copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-05): The People's Republic of China (PRC) (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國) is a one-party state in East Asia governed by the Communist Party of China (CPC). It was founded on 1 October 1949. It currently has more than 1.4 billion people (as of 2017).[3] It covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometers. [...] By 1949, the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party had gained control over mainland China and Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People's Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek and the other nationalists fled to Taiwan. [...] Geography [change | change source]The People's Republic of China is the third-[22] or fourth-largest[23] country in the world after Russia, Canada, and (in some sources) the United States and the second-largest by land area.[24] China has every kind of climate in the northern hemisphere except the polar climate. It is also the largest country without any land north of the Arctic Circle. China borders 14 nations, which is more than any other country in the world. It borders Vietnam, Laos, and Burma in Southeast Asia; India, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan[25] in South Asia; Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in Central Asia; a small section of Russian Altai and Mongolia in Inner Asia; and the Russian Far East and North Korea in Northeast Asia.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-17): In the last few months, there have been a number of skirmishes and stand-offs between Chinese and Indian military forces along disputed and settled parts of the Sino-Indian border. The most significant escalation took place in mid-June in high-altitude ridges of the Galwan Valley in the Himalayan region along the 2,100 mile long disputed Line of Actual Control (LAC). The LAC is a loose line of demarcation of the disputed area that is divided into three sectors, and its western sector separates the Indian-controlled territory of eastern Ladakh from the Chinese-administered territory of Aksai Chin (which is also claimed by India). [...] - 1996 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field along the Line of Actual Control in the Sino-Indian Border [...] - 2005 Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of India on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the China-India Boundary Question
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-09): The Aksai Chin comprises the western sector of the 2,100-mile disputed Sino-Indian border defined by the LAC. As seen on figure 1, the road and railroad infrastructure in the region is extremely limited, as are the number of airfields. The distances between major cities are great, and transportation is difficult because of the altitude, mountains, rivers, deserts, and climate. The average elevation in the Aksai Chin is some 17,000 feet (over 5,000 meters) above sea level, requiring troops from lower elevations to take days to over a week to acclimate, and frequently requires the use of oxygen while marching or exercising. The altitude and extreme cold also adversely affect the performance of weapons, vehicles, and aircraft.6
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-26): The Sino-Indian border is some 3,380 kilometers (2,100 miles) long. China has two major claims and one smaller claim on what India considers its territory. In the western sector of the border, in the Ladakh District of Jammu and Kashmir, China claims the Aksai Chin, where the PRC holds about 43,180 square kilometers of what India claims as its territory.47 The PRC built the Karakorum Highway there to connect China and Pakistan. In the middle sector, bordering the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand and the PRC provinces of Xinjiang and Tibet, China claims 2,000 square kilometers of what India considers its territory.48 In the eastern sector, China claims 90,000 square kilometers of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, i.e., virtually the entire state.49 The conflicting claims in the eastern sector are along the McMahon Line, a demarcation drawn by British foreign Secretary Henry McMahon during the Simla Conference held in Northern India from 13 October 1913 through 3 July 1914.50 In the western sector and middle sectors, the conflicting claims stem from one survey by British officials in 1846–1847 and a later survey by W.H. Johnson, an officer of the British Survey of India, who traversed the Aksai Chin and Karakorum area in 1865.51 When Great Britain relinquished its claim to the Indian empire in 1947, the British tried to translate these surveys into maps. Unfortunately, the work was never completed, nor did China ever agree, and the new Indian government began its own policy of completing surveys while also moving forces forward.52
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-09): Except the Indian maps do not show Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin and Shaksgam. None of these four regions is under India’s actual control. For India, they simply don’t exist. The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir goes to the Pakistan border to include what would comprise Azad Kashmir; Ladakh extends to include the other three areas. Terms such as "Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir", "China-Occupied Kashmir", or "Line of Control" also don’t appear on the Indian maps. [...] Now, 173 years later, Maharaja Gulab Singh’s state is no longer. His legacy has been tarnished – surprisingly by a government that would be sympathetic to this Hindu’s personal achievements and religion. Apart from creating and dominating Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir, Gulab Singh captured Aksai Chin from the Chinese in 1842. This not only has provided India with its current claim to this Chinese-held territory, but also it made the Dogra one of the few Indians ever to expand India’s boundaries.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-02): In 1959, in the Western Sector (Aksai Chin Region), a clash at Kongka Pass led to the death of nine Indian soldiers – the first casualties of the Sino-Indian boundary dispute. This forced Nehru and Zhou’s hand. Leaving the boundary ambiguous was no longer tenable. [...] In a nutshell, this was the "package deal" – a status quo solution. The Chinese would accept India’s claims in the Eastern Sector, which was more critical for the security of India’s Northeast, in exchange for Indian acceptance of Chinese sovereignty in the Western Sector of Aksai Chin, which was the region that housed the arterial road that connected Chinese forces to the Tibetan plateau via Xinjiang. For his part, Nehru too had been preparing the grounds for this "package deal." In Parliament, he repeatedly mentioned Aksai Chin as inhospitable terrain. This provided some defense for India’s inability to prevent Chinese encroachments. The Indian side had long been willing to trade Chinese presence in the Aksai Chin region for China’s formal recognition of the McMahon Line in the Eastern Sector.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-10): India and China are separated by the longest disputed border in the world, at around 3,500 kilometres. In the Himalayan region, it follows the colonial McMahon Line and is particularly controversial in Kashmir and north-east India. In the late 1950s, China built a permanent road to Tibet through the Aksai Chin region in Kashmir. In 1959, Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai proposed an exchange of territory. This would have given China the Aksai Chin region in exchange for giving up its territorial claims in north-eastern India, now the state of Arunachal Pradesh. However, the Indian government rejected the proposal. After India’s military defeat in the border war of 1962, both sides broke off diplomatic relations, leaving the course of the border unresolved. [...] With its new map of 4 August 2020, Islamabad underlined its position on the Kashmir issue. Pakistan’s national borders encompass the whole of Kashmir, which confirms the political claim to the territory. Pakistan had ceded the Shaksgam Valley in its part of Kashmir to the People’s Republic in 1963 as part of its political rapprochement with China (see Map 3, p. 6). The Aksai Chin region claimed by China is marked as "frontier undefined". This corresponded to the position agreed by the two states in the 1963 treaty. Earlier maps, on the other hand, often graphically separated Kashmir – including the GB and AJK regions – from Pakistani territory to indicate that Kashmir is a disputed territory as defined by UN resolutions.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-06): The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) 2023 "standard map" raised familiar protests with its long-invalidated claims to most of the South China Sea as well as the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and other disputed territory. An unexpected assertion of sovereignty over an island at the PRC’s Russian border, however, showed Beijing’s willingness to appropriate territory even from its closest partners. [...] After the PRC’s latest claim to the entire island, Russia’s foreign ministry stated that the issue was settled more than a decade ago and dismissed any suggestion of reopening the dispute, Newsweek reported. [...] India also lodged a complaint with Beijing over the latest map, saying the territorial assertions have no basis, reported the BBC. The map stakes claim to the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and the disputed Aksai Chin plateau in the Beijing-administered Kashmir region.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): Xinjiang,[a] officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,[11][12] is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country at the crossroads of Central Asia and East Asia. Being the largest province-level division of China by area and the 8th-largest country subdivision in the world, Xinjiang spans over 1.6 million square kilometres (620,000 sq mi) and has about 25 million inhabitants.[1][13] Xinjiang borders the countries of Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, and Tajikistan. The rugged Karakoram, Kunlun and Tian Shan mountain ranges occupy much of Xinjiang's borders, as well as its western and southern regions. The Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract regions are claimed by India but administered by China.[14][15][16] Xinjiang also borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai. The most well-known route of the historic Silk Road ran through the territory from the east to its northwestern border.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-01): Consider the maps of India that each Quad country utilizes. U.S. maps, such as this from the CIA, highlight India’s claim over Aksai Chin; they do not imply Chinese sovereignty even as they show the border and the line of actual control separately. Maps published by the Australian government, however, signal that Aksai Chin is actually part of China. The same holds true with both Japan’s foreign ministry and Japan’s premier NGO, which is funded by its Foreign Ministry. Few diplomats in Washington, Canberra, or Tokyo may think about such maps. In the State Department, resident cartographers might fall on the ladder of prestige slightly below the deputy assistant coffee-getter. Smug dismissiveness of Indian concerns, however, will not advance the Quad but will instead enforce the perception that the United States, Australia, and Japan do not fully appreciate India’s security concerns or its previous victimization by China (and its vassals). Simply put, if the Quad is going to move forward, both as a strategic dialogue and perhaps more, it is time that not only the United States but also Australia and Japan side unequivocally with India. This means, in practice, jointly recognizing that Aksai Chin is occupied Indian territory, as much a part of Ladakh as Kargil and Leh. Not only should the maps of all Quad members reflect this, but also their policies. The days in which a man like Kissinger can treat the world’s largest democracy as a junior partner should be over.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-04-21): One was the completion of the strategic DSDBO Road in 2019, which greatly enhanced communications and logistics for India’s outposts along the LAC. The PLA’s move down the Galwan Valley appears to have been aimed at establishing an overlook on to this road. The second was India’s dissolution of the state of Jammu and Kashmir on 31 October 2019. This administrative act proclaimed Ladakh, together with the Chinese-held territory of Aksai Chin, as a new Union Territory directly administered by the government in New Delhi. At the time, the PRC denounced this as placing Chinese territory under Indian administration, accused India of challenging China’s sovereign rights and interests, and described the act as illegal, null, and void. China’s moves along the LAC the following year may have been what the University of Macau’s You Ji 由冀 has called ‘one-plus retaliation’, meaning that China responds to perceived provocations by advancing its own position one step further than its adversary has.5
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-22): The conquest of Tibet has led to further historical invention, which drives the current conflict between India and China. The "disputed" area of Aksai Chin, which had been located outside China in documents from between the wars, was claimed as part of China by the PRC. In 1950, the PRC built a road that connected its colonies of Tibet and East Turkestan (today’s Xinjiang), with a long section of it running through what had been considered the Indian portion of Aksai Chin. Taiwan watchers take note: in June 2006, Google Earth satellite imagery uncovered a 1:500 scale terrain model of eastern Aksai Chin and adjacent Tibet not far from the capital of Ningxia region in China. "A visual side-by-side comparison shows a very detailed duplication of Aksai Chin in the camp," Wiki says. Similar scale models of Taiwan facilities in China have been spotted by satellites. The 1950 road section through Aksai Chin shows how the construction of infrastructure on other people’s territory to support annexation is an old practice with the PRC, one continued most recently in its occupation of the South China Sea. As with India, Tibet and East Turkestan, the PRC’s "historical" claims to the South China Sea, invented in the 1930s, led the PRC to pursue military conflict with Vietnam, and to the current military occupation of the area.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-15): Aksai Chin’s importance to China rose in the wake of the latter’s invasion of Tibet in 1950-1951. Beijing needed overland routes to transport soldiers, equipment and supplies to Tibet. Of the three routes into Tibet available at that time, the western route from Xinjiang to Tibet was the most convenient. Like the other routes, the western route ran through difficult terrain, but it was an all-weather route that was easier to navigate. However, this route ran through Aksai Chin. Control over Aksai Chin was therefore vital for the PRC’s consolidation of control over Tibet, and in the early 1950s China began construction of a road through the region capable of supporting vehicular traffic. The value of this road, which was completed in 1957, grew in the wake of the 1959 Tibetan uprising as China had to send in large numbers of troops to crush the uprising and tighten its grip over Tibet. The military capture of Aksai Chin became necessary, and this was achieved through the 1962 war with India. [2]
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-17): Springs and the Galwan Valley (also in Ladakh), and clashes between Chinese and Indian soldiers on the border near India’s Sikkim state. Authoritative information is limited, but vario us accounts claim PRC troops made territorial gains of 40-60 square kilometers. On May 27, President Trum p tweeted that "the [...] The China-India frontier is comprised of two major "sectors": the western sector includes the vast but mostly uninhabited Himalayan territory of Aksai Chin (part of the larger Kashmir dispute that also [...] Nepal and Bhutan. India and China both claim the entirety of Aksai Chin, and Beijing formally claims all of India’s Arunachal Pradesh state, calling it "South Tibet." (U.S. policy has long recognized the
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-30): In the new map, China has made territorial claims on a small region in Russia, the Aksai Chin Region in India’s Arunachal Pradesh, the South China Sea and has also claimed Taiwan by creating a U-shaped ten-dash line on its map claiming around 90% of the South China Sea region whose territorial jurisdiction resides with the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The map contains altered names for multiple locations within these regions. Most of the territories mentioned above are either disputed or have been denounced as illegal Chinese intervention by various international tribunals, NGOs, and states. The Aksai Chin Region has been part of India since 1947. After the Indo-China war in 1962, there has been intervention in the territory by the intrusion of Chinese soldiers, and the setting up of military camps including hangers and runways. India has always retaliated against such intervention by China through the release of maps and other means. Right from the decline of the Qing Dynasty to the 1913 Shimla Treaty and the McMahon Line being the de facto border, the history of territorial claims over Aksai Chin has been full of conflicts. China’s recent claim to this territory through the release of its official map is unjustified.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of India (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-30): Tawang is a town and administrative headquarter of Tawang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.[1][2] It lies on NH-13 section of Trans-Arunachal Highway. The town was once the headquarter of the Tawang Tract, which is now divided into the Tawang district and the West Kameng district. Tawang continues as the headquarters of the former. Tawang is the number one tourist destination of Arunachal Pradesh. India occupied Tawang in 1951 and removed Tibetan administration from the area.[3][4] China continues to claim Tawang as its region.[3] It is situated 448 km north-west of state capital Itanagar at an elevation of approximately 3,048 metres (10,000 ft). It lies to the north of the Tawang Chu river valley, roughly 10 miles (16 km) south of the Line of Actual Control with China. It is the site of a famous Gelugpa Buddhist Monastery. [...] - ^ a b "Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama". The Times of India. 4 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of India (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-02): Tawang, a hidden belle located in the Himalayas, India's Arunachal Pradesh state. It is a cool destination with distinct features of nature, rich cultural heritage and historical importance. Here are some essential things to know before embarking on a journey to this charming place. [...] The closeness of Tawang to international boundaries necessitates special permits for both foreign and local tourists that visit it. Inner Line Permit (ILP) is required for Indian travelers who can either apply online or get from Arunachal Pradesh assigned offices. Foreign tourists require Protected Area Permit (PAP) that one may obtain through registered tour operators or Indian Ministry of Home Affairs respectively. To avoid inconveniences during your trip ensure all relevant documents have been cleared before you embark on your journey. [...] Predominantly populated by the Monpa tribe who follow Tibetan Buddhism as their religion, Tawang has a significant place called Tawang Monastery which is one among India's largest monasteries hence attracting many tourists including locals as a spiritual destination.. Respecting local cultures must be taken seriously; modest dressing while visiting religious sites along with shoe removal before entering them should be adhered to all the time. Locals in this place are warm-hearted and friendly hence learning some basic phrases in their language could help develop relations.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of India (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-07): Tawang has had a chequered political history. It was under the Tibetan administration till 1950, when Tibet lost its autonomy, and became a part of the Peoples’ Republic of China. Tawang thus came under the control of the Chinese. It was in the year 1951, that India finally took control of Tawang. [...] Tawang town is the headquarters of the Tawang District of the Northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. It is close to the LAC (Line of actual control) with China. [...] Tawang is famous for the Tawang Monastery and the proximity to Bumla Pass on the Indo-China border.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of India (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-17): Tawang is a town situated at an elevation of approximately 3,048 metres to the east of Bhutan. The area is administered by the Republic of India as a part of the Arunachal Pradesh state, however, it is claimed by the People’s Republic of China as a part of South Tibet, under Tsona Dzong of Shannan, Tibet. - During the Sino-India war in 1962, China occupied the major parts of the state including Tawang but returned back to the Mac Mahon line after the war ended in 1963. [...] Tawang is the most popular tourist destination of Arunachal Pradesh.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of India (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-19): Explained: Tawang Crisis, An Impasse In India-China Relations [...] Yangtse in the Tawang sector in Arunachal Pradesh where the December 9 scuffle took place is one of the three ‘agreed areas’ of the LAC between the Chinese and Indian sides. And India holds a strategically advantageous position on its side and according to Security Risks Asia, a website that is dedicated to analyzing security situations in the region believes that China intends to keep the border dispute alive. [...] Tawang was the birthplace of the 6th Dalai lama in 1683, and a part of Tibet with whom China has its own internal complexities. And Arunachal Pradesh for the Chinese remains ‘non-negotiable’ when it comes to a final and permanent solution.