copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-07-17): Turkish jets entered Greek airspace and were intercepted by Greek jets as the defence minister, Panos Kammenos, and military chiefs flew by helicopter to the islet of Imia to drop wreaths in memory of three Greek officers killed nearby in a helicopter crash 19 years ago, the Greek defence ministry said. [...] Imia, known in Turkish as Kardak, lies just seven km (four miles) off the Turkish coast. Greece and Turkey, both members of Nato, have long disputed its sovereignty and, in 1996, came close to war over the islets.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-16): And, critically, Turkey has used disaster diplomacy on several notable occasions to establish diplomatic breakthroughs. For example, in 1999, earthquakes struck Turkey (close to Istanbul) and Greece (near Athens) less than a month apart. The shared tragedy ushered in a positive atmosphere and an era of unprecedented calm in bilateral relations only three years after the two sides were on the brink of war in the Imia/Kardak crisis. In the aftermath of Turkey’s tragedy this year, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis held a phone call, their first in almost a year as tensions have been running high in the Aegean. Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Dendias also visited the affected region over the weekend, one of the highest-level foreign officials to visit so far.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-30): Imia-Kardak Crisis (Greek: Κρίση των Ιμίων, Turkish: Kardak Krizi) was a crisis between Turkey and Greece caused by a Turkish ship named "Figen Atak" getting stuck in Imia/Kardak rocks causing Turkish and Greek forces to have a dispute, leading to a crisis and brought two countries to the brink of war. [...] In fact, the main issue was not these rocks in the Aegean Sea. The Imia/Kardak rocks meant two countries struggle for domination. If Turkey had agreed to leave these reefs to Greece, the Greeks were able to claim on other pieces of rocks/islets on the Aegean Sea. Turkey's thesis was 'pieces of land remaining after the Ottoman Empire (not included in the lausanne agreement), is not determined by treaties to which belongs to Turkey. [...] They re-erected their flag, so the Kardak Rocks came under the control of the Greek navy.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-20): On May 31 the Turkish General Staff (TGS) posted a statement on its website claiming that a boat belonging to the Greek coastguard had violated Turkish territorial waters close to the disputed island of Kardak/Imia off Turkey’s Aegean coast (Turkish General Staff website, www.tsk.gov.tr). [...] In early 1996 Greece and Turkey almost went to war over the sovereignty of Kardak/Imia. In February 2007 a planned NATO exercise close to the Greek island of Aghios Efstratios in the northern Aegean had to be cancelled when Turkey abruptly announced that the exercise would violate a requirement in the Treaty of Lausanne that the island remain demilitarized, a claim that was furiously denounced by Athens as being completely baseless. On May 16 Turkish objections again forced NATO to cancel another planned exercise close to Aghios Efstratios, leading Greek Foreign Ministry Spokesman Giorgos Koumoutsakos to warn that Turkish intransigence was having "negative repercussions" for NATO’s operational readiness (Athens News Agency, May 24). "This condition must change, and it is a standing desire on the part of Greece for this situation to change," said Koumoutsakos (Athens News Agency, May 24).
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-16): Turkey and Greece, two neighbors separated by the Aegean Sea in the eastern Mediterranean, have quibbled over their respective rights in these waters—and the islands in them—for decades. Conflict between the NATO allies has waxed and waned, peaking with crises over the island nation of Cyprus in 1974 and the island of Imia-Kardak in 1995. After the two countries once again came to the brink of war over maritime rights in the eastern Mediterranean in 2020, the newly elected Biden administration, seeking to solidify NATO unity, stepped in to encourage dialogue between Ankara and Athens. The intervention appeared to work: At the NATO summit in June 2021, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan praised the revival of diplomatic engagement with Greece.[1]
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-13): The disputes over the Aegean could have been easily solved through diplomatic channels. Indeed, the two countries have shown that with appropriate political leadership and mutual will, it is possible to reduce dissent. After the 1922 war, for instance, there was a period of relative calm in the 1930s. Similarly, only three years after Greece and Turkey came close to armed combat over the uninhabited small islets of Imia/Kardak, there was a period of rapprochement, with increased levels of diplomatic, as well as economic and social interactions.[6] Despite high hopes, the last episode of rapprochement failed in resolving the Aegean dispute or even putting it on the back burner for the long-term, as the current escalation of tensions clearly demonstrate. [...] In the meantime, confrontations both in the Aegean Sea and air have significantly escalated. In July 2017, a Turkish vessel was shot at by the Greek coastal guard,[12] and in February 2018, two patrol boats collided near the Imia/Kardak islets,[13] setting the stage for the unusual week in mid-April. With the leaders of both countries persistent in making declarations that do not calm nerves down, there seems to be no quick de-escalation in sight.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-01-30): Turkey’s top soldier visits Aegean islets of Kardak Chief of General Staff Gen. Hulusi Akar on Jan. 29 paid a visit to the disputed Aegean islets of Kardak, the Turkish Armed Forces has announced.Accompanied by the commanders of the land, naval and air forces, Akar sailed to the islets of the Kardak region with two assault boats after conducting inspections on ships belonging to the Aksaz Naval Base Command, the military said in a statement. [...] The islets, Imia in Greek and Kardak in Turkish, are two small uninhabited rocks in the Aegean Sea, situated between the Greek island chain of the Dodecanese and the southwestern mainland coast of Turkey. Greece and Turkey nearly went to war over the islets in 1996 in an escalation that saw both sides embarking on a military landing on an islet each.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1997-08-21): In the aftermath of a January 1996 crisis over the sovereignty of the Imia/Kardak islet, various dispute resolution initiatives were undertaken. NATO proposed military-related confidence-building measures, some of which are being implemented. The President of the European Union Council of Ministers proposed a committee of wise men, which was accepted in the form of Greek and Turkish committees of experts who are exchanging views via the President. In March 1996, [...] Greece ship near an uninhabited islet (Imia to Greece, Kardak to Turkey) that he said was Turkish.3 Both countries’ media exploited the situation, prompting government and military involvement. The parties returned to status quo ante after U.S. [...] ! The islet dispute may be open to resolution because its onset was largely unintended. Greece and Turkey blundered into the Imia/Kardak crisis, which some consider a media creation that got out of hand. Turkey subsequently could not find a face-saving way to back down from the notion of "grey areas"
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-11): The Imia-Kardak Rocks Dispute 11 January, 20223688 VIEWS [...] Many conflicts have occurred between Turkey and Greece since the Greek secession of 1822. Currently, they range from the Cypriot conflict to disagreements over Exclusive Economic Zones in the Mediterranean, and to the definition of territorial waters in the Aegean Sea. The only land that is directly in conflict between the two republics consists of two adjacent rocks in the Eastern Aegean Sea. These are known as Imia in Greek and as Kardak in Turkish, and their total landmass is less than 5 hectares. The dispute comes from a different interpretation of the clauses of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. While it was not the subject of tension until 1995, a maritime incident led to both countries landing and planting flags on these rocks, which escalated to military skirmishes in 1996 and again in 2018. The dispute remains unresolved today.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-13): Greece and Türkiye are entangled in a complex set of disagreements that have brought them to the brink of war at least three times in the past half-century. Their last near-skirmish was in 1996 over two uninhabited outcrops in the Aegean Sea, known as Imia in Greek and Kardak in Turkish, which I experienced as a then-junior diplomat working at the Turkish Embassy in Athens. [...] Greece is hesitant about giving the impression that it is negotiating on matters such as its right to extend its territorial waters in the Aegean Sea or of sovereignty over formations like Imia/Kardak, which it contends have been settled in its favor. Hence, it restricts its official focus to continental shelf delimitation. Nevertheless, there exists a precedent for expanded discussion beyond Greece’s articulated negotiation parameters. Since 2002, the parties have conducted a series of secret exploratory talks in over sixty sessions, covering a wide range of issues that go beyond the delimitation of the continental shelf. Not much has leaked from these discontinued negotiations, but there have been occasional whispers that an agreement to resolve all outstanding issues, including by recourse to the International Court of Justice, might be achievable. Whatever the case, considerable work has been done on both sides that could serve as a basis for future negotiations. Meanwhile, the parties are currently working on a new engagement initiative called Positive Agenda, a cooperative effort covering different matters ranging from health and tourism to entrepreneurship and the environment, potentially building confidence and warming them up for negotiations on more contentious issues.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-16): During classical antiquity, the entire Aegean Sea area was incorporated into the Greek and Hellenistic cultural sphere. Great Ionian cities such as Ephesus, Miletus, Smyrna, or Halicarnassus, all of them in Asia Minor, speak of the cultural unity prevailing in antiquity in this wide geographical contour, which was maintained for several centuries thanks to Byzantium. [...] The Treaty of Sèvres never came into force, as a consequence of the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish war. The Treaty of Lausanne (1923) put an end to that war and led to the international recognition of the new Republic of Turkey as the successor to the Ottoman Empire. The new treaty clearly defined the borders between Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey. Thus, Turkey formally renounced claims to several territories, including the Dodecanese, Cyprus, Egypt, Sudan, Syria and Iraq. However, it reverted sovereignty over the islands of Imbros and Tenedos to Turkey. Lemnos remained under Greek sovereignty. [...] A particularly sensitive moment occurred in Imia in 1995. Imia-Kardak are two uninhabited islets whose control is disputed by both countries. After a series of secret landings by the armies of both sides, tensions around the two islands came close to triggering an armed conflict, which was averted thanks to NATO's diplomatic intervention. The same decade also saw the infiltration of numerous Turkish secret agents into Greece, who set off a series of large-scale fires. In response to these actions, some Greek citizens set fires in forested areas located in Turkish territory.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-27): Turkey's expansion of energy exploration in the Mediterranean is prompting Greece to cautiously exercise its international maritime rights in order to protect its own claims to offshore economic resources in the region, such as natural gas and fisheries, without provoking a new round of conflict. On Aug. 26, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced that Greece would extend its territorial claim in the Ionian Sea along its Western coastline from six nautical miles to 12 nautical miles -- the maximum extent under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). For now, Athens isn't extending its claims in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas, though Mitsotakis said that Greece maintains the ability to exercise that right in the future if it so chooses....
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-20): On January 28, 1996, the Government of Greece issued bellicose statements regarding the status of the Kardak Rocks, a mere 3.8 miles off the coast of Türkiye in the Aegean Sea. This is yet another example of unfounded Greek claims to sovereignty even at 3.8 miles and results from long-standing bilateral disputes concerning the Aegean, including territorial waters, demilitarization of the Aegean islands, air space and the continental shelf. Türkiye is committed to defusing, rather than increasing, tension in this region. The dispute over the Kardak Rocks and other small islands and islets in the region, as well as the delimitation of the territorial waters, is an ongoing one. In creating a problem by extending its sovereignty to the islands beyond those ceded to Athens in 1947, Greece is acting irresponsibly by increasing tensions for domestic political consumption and by trying to involve others in the international community in the fray.
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-15): Carlingford Lough (Irish: Loch Cairlinn,[2] Ulster Scots: Carlinford Loch[3]) is a glacial fjord or sea inlet in northeastern Ireland, forming part of the border between Northern Ireland to the north and the Republic of Ireland to the south. On its northern shore is County Down, the Mourne Mountains, and the town of Warrenpoint; on its southern shore is County Louth, the Cooley Mountains and the village of Carlingford. The Newry River flows into the loch from the northwest. [...] The Carlingford Lough Ramsar site (wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention), is 830.51 hectares in area, at latitude 54 03 00 N and longitude 06 07 00 W. It was designated a Ramsar site on 9 March 1998. It is a cross-border site, with the northern shore lying within Northern Ireland (including the lough's more extensive mudflats and a salt marsh), and the southern shore lying in the Republic of Ireland (where the Carlingford Lough Special Protection Area falls within the scope of the National Parks and Wildlife Service).[9][10][11] [...] - ^ a b "Carlingford Lough". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-03-09): Carlingford Lough - Country:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - Site number:936 - Area:831 ha - Designation date:09-03-1998 - Coordinates:54°03'N 06°06'W [...] 09/03/98; Northern Ireland; 831 ha; 54°03'N 006°07'W. Special Protection Area EC Directive, SSSI. The site includes mudflats, saltmarsh, small rocks, and shingle islands on the border with Ireland. It supports an important assemblage of vulnerable and endangered Irish Red Data Book bird species. It provides habitats for terns, including Sterna hirundo, S. dougallii, S. paradisaea. The site is used for recreation, fishing, marine aquaculture, and hunting. Ramsar site no. 936. Most recent RIS information: 2005.
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-02): Located on the south shore of Carlingford Lough, the mediaeval town of Carlingford makes a great base for exploring the stunning Cooley Peninsula. [...] Some quick need-to-knows about Carlingford in Louth [...] Situated on the scenic Cooley Peninsula, Carlingford is situated in the northeast corner of Country Louth, a 25-minute drive from Newry and a 30-or-so-minute drive from both Dundalk and Blackrock.
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): A narrow sea lough with significant expanses of mudflat and saltmarsh, and several small rock and shingle islands. Mountains surround the lough. This is a cross-border site, the southern shore lying in County Louth in the Republic of Ireland (IBA 122). The stated area of 4,660 ha covers the entire site on both sides of the border, but other data given here (habitats, land-use, threats and birds) are specific to the UK side. The IBA is important for breeding terns and wintering waterbirds. Branta bernicla are from the Canadian/Greenland breeding population of the hrota subspecies. BirdLife International (2024) Important Bird Area factsheet: Carlingford Lough (United Kingdom). Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/carlingford-lough-iba-united-kingdom on 09/10/2024.
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-23): Carlingford Lough facts for kids Carlingford Lough (Irish: Loch Cairlinn; Ulster Scots: Carlinford Loch or Cairlinfurd Loch) is a glacial fjord or sea inlet that forms part of the border between Northern Ireland to the north and the Republic of Ireland to the south. On its northern shore is County Down and on its southern shore is County Louth. At its extreme interior angle (the northwest corner) it is fed by the Newry River and the Newry Canal. [...] The Carlingford Lough Ramsar site (wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention), is 830.51 hectares in area, at latitude 54 03 00 N and longitude 06 07 00 W. It was designated a Ramsar site on 9 March 1998. It is a cross-border site. The northern shore is in Northern Ireland and includes the most significant mudflats in the lough, and an area of salt marsh. The southern shore is in the Republic of Ireland. At the mouth of the lough are several small rock and shingle islands which are of importance to terns. The Ramsar Site lies between Killowen Point and Soldiers Point on the northern shores of Carlingford Lough and the landward boundary coincides entirely with that of the Carlingford Lough Area of Special Scientific Interest and the Carlingford Lough Special Protection Area.
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-02): Carlingford Lough is a glacial fjord or sea inlet that forms part of the border between Northern Ireland to the north and the Republic of Ireland to the south. On its northern shore is County Down and on its southern shore is County Louth. Carlingford Lough offers a great swimming experience for anybody who loves to get into the water. [...] Come to Carlingford, Enjoy a swim
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-01-29): Carlingford Lough: A scene of tranquillity facing fierce Brexit debate - Published Carlingford Lough is often a place of calmness - and always one of natural beauty. [...] The Carlingford Lough car ferry sails from Greencastle to Greenore in County Louth.
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2010-01-21): Carlingford Lough inlet, Irish Sea verifiedCite [...] Carlingford Lough, inlet of the Irish Sea separating the Carlingford Peninsula of County Louth, Ireland, from the Mourne Mountains of the district of Newry and Mourne, Northern Ireland. The town of Newry is connected with the lough, which is 10 miles (16 km) long and 2–4 miles wide, by the Newry Canal, and the settlements on the lough shores include Warrenpoint, Rosstrevor, Carlingford, and the port of Greenore.
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): The Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border, sometimes referred to as the Irish border or British–Irish border, runs for 499 km (310 mi)[1][2] from Lough Foyle in the north-west of Ireland to Carlingford Lough in the north-east, separating the Republic of Ireland from Northern Ireland. [...] For as long as both states remain members of the EU (and thus the Common Fisheries Policy), the territorial waters are not disputed in practice between the two states. Their respective exclusive economic zones (EEZs) begin beyond their territorial waters and the boundary between them was agreed in 2014.[45][46][a] but the precise maritime boundary between Ireland and the United Kingdom concerning Lough Foyle (and similarly Carlingford Lough) remains disputed in principle. As recently as 2005, when asked to list those areas of EU member states where border definition is in dispute, a British Government minister responding for the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs stated: [...] The UK position is that the whole of Lough Foyle is within the UK. We recognise that the Irish Government does not accept this position [...] The regulation of activities in the Lough is now the responsibility of the Loughs Agency, a cross-border body established under the Belfast Agreement of 1998.[51]
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-08): The area has been awarded the prestigious "European Destination of Excellence" an imprimatur to the visitor of quality and a real cultural experience. Carlingford Lough is a shallow sea lough, which forms part of the border between Northern Ireland and the [...] The region owes its striking landscape to a combination of the underlying geology and the surface processes that have sculpted these rocks over the millions of years since their formation. The upland areas are all underlain by igneous rocks: Slieve Croob is formed of rocks belonging to the Newry Igneous Complex that was emplaced as the ancient Iapetus Ocean closed; the other areas in the Carlingford Lough region are underlain by granite and gabbro that date back to a period during the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. The magmas intruded earlier rocks, including sandstone, shale, and limestone, which tell some of the geological history of the region back to 440Ma (million years), a period of time that represents around a tenth of the age of the Earth itself . These rocks have been baked and altered close to their contacts with the igneous intrusions. Carlingford Lough was originally very shallow (
Claim: Carlingford Lough is a territory of United Kingdom (Carlingford Lough, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-02): Carlingford Lough is a beautiful coastal inlet sandwiched between the Mourne Mountains in Northern Ireland and the Cooley Peninsula in the Republic of Ireland. [...] Straddling the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, Carlingford Lough is just south of the beautiful Mourne Mountains, right in front of Carlingford town. It is actually an inlet from the Irish Sea, 27km northeast of Dundalk and 100km north of Dublin. County Down lines the north shore and County Louth is on the southern bank. [...] The sheltered waters of Carlingford Lough are actually a rare glacial fjord or sea inlet marking the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.