copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2023-03-03): —Shah Nawaz Khan, 19461 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [...] But the Japanese kept the INA alive for its propaganda value against the British, and parachuted in Subhas Chandra Bose (no relation to Rash Behari Bose) to lead it. Bose was a renowned Indian nationalist leader with wide name-recognition among Indians and a political status on par with that of other major Indian leaders, like Jawaharlal Nehru. Bose had famously broken with them over ideology and tactics—he favored using armed violence. He saw himself in the same light as romantic European nationalists of the previous century, such as Giuseppe Garibaldi of Italy, and seized upon the principle devised by the ancient Indian philosopher Kautilya (fl. fourth century BCE) that "the enemy of your enemy is your friend." 5 Bose fled to Nazi Germany in 1940, and formed the Legion Freies Indien (Free India Legion) to liberate India. For this legion, he recruited Indian prisoners of war (IPOWs) whom the Germans had captured in North Africa. By mid-1942,
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2016-01-06): The setting for the INA Trials was indeed dramatic: having fled from India in January 1941, Subhas Chandra Bose eventually made his way to Berlin where the Nazis assisted him in setting up a Free India Center. In December 1941, the German army had agreed to hand over to Bose such captured prisoners from the (British) Indian Army as were agreeable to joining the Indian Legion, a military force that Bose was establishing though it was to be placed under German command. It is in Europe, then, that Bose started recruiting captured Indian POWs to aid in the liberation of India, though he had comparatively little success: only 2,500 of the approximately 17,000 POWs could be induced to join the Indian Legion. Meanwhile, the theatre of war had moved to the Asia and the Pacific, and it is in September 1942 that the first Division of the INA comprised of 16,300 men was raised under the leadership of Captain Mohan Singh. A year later, Bose summoned the remnants of the INA, renamed it the Azad Hind Fauj [Free India Army], and energized it, in a move reminiscent of Gandhi’s "Do or Die", with a simple but entrancing slogan: "Chalo Delhi."
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Between December 1942 and February 1943, Rash Behari struggled to hold the INA together.[40] On 15 February 1943, the army itself was put under the command of Lt. Col. M.Z. Kiani.[41] A policy forming body was formed with Lt. Col J.R. Bhonsle (Director of the Military Bureau) in charge and clearly placed under the authority of the IIL. Under Bhonsle served Lt. Col. Shah Nawaz Khan as Chief of General Staff, Major P.K. Sahgal as Military Secretary, Major Habib ur Rahman as commandant of the Officers' Training School and Lt. Col. A.C. Chatterji (later Major A.D. Jahangir) as head of enlightenment and culture.[40][42] [...] At the start of World War II, Bose was placed under house arrest by the Raj.[50] He escaped in disguise and made his way through Afghanistan and Central -Asia. He came first to the Soviet Union and then to Germany, reaching Berlin on 2 April 1941.[19][48] There he -sought to raise an army of Indian soldiers from prisoners of war captured by Germany,[51] forming the Free India Legion and the Azad Hind Radio.[52] The Japanese ambassador, Oshima Hiroshi, kept Tokyo informed of these developments.[53] From the very start of the war, the Japanese intelligence services noted from speaking to captured Indian soldiers that Bose was held in extremely high regard as a nationalist and was considered by Indian soldiers to be the right person to be leading a rebel army.[43]
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2024-05-16): Bose escaped British house arrest in Calcutta in January 1941 and travelled to Germany to seek Hitler's support in forming an Indian army to fight the British. [...] The Azad Hind Fauj, led by Subhas Bose, controlled the Andaman islands and parts of Manipur briefly. [...] Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was the dynamic political and military leader of the Azad Hind Fauj or Indian National Army.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2023-09-16): Major General Shah Nawaz Khan, who was one of the Generals in the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj), was born on 24 January 1914 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. His father Tikka Khan was a high-ranking official in the British Indian Army. After completing his initial education, Shah Nawaz got military training and joined the British Indian Army in 1935. At the time of the Second World war, he joined the Indian National Army on the invitation of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, who appointed him as Major General. He led the troops of the Indian National Army, which defeated the British troops near the Indian Border in 1944. [...] He worked for the harmony among different communities. After independence, he was elected to the Loksabha in 1951, 1957, 1962 and 1971. Shah Nawaz lost in the 1967 and 1977 Lok Sabha elections from Meerut. He served the country as a Union Minister. Shah Nawaz penned his experiences in the Indian National Army in his book ‘My Memories of the INA and its Netaji’. Major General Shah Nawaz Khan died on 9 December 1983 in Lucknow.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2024-08-15): Because Subhas Chandra had been defying British control, the British had placed him under house arrest in the interim. But in 1941, he fled the nation covertly. It took several days for the authorities to discover that he was not in his barrack, the residence where he was under security. [...] India's liberation from the Eastern Front was Subhas Chandra Bose's goal. The Gandhi, Azad, and Subhas Brigades were established. On the Indian Border, INA overran Coxtown after marching through Burma. Now that they were in India, they were determined to expel the British! The battle cry was Delhi Chalo, or "Let's march to Delhi." The warriors who had invaded India, according to one of the most important commanders of the Azad Hind Fauj, Shah Nawaz Khan, lay themselves down on the ground and kissed the hallowed soil of their motherland with great fervor. Nonetheless, the Azad Hind Fauj's endeavor to free India was unsuccessful. But Bose was never one to give up. He tried to run away and start fighting all over again. He never made it out of Taihoku Airport, where he fled on a plane. It is reported that his aircraft went down near Formosa, which is now Taiwan. It is reported that he had third-degree burns, entered a coma, and never awoke. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's body was never found, despite the widespread belief that he perished in an aircraft crash. Several explanations have been proposed in relation to his disappearance.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2022-12-05): The first was the joint trial of Colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon & Major General Shah Nawaz Khan, who had been taken Prisoner of War in Singapore.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2018-06-28): Approximately ten trials were held in the Red Fort against a number of officers and soldiers from the INA. Since the trials were held in Red Fort, Delhi, these trials also came to be known as the ‘Red Fort trials.’ In the first of these trials, Colonel Prem Sahgal, Major General Shah Nawaz Khan, and Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, who had previously worked in the British Indian Army, were charged on multiple counts, including severe charges of treason. Though the public did not support the defendants initially, British’ decision to hold the trials publicly backfired and the defendants later gained public sympathy, which led to riots and protests. The Muslim League and the Indian National Congress pressed the British government to release the INA soldiers. Hence, citing unrest within the armed forces of the British Raj, the then Commander-in-Chief Marshal Claude Auchinleck decided to mitigate the sentences of the three defendants.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2024-09-26): Initially, over 7,600 members of INA were set for trial but due to difficulty in proving their crimes the number of trials were significantly reduced.[2] Approximately ten courts-martial were held. The first of these was the joint court-martial of Colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, and Major-General Shah Nawaz Khan. The three had been officers in the British Indian Army and were taken prisoner in Malaya, Singapore and Burma. They had, alongside a large number of other troops and officers of the British Indian Army, joined the Indian National Army and later fought in Burma alongside the Japanese military under the Azad Hind. These three came to be the only defendants in the trials who were charged with "waging war against the King-Emperor" (the Indian Army Act, 1911 did not provide for a separate charge for treason) as well as murder and abetment of murder. Those charged later only faced trial for torture and murder or abetment of murder.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2019-04-30): General Shahnawaz: Hero of the INA [...] General Shahnawaz Khan was born in Rawalpindi on January 24, 1914. His father, Tikka Khan, was an officer in the British-Indian army and Shahnawaz duly followed in his footsteps and was commissioned into the army in 1935. [...] After Independence, General Shahnawaz opted for India even though much of his family was based in Pakistan. He was elected as an MP from Meerut in the first Lok Sabha elections in 1952 and served as a Deputy Minister in the Railway Ministry till 1964.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2020-01-23): Azad Hind Fauj had two avatars – under Captain Mohan Singh and Subhash Chandra Bose. It was first formed on 17 February 1942, comprising captured Indian prisoners of war of the British Indian Army. This was done on the initiative of the Imperial Japanese Army. [...] Bose also established a military hierarchy in Azad Hind Fauj – Lt Col Shah Nawaz Khan was the Chief of General Staff, Major PK Sahgal was the Military Secretary, and Major Habib ur Rahman was the Commandant of officers’ training school. The INA also had an all-women regiment called "Rani of Jhansi Regiment". Estimates say that under Bose, the strength of Azad Hind Fauj rose, once again, to 40,000 soldiers. [...] Three top INA members – Shahnawaz Khan, Prem Sahgal and Gurbaksh Dhillon – were charged with conducting a war against British India and for murder and abetment to murder. The trials have been credited with popularising Azad Hind Fauj in India at the time. The trifecta of a Hindu, a Muslim and a Sikh soldier on trial was also a powerful symbol which united Indians, according to Havers.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2022-11-11): General Shah Nawaz Khan was an Indian freedom fighter and an officer of the Second Indian National Army (INA), also known as the Azad Hind Fauj under the leadership of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose during the Second World War. He later became one of the three defendants in the first of the Indian National Army trials in the year 1946. [...] Shah Nawaz Khan was born on 24 January 1914 in the village of Matore in Kahuta, district of Rawalpindi (now in Pakistan) in the former British India. Captain Sardar Tikka Khan of Matore, his father served in the British Indian Army for almost 30 years. He received his education from the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College in Dehradun. [...] General Shah Nawaz Khan joined the Indian National Army in the year 1943 under the command of Bose. He also became a member of the Cabinet of Arzi Hukumat E Azad Hind, meaning the Provisional Government of Free India, which was also known as Azad Hind (Free India). In September 1945, Subhash Chandra Bose selected a regiment that consisted of the top members of the army, who were sent to action to lead the advance into India. The regiment was known as Subhash Brigade and Khan was elected by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose to command the troop. The Brigade took part in warfare in the Falam, Haka, Arakan, and in the locality of Kohima. Khan was appointed as number 1 Commander Division at Mandalay in December 1944.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2020-10-21): With Japan’s surrender on 14th August 1945, came the end of the war and the British began to repatriate the INA soldiers and officers to India. The British refused to give them the status of ‘prisoners of war’ and labelled them as traitors and deserters. Thousands of returning INA soldiers began to enlighten their story about their leader Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. While the British authorities considered how and when to put these men on trial, popular adoration, respect and support spread like wild-fire and the demand for the release of the INA men and women increased rapidly. Bose was the man of the hour and his dream and strategy unfolded dramatically even in his absence. When the three officers of the INA – Captain Shah Nawaz Khan, Captain P.K. Sahgal and Lieutenant G.S. Dhillon were put on trial at the Red Fort – the British did not take long to realise that their game was over. The officers were released and they were hailed by their countrymen as heroes.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2023-03-01): A social media post which levels multiple allegations against INA General Shah Nawaz Khan is being widely circulated. These viral claims allege that General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan. Further, the post establishes that Bollywood actor Shar Rukh Khan is the grandson of Shah Nawaz Khan. Through this article, let’s fact-check the claim made in the post. [...] Fact: Shah Nawaz Khan served the INA under Subash Chandra Bose and when the INA surrendered to the British Army, he was one among the three, who faced the trial, famously called Red Fort trial. He was charged for waging war against the King and causing murder & abetment of murder of five sepoys who were caught deserting the INA. There are no reports about him betraying Subash Chandra Bose. Moreover, at the time of partition, he came back from Pakistan to live in India. Hence the claim made in the post is FALSE. [...] To sum it up, INA General Shah Nawaz Khan did not betray Subash Chandra Bose.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2024-08-27): After Indian independence, Kiani opted for Pakistan. He commanded the Kashmir rebels in the First Kashmir War, served as a political agent of Gilgit Agency, a Major General of the Pakistan Army and later as the Minister of Information in Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's government. His contributions to the Azad Hind Fauj were later acknowledged and he was awarded the Netaji Medal posthumously by the Indian Government. [...] - ^ Shah Nawaz Khan (1946). My Memories of I.N.A. & Its Netaji. Rajkamal Publications. pp. 60–62. - ^ Shah Nawaz Khan (1946). My Memories of I.N.A. & Its Netaji. Rajkamal Publications. pp. 247–248.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2020-01-23): Suresh Bose was part of the three-man Netaji Enquiry Commission, headed by Shah Nawaz Khan, which was constituted in 1956, to investigate the death of Suresh Bosh's brother Subhash Chandra Bose. The cessation of Netaji having died in a plane crash was deduced by two members of the Commission. Suresh Bose rejected that theory. Bose also challenged the decision to appoint Shah Nawaz Khan as Chairman of the Commission, since, according to Suresh Bose, Khan was chosen owing to the fact he had already made up his mind that a plane crash had occurred, in line with Nehru's belief. [...] "He escaped from the Indo-China border alive and his whereabouts were unknown as late as December 11, 1947, as reported in the secret document. This implies that he was alive somewhere but not dead in 1947," More said in the ET report, with reference to a French report written for the "Haut Commissariat de France for Indochina", under the title "Archival Information on Subhash Chandra Bose." [...] "to inquire into… the circumstances concerning the departure of Netaji… from Bangkok about the 16th (of) August 1945, his alleged death as a result of an aircraft accident," in 1956, the government formed Netaji Inquiry Committee for an official probe into Netaji's fate. The committee consisted of a former Major General in the INA, and the then parliament secretary Shah Nawaz Khan, Netaji's older brother Suresh Chandra Bose, and S.N. Maitra of the Indian Civil Service.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2018-12-08): Mohinder went back to Jalandhar and set up a strong base to bring a small number of dedicated youths for action in Calcutta and Dhaka. He was betrayed while at Phagwara and tortured to death at Lahore. The net was closing on us. The group which had betrayed the organization from Col Durrani’s section was now stationed at all junctions in Calcutta. Some, as we learnt later, had been sent to Trincomalee to spot the Lanka group. It had been landed to send back messages about Force 136 being trained there for landings in the Andamans and Penang, and to do sabotage work against I.N.A.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2019-04-17): The INA trials or the Red Fort Trials refer to the courts martial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army between November 1945 and May 1946 variously for treason, torture, murder and abetment to murder. The first, and most famous, of the approximately ten trials was held in the Red Fort in Delhi, hence deriving the name. In total, approximately ten courts-martial were held. The first of these, and the most celebrated one, was the joint court-martial of Colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon and Major General Shah Nawaz Khan. The three had been officers in the British Indian Army and taken POW in Malaya or Singapore. They had, like a large number of other troops and officers of the British Indian Army, joined the Indian National Army and later fought in Imphal and Burma alongside the Japanese forces in allegiance to Azad Hind. These three came to be the only defendants in the INA trials who were charged of "Waging War against the King Emperor" (The Indian Army act of 1911 did not have a separate charge for treason) as well as Murder and abetment of Murder.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2024-01-01): James D.H., e Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire, (London, 1951). 30. Khan Maj. Gen. Shah Nawaz, My Memories of the INA and its Netaji, (Delhi: Rajkamal Publications, 1946). 31. Khan Shah Nawaz, Sehgal Prem Kumar, Dhillon Gurubakshasimha and Singh Durlab, e INA Heroes: Autobiographies of Ma.j Gen. Shahnawaz Khan, Col. Prem K. Sehgal and Col. Gurbax Singh Dhillon of the Azad Hind Fauj, (Lahore: Hero Publications, 1946). 32. Khosla Justice G.D., "Inquiry into the Death of Subhash Chandra Bose", Khosla Commission 1970, 33. Kiani Maj. Gen. Mohammad Zaman, ed., Bose Sisir Kumar, India’s Freedom Struggle and the Great INA, (New Delhi: Reliance Publishing House, 1994). 34. Kirby Maj. Gen. S. Woodburn, Addis Capt. C.T., Wards Col. G.T., Roberts Brig M.R,, and Desoer N.L., e War Against Japan Vol III: e Decisive Battles, (London, 1961). 35. Ibid, e War Against Japan: e Reconquest of Burma Vol. IV, (London, 1965. 36. Kulkarni V.S.and Murty K.S.N., First Indian National Army Trial, (Pune: Mangal Sahitya Prakashan, 1946). 37. Lebra Joyce Chapman, Japanese Trained Armies in South East Asia, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2023-09-09): The Congress and associated parties were not unified in their position. At one end of the spectrum was Subhas Chandra Bose, the Bengali leader and former Congress president, who had drifted away from Gandhi and the Congress leadership, and established his own Forward Bloc party, yet possessed great influence. Pursuing a long-standing strategy of Indian revolutionaries from the First World War, Bose was convinced that the outbreak of the European war was India’s opportunity to overthrow Britain, that independence could be achieved only through armed struggle, and that India should pragmatically align with its enemy’s enemy. Bose’s Pan-Asianism centred on Japan, which had gained Indians’ admiration following Japan’s modernization and astounding victory over Russia in 1905. Bose would escape from India in January 1941, stay in Berlin under Nazi patronage for nearly two years, and eventually move to East Asia to take command of the Indian National Army (INA) from 1943 to 1945 with Japanese support.Footnote 56
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2020-06-13): There were several other reasons for soldiers to quit the British Indian army. There was widespread racial discrimination as Indian soldiers, even officers, received much lower salary than their British counterparts. The Indian officers did not get membership of most of the clubs. When the British were defeated in Malay their reputation as a superior force was tarnished. Mohan Singh and Col. Naranjan Singh Gill wanted to send few daring army officers to India to prepare the people for the war with Britain. A 14 member team was supposed to travel, some via submarine, others via land. But the plan was compromised owing to the betrayal of Major Mahaveer Singh Dhillon and his close associates who surrendered to British along with all important documents. All others travelling via Arakan route and via submarine were captured by the British. Satyen Vardhan, Abdul Khader and two others were sent to the gallows. Major General A. C Chatterjee, a prominent member of INA had got wind of the plans of betrayal and had informed Rashbehari Bose. Rashbehari had informed Mohan Singh. However Mohan Singh failed to act against Mahaveer Singh Dhillon.
Claim: Major General Shah Nawaz Khan betrayed Azad Hind Fauz/Subash Chandra Bose and fled to Pakistan (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-04)
Evidence (2010-11-01): The East Champaran District Police arrested eight members of Azad Hind Fauj at Delho village under Madhuban Police Station area in the District. [...] IM operatives decided to take a new route to escape to Pakistan due to constant watch of Indian security and intelligence agencies at Nepal and Bangladesh borders for the past one year.