copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of Kenya (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2005-07-17): The Ilemi Triangle – named after a famous chief of the Anuak, a community living along Sudan’s eastern border with Ethiopia – is larger than the Republic of the Gambia, or 10 times the area of Kiambu District. It is the gateway to the unexplored oil reserves in southern Sudan and is itself suspected to have minerals. Kenya came to occupy the Ilemi Triangle by default. Sudan – then under joint Anglo-Egyptian rule – did not want it because, according to the preliminary expedition that tried to occupy and administer the territory around 1930, it appeared to be "entirely useless". [...] After 1978, however, the dots disappeared from official Kenya maps and have been replaced by a continuous line, suggesting that the frontier territory now belongs to Kenya. But the Maud Line, some writers claim, is the only recognized international border. Not everybody agrees that the Maud Line is the international boundary. One of them is Maurice Amutabi, a Moi University lecturer currently on leave and teaching in the United States. Dr Amutabi, whose PhD research was on the Ilemi Triangle, holds that the territory belongs to Kenya.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of Kenya (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-10): South Sudan and Kenya have a portion of their border, it is reported, largely undetermined at the Ilemi (also called Elemi) Triangle, a sparsely populated area of about 14,000 square kilometres. The Ilemi Triangle region is at the north-western corner of Lake Turkana, in northern Kenya and on the fringe of southern South Sudan. It is believed to be rich in oil. [...] According to Kenyan media reports, the name Ilemi is believed to be from a famous chief of the Anuak, a community on South Sudan's boundary with Ethiopia. The triangle was named in honour of chief Ilemi Akwon.
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of Kenya (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-26): Lazarus Epae Ereng is currently the assistant chief for Nachukui sub location, Lowerengak in Turkana County. Since 2010, Lazarus has been an active member of Shalom-SCCRR community peace groups in the area-along the Kenya-Ethiopia borderline which is also an extension of Ilemi Triangle (a contested territory where Kenya, South Sudan and Ethiopia interface with each other. It is a bloody battlefield for ethnic communities living in and straddling the borders). [...] Oliver Noonan MA, and Mr Godfrey Okoth, MA, Director of Programs, he highlighted the importance, "of Shalom-SCCRR’s ongoing commitment to work for peace in his community and the entire Ilemi Triangle, as it is a severely marginalized region, where the people suffer from lack of basic human necessities concerning issues of food, safe drinking water, human security, education and medical care,…the region is struggling with lack of proper institutions and poor infrastructure as well as border issues which need to be attended too". [...] Mwangi, F. (2019). (The Ilemi Triangle’; Shalom-SCCRR’s conflict pre-assessments with cross-border communities) Shalom Center for Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation. https://shalomconflictcenter.org/the-ilemi-triangle-shalom-sccrrs-conflict-pre-assessments-with-cross-border-communities/
Claim: Ilemi Triangle is a territory of Kenya (Ilemi Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-10): Juba claims that Kenya has "illegally" taken 42 points of its borderline at Nadapal, a settlement on a key crossing point and trade route between the two countries. South Sudan’s Deputy Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation minister, Deng Dau Deng, said Kenya and Uganda are claiming part of the South Sudan borderline, pointing out that Juba will not cede an inch of the territory. Deng had said that Juba reported Kenya and Uganda to the African Union over the alleged border encroachment. Inside the disputed Elemi Triangle South Sudan and Kenya have a portion of their border, it is reported, largely undetermined at the Ilemi (also called Elemi) Triangle, a sparsely populated area of about 14,000 square kilometres. The Ilemi Triangle region is at the north-western corner of Lake Turkana, in northern Kenya and on the fringe of southern South Sudan. It is believed to be rich in oil. In this region, and beyond, pastoral communities have historically engaged in raids on livestock. In the past they used traditional weapons but since the nineteenth century onwards the use of firearms has been common.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): The Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute is an ongoing territorial dispute between Guyana and Venezuela over the Essequibo region, also known as Esequibo or Guayana Esequiba in Spanish (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwaˈʝana eseˈkiβa] ),[1] a 159,500 km2 (61,600 sq mi) area west of the Essequibo River. The territory, excluding the Venezuelan-controlled Ankoko Island, is controlled by Guyana as part of six of its regions,[note 1] based on the 1899 Paris Arbitral Award. It is also claimed by Venezuela as the Guayana Esequiba State.[2][page needed][3][4] The boundary dispute was inherited from the colonial powers (Spain in the case of Venezuela, and the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in the case of Guyana) and has persisted following the independence of Venezuela and Guyana. [...] the territory named by Venezuela as Guayana Esequiba - "Maduro decreta establecer un nuevo territorio en una rica región en disputa con Guyana". ABC (in Spanish). 8 January 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2023. [...] Called Guayana Esequiba in Venezuela - "Guyana rejects Venezuela's revived territorial claim | Argus Media". Argus Media. 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-25): Guayana Esequiba is the name Venezuela gives to a region that it claims in the west of Guyana. Its area is 159,500 square kilometers. For Guyana, this area is divided into the six administrative regions of Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo and Essequibo Islands-West Demerara. [...] Venezuelan maps drawn since 1970 show all the area from the eastern bank of the Essequibo, including the islands in the river, as Venezuelan territory. On some maps, the western Essequibo region is called the "Zone of Reclamation".[6] [...] References [change | change source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Agreement to resolve the controversy over the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana (Treaty of Geneva, 1966) from UN - ↑ Summary of the Judgement of 18 December 2020 - ↑ Narine Singh, Jai. 1982: Diplomacia o guerra. Análisis de la controversia fronteriza entre Venezuela y Guyana. Eduven. Caracas. 223p. ISBN 84-499-8751-2 - ↑ Cabrera Sifontes, 1988: La verdad sobre nuestra Guayana Esequiba. Monte Ávila Editores, C.A. Caracas. 161p. ISBN 980-01-0202-7 - ↑ González Oropeza, Hermann. y Donis Ríos, Manuel. 1989: Historia de las fronteras de Venezuela. Cuadernos Lagoven. Lagoven, S.A. Caracas. 180p. ISBN 980-259-257-9 - ↑ The Trail of Diplomacy - A Documentary History of the Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue by Dr.Odeen Ishmael http://www.guyana.org/features/trail_diplomacy.html - ↑ Le Monde - Le Venezuela adopte une loi affirmant sa souveraineté sur l’Essequibo, actuel territoire du Guyana https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2024/03/23/le-venezuela-adopte-une-loi-affirmant-sa-souverainete-sur-l-essequibo-actuel-territoire-de-guyana_6223636_3210.html
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-05): Raising of the Guyanese and Venezuelan flags [edit]At the end of November 2023, the President of Guyana, Irfaan Ali, met with soldiers who guard the border between both countries. In a video released by the government Ali raised the Guyanese flag at an event on the Pakarampa mountain in the Essequibo, near Venezuela's Bolívar state, where he also took an oath of national loyalty.[46] After these acts, the Minister of Defence of Venezuela, Vladímir Padrino López declared that the Venezuelan Armed Forces will be "permanently vigilant" of "any action that threatens" the "territorial integrity", asking the population to vote in the referendum and adding that the conflict "for now" is not a war.[66] The governor of Zulia, Manuel Rosales, claimed that "Guayana Esequiba is one hundred percent Venezuelan territory," arguing that Guyana's actions violated the 1966 Geneva agreement, and criticised the fact that the UN and the OAS did not speak out on the matter.[67] [...] Among the effects of the conflict were the use of force by Venezuela, her sponsoring of a secessionist movement in the Rupununi region of Guyana - González, Pedro (1991). La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Caracas. [...] - ^ "Engañoso: ¿Reemplazo de la bandera guyanesa por la venezolana ocurrió en el estado Guayana Esequiba?". Cazadores de Fake News. 13 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-04): Venezuela argues that Guyana's Essequibo region, also known as Guayana Esequiba, was stolen from it when the border was drawn over a century ago. [...] Venezuelan voters were asked whether they support "the creation of the Guayana Esequiba state" in the 61,600-square-mile disputed territory, and its incorporation into Venezuela. [...] "We have taken the first steps of a new historical stage to fight for our Guayana Esequiba, for peace and to recover what the liberators left us," Maduro said following the announcing of the referendum's results.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-18): Venezuela’s claimed territory, also known as Guayana Esequiba, is 159,500 square kilometres west of the river of the same name. SouthCom (the Pentagon) never intervenes in territorial disputes, unless the territory in question contains resources of geopolitical importance for US imperialism. [...] On the eve of Venezuelan independence in 1810, Spain’s official map of the Captaincy also included it. Since Venezuelan independence, all its constitutions (1811, 1819, 1821, 1830, 1857, 1858, 1864, 1874, 1881, 1891, 1893, 1901, 1904, 1909, 1914, 1922, 1925, 1928, 1931, 1936, 1947, 1953, 1961 and the Bolivarian Constitution of 1999) have included Guayana Esequiba as integral part of its territory. [...] In 1825 the British empire acknowledged its independence with Guayana Esequiba as an integral part of that state. With the separation from Great Colombia in 1830, Venezuela’s constitution established that its territory comprised the region [called before 1810] "the Captaincy General of Venezuela." In 1834 Britain recognised Venezuela’s independence.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-29): A consultative referendum was initiated by the government of Nicolás Maduro regarding Venezuela's claim over the Guayana Esequiba, whose territory is disputed with, and controlled by, neighboring Guyana. The referendum took place on 3 December 2023 in Venezuela.[1] The population of the territory in question was not consulted and did not vote as voting only took place within Venezuela. [...] The region's status is subject to the Geneva Agreement of 1966, signed by the governments of the United Kingdom, Venezuela, and British Guiana. The agreement stipulated that the parties involved will agree to find a peaceful, practical, and satisfactory resolution to the dispute.[11] Venezuela argues that the 1966 agreement nullified the results of the original arbitration that established the Schomburgk line as the border between Venezuela and Guyana.[12] Venezuela's claim to the territory it calls "Guayana Esequiba" is one of the only issues that receives unified support from both chavistas and the Venezuelan opposition.[3] [...] - "Do you agree with the creation of the Guayana Esequiba state and the development of an accelerated plan for comprehensive care for the current and future population of that territory, which includes, among others, the granting of citizenship and identity card? Venezuela, in accordance with the Geneva Agreement and International Law, consequently incorporating said state on the map of Venezuelan territory?"[13]
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-07): After the referendum, the government of President Nicolas Maduro announced that the Essequibo would become a fully-fledged state of Venezuela—although Guyana still controls the territory effectively. An administrative centre is being set up in Tumeremo, a town 95km from the de facto border. [...] State of Guayana Esequiba [...] The Venezuelan government is also creating an "Essequibo branch" for the state-owned firms PDVSA—oil—and the Corporación Venezolana de Guayana—a metals conglomerate. Offering exploration and exploitation licenses is not likely to materialise while territorial control remains in the hands of Guyana. However, it is a proportionate response to Georgetown’s actions, as it has done precisely that by allowing foreign firms to survey contested waters and pump its oil.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-04): The Government of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana has taken note of the action taken today, April 3, 2024, by the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to promulgate "the Organic Law for the Defense of Guayana Esequiba." This attempt by Venezuela to annex more than two-thirds of Guyana’s sovereign territory and make it part of Venezuela is an egregious violation of the most fundamental principles of international law enshrined in the United Nations Charter, the Charter of the Organisation of American States and customary international law. [...] It is as a result of the 1966 Geneva Agreement, to which Venezuela and Guyana are parties, that the International Court of Justice has ruled that it has jurisdiction to make a decision on the case brought before it by Guyana regarding the validity of the 1899 Arbitral Award which definitively settled the land boundary between the two countries. The Court’s decision will be final and binding on both parties. If Venezuela wants to contest title to the territory in question, the proper forum is the International Court of Justice, which will decide the issue objectively and according to the law.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Guayana Esequiba is a territory subject to one of the most longstanding and territorial disputes in South America. The territory to the west of the Essequibo river has been historically claimed by Venezuela. Guayana Esequiba is an area of 159,500 km² today controlled by Guyana and divided into six administrative regions: Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, Potaro-Siparuni, Barima-Waini, Pomeroon-Supenaam, and Cuyuni-Mazaruni. [...] In 1966 Venezuela, British Guiana and the United Kingom agreed to resolve the territorial disputes in the Geneva Treaty. Later the same year Venezuela recognized Guyana as independent state but which territories started to the east of the Essequibo river. In 1969 a pro-independence rebellion broke out in the Guayana Esequiba, the Ruununi Uprising, which was neutralized by the Guyanese Armed Forces. The agreement subscribed by the Geneva Treaty was not reached, and despite the Port of Spain Protocol signed in 1970 no solution has been found yet to the Guyana-Venezuela border dispute. The disagreements have extended to the maritime areas in dispute as well. The Venezuelan Navy in 2013 deteined and oil exploration ship commissioned by the Government of Guyana in the disputed territorial waters. The oil in the cost near the disputed territories may make the resolution of the conflict more difficult than ever.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-22): Pending a practical and mutually acceptable solution to the dispute, the authorities of the State of Guayana Esequiba will be headquartered in the town of Tumeremo, in the state of Bolívar, it was explained. The Venezuelan Parliament unanimously approved the creation of the state of Guayana Esequiba, which is to be added to the country's official maps. The law establishes that a Governor for the state of Guayana Esequiba needs to be elected but until that happens Caracas will appoint the authorities for the region where mostly indigenous communities live.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-07): This week, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro took unprecedented steps to establish control over the contested Essequibo region of neighboring Guyana, violating an International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling. Essequibo, a region in western Guyana, accounts for two-thirds of the country’s territory, 16 percent of its population—and, crucially, would give Caracas a claim to offshore oil riches that Guyana recently found and that Venezuela clearly covets. [...] According to the government, more than 95 percent of voters approved all five questions on the referendum, which called for the creation of a new so-called Guayana Esequiba state as well as granting its residents Venezuelan citizenship, providing the population with identity cards, incorporating Essequibo onto Venezuela’s map, and rejecting the 1899 ruling. "A new era in the fight for our Guayana Esequiba has begun," Maduro said in celebration of the results. "Now we will recover Venezuela’s historical rights."
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-12): Undeterred, two days after the referendum, Maduro ordered a series of actions that, according to Guyana’s president, is in "full defiance of international law" and is seen as extremely threatening. Maduro created a high commission for the defense of the "new state" of Guayana Esequiba, headed by Delcy Rodríguez, the vice president and a regime stalwart. Maduro ordered the National Assembly to create the state of Guayana Esequiba, established a military zone for the new state, and named General Rodríguez Cabello, previously commanding general of the army, as its sole authority. Further, Maduro ordered the state-owned oil company, Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), and the Venezuelan Corporation of Guayana (CVG) to create the PDVSA-Essequibo and CVG-Essequibo divisions, respectively, and to immediately begin granting operating licenses for the exploration of oil, gas, and mines in the new state. Lastly, Maduro ordered that a social care plan for the people living in the disputed territory be implemented, that a census be carried out, and that Venezuelan identity cards be handed out to the inhabitants, among other initiatives.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-14): The leaders of Venezuela and Guyana said Thursday that they would not use force against each other amid a dispute over an oil-rich piece of Guyanese land and agreed to create a joint commission to address the territorial spat. [...] Tension over the land, which amounts to about two-thirds of Guyanese national territory, has mounted in recent days after a Venezuelan referendum in which voters assented to the creation of a Venezuelan state within the disputed region. Guyana has called the move a step towards annexation and an "existential" threat. [...] Venezuela has long laid claim to the Essequibo and rejects an 1899 ruling by an international tribunal that set the boundaries.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-06): Venezuela’s President Nicolas Maduro on Tuesday called for a bill to create a "Guyana Esequiba" province and ordered Venezuelan companies to prepare to enter the territory to explore for fossil fuels and minerals "immediately". The move escalated tensions over the disputed oil-rich territory. [...] Venezuela has for decades laid claim to Essequibo, claiming that the Essequibo River to the region’s east forms a natural border and has historically been recognised as such. [...] However, Maduro proposed at Tuesday’s government meeting that a bill be sent to the National Assembly for the creation of a "Guyana Esequiba" province.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-03): Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro is organising a referendum on Sunday to decide whether to create a new state in the Essequibo territory, an area currently under the control of neighbouring Guyana. Does Caracas have the means for its territorial ambitions, or is it just political grandstanding? [...] The territorial dispute over Essequibo dates back to the colonial era. In 1811, when Venezuela proclaimed its independence, it believed the region was part of its territory. Despite the claims, the United Kingdom, which occupied the territory of present-day Guyana, placed the region under the authority of the British crown. In 1899, an arbitration court ruled in favour of the UK, even though the United States had supported Caracas. [...] If Venezuela were to genuinely attempt to annex Essequibo, "it could destabilise the entire region", says Idler. Countries like Brazil or Uruguay could be forced to choose sides in this territorial conflict.
Claim: Guayana Esequiba is a territory of Venezuela (Guayana Esequiba, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-14): The Venezuelan president said he had ordered a law to be drafted recognising a new state – the Guayana-Esequiba – where the English-speaking residents would be given Venezuelan national ID cards. He also ordered national companies to begin mining and oil extraction operations in the resource-rich region, and for a special military unit to be created for the region, alarming observers and causing Brazil to send armoured vehicles to its border. [...] "I have immediately ordered for it to be published and taken to all schools, colleges, community councils, public establishments, universities and in all homes in the country, the new map of Venezuela with our Guayana-Esequiba. This is our dear map!" he said, presenting the illustration. [...] Though voter turnout was low and government figures have been widely questioned by observers, the Venezuelan government said 95% of voters agreed to ignore the court and recognise Essequibo as part of Venezuela.