copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-14): The Ladakh region is strategically valuable to China and India. For Beijing, its control of the Aksai Chin area, which borders Ladakh, provides the only road links between the Xinjiang and Tibet provinces and is essential to China’s territorial integrity.79 China’s possession of the Shaksgam area of Ladakh allows Beijing to connect these provinces with Pakistan to support its Belt and Road Initiative.80 For New Delhi, the region’s rugged terrain provides a bulwark against potential Chinese attacks. Additionally, both India and China see defending their territorial claims as vital to maintaining their states’ integrity.81 As a result, both India and China have taken various steps to improve road access to their forward areas, increase the quantity and quality of outposts, and improve their forces’ ability to operate in the high-altitude regions around the LAC to defend their claimed territory. The map illustrates the disputed Ladakh area. [...] 90 Ankit Panda, "China Issues Statement Condemning Indian Decision to Bifurcate Kashmir," The Diplomat, August 7, 2019, available at <https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/china-issues-statement-condemning-indian-decision-to-bifurcate-kashmir/>; Press Trust of India, "Article 370: China Says Opposed to Ladakh as Union Territory," India Today, August 6, 2019, available at <https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-reaction-jammu-kashmir-article-370-1577915-2019-08-06>; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Remarks on the Indian Government’s Announcement of the Establishment of the Ladakh Union Territory Which Involves Chinese Territory," August 6, 2019, available at <https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t1686549.shtml>.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-06): THE CONTEXT: India has vehemently condemned China’s attempts to include the Shaksgam valley in its territory. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) spokesperson expressed India’s rejection of China’s actions and registered a strong protest against what India perceives as illegal attempts to alter the territorial status quo. [...] Historical Context of the Shaksgam Valley - The Shaksgam valley was illegally ceded by Pakistan to China in a controversial 1963 boundary agreement. [...] Escalation of Tensions - China’s incursions into the Shaksgam valley represent a continuation of its assertive behavior in territorial disputes.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-13): Currently, its endpoint is a mere 30 miles from the Indian position over the Siachen Glacier. The Shaksgam Valley, part of the larger Trans-Karakoram tract, has been a contentious issue since its transfer by Pakistan to the People’s Republic of China (PRC) under the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement. This transfer, regarded by India as illegal, has fueled longstanding territorial disputes in the northern areas of PoK and Ladakh. [...] Secondly, China’s actions in the Shaksgam Valley can be interpreted as a move to assert its permanent claim over the territory. India has long contested the transfer of the Shaksgam Valley from Pakistan to China in 1963; the recent infrastructure development in the region serves to solidify China’s presence and signals to India that the transfer of the Shaksgam Valley was not merely symbolic. [...] India must remain vigilant and proactive in countering these threats, both diplomatically and militarily, to safeguard its interests and prevent further encroachments on its territory. In conclusion, China’s actions in the Shaksgam Valley are part of a broader pattern of expansionism and strategic maneuvering in the region.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-09): India asserts that Pakistan concluded a boundary agreement with China in 1963 where Pakistan illegally ceded 5180 sq. km of Indian Territory in PoK (known as Shaksgam Valley) to China. The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. This agreement was condemned and highly objected to by the Government of India. According to India, Pakistan has been in illegal and forcible occupation of approximately 78,000 sq. km of Indian Territory in the state of J&K. In the light of the law related to the right to self-determination as propounded by the ICJ above and the facts about the transferring of the territory of Shaksgam Valley to China, Pakistan has violated rules of international law applicable to the right to self-determination. The 1963 Agreement was concluded by Pakistan – an administrating power – in violation of the customary norms of self-determination. The agreement was not concluded with the ‘free and genuine will’ of the people of J&K. Thus, the detachment of 5,180 sq. km of the Shaksgam Valley by the 1963 Boundary Agreement was unlawful as the obligations arising under international law and reflected in UNGA resolution 1514 require Pakistan, as the administrating power in PoK region, to respect the territorial integrity of that region.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-04): SHAKSGAM VALLEY 4th May, 2024 Geography [...] The Shaksgam Valley was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963 through a boundary agreement known as the Sino-Pakistan Agreement. [...] The Shaksgam Valley is situated in the northern part of POK, bordering the Xinjiang Province of the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-15): The Shaksgam Valley in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, was recently in the news following reports that China’s road building efforts have now brought it to within 48 km of the northern part of the Siachen Glacier. The glacier has been held by India since 1984 and the closer the Chinese come, the greater India’s concern. The Shaksgam Valley was handed over by Pakistan to China in 1963, an act which India regards as illegal since this is Indian territory. This essay aims to provide a rudimentary analysis to elucidate the situation in the Shaksgam Valley and its implications for India’s strategic calculations. The Shaksgam Valley measures around 5,163-sq km. Bearing the same name is the Shaksgam River, a tributary of the Yarkand River, boasting a greater number of glaciers feeding it compared to the headstream of the Yarkand. Situated between the western Karakorams, traditionally dominated by the Hunza of Kashmir, and the Kun Lun Range, serving the frontiers of Khotan, the Shaksgam Valley essentially constitutes no man’s land. Positioned just south of the Aghil Range, a minor mountain range nestled within the Trans Karakoram region between the imposing Kunlun and Karakoram ranges, Shaksgam holds strategic significance.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-06): Home / External Affairs Defence Security / News / Shaksgam valley: How Pakistan 'unlawfully' ceded Indian territory to China Shaksgam valley: How Pakistan 'unlawfully' ceded Indian territory to China [...] Jaiswal said that India had never accepted the China-Pakistan border agreement of 1963, under which Pakistan tried to illegally cede this area to China. "The Shaksgam valley is a part of the territory of India. We have never accepted the so-called China-Pakistan boundary agreement of 1963 through which Pakistan unlawfully attempted to cede the area to China," Jaiswal said.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-18): China, in turn, has built a 36-kilometer road in the 5,163-square-kilometer Shaksgam Valley, which was illegally ceded to it by Pakistan in 1963, while the territory was disputed by India. China was outraged enough by India’s abrogation in 2019 of its Articles 370 and 35A, which resulted in the reorganization of the frontier state of Jammu and Kashmir, of which Ladakh was then a part, to take the matter to the U.N. Security Council. It was particularly incensed over the change in Ladakh’s political status because China considers the region to be of strategic importance. India rebuffed China, terming Ladakh’s new status an "internal matter" that had "no implication for India’s external boundaries or the LAC with China." The Chinese Foreign Ministry, however, issued a statement asserting, "The recent unilateral revision of domestic laws by the Indian side continues to undermine China’s territorial sovereignty, which is unacceptable and will not have any effect."
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): People's Republic of China's position [edit]The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin. The Chinese Army controls most of the plains,[4] while India controls the western portion of the plains.[5] The dispute remains unresolved.[6] [...] The Shaksgam Valley was never part of Kashmir and the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir were undefined - ^ a b "Signing with the Red Chinese". Time (magazine). 15 March 1963. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-15): On the night of June 15, a violent clash occurred in the Galwan Valley between soldiers of the Indian Army and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), which resulted in the death of 20 Indian soldiers and an undisclosed number of Chinese troops (India Today, June 17; Jamestown Foundation, June 29). In a first sign of efforts to de-escalate tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC)—the de facto border between Indian and Chinese-controlled territories—India and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have begun pulling back their troops from recent sites of confrontation in Ladakh. [...] The entire India-China border is disputed. Not only do the two countries disagree on where the LAC runs, but they also claim chunks of territory under the other’s control. In the eastern sector, China claims 90,000 square kilometers of territory, which is roughly coterminous with the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. In the western sector—which is the focus of the current tensions—India claims 38,000 square kilometers of land in Aksai Chin, which is under Chinese control. India also disputes China’s possession of another 5,180 square kilometers of territory in the Shaksgam Valley that Pakistan ceded to China in 1963.
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-30): Chiengi or is a historic colonial boma of the British Empire in central Africa and today is a settlement in the Luapula Province of Zambia, and headquarters of Chiengi District. Chiengi is in the north-east corner of Lake Mweru, and at the foot of wooded hills dividing that lake from Lake Mweru Wantipa, and overlooking a dambo (marshy plain) stretching northwards from the lake, where the Chiengi rivulet (the origin of the name) flows down from the hills.[1] [...] Chiengi Boma was probably the first colonial post in what was to be called North-Eastern Rhodesia (it was still referred to as part of 'Zambezia' at the time), and was one of the most remote outposts of the British Empire, a lonely posting which sent more than one colonial officer mad.[1] For a number of years the boma was removed to the Kalungwishi River, and during this period the Belgian colonial authorities in Pweto, just across the border in DR Congo, controlled the northern end of the lake including the western extremity of Chiengi District, the so-called Lunchinda enclave west of the Lunchinda River. The British then re-established the boma at Chiengi but the eventual outcome of de facto Belgian control of the Lunchinda enclave led to it eventually being ceded to DR Congo by Zambia—see the article on the Luapula Province border dispute.
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): Etymology [edit]The territory of Zambia was known as Northern Rhodesia from 1911 to 1964. It was renamed Zambia in October 1964 on its independence from British rule. The name Zambia derives from the Zambezi River (Zambezi may mean "the grand river").[14] [...] - ^ "Chikunda". Zambia's Traditional History. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021. [...] - Zambia at Curlie - Zambia profile from BBC News - Wikimedia Atlas of Zambia - Key Development Forecasts for Zambia from International Futures - World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zambia - First early human fossil found in Africa makes debut - Zambia - East African countries - Southeast African countries - Southern African countries - Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations - Countries and territories where English is an official language - Landlocked countries - Least developed countries - Member states of the African Union - Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations - Member states of the United Nations - States and territories established in 1964 - 1964 establishments in Zambia - Countries in Africa - Christian states - 1964 establishments in Africa
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-02): Multiple waves of Bantu-speaking groups moved into and through what is now Zambia over the past thousand years. In the 1880s, the British began securing mineral and other economic concessions from various local leaders and the territory that is now Zambia eventually came under the control of the former British South Africa Company and was incorporated as the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia in 1911. Administrative control was taken over by the UK in 1924. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. [...] National Democratic Congress or NDC [Chishimba KAMBWILI] [...] lyrics/music: multiple/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA note: adopted 1964; the melody, from the popular song "God Bless Africa," is the same as that of Tanzania but with different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Zambia has a long land border on the west with Angola but is divided from its neighbours to the south by the Zambezi River. To the southwest is the thin projection of Namibian territory known as the Caprivi Strip, at the eastern end of which Zambia and three of its neighbours (Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe) appear to meet at a point—a "quadripoint"—although the precise nature of the meeting is contested. Man-made Lake Kariba now forms part of the river border with Zimbabwe. Zambia’s other neighbours include Mozambique to the southeast, Malawi to the east, and Tanzania to the northeast. The long border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo starts at Lake Tanganyika, crosses to Lake Mweru, and follows the Luapula River to the Pedicle, a wedge of Congolese territory that cuts deep into Zambia to give the country its distinctive butterfly shape. Westward from the Pedicle the frontier follows the Zambezi-Congo watershed to the Angolan border.
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Satellite map of Chiengi - In Zambia Chiengi or Chienge was a historic colonial boma of the British Empire in central Africa and today is a settlement in the Luapula Province of Zambia, and headquarters of Chiengi District. [...] Read about Chiengi in the Wikipedia Satellite map of Chiengi in Google Maps
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): Chiengi (Chiengi) is a populated place (class P - Populated Place) in Luapula Province (Luapula), Zambia (Africa) with the region font code of Africa/Middle East. It is located at an elevation of 1,150 meters above sea level. Chiengi is also known as Chiengi, Chienji. [...] Map and Photos Chiengi
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-12): Zambia is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa, to the east of Angola. It has a total area of 752,618 square kilometres (slightly smaller than Turkey), of which 9 220 km2 is water. [...] Zambia is a landlocked country bordered along Zimbabwe in the south divided by Victoria Falls, Congo DR in the north, Tanzania on the northeast, Malawi on the east and Mozambique on the southeast. The general topography of the country is characterized by uplifted planation surfaces. The general elevation of the nation as a whole is tended towards west to east from the Kalahari Basin. The level of land falls from the upper Congo towards the Zambezi depression in the South forming a plateau.[1]
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-01): CACCI Report #7: Zambia An Integrated Results Framework and Key Performance Indicators for Climate Change Initiatives
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-16): Chiengi District with headquarters at Chiengi is the smallest and most northerly district in the Luapula Province of Zambia and was carved out of Nchelenge District after Zambia's independence. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 189,893 people.[1] Most of its population live in fishing villages along the 70 km (approx.) of the north-east shore of Lake Mweru which lies within the district. The largest settlement is Puta, 5 km south of Chiengi town, named after Chief Puta. The district is bounded by the DR Congo border in the north, Kaputa District in the east and the Kalungwishi River in the south.[2] [...] Chiengi District today is undeveloped and suffers from a lack of infrastructure. The main road is of gravel construction and is frequently cut by rains and collapsing bridges; there is no telephone or television service although plans are in hand for a satellite link, subject to securing adequate funding.[5] [...] - ^ Google Earth - ^ Mr Justice J B Thomson: "Memories of Abandoned Bomas No. 8: Chiengi". Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol II, No. 6 (1954), pp67−77.
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-07-15): Chiengi or Chienge was a historic colonial boma of the British Empire in central Africa and today is a settlement in the Luapula Province of Zambia, and headquarters of Chiengi District. Chiengi is in the north-east corner of Lake Mweru, and at the foot of wooded hills dividing that lake from Lake Mweru Wantipa, and overlooking a dambo (marshy plain) stretching northwards from the lake, where the Chiengi rivulet (the origin of the name) flows down from the hills.[1] [...] Chiengi was restored as a sub-administrative administrative centre under Nchelenge District of independent Zambia in the 1970s and as a full administrative District in the 1990s. The area has been affected by conflict in the Congo several times, most recently in the Second Congo War, when tens of thousands of refugees arrived and were settled in UNHCR camps in Kawambwa and Mporokoso Districts. Most of these have been repatriated since the end of that war.[3] Reports have also been made of Congolese soldiers harassing Zambians at the border and inside Zambian territory.[4] Chiengi is reached by a gravel road, frequently impassable in the rainy season, from Nchelenge and Kashikishi 100 km south (the same journey can be done by boat). From Chiengi a dirt track runs along the flat northern lake shore to Pweto in DR Congo. A new gravel road has been constructed north-east to the border, around the Chipani Swamp and east to Kasongola from where (in the dry season) tracks connect to Kaputa in Zambia's Northern Province.[5]
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-17): Chiengi District with headquarters at Chiengi is the smallest and most northerly district in the Luapula Province of Zambia and was carved out of Nchelenge District after Zambia's independence. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 189,893 people. [1] Most of its population live in fishing villages along the 70 km (approx.) of the north-east shore of Lake Mweru which lies within the district. The largest settlement is Puta, 5 km south of Chiengi town, named after Chief Puta. The district is bounded by the DR Congo border in the north, Kaputa District in the east and the Kalungwishi River in the south. [2] [...] Chiengi District today is undeveloped and suffers from a lack of infrastructure. The main road is of gravel construction and is frequently cut by rains and collapsing bridges; there is no telephone or television service although plans are in hand for a satellite link, subject to securing adequate funding. [5] [...] Chiengi or is a historic colonial boma of the British Empire in central Africa and today is a settlement in the Luapula Province of Zambia, and headquarters of Chiengi District. Chiengi is in the north-east corner of Lake Mweru, and at the foot of wooded hills dividing that lake from Lake Mweru Wantipa, and overlooking a dambo stretching northwards from the lake, where the Chiengi rivulet flows down from the hills.
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-04-23): Chiengi or is a historic colonial boma of the British Empire in central Africa and today is a settlement in the Luapula Province of Zambia, and headquarters of Chiengi District. Chiengi is in the north-east corner of Lake Mweru, and at the foot of wooded hills dividing that lake from Lake Mweru Wantipa, and overlooking a dambo (marshy plain) stretching northwards from the lake, where the Chiengi rivulet (the origin of the name) flows down from the hills.[1] [...] Chiengi was restored as a sub-administrative administrative centre under Nchelenge District of independent Zambia in the 1970s and as a full administrative district in the 1990s. The area has been affected by conflict in the Congo several times, most recently in the Second Congo War, when tens of thousands of refugees arrived and were settled in UNHCR camps in Kawambwa and Mporokoso Districts. Most of these have been repatriated since the end of that war.[3] Reports have also been made of Congolese soldiers harassing Zambians at the border and inside Zambian territory.[4] Chiengi is reached by a gravel road, frequently impassable in the rainy season, from Nchelenge and Kashikishi 100 kilometres (62 mi) south (the same journey can be done by boat). From Chiengi a dirt track runs along the flat northern lake shore to Pweto in DR Congo. A new gravel road has been constructed north-east to the border, around the Chipani Swamp and east to Kasongola from where (in the dry season) tracks connect to Kaputa in Zambia's Northern Province.[5]
Claim: Chiengi is a territory of Zambia (Chiengi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-09-27): Chiengi District with headquarters at Chiengi is the smallest and most northerly district in the Luapula Province of Zambia and was carved out of Nchelenge District after Zambia's independence. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 189,893 people.[1] Most of its population live in fishing villages along the 70 km (approx.) of the north-east shore of Lake Mweru which lies within the district. The largest settlement is Puta, 5 km south of Chiengi town, named after Chief Puta. The district is bounded by the DR Congo border in the north, Kaputa District in the east and the Kalungwishi River in the south.[2] [...] Chiengi District today is undeveloped and suffers from a lack of infrastructure. The main road is of gravel construction and is frequently cut by rains and collapsing bridges; there is no telephone or television service although plans are in hand for a satellite link, subject to securing adequate funding.[5]