copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-17): For decades, African states have grappled with numerous interstate border disputes, especially in resource-rich regions. In east Africa, most of these conflicts are as old as independence. The disputes flare up every so often despite interventions by agencies of the African Union and the United Nations. A fresh war of words has erupted between Kenya and South Sudan over the water- and oil-rich Ilemi Triangle border, which was first drawn up in 1914. We asked Al Chukwuma Okoli, a defence strategy scholar, four key questions. [...] Some of these conflicts have been protracted and intractable. A case in point is the Kenya-South Sudan conflict, which seems to have become more complicated in recent years. It began in 1963 when Kenya claimed the Ilemi Triangle. Ilemi is a region rich in oil and water, lying to the north of a straight border that was drawn in 1914. Kenya's claim, and de facto control, extends beyond the limit marked in 1938. [...] Apart from the Ilemi Triangle spat, South Sudan is currently feuding with Sudan over the oil-rich Abiyei region. Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo are locked in a dispute over the ownership of parts of Lake Albert. The disputed spot has potential for crude oil alongside minerals like diamonds, gold and coltan.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2003-03-22): Delimitation of the Elastic Ilemi Triangle: Pastoral Conflicts and Official Indifference in the Horn of Africa @article{Mburu2003DelimitationOT, title={Delimitation of the Elastic Ilemi Triangle: Pastoral Conflicts and Official Indifference in the Horn of Africa}, author={Nene Mburu}, journal={African Studies Quarterly}, year={2003}, volume={7}, pages={15-16}, url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141454201} [...] ABSTRACT This article observes that although scholars have addressed the problem of the inherited colonial boundaries in Africa, there are lacunae in our knowledge of the complexity of demarcating the Kenya-Sudan-Ethiopia tri-junctional point known as the Ilemi Triangle. Apart from being a gateway to an area of Sudan rich in unexplored oil reserves, Ilemi is only significant for its dry season pastures that support communities of different countries. By analyzing why, until recently, the Ilemi… asq.africa.ufl.edu 24 Citations [...] The Turkana Grazing Factor In Kenya-South Sudan Ilemi Triangle Border Dispute
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-07-14): conflict over the Ilemi Triangle between Sudan and Kenya;
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-10): Between South Sudan and Kenya lies a very large area of disputed land, the Ilemi Triangle. 14,000 square kilometres of sparely inhabited terrain that both countries have competing claims on. Border disputes can easily turn into armed conflict. [...] For well over a decade, PAX has accompanied communities, churches and civil society organisation in the borderlands of South Sudan and Kenya to resolve local conflicts and develop a joint future. It is paramount that the statal dispute goes hand in hand with the creation of new perspectives for peaceful development for the people who live in and around the Ilemi Triangle. Their voices are to be heard, their rights and interests assured. The PAX report 'The Ilemi Triangle, Understanding a pastoralist border area' offers an up-to-date account of the dynamics around the Ilemi Triangle, including a deep dive into the interests and perspectives of affected communities. It argues why and how their rights and interests are to be considered in order to resolve the Ilemi question conclusively as well as peacefully.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-15): The PAX report offers an up-to-date account of the dynamics around the Ilemi Triangle, including a deep dive into the interests and perspectives of affected communities. It argues why and how their rights and interests are to be considered in order to resolve the Ilemi question conclusively as well as peacefully.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-04-18): The Ilemi region has been described as a ‘Triangle’ located where Kenya, South Sudan and Ethiopia interface with each other. Ilemi has been a bloody battlefield for ethnic communities living in and straddling the borders of the three countries in this area.[1] The inter-ethnic relationships of these communities have been affected by protracted conflicts which go back many years. Besides, there are century old contentious territorial claims about which country does the Ilemi Triangle belong to. The Ilemi Triangle measures over 14,000 square kilometers approximately [2](About the size of Northern Ireland). The conflict in the Ilemi has been frequently linked to issues of access to pasture and water. However, the causes and persistence of the conflict are much more variable and complex. For communities living in the Ilemi Triangle, it is difficult to determine the extent to which international boundaries really matter for their daily lives; grass and water no matter where located takes precedence for both their survival and that of their livestock. [...] The extremely challenged communities of Ilemi triangle require a multi-faceted approach if any substantial socio-economic and even political change is to be realized. To intervene Shalom applies both peacebuilding and development approaches. Shalom has provided material help to schools like Todonyang’ Integrated Centre that supports inter-ethnic learning of Turkana and Dassanech from Southern Ethiopia. Shalom has also supported Napak and Koyasa primary Schools located along the Kenya-South Sudan border.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-17): Elemi Triangle, a region along the Kenya, South Sudan, and Ethiopia border, has long been considered a theatre of violent conflicts over pasture, forage, and land. Communities from each of the three countries are pastoralists who, by and large, remain relatively marginalised by their national governments. This has seen the communities develop and rely on their indigenous governance and security provisioning systems. The use of traditional security systems involves reliance on elders and cultural norms. With regard to cattle rustling, elders and cultural demands determine when and with whom the raiders are to engage in war. Superimposed within this indigenous security regimen are national state-centric instruments of security, which are hardly recognised and appreciated by the pastoral communities. This chapter interrogates the opportunities and challenges of using parallel security systems, namely indigenous and contemporary security regimens, within the context of increased cases of cattle raiding along the Elemi Triangle. The study relied on descriptive and analytical methods to achieve this, and data was analysed through a qualitative methodology. Based on the findings, the chapter argues that the governments have marginalised the region; therefore, the pastoral communities have preferred relying on indigenous conflict mediation mechanisms. [...] Collins, R. O. (2004). The Ilemi Triangle. Annales d’Éthiopie, 20 (1), 5–12. Editions de la Table Ronde. [...] Mburu, N. (2003). Delimitation of the Elastic Ilemi Triangle: Pastoral Conflicts and Official Indifference in the Horn of Africa. African Studies Quarterly, 7(1), 15–37.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-10): Juba claims that Kenya has "illegally" taken 42 points of its borderline at Nadapal, a settlement on a key crossing point and trade route between the two countries. South Sudan’s Deputy Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation minister, Deng Dau Deng, said Kenya and Uganda are claiming part of the South Sudan borderline, pointing out that Juba will not cede an inch of the territory. Deng had said that Juba reported Kenya and Uganda to the African Union over the alleged border encroachment. Inside the disputed Elemi Triangle South Sudan and Kenya have a portion of their border, it is reported, largely undetermined at the Ilemi (also called Elemi) Triangle, a sparsely populated area of about 14,000 square kilometres. The Ilemi Triangle region is at the north-western corner of Lake Turkana, in northern Kenya and on the fringe of southern South Sudan. It is believed to be rich in oil. In this region, and beyond, pastoral communities have historically engaged in raids on livestock. In the past they used traditional weapons but since the nineteenth century onwards the use of firearms has been common.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-12-03): On the other hand, South Sudan is claiming over 14,000 square kilometers of territory, the Ilemi Triangle. The Triangle sits indeterminably around the common border between South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Kenya. In 1936, the colonial authorities in Juba allowed the British colonial governor of Kenya, to administer the Triangle. Kenya retained its administration over the territory at Sudan’s independence in 1956, and since South Sudan’s secessionist campaigns, Juba has never lost sight of Ilemi Triangle. [...] In the Ilemi Triangle, a loosely administered but largely ungoverned territory and competing claims over it, further puts the country’s territorial integrity on test. While Kenya has administered the Triangle since 1936, the Triangle is virtually an ungoverned space. The Triangle is a legendary cattle rustling hub, with communities in the region living by the law of the jungle. The Didinga, Nyangatom and Toposa of South Sudan, the Turkana of Kenya, the Dessanach of Ethiopia, and the Karamajong of Uganda engage in violent conflicts over water and pasture in the area. The ‘Ilemi communities’ have had a history of militia activity, with series of disarmament campaigns failing to rid the Triangle of small arms and light weapons.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-09): The two countries, however, have a portion of their border largely undetermined at the Ilemi (also called Elemi) Triangle, a sparsely populated area of about 14,000 square kilometres. Ilemi is on the fringe of southern South Sudan, which is believed to be rich in oil, and to the north of Turkana, a Kenyan county where Tullow Oil discovered oil in 2012. [...] The name Ilemi is believed be from a famous chief of the Anuak, a community on South Sudan’s boundary with Ethiopia. The triangle was named in honour of chief Ilemi Akwon.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-04-20): Ilemi triangle is variously claimed by Kenya, Ethiopia and South Sudan. This explains why until now the triangle has been unwanted hence not economically developed by any regional government.[4] Ilemi triangle is on the fringe of South Sudan, which is rich in unexplored oil. Nevertheless no explorations have been made in the contested territory partly due to insecurity from the 30 year civil war in South Sudan and partly due to hands-off altitude by each regional government. It lacks in infrastructure or modern facilities and is so insulated that its only reminder of the outside world is a Kenyan frontier post.[5] [...] The Ilemi Triangle is a piece of land joining Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia, roughly measuring between 10,320 and 14,000sq kilometers and named after Anuak Chief Ilemi Akwon.[52] The Triangle is on the fringe of Southern Sudan and is home to five ethno-linguistic communities: the Turkana, Didinga, Toposa, Inyangatom and the Dassenench who are members of the larger ethno-cultural groups of these neighbouring countries but traditionally migrate to graze in the Triangle.[53] Precisely, the conflict surrounding the Ilemi triangle originated from the unclearity of the 1907 treaty signed between the Ethiopian government under Emperor Menelik and the British, which in fact became the Kenya-Ethiopian border, latter known as the 1914 Line.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2005-07-17): The Ilemi Triangle – named after a famous chief of the Anuak, a community living along Sudan’s eastern border with Ethiopia – is larger than the Republic of the Gambia, or 10 times the area of Kiambu District. It is the gateway to the unexplored oil reserves in southern Sudan and is itself suspected to have minerals. Kenya came to occupy the Ilemi Triangle by default. Sudan – then under joint Anglo-Egyptian rule – did not want it because, according to the preliminary expedition that tried to occupy and administer the territory around 1930, it appeared to be "entirely useless". The Ilemi Triangle was, therefore, created for the administrative convenience of Sudan. The Turkana, who roamed over the hilly pastures with their livestock during the dry season, needed to be protected from violent raids by the well-armed Dassanetch, Nyangatom and Toposa rival communities and other raiders from Ethiopia and Sudan.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-31): KTN (2019) confirm the claim that states in the Ilemi triangle and the region are involved in funding border tribal militias for their strategic interests. This can be considered a deal with the devil, considering the banditry activities of the state-funded militias. The state contemplating whether to continue funding their militias and are under-resourced is forced to bow to the militia kingpins. In the Ilemi triangle, state authorities from Ethiopia, South Sudan, Uganda, and Kenya are forced to be pawns to flourish in the inter-border gun trade without their knowledge. [...] In areas such as the Ilemi and Golden Triangle, a final solution should be reached amongst the various states. Cold war tactics such as the use of parallel armed forces in border areas should stop so that the peace prevails. As the region federalizes, territorial integrity should be less focused than strategic collaboration, such as the congruence of economic zones. In the Ilemi triangle, Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan, and Ethiopia should utilize mineral resources for a unitary city for every East African. Like the Abyei and Heglieg box (Golden Triangle), territories can also be transferred upon agreement but with a compensation model.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-14): You are here: Home | Governance | News | Peace | Communities along Ilemi-triangle pledged end to cross-border violence [...] The dialogue reportedly took place in Natapar, an area within South Sudan’s Ilemi Triangle territory. [...] Abdallah Lokeno, the Commissioner of South Sudan’s Kapoeta East County, told Eye Radio that the just concluded dialogue was between the Ateker Speakers at Illemi-triangle.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-25): The Ilemi Triangle is a portion of land whose territorial ownership is contested by Kenya, South Sudan and Ethiopia. Its elastic size varies between 4,000 and 5,400 square miles, depending on the years and the surveyors. The triangle is mainly inhabited by the pastoralist communities of Turkana (from Kenya); Dassanech and Nyang’atom (from Ethiopia); and, Toposa (from South Sudan). In the heart of the triangle live the Turkana community particularly in areas of Kibish, Lokamarinyang’, Koyasa, Napak, Kokuro and Todonyang’. Surrounding them on the western side is the Toposa community from South Sudan who resides in Naita area; the Nyang’atom community who are found in the northeastern side in Kang’aten, Burme and Echoke villages; and the Dassanech community come out of the eastern side and reside in Koro, Nyemomeri, Damich, Salany and Sirimiriate villages. Of importance to note is that, the grazing patterns of these pastoralist communities exists independent of state borders hence their movement back and forth across the international borders of the three states.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-25): Dispute background - Decades-old border disputes between both nations routinely threaten the bilateral ties between the two countries. The oil-rich Ilemi triangle has been a point of contention and remains unresolved.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-16): For decades, African states have grappled with numerous interstate border disputes, especially in resource-rich regions. In east Africa, most of these conflicts are as old as independence. The disputes flare up every so often despite interventions by agencies of the African Union and the United Nations. A fresh war of words has erupted between Kenya and South Sudan over the water- and oil-rich Ilemi Triangle border, which was first drawn up in 1914. We asked Al Chukwuma Okoli, a defence strategy scholar, four key questions._ [...] Some of these conflicts have been protracted and intractable. A case in point is the Kenya–South Sudan conflict, which seems to have become more complicated in recent years. It began in 1963 when Kenya claimed the Ilemi Triangle. Ilemi is a region rich in oil and water, lying to the north of a straight border that was drawn in 1914. Kenya’s claim, and de facto control, extends beyond the limit marked in 1938. [...] Apart from the Ilemi Triangle spat, South Sudan is currently feuding with Sudan over the oil-rich Abiyei region. Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo are locked in a dispute over the ownership of parts of Lake Albert. The disputed spot has potential for crude oil alongside minerals like diamonds, gold and coltan.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-10): South Sudan and Kenya have a portion of their border, it is reported, largely undetermined at the Ilemi (also called Elemi) Triangle, a sparsely populated area of about 14,000 square kilometres. The Ilemi Triangle region is at the north-western corner of Lake Turkana, in northern Kenya and on the fringe of southern South Sudan. It is believed to be rich in oil. [...] According to Kenyan media reports, the name Ilemi is believed to be from a famous chief of the Anuak, a community on South Sudan's boundary with Ethiopia. The triangle was named in honour of chief Ilemi Akwon.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-14): The Ilemi Triangle is a sparsely populated, poorly demarcated tract of land on the border between Kenya and South Sudan. For years analysts have warned that this small, arid region has the potential to drive cross-border conflict. [...] The earliest of those surveys, known as the Maud Line, gives all of the Ilemi Triangle to what is now South Sudan. Since 1928, Kenya has administered the triangle as part of its northwestern Turkana County. It does so now using the 1950 boundary, known as the Sudanese Patrol Line, which gives Kenya all of the Triangle. [...] The Ilemi Triangle is emblematic of border disputes across Africa that have turned into competition for control of resources — particularly oil.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-16): Ilemi Triangle: Kenya; South Sudan
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-23): In 2019, the governments of South Sudan and Kenya signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to demarcate their common border. In the past, unclarity and contestation about the location of this border has resulted in a disputed area, called the Ilemi Triangle. PAX has done research on the Ilemi Triangle, placing the pastoralist perspective in the context of the border demarcation process.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of South Sudan (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-04): South Sudan-Kenya: two thirds of the boundary that separates Kenya and South Sudan's sovereignty known as the Ilemi Triangle has been unclear since British colonial times; Kenya has administered the area since colonial times; officials from Kenya and South Sudan signed a memorandum of understanding on boundary delimitation and demarcation and agreed to set up a joint committee; as of July 2019, the demarcation process was to begin in 90 days, but was delayed due to a lack of funding South Sudan-Sudan: present boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment, which clearly placed the Kafia Kingi area (adjacent to Central African Republic) within South Sudan as shown on US maps although it is mostly occupied by Sudan; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; the final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan; clashes continue in the oil-rich Abyei region; the United Nations interim security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has been deployed since 2011, when South Sudan became independent, Sudan accuses South Sudan of supporting Sudanese rebel groups
Claim: Vila Albornoz is a territory of Brazil (Vila Albornoz, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-09): Vila Thomaz Albornoz is a village in the border region between Brazil and Uruguay claimed by both countries. It is located adjacent to Villa Masoller in Uruguay and on international maps it appears as a territory under discussion. The contested region is located in what was called Rincão de Artigas, which has 22,000 hectares and has been litigated since 1934. Vila Albornoz was installed in 1985, on land ceded by rancher Thomaz Albornoz, to mark the Brazilian presence in the area.
Claim: Vila Albornoz is a territory of Brazil (Vila Albornoz, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-15): Masoller, no Uruguai, e a vila Thomaz Albornoz, no Brasil, são dois povoados fronteiriços encravados em uma região de 22 mil hectares reivindicada pelos uruguaios desde 1934. [...] Em 1984, a extensão litigiosa foi reclamada novamente pelo governo uruguaio. Em consequência, Figueiredo criou a vila Albornoz — uma espécie de demarcação de território. Até então, só existiam fazendas do lado brasileiro. "Da noite para o dia, vieram helicópteros militares e construíram uma caixa d’água, um centro comunitário e uma escola", dizem os moradores mais antigos do sul da fronteira. [...] Os terrenos na vila Albornoz são, até hoje, dizem os moradores, cedidos gratuitamente pelo governo a quem quiser ocupá-los. Entretanto, a demarcação de território pretendida em 1985 pelos militares não teve sucesso: atualmente, moram mais uruguaios do que brasileiros em Albornoz.
Claim: Vila Albornoz is a territory of Brazil (Vila Albornoz, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-30): Vila Thomaz Albornoz é uma povoação na região de fronteira entre Brasil e Uruguai reivindicada por ambos os países. É situada em posição contígua à Vila Masoller no Uruguai e nos mapas internacionais aparece como um território em discussão. A região contestada situa-se no que era chamado Rincão de Artigas, que tem 22 mil hectares, sendo litigado desde 1934. A vila Albornoz foi instalada em 1985, em terras cedidas pelo estancieiro Thomaz Albornoz, para marcar a presença brasileira na área.
Claim: Vila Albornoz is a territory of Brazil (Vila Albornoz, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-31): For Ecuador - Augusto AGUIRRE Aparicio - Humberto ALBORNOZ - Antonio PARRA - Carlos PUIG Vilassar - Arturo SCARONE [...] For Ecuador - A. AGUIRRE Aparicio - H. ALBORNOZ - Antonio PARRA V.
Claim: Vila Albornoz is a territory of Brazil (Vila Albornoz, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The brazilian territory also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[14] Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.[177] Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.[14]