copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2020-01-29): Air temperatures on Earth have been rising since the Industrial Revolution. While natural variability plays some part, the preponderance of evidence indicates that human activities—particularly emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases—are mostly responsible for making our planet warmer. According to an ongoing temperature analysis led by scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), the average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1° Celsius (1.9° Fahrenheit) since 1880. The majority of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15 to 0.20°C per decade. [...] The NASA GISS team chose the period of 1951-1980 as its baseline largely because the U.S. National Weather Service uses a three-decade period to define "normal" or average temperature. The GISS temperature analysis effort also began around 1980, so the most recent 30 years was 1951-1980. Their objective is to provide an estimate of temperature change that could be compared with predictions of global climate change in response to atmospheric carbon dioxide, aerosols, and changes in solar activity.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2021-03-25): Scientists have been building estimates of Earth’s average global temperature for more than a century, using temperature records from weather stations. But before 1880, there just wasn’t enough data to make accurate calculations, resulting in uncertainties in these older records. Fortunately, consistent temperature estimates made by paleoclimatologists (scientists who study Earth’s past climate using environmental clues like ice cores and tree rings) provide scientists with context for understanding today’s observed warming of Earth’s climate, which has no historic parallel. Over the past 140 years, we’ve literally gone from making some temperature measurements by hand to using sophisticated satellite technology. Today’s temperature data come from many sources, including more than 32,000 land weather stations, weather balloons, radar, ships and buoys, satellites, and volunteer weather watchers. [...] Independent analyses conclude the impact of station temperature data adjustments is not very large. Upward adjustments of global temperature readings before 1950 have, in total, slightly reduced century-scale global temperature trends. Since 1950, however, adjustments to input data have slightly increased the rate of global warming recorded by the temperature record by less than 0.1 degree Celsius (less than 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit).
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2024-01-18): Though warming has not been uniform across the planet, the upward trend in the globally averaged temperature shows that more areas are warming than cooling. According to NOAA's 2023 Annual Climate Report the combined land and ocean temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.11° Fahrenheit (0.06° Celsius) per decade since 1850, or about 2° F in total. The rate of warming since 1982 is more than three times as fast: 0.36° F (0.20° C) per decade. [...] Human activities, principally through emissions of greenhouse gases, have unequivocally caused global warming, with global surface temperature reaching 1.1°C above 1850-1900 in 2011-2020. [...] The likely range of total human-caused global surface temperature increase from 1850–1900 to 2010–2019 is 0.8°C to 1.3°C, with a best estimate of 1.07°C [2.01 ˚F]. Over this period, it is likely that well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs) contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C, and other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C, natural (solar and volcanic) drivers changed global surface temperature by –0.1°C to +0.1°C, and internal variability changed it by –0.2°C to +0.2°C.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2024-02-05): On the basis of the sclerosponge OML record, industrial-era warming can be categorized into three broad stages (Fig. 4c). The first is the early industrial period from the mid-1860s to early 1900s, when temperatures increased by 0.3 ± 0.1 °C at an average rate of ∼0.09 ± 0.03 °C decade−1. This was followed by a similar amount of warming (∼0.3 °C) from the early 1900s to the early 1960s (the mid-industrial period) but at nearly half the average rate (0.04 ± 0.02 °C decade−1). Finally, starting from the mid-1960s (the ‘modern’ period) temperatures increased at a much faster rate of 0.15 ± 0.05 °C decade−1 (Fig. 4c) in response to rapidly increasing atmospheric CO2. Since the mid-1980s, the temperature sensitivity to increasing CO2 has halved, from ∼0.17 ± 0.02 °C per 10 ppm CO2 during 1964–1984 to the present-day (1985–2020) 0.08 ± 0.02 °C per 10 ppm CO2 (Figs. 3c and 4c).
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2012-04-04): The covariation of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and temperature in Antarctic ice-core records suggests a close link between CO2 and climate during the Pleistocene ice ages. The role and relative importance of CO2 in producing these climate changes remains unclear, however, in part because the ice-core deuterium record reflects local rather than global temperature. Here we construct a record of global surface temperature from 80 proxy records and show that temperature is correlated with and generally lags CO2 during the last (that is, the most recent) deglaciation. Differences between the respective temperature changes of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere parallel variations in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation recorded in marine sediments. These observations, together with transient global climate model simulations, support the conclusion that an antiphased hemispheric temperature response to ocean circulation changes superimposed on globally in-phase warming driven by increasing CO2 concentrations is an explanation for much of the temperature change at the end of the most recent ice age.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2019-07-12): Warming related to human activities is estimated to be around 1°C over the past century. This document claims to overturn decades of scientific findings but provides neither the source of the data it uses nor the physics responsible for the proposed relationship between clouds and global temperature. [...] The unpublished paper by Kauppinen & Malmi is deeply flawed and the claims that (1) CO2 has caused only 0.1 degC of warming and that (2) only 10% (0.01 degC) of this warming is from human activity are both unsupported claims. [...] Finally, after using a bunch of nonsense calculations to say that 0.1 °C warming is from CO2, they say that 90% of the change in CO2 is caused by the oceans. This violates conservation of mass from basic chemistry13: the oceans are actually absorbing CO214,15 which, again, is the complete opposite of what Kaupinen and Malmi claim. Without claiming the opposite of reality, their conclusions cannot be supported.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2012-04-04): Human-induced warming reached approximately 1°C (likely between 0.8°C and 1.2°C) above pre-industrial levels in 2017, increasing at 0.2°C (likely between 0.1°C and 0.3°C) per decade (high confidence). Global warming is defined in this report as an increase in combined surface air and sea surface temperatures averaged over the globe and over a 30-year period. Unless otherwise specified, warming is expressed relative to the period 1850–1900, used as an approximation of pre-industrial temperatures in AR5. For periods shorter than 30 years, warming refers to the estimated average temperature over the 30 years centred on that shorter period, accounting for the impact of any temperature fluctuations or trend within those 30 years. Accordingly, warming from pre- industrial levels to the decade 2006–2015 is assessed to be 0.87°C (likely between 0.75°C and 0.99°C). Since 2000, the estimated level of human-induced warming has been equal to the level of observed warming with a likely range of ±20% accounting for uncertainty due to contributions from solar and volcanic activity over the historical period (high confidence). {1.2.1}
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2023-12-28): Human emissions of greenhouse gases are the primary driver of climate change today.1 [...] On this page, you can find our data, visualizations, and writing on CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. [...] Lacis, A. A., Schmidt, G. A., Rind, D., & Ruedy, R. A. (2010). Atmospheric CO₂: Principal control knob governing Earth’s temperature. Science, 330(6002), 356-359.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2022-07-20): The third challenge is how hydrogen's warming impacts are calculated and reported. Beyond the general uncertainties associated with estimating the direct and indirect radiative effects of any atmospheric constituent, the way in which scientists typically report the radiative potency of a climate forcer (such as via radiative efficiency or radiative forcing) can be inaccessible to and lack context for climate policy and business decision makers. Therefore, decades ago, scientists began developing simplified metrics for comparing the warming impacts among different greenhouse gases, with the potency of CO2 typically being used as the baseline for the comparison given its status as the most concerning human-emitted climate forcer. The most well-known and widely used metric has consistently been the global warming potential (GWP) with a 100-year time horizon, and this metric is even baked into policies, international agreements, and greenhouse gas reporting requirements. The GWP metric calculates the relative warming effect over a specified time interval from a pulse of emissions of a climate forcer compared to an equal pulse in mass of CO2. [...] This amount of warming (∼0.1 ∘C) is also equal to the amount of warming projected in 2100 from carbon dioxide emissions from international shipping and aviation combined in the absence of climate action (Ivanovich et al., 2019). However, if leakage does not exceed 1 %, the temperature response could be an order of magnitude smaller.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2021-01-21): The Kigali Amendment is projected to reduce future global average warming in 2100 due to HFCs from a baseline of 0.3-0.5 °C to less than 0.1 °C (Figure ES-4). If the global production of HFCs were to cease in 2020, the surface temperature contribution of the HFC emissions would stay below 0.02 °C for the whole 21st century. The magnitude of the avoided temperature increase, due to the provisions of the Kigali Amendment (0.2 to 0.4 °C) is substantial in the context of the 2015 UNFCCC Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 °C. [...] The Kigali Amendment and national and regional regulations are projected to reduce global average warming in 2100 due to HFCs from 0.3–0.5°C in a baseline scenario to less than 0.1°C. If the global production of HFCs were to cease in 2020, the surface temperature contribution of HFC emissions would stay below 0.02°C for the whole 21st century. The magnitude of the avoided temperature increase due to the provisions of the Kigali Amendment is substantial in the context of the 2015 UNFCCC Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2.0°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue further efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2023-10-26): Climate Changes and Consequences [...] Climate change will lead to heightened temperatures and unpredictable rainfall patterns in Egypt. This weather shift is already underway as the North African country warms at an accelerating speed. Though average annual temperatures have increased at an overall rate of 0.1°C per decade between 1901 and 2013, the rate of temperature rise in the past thirty years alone has shot up to an alarming 0.53°C per decade.21 Surface temperatures in Egypt and elsewhere in the Nile River Basin have also kept pace with this rise, increasing by an average of 0.16°C to 0.4°C, with El-Minya Governorate in Upper Egypt reaching temperatures of between 40°C and 44°C in recent years.22 These rising temperatures show no signs of abating. Rather, climate models predict that Egypt’s average annual temperature may rise by a steep 2.1°C by the middle of the century and by a significant 4.4°C by the close of the century, if global emissions persist.23 Areas such as South Sinai and Aswan will be especially vulnerable to extreme temperatures, warming by an even greater 5.12°C and 5.49°C by 2100, respectively.24 This projected trend of "more hot weather and less cold weather" is deeply troubling for Egypt’s human security, food production, and water scarcity.25
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2019-07-25): Over much of the last 100 million years of Earth's history, greenhouse gas levels and global temperatures were higher than those of the present day (Zachos et al., 2008; Foster et al., 2017). Because greenhouse gas levels are currently well above anything experienced during the modern natural climate state, ancient climate archives hold important clues to our possible future climate (IPCC, 2013). This is particularly true for those past times when climate was considerably warmer and greenhouse gas levels considerably higher than those of the present day. For instance, such intervals can provide information about the sensitivity of the climate to greenhouse gas forcing (e.g., Rohling et al., 2012; Zeebe, 2013; Caballero and Huber, 2013; Anagnostou et al., 2016) or reveal the behavior of carbon cycle feedbacks under super-warm climate states (e.g., Carmichael et al., 2017). These times of past warmth also provide a powerful means to test the outputs of climate models because they represent actual realizations of how the Earth system functions under conditions of greenhouse forcing comparable to the coming century and beyond. [...] Pearson, P. N. and Palmer, M. R.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years, Nature, 406, 695–699, 2000. [...] Zeebe, R. E.: Time-dependent climate sensitivity and the legacy of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 34, 13739–13744, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222843110, 2013.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2019-05-06): The Report notes that, since 1980, greenhouse gas emissions have doubled, raising average global temperatures by at least 0.7 degrees Celsius – with climate change already impacting nature from the level of ecosystems to that of genetics – impacts expected to increase over the coming decades, in some cases surpassing the impact of land and sea use change and other drivers. [...] - 105%: increase in global human population (from 3.7 to 7.6 billion) since 1970 unevenly across countries and regions - 50 times higher: per capita GDP in developed vs. least developed countries - >2,500: conflicts over fossil fuels, water, food and land currently occurring worldwide - >1,000: environmental activists and journalists killed between 2002 and 2013 [...] Climate Change - 1 degree Celsius: average global temperature difference in 2017 compared to pre-industrial levels, rising +/-0.2 (+/-0.1) degrees Celsius per decade - >3 mm: annual average global sea level rise over the past two decades - 16-21 cm: rise in global average sea level since 1900 - 100% increase since 1980 in greenhouse gas emissions, raising average global temperature by at least 0.7 degree - 40%: rise in carbon footprint of tourism (to 4.5Gt of carbon dioxide) from 2009 to 2013 - 8%: of total greenhouse gas emissions are from transport and food consumption related to tourism - 5%: estimated fraction of species at risk of extinction from 2°C warming alone, rising to 16% at 4.3°C warming - Even for global warming of 1.5 to 2 degrees, the majority of terrestrial species ranges are projected to shrink profoundly.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2016-04-26): Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have increased carbon dioxide by over 50%,[8] and methane levels by 150%.[9] Carbon dioxide emissions are causing about three-quarters of global warming, while methane emissions cause most of the rest.[10] The vast majority of carbon dioxide emissions by humans come from the burning of fossil fuels,[11] with remaining contributions from agriculture and industry.[12]: 687 Methane emissions originate from agriculture, fossil fuel production, waste, and other sources.[13] The carbon cycle takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,[14] while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.[15]
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2007-05-02): Almost all scientists agree that the Earth's climate is changing, having warmed by 0.6 to 0.9o Celsius (1.1 to 1.6o Fahrenheit) since the Industrial Revolution. Science indicates that the Earth's global average temperature is now approaching, or possibly has passed, the warmest experienced since human civilizations began to flourish about 12,000 years ago. During the 20th Century, some areas became wetter while others experienced more drought. Most climate scientists conclude that humans have induced a large part of the climate change since the 1970s. Although natural forces such as solar irradiance and volcanoes contribute to variability, scientists cannot explain the climate changes of the past few decades without including the effects of elevated greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations resulting from fossil fuel use, land clearing, and industrial and agricultural emissions. Over the past 150 years, measured carbon dioxide concentrations have risen by more than one-third, from about 280 parts per million (ppm) to about 380 ppm. The United States contributes almost one-fifth of net global greenhouse gas emissions.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2009-09-01): A comprehensive review of published scientific research by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that, averaged over the solar cycle, the best estimate of the Sun’s brightness change between the pre-industrial period and the present (2019) is 0.06 Watts per square meter. That increase could be responsible for about 0.01 degrees Celsius—around 1 percent—of the warming the planet has experienced over the industrial era (0.95–1.2 degrees Celsius in 2011–2020 versus 1850–1900). Even if the Sun’s recent quietness—the 11-year cycle minimum in 2011 was the lowest in a century—were to turn into a multi-decade stretch of extremely low activity known as a Grand Solar Minimum, it wouldn’t overpower the amount of global warming projected for the coming century due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, as long as atmospheric carbon dioxide remains above 300 parts per million, not even the next ice age, which Milankovitch theory predicts would begin 50,000 years from now, is likely to occur. [...] Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., He, F., Marcott, S. A., Mix, A. C., Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B., Schmittner, A., & Bard, E. (2012). Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation. Nature, 484(7392), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10915
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2019-07-14): CLAIM: "Man-made Climate Change Doesn't Exist In Practice... [...] As the scientists who examined this claim explained, the document relies on circular reasoning to claim that cloud cover and relative humidity have caused the change in global temperature, and ignores many additional factors affecting global temperature—including aerosol pollution, volcanic eruptions, and natural ocean oscillations. The published, peer-reviewed scientific research on this topic clearly shows that human activities are responsible for climate change.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2010-06-03): Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1 to 1.6° F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years. Temperatures are certain to go up further. [...] What has scientists concerned now is that over the past 250 years, humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate, mostly by burning fossil fuels, but also from cutting down carbon-absorbing forests. Since the Industrial Revolution began in about 1750, carbon dioxide levels have increased nearly 38 percent as of 2009 and methane levels have increased 148 percent. [...] As the Earth moved out of ice ages over the past million years, the global temperature rose a total of 4 to 7 degrees Celsius over about 5,000 years. In the past century alone, the temperature has climbed 0.7 degrees Celsius, roughly ten times faster than the average rate of ice-age-recovery warming.