the National Conference, a pro-Indian party led by the Abdullah political dynasty. Pakistan runs Azad Jammu and Kashmir as a self-governing state, in which the Muslim Conference has played a prominent role for decades. [...] Jammu and Kashmir is diverse in religion and culture. It consists of the heavily-populated and overwhelmingly Muslim Kashmir Valley, the mainly Hindu Jammu district, and Ladakh, which has a roughly even number of Buddhists and Shia Muslims.