copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2023-06-08): The indicators show that human-induced warming reached 1.14 [0.9 to 1.4] ∘C averaged over the 2013–2022 decade and 1.26 [1.0 to 1.6] ∘C in 2022. Over the 2013–2022 period, human-induced warming has been increasing at an unprecedented rate of over 0.2 ∘C per decade. This high rate of warming is caused by a combination of greenhouse gas emissions being at an all-time high of 54 ± 5.3 GtCO2e over the last decade, as well as reductions in the strength of aerosol cooling. Despite this, there is evidence that increases in greenhouse gas emissions have slowed, and depending on societal choices, a continued series of these annual updates over the critical 2020s decade could track a change of direction for human influence on climate. [...] Gillett, N. P., Kirchmeier-Young, M., Ribes, A., Shiogama, H., Hegerl, G. C., Knutti, R., Gastineau, G., John, J. G., Li, L., Nazarenko, L., Rosenbloom, N., Seland, Ø., Wu, T., Yukimoto, S., and Ziehn, T.: Constraining human contributions to observed warming since the pre-industrial period, Nat. Clim. Chang., 11, 207–212, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00965-9, 2021.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2020-06-18): Article in The Guardian misleads readers about sensitivity of climate models by narrowly focusing on single study in The Guardian, by Jonathan Watts — 18 Jun 2020 "The article correctly reports that the most recent versions of some climate models estimate more warming for a given increase in CO2 concentrations. It is also correct in highligh.. [...] In popular video, Dan Peña falsely claims humans aren’t causing climate change Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...] It's all cyclical; [human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are] not a fart in the wind. Sea level rise is not going to happen.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2022-06-09): NOAA shows clear global warming trends over the past 58 years based on radiosonde data [...] Climate scientists agree that human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are primarily responsible for climate change, contrary to claims in Clear Energy Alliance video [...] Ian Plimer wrongly claims that carbon dioxide emissions do not cause climate change
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2019-12-11): More recent estimates from Terrenoire et al. (2019) project that CO2 emissions from the global aviation sector will be responsible for up to 0.1 ∘C by the end of the century in the absence of mitigation action. [...] Figure 5a shows the impact of future international aviation emissions (beginning in 2020) on surface air temperature change throughout the 21st century. The contribution of CO2 emissions to future warming over time and in the year 2100 is slightly lower than that from the shipping sector (0.05 ∘C by 2100). However, the inclusion of non-CO2 climate pollutant emissions does not yield a net cooling effect for several decades as it does with shipping and reduces warming by the end of the century to 0.03 ∘C (note that we do not include the impacts on contrails and cirrus clouds here). For a few years, the net temperature impact from future aviation emissions is cooling but then quickly switches to warming and increases steadily through the end of the century (consistent with radiative forcing calculations in Unger et al. (2010) for constant year-2000 emissions). Similar to shipping, the cooling effect is dominated by the cooling precursor gas nitrogen oxide (Fig. 5b). By 2100, nitrogen oxides are responsible for a cooling of 0.02 ∘C, while the end-of-century contributions from all other non-CO2 climate pollutants (sulfur dioxide, organic carbon, carbon monoxide, and black carbon) are negligible.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2024-05-30): Activated charcoal is a special form of carbon that’s effective at binding to other substances (adsorption). It’s used in emergency rooms to treat some cases of poisoning. When the charcoal comes into physical contact with the poison in the gastrointestinal tract, the charcoal adsorbs the poison. This reduces the amount of poison absorbed by the body and thus reduces the poison’s effect on the body. However, activated charcoal can’t reverse the effects of poison already absorbed and can’t act as a substitute for medical attention.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2015-02-27): Activated Charcoal: An Effective Treatment for Poisonings [...] Activated charcoal is a special form of carbon that can bind other substances on its surface (adsorption). That is why it is used for water filtration. It is also used to adsorb drugs in the gut so the drugs don't enter the body. Activated charcoal is made by burning carbon-rich materials, such as wood, at very high temperatures to create charcoal. The resulting product is a black, odorless powder. The charcoal is then "activated" through a special process that makes lots of holes and crevices on the charcoal particles to increase surface area and available binding sites. One teaspoonful of activated charcoal has about the same total surface area as a football field! In the emergency room, the black powder is mixed with a liquid and given to a poisoned patient to drink. It is typically mixed with water but it can be mixed with a sweet beverage for children. Some activated charcoal products contain a sweetener called sorbitol that adds sweetness and is also a laxative. Some studies show that pushing the poison or drug through the gut faster might also decrease the amount that is absorbed into the body.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2024-05-25): Furthermore, activated charcoal can also be beneficial in reducing gas and bloating. It works by adsorbing gas-producing substances in the digestive system, thereby relieving discomfort and promoting better digestion. This makes it a popular choice for individuals who experience frequent gas or bloating. Overall, the benefits of using activated charcoal as a first aid treatment for poisoning include its ability to prevent toxin absorption, aid in detoxification, and reduce gas and bloating. [...] In conclusion, administering activated charcoal is a quick and effective method to neutralize toxins in cases of poisoning. Throughout this article, we have discussed the benefits of using activated charcoal as a first aid treatment. Activated charcoal works by adsorbing toxins and preventing their absorption into the bloodstream. It can be used for various types of poisoning, including drug overdoses, food poisoning, and chemical exposures. The key points to remember are to administer activated charcoal as soon as possible after ingestion or exposure, to follow the recommended dosage based on body weight, and to seek medical advice and assistance. While activated charcoal can be a valuable tool in emergency situations, it is important to remember that it is not a substitute for professional medical care. If you suspect poisoning, always contact a healthcare professional or call emergency services immediately. By acting quickly and seeking appropriate medical help, you can help ensure the best possible outcome for the individual affected by poisoning.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2016-05-24): Activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning The initial management of acute poisoning includes attempts to prevent further absorption of the poison either by removing it from the gut, or rendering it unavailable for absorption. Activated charcoal can adsorb aspirin, paracetamol, barbiturates and certain other drugs in vitro1 and its oral administration has been used to treat self -poisoning.2 Activated charcoal is also widely used as a purifying and decolorising agent and in respirators to adsorb toxic gases.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Activated charcoal for acute poisoning: one toxicologist's journey - PMID: 20490748 - PMCID: PMC2919687 - DOI: 10.1007/s13181-010-0046-1 [...] Activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning.Drug Ther Bull. 1974 Mar 29;12(7):27-8. Drug Ther Bull. 1974. PMID: 4457305 No abstract available. [...] The Use of Activated Charcoal to Treat Intoxications.Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019 May 3;116(18):311-317. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0311. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019. PMID: 31219028 Free PMC article. Review.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2022-12-31): Activated charcoal, or activated carbon, is an amorphous form of carbon prepared from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous organic matter. It is activated by an oxidizing gas flow at high temperature passed over its surface to make a fine network of pores, producing a material with large surface area and high affinity for various substances. It is used as a gastric decontaminant and emergency medication to treat poisonings following excessive oral ingestion of certain medications or poisons by absorbing most drugs and toxins. However its effects is rendered poor on some compounds including strong acids or bases, methanol and substances with limited absorptive capacity (including iron, lithium, arsenic). It works by binding to the poison in the gastric contents in a reversible fashion thus may be adminstered together with a cathartic to reduce the small intestine transit time. The clinical applications of activated charcoal occured in the early 1800's. While this management for acute poisoning is considered fairly invasive, it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines that includes the most important medications needed in a basic health system.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2023-04-27): Activated charcoal is available for oral suspension alone and with sorbitol added as a cathartic. Abdominal pain, vomiting, and excessive diarrhea are possible with sorbitol. Because of this, formulations with sorbitol should not be used when multiple doses of charcoal are planned, especially in young children and elderly patients due to the risk of dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities.11 Charcoal is also available in capsule form from health food stores, online, and pharmacies, and is intended to relieve cramping, bloating, and indigestion. The dose in these capsules (measured in milligrams) is well below the clinically used doses in poisonings (measured in grams), and home use of charcoal is not recommended for poisoning exposures. Charcoal is an easy and non-invasive treatment that can be applied to a wide variety of poisonings. It can be used for both gastrointestinal decontamination as well as enhanced elimination. Contact the Utah Poison Control Center with questions concerning charcoal use.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2023-09-29): Treating Gas and Indigestion [...] Current Opinion in Pediatrics: "Activated charcoal for pediatric poisonings: the universal antidote?" UCLA Health: "Does Activated Charcoal Help with Gas and Bloating?"
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2024-08-22): FULL CLAIM: "Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons"; "If ever I had a baby who had a bit of diarrhea, I’d give a bit of charcoal [...] when I got a black nappy, I knew that my baby was well" [...] O’Neill’s claim that charcoal can be used to treat diarrhea, even in infants, isn’t substantiated by evidence. The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health states that "No solid evidence supports claims that activated charcoal helps with [traveler’s diarrhea], bloating, stomach cramps, or gas". It also added that children shouldn’t be given charcoal. However, O’Neill’s claim that "charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons" is somewhat accurate, although it exaggerates the effectiveness of charcoal and lacks important nuance. In fact, misunderstandings over activated charcoal’s effects have led it to be wrongly touted as a way to "detox". We explain more below.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2023-08-09): For example, using activated charcoal may not be a good fit for people who have an intestinal blockage. Activated charcoal can be safe if you are pregnant, but you should avoid using it until you speak to your healthcare provider. Since activated charcoal reduces the body’s ability to absorb certain chemicals, you may also want to avoid using it while taking certain medications, such as: Birth control pills Oral medications Syrup of ipecac Drinking alcohol with activated charcoal may also prevent the body from absorbing poisons, so mixing the two should be avoided. Summary Activated charcoal is mainly used to treat chemical poisoning or drug overdoses. However, more uses have surfaced in recent years, such as in toothpaste and other cosmetic products. There is little to no scientific evidence to support claims that it can help with anything other than poisonings or overdoses, so it should be used cautiously. The substance is considered safe to be ingested and used on the skin, but it can reduce the body's ability to absorb medications.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2022-10-31): Because activated charcoal traps toxins in the gut, it may work to prevent diarrhea-causing bacteria and drugs from being absorbed into the body. In fact, the authors of a 2017 review state that activated charcoal is a suitable treatment option for diarrhea, particularly because the supplement has relatively few side effects compared with other antidiarrheal treatments. (21) That said, the Mayo Clinic states that activated charcoal has not been shown to be effective in relieving diarrhea. More research is needed to confirm whether activated charcoal can in fact play a role in treating and preventing diarrhea. (11) [...] Though activated charcoal may be an effective detoxifier in some cases — for acute poisonings in particular — the jury is still out as to whether it can help with diarrhea, gas, kidney problems, cosmetic issues, and many other touted benefits. Don’t try to treat poisonings or overdoses with activated charcoal on your own, either. (14,15,21,24,25)
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2019-11-21): Doctors sometimes use activated charcoal if people have ingested certain poisons. The charcoal binds to the poison in the upper digestive tract, preventing the gut from absorbing it. [...] Experts do not recommend activated charcoal detoxes for general use. Unless the levels of toxins are high, the body is typically able to detoxify itself. [...] Doctors use it to remove specific poisons from the body shortly after ingestion. Also, the treatment is only effective while the toxins remain in the upper digestive tract.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2024-06-24): Activated charcoal isn’t commonly used to treat stomach problems caused by viruses, bacteria, or other germs. While there’s ongoing research in this area, there's not enough evidence to support it's effectiveness. [...] Health experts do not recommend giving activated charcoal multiple times to treat poisonings in people who’ve taken drugs that can slow gut motility (like opioids or anticholinergics). If you have taken one of these drugs and need more than one dose of activated charcoal, your doctor should closely monitor you for any problems. [...] There’s not enough research to support the use of activated charcoal supplements for health reasons outside of emergency poisonings. But some companies claim their products can treat gas, bloating, diarrhea, hangovers, or skin conditions.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2024-07-24): A Facebook reel posted in May 2024 claimed that "charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons", drawing more than 1.3 million views to date. The claim was made by naturopath Barbara O’Neill, who has promoted unsubstantiated and potentially harmful health claims. Science Feedback debunked some of O’Neill’s claims in earlier reviews. [...] O’Neill’s claim that charcoal can be used to treat diarrhea, even in infants, isn’t substantiated by evidence. The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health states that "No solid evidence supports claims that activated charcoal helps with [traveler’s diarrhea], bloating, stomach cramps, or gas". It also added that children shouldn’t be given charcoal. However, O’Neill’s claim that "charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons" is somewhat accurate, although it exaggerates the effectiveness of charcoal and lacks important nuance. In fact, misunderstandings over activated charcoal’s effects have led it to be wrongly touted as a way to "detox". We explain more below.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2014-10-21): In cases of ingestion, do not induce emesis. Do not administer activated charcoal or attempt to neutralize stomach contents. [...] Antidotes and Other Treatments [...] Where can I get more information?
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2023-07-10): Absorption through the gastrointestinal tract [...] Rarely vomitus or stool containing blood [...] Much like many exposures, care starts with stabilization, airway, breathing, and circulation, as well as removing contaminated clothing. Activated charcoal can be used for patients presenting within one hour of ingestion.[8][7][9]
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2017-09-27): Principles for treating acute pesticide poisonings [...] - First aid for some swallowed pesticides includes giving activated charcoal after vomiting. This material adsorbs many chemicals and is available without a prescription. It is a powder mixed with water and given to the victim to drink. It should not be given at the same time as syrup of ipecac; the charcoal adsorbs the syrup, thus negating the beneficial effects of the syrup.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2021-04-27): You might have seen activated charcoal on Instagram, Pinterest, and in women’s health magazines as a way to relieve or prevent common health ailments. The reason it is such a trendy topic is due to an array of health benefits. Activated charcoal is a powder made of extremely absorbent activated carbon—this powder traps toxins and unwanted chemicals inside your body, allowing you to flush them out naturally. Here are five ways charcoal – an extremely versatile element – can be used for everything from toothpaste to water filtration. Of course, please consult your primary care doctor or other trusted medical professional before making any changes to your health habits. [...] Because activated carbon allows chemicals and toxins in the body to be flushed out rather than absorbed, it boasts huge gastrointestinal benefits. Charcoal supplements have proven to greatly reduce digestive issues such as bloating, gas, cramps, and diarrhea. How might you use it? [...] While activated charcoal cannot absorb the alcohol itself, it can remove the toxins often found in alcoholic drinks that contribute to the alcohol poisoning.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2014-09-01): Having an upset stomach is one of your body’s more unpleasant feelings. Overeating and drinking, eating fatty, spicy or greasy foods and food poisoning can all lead to digestive problems. Whether that’s just an uncomfortable bloated feeling, a dull ache or more seriously accompanied by diarrhoea and vomiting, everybody wants a quick way to get rid of these objectionable symptoms. [...] Eating bland foods such as crackers or toast is a great way to ease an upset stomach but burnt toast is even better. The charcoal in the burnt toast absorbs toxins in the stomach helping you to get rid of that upset feeling. Adding a bit of jam to make the toast more palatable is fine but don’t smother it in butter as dairy products can irritate an already delicate stomach. [...] Stomach. However, prevention is always better than the cure so try and drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and eat a healthy balanced diet. If you have been suffering from an upset stomach for a prolonged period of time, it is always best to get checked out by your doctor as this could be symptoms of something more serious.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2024-10-01): Activated charcoal is used in the emergency treatment of certain kinds of poisoning. It helps prevent the poison from being absorbed from the stomach into the body. Sometimes, several doses of activated charcoal are needed to treat severe poisoning. Ordinarily, this medicine is not effective and should not be used in poisoning if corrosive agents such as alkalis (lye) and strong acids, iron, boric acid, lithium, petroleum products (e.g., cleaning fluid, coal oil, fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, paint thinner), or alcohols have been swallowed, since it will not prevent these poisons from being absorbed into the body. Some activated charcoal products contain sorbitol. Sorbitol is a sweetener. It also works as a laxative, for the elimination of the poison from the body.Products that contain sorbitol should be given only under the direct supervision of a doctor because severe diarrhea and vomiting may result. Activated charcoal has not been shown to be effective in relieving diarrhea and intestinal gas.
Claim: “Charcoal absorbs and neutralizes poisons”; charcoal can treat diarrhea and bloating (Barbara O'Neill, 2024-05-30)
Evidence (2024-01-23): Given its use as a gastrointestinal absorbent in overdoses and poisonings, it follows that some people might propose activated charcoal as a treatment for diarrhea. In a 2017 review of recent studies on the use of activated charcoal for diarrhea, researchers concluded that it might be able to prevent bacteria and drugs that can cause diarrhea from being absorbed into the body by trapping them on its porous, textured surface. [...] Doctors administer activated charcoal to treat poisonings and overdoses. It can help to clear NSAIDs, sedatives, calcium channel blockers, dapsone, malaria medications, mild stimulants, and carbamazepine.