copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-22): The government reportedly imposed internal exile on some citizens. For example, in 2022 RFA reported that 30 households in Ryanggang Province along the border with China were forcibly relocated to remote, mountainous areas after their family members escaped the country. [...] Shortly after the central government had changed the designation of escapees from "illegal border crossers" to "traitorous puppets," authorities in Ryanggang Province reportedly selected 30 households with two or more family members who had escaped and relocated them to villages such as Samsu, Kapsan, Pungso, and Pungsan, in remote mountainous regions. One couple in their 70s was selected because two of their grandsons defected. Other residents selected included the parents of sons or daughters who escaped, or children left behind after their parents fled to the ROK. In June RFA reported authorities forcibly relocated residents near the border with the PRC in Ryanggang Province. The ostensible reason was demolishing "unsightly" single-story homes, but RFA’s sources believed the true aim was preventing unauthorized border crossings and international telephone calls.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-13): In January 2023, the government enacted the Pyongyang Cultural Language Protection Act, banning the use of language that is South Korean in style or appears to have foreign influence. The law criminalized communications "in the puppet language," a reference to the South Korean language style, setting punishments of six years or more of forced labor and even the death penalty in some cases. It also encourages the authorities to use public trials and executions to "awaken the masses." In March and April, authorities reportedly conducted public trials in Ryanggang province under the law. One trial targeted 17 young people for watching unsanctioned videos and using South Korean language. One leader of the group was sentenced to 10 years of forced labor. In another trial, 20 youth athletes were sentenced to three to five years of forced labor for using South Korean vocabulary. [...] In August, North Korean state media officially announced the reopening of its borders to citizens residing abroad after they were closed in January 2020. North Korea’s national airline restarted international flights, and the former North Korean ambassador to China returned to North Korea. In March, authorities allowed some Chinese diplomats to enter the country. However, humanitarian organizations and most diplomats remained unable to return. Informal trade activities stayed banned. Official trade by rail and waterways increased but remained lower than before the Covid-19 pandemic.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-22): Ryanggang: Inside the North Korean Prison State 22 Jul [...] We are pleased to announce the release of our latest visual investigation, Ryanggang: Inside the North Korean Prison State. This groundbreaking project, made possible by the generous support of the Netherlands Embassy in Seoul, reveals pervasive sexual and gender-based violence within the infamous Ryanggang Provincial Ministry of State Security Holding Centre. By integrating survivor testimonies, sophisticated 3D modelling, and satellite imagery, we are shedding light on hidden atrocities occurring in North Korea’s prisons for the very first time. [...] Ryanggang Province, located in northern North Korea and bordering China, is a critical area for human rights. Many North Koreans attempting to flee the country cross from this province into China. Large numbers are often apprehended and forcibly repatriated back to North Korea. Ryanggang Provincial Ministry of State Security Holding Centre is known for detaining many of these repatriated escapees who face harsh punishments, including torture, imprisonment, and even execution. This makes Ryanggang Province a significant focus for international human rights advocacy and documentation efforts, as it underscores the ongoing and widespread abuses in the country.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-17): While acknowledging the increasing difficulty of obtaining real time information from inside the DPRK, [11] Asia Press has reported that the market price of domestically produced rice in North Hamkyung Province and Ryanggang Province, the two provinces along the northeastern border with China, remained relatively expensive but stable during April 2021, ranging from 4,000 to 4,300 won per kilogram. [...] The city of Hyesan in the Ryanggang province has served as a key node in land transportation between the DPRK and China. Since around November 2020, there have been reports on the severe economic conditions and lack of food in Hyesan and starvation and death in the city. Some media have reported the dire circumstances in Hyesan as a possible sign of nationwide starvation or famine. [...] While conclusive data is not available to corroborate these observations, available information shows that, as of mid-August, the food prices continued to stay at a more or less stabilized level in Pyongyang and in North Hamkyung Province, Ryanggang Province, North and Pyongang Province (figures 2 and 4). This indicates availability of food stock and a functional food supply system still operating in the country. DPRK resident reportedly said that as of early August, "traders are bringing in more food from other areas [into two provinces bordering China, namely North Hamkyung Province and Ryanggang Province]." [50]
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-25): Jilin[a] is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea (Rasŏn, North Hamgyong, Ryanggang and Chagang) and Russia (Primorsky Krai) to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west. Along with the rest of Northeast China, Jilin underwent an early period of industrialization. However, Jilin's economy, characterized by heavy industry, has been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast". The region contains large deposits of oil shale. [...] The region then fell successively under the domination of the Xiongnu, Xianbei state, Goguryeo, Balhae, Khitan Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, and the Mongol Yuan dynasty.[8] During the Qing Dynasty, much of the area was under the control of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose area of control extended to encompass much of what is Russia's Primorsky Krai today. [...] The province is rich in large reserves of oil, gas, coal, iron, nickel, molybdenum, talc, graphite, gypsum, cement rock, gold and silver; its reserves of oil shale are the largest in the country.[11]
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-07): Ryanggang Provincial MSS Holding Centre Ryanggang Province is a critical area for human rights. Many North Koreans attempting to flee the country cross from this province into China. Large numbers are often apprehended and forcibly repatriated. Ryanggang Provincial Ministry of State Security Holding Centre is known for detaining many of these repatriated escapees who face harsh punishments, including torture, imprisonment, and even execution. This makes Ryanggang Province a significant focus for international human rights advocacy and documentation efforts, as it underscores the ongoing and widespread violations in the country.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): Hyesan (Korean pronunciation: [he.san]) is a city in the northern part of Ryanggang province of North Korea. It is a hub of river transportation as well as a product distribution centre. It is also the administrative centre of Ryanggang Province. As of 2008, the population of the city is 192,680. [...] Geography [edit]The city is located in the Paektu Mountains at the border with the People's Republic of China (Jilin province), from which it is separated by the Yalu (Amrok) River. Changbai is the closest Chinese city across the river. [...] Notable people [edit]- Yeonmi Park (b. 1993), activist and defector, escaped North Korea in 2007.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-07): Population distribution population concentrated in the plains and lowlands; least populated regions are the mountainous provinces adjacent to the Chinese border; largest concentrations are in the western provinces, particularly the municipal district of Pyongyang, and around Hungnam and Wonsan in the east [...] Major urban areas - population 3.158 million PYONGYANG (capital) (2023) [...] provinces: Chagang, Hambuk (North Hamgyong), Hamnam (South Hamgyong), Hwangbuk (North Hwanghae), Hwangnam (South Hwanghae), Kangwon, P'yongbuk (North Pyongan), P'yongnam (South Pyongan), Ryanggang special administration cities: Kaesong, Nampo, P'yongyang, Rason note: P'yongyang is identified as a directly controlled city, while Kaesong, Nampo, and Rason are designated as special cities
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-11): Ryanggang Province (Ryanggangdo; Korean: 량강도; MR: Ryanggang-do, Korean pronunciation: [ɾjaŋ.ɡaŋ.do]) is a province in North Korea. The province is bordered by China (Jilin) to the north, North Hamgyong to the east, South Hamgyong to the south, and Chagang to the west. Ryanggang was formed in 1954, when it was separated from South Hamgyŏng. The provincial capital is Hyesan. In South Korean usage, "Ryanggang" is spelled and pronounced as "Yanggang" Korean: 양강도; RR: Yanggang-do, Korean pronunciation: [jaŋ.ɡaŋ.do]). [...] Although all of North Korea is economically depressed after Soviet dissolution, Ryanggang province, along with neighboring North Hamgyong and South Hamgyong provinces, are the poorest, forming North Korea's "Rust Belt" of industrialized cities with factories now decrepit and failing. The worst hunger of the 1990s famine years occurred in these three provinces, and most refugees into China come from the Rust Belt region.[3] [...] Administrative divisions [edit]Ryanggang is divided into 2 cities (si) and 10 counties (kun). Each entity is listed below in English, Chosŏn'gŭl, and Hanja.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-01): Provinces of North Korea Provinces are the first-level division within North Korea. There are 9 provinces in North Korea: Chagang, North Hamgyong, South Hamgyong, North Hwanghae, South Hwanghae, Kangwon, North Pyongan, South Pyongan, and Ryanggang. [...] Claimed provinces [edit]North Korea claims seven provinces on the territory controlled by South Korea. While people's committees for these claimed provinces were elected in 1950 during the Korean War, no government-in-exile for them exists as of 2024. These provinces are based on the divisions of the Japanese era, but correspond somewhat to the present South Korean provinces and the special cities partitioned out of them, owing to the alterations in the provincial division effected by South Korea being more conservative relatively to those effected by the north.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-01): A new day dawns in the city of Samjiyon in Ryanggang Province at the foot of Mt Paektu (2 750m), the highest mountain in Korea. [...] And happy laughter and merry singing of the citizens, and youth and students ring out louder across the city. Photo: Hong Kwang Nam, Kim Song Chol Text: Kang Su Jong
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-26): With the liberation of Korea in 1945, the Korean peninsula was divided into North Korea and South Korea, with the dividing line established along the 38th parallel. As a result, three provinces—Hwanghae, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon (Kangwŏn)—were divided into North Korea and South Korea in today's era. The special cities of Seoul (South Korea) and P'yŏngyang (North Korea) were formed in 1946. Between 1946 and 1954, five new provinces were created: Jeju in South Korea, and North and South Hwanghae, Chagang, and Ryanggang in North Korea. Since 1954, provincial boundaries in both the North and South have remained unchanged but new cities and special administrative regions have been created. [...] Finally, the new provinces of Jeju Province (in the south, in 1946) and Chagang Province (in the north, 1949) were formed, from parts of South Jeolla and North Pyongan respectively. In 1954, Ryanggang Province was split from South Hamgyong and Hwanghae was divided into North and South Hwanghae Provinces. [...] - "Gwandong" is the name for the region as a whole, with "Yeongseo" denoting the western half of the province and "Yeongdong" the eastern half. "Yeongdong" is used more often than either of the other two terms, however, especially in reference to railway and road arteries that cross through Gangwon, connecting the Seoul and Yeongdong regions.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-18): Geography - note strategic location on Korea Strait; about 3,000 mostly small and uninhabited islands lie off the western and southern coasts [...] the disputed Northern Limit Line (NLL), including naval skirmishes between patrol boats in 1999 and 2002, the torpedoing and sinking of a South Korean corvette, the Cheonan, in 2010, and the bombardment of a South Korean Marine Corps installation on Yeonpyeong Island, also in 2010; since 2010, further minor incidents continue to occur periodically along the DMZ, where both the North and the South Korean militaries maintain large numbers of troops; ; in late 2023 and early 2024, the Kim regime abandoned decades of official policy and declared that South Korea was not inhabited by "fellow countrymen" but a separate and "hostile" state that the North would "subjugate" if war broke out (2024)
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): Geography of South Korea [...] The total land area of the peninsula, including the islands, is 223,170 square kilometers. Some 44.8 percent (100 210 square kilometers) of this total, excluding the area within the DMZ, constitutes the territory of the Republic of Korea. The combined territories of North Korea and South Korea are about the same size as the United Kingdom. South Korea alone is about the size of Portugal or Hungary, or the U.S. state of Indiana.[2] [...] Approximately 30 percent of the area of South Korea consists of lowlands, with the rest consisting of uplands and mountains. The great majority of the lowland area lies along the coasts, particularly the west coast, and along the major rivers. The most important lowlands are the Han River plain around Seoul, the Pyeongtaek coastal plain southwest of Seoul, the Geum River basin, the Nakdong River basin, and the Yeongsan River and the Honam plains in the southwest. A narrow littoral plain extends along the east coast. A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 1,833 km2 of tidal flats in South Korea, making it the 17th ranking country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.[4]
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-08): Provinces of South Korea Provinces are one of the first-level divisions within South Korea. There are 9 provinces in South Korea: North Chungcheong, South Chungcheong, Gangwon State, Gyeonggi, North Gyeongsang, South Gyeongsang, Jeonbuk State, South Jeolla, and Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. [...] List of provinces [edit]Claimed provinces [edit]South Korea claims five provinces on the territory controlled by North Korea. These claimed provinces are managed by the Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces (Korean: 이북5도위원회; Hanja: 以北五道委員會). These provinces are based on the divisions of the Korean Empire era and are different from the present North Korean provinces.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-07): With the liberation of Korea in 1945, the Korean peninsula was divided into North Korea and South Korea, with the dividing line established along the 38th parallel. As a result, three provinces—Hwanghae, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon (Kangwŏn)—were divided into North Korea and South Korea in today's era. The special cities of Seoul (South Korea) and P'yŏngyang (North Korea) were formed in 1946. Between 1946 and 1954, five new provinces were created: Jeju in South Korea, and North and South Hwanghae, Chagang, and Ryanggang in North Korea. Since 1954, provincial boundaries in both the North and South have remained unchanged but new cities and special administrative regions have been created. [...] Finally, the new provinces of Jeju Province (in the south, in 1946) and Chagang Province (in the north, 1949) were formed, from parts of South Jeolla and North Pyongan respectively. In 1954, Ryanggang Province was split from South Hamgyong and Hwanghae was divided into North and South Hwanghae Provinces. [...] - ^ "Gwandong" is the name for the region as a whole, with "Yeongseo" denoting the western half of the province and "Yeongdong" the eastern half. "Yeongdong" is used more often than either of the other two terms, however, especially in reference to railway and road arteries that cross through Gangwon, connecting the Seoul and Yeongdong regions.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-22): With the surrender of Japan in 1945, the Korean peninsula divided into Soviet (northern) and American (southern) zones of occupation, with the dividing line established along the 38th parallel. (See Division of Korea for more details.) As a result, three provinces of Hwanghae, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon (Kangwŏn) divided into Soviet and American occupied sections. Seoul and P'yŏngyang received the special cities in 1946. Between 1946 and 1954, South and North Korea created five new provinces: Jeju in South Korea, and North and South Hwanghae, Chagang, and Ryanggang in North Korea. [...] Also in 1946, the cities of Seoul in the south and P'yŏngyang in the north separated from Gyeonggi and South P'yŏngan Provinces respectively to become Special Cities. Finally, the North and South Korea governments formed the new provinces of Jeju (in the south, in 1946) and Chagang (in the north, 1949) from parts of South Jeolla and North P'yŏngan respectively. In 1954, Ryanggang Province split from South Hamgyong.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-10-17): Ryanggang Province (Ryanggangdo; Korean:량강도;MR:Ryanggang-do, Korean pronunciation:[ɾjaŋ.ɡaŋ.do]) is a province in North Korea. The province is bordered by China (Jilin) to the north, North Hamgyong to the east, South Hamgyong to the south, and Chagang to the west. Ryanggang was formed in 1954, when it was separated from South Hamgyŏng. The provincial capital is Hyesan. In South Korean usage, "Ryanggang" is spelled and pronounced as "Yanggang" Korean:양강도;RR:Yanggang-do, Korean pronunciation:[jaŋ.ɡaŋ.do]). [...] Although all of North Korea is economically depressed after Soviet dissolution, Ryanggang province, along with neighboring North Hamgyong and South Hamgyong provinces, are the poorest, forming North Korea's "Rust Belt" of industrialized cities with factories now decrepit and failing. The worst hunger of the 1990s famine years occurred in these three provinces, and most refugees into China come from the Rust Belt region.[3] [...] Ryanggang is divided into 2 cities (si) and 10 counties (kun). Each entity is listed below in English, Chosŏn'gŭl, and Hanja.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-23): Provinces of South Korea Provinces are the first-level division within South Korea. Governors for these provinces are elected every four years. [...] - ↑ "일반 현황" (in Korean). South Gyeongsang Province. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-10-17): Ryanggang Province (Ryanggangdo; Korean: 량강도; MR: Ryanggang-do, Korean pronunciation: [ɾjaŋ.ɡaŋ.do]) is a province in North Korea. The province is bordered by China (Jilin) to the north, North Hamgyong to the east, South Hamgyong to the south, and Chagang to the west. Ryanggang was formed in 1954, when it was separated from South Hamgyŏng. The provincial capital is Hyesan. In South Korean usage, "Ryanggang" is spelled and pronounced as "Yanggang" Korean: 양강도; RR: Yanggang-do, Korean pronunciation: [jaŋ.ɡaŋ.do]). [...] Although all of North Korea is economically depressed after Soviet dissolution, Ryanggang province, along with neighboring North Hamgyong and South Hamgyong provinces, are the poorest, forming North Korea's "Rust Belt" of industrialized cities with factories now decrepit and failing. The worst hunger of the 1990s famine years occurred in these three provinces, and most refugees into China come from the Rust Belt region.[3] [...] Ryanggang is divided into 2 cities (si) and 10 counties (kun). Each entity is listed below in English, Chosŏn'gŭl, and Hanja.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of South Korea (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-01): Ryanggang Province (Ryanggangdo;, pronounced as /ko/) is a province in North Korea. The province is bordered by China (Jilin) to the north, North Hamgyong to the east, South Hamgyong to the south, and Chagang to the west. Ryanggang was formed in 1954, when it was separated from South Hamgyŏng. The provincial capital is Hyesan. In South Korean usage, "Ryanggang" is spelled and pronounced as "Yanggang", pronounced as /ko/). [...] Although all of North Korea is economically depressed after Soviet dissolution, Ryanggang province, along with neighboring North Hamgyong and South Hamgyong provinces, are the poorest, forming North Korea's "Rust Belt" of industrialized cities with factories now decrepit and failing. The worst hunger of the 1990s famine years occurred in these three provinces, and most refugees into China come from the Rust Belt region.[3] [...] Ryanggang is divided into 2 cities (si) and 10 counties (kun). Each entity is listed below in English, Chosŏn'gŭl, and Hanja.