copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-05): In 1912, the Qing dynasty was overthrown by the Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang, a nationalist party, and the Republic of China established. Over time, Marxist ideas grew popular and the Communist party was formed. [...] By 1949, the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party had gained control over mainland China and Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People's Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek and the other nationalists fled to Taiwan. [...] Geography [change | change source]The People's Republic of China is the third-[22] or fourth-largest[23] country in the world after Russia, Canada, and (in some sources) the United States and the second-largest by land area.[24] China has every kind of climate in the northern hemisphere except the polar climate. It is also the largest country without any land north of the Arctic Circle. China borders 14 nations, which is more than any other country in the world. It borders Vietnam, Laos, and Burma in Southeast Asia; India, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan[25] in South Asia; Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in Central Asia; a small section of Russian Altai and Mongolia in Inner Asia; and the Russian Far East and North Korea in Northeast Asia.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-02): In 1959, in the Western Sector (Aksai Chin Region), a clash at Kongka Pass led to the death of nine Indian soldiers – the first casualties of the Sino-Indian boundary dispute. This forced Nehru and Zhou’s hand. Leaving the boundary ambiguous was no longer tenable. [...] In a nutshell, this was the "package deal" – a status quo solution. The Chinese would accept India’s claims in the Eastern Sector, which was more critical for the security of India’s Northeast, in exchange for Indian acceptance of Chinese sovereignty in the Western Sector of Aksai Chin, which was the region that housed the arterial road that connected Chinese forces to the Tibetan plateau via Xinjiang. For his part, Nehru too had been preparing the grounds for this "package deal." In Parliament, he repeatedly mentioned Aksai Chin as inhospitable terrain. This provided some defense for India’s inability to prevent Chinese encroachments. The Indian side had long been willing to trade Chinese presence in the Aksai Chin region for China’s formal recognition of the McMahon Line in the Eastern Sector.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-28): China has regularly published official maps to "correct" what it views as "problematic maps" that it claims misrepresents its territorial borders. The August 2023 map, published on China’s Ministry of Natural Resources website, includes the entirety of the South China Sea (SCS), Taiwan, the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, and the disputed Aksai-Chin plateau. [...] China has settled territorial disputes with Mongolia, Russia, Pakistan, and some Central Asian states. Taiwan, (in part owing to its recognition dilemma), by contrast, has not clearly settled its territorial disputes. [...] Taiwan has also implicitly discontinued its SCS claims following the 2005 suspension of the ROC’s 1993 Policy Guidelines for the SCS. Assistant Professor in international law Chi-Ting Tsai from the National Taiwan University notes that regardless of this discontinuation, the Guidelines were merely suspended and leaves the possibility that Taiwan’s U-Shaped claim can be revived.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-15): Aksai Chin’s importance to China rose in the wake of the latter’s invasion of Tibet in 1950-1951. Beijing needed overland routes to transport soldiers, equipment and supplies to Tibet. Of the three routes into Tibet available at that time, the western route from Xinjiang to Tibet was the most convenient. Like the other routes, the western route ran through difficult terrain, but it was an all-weather route that was easier to navigate. However, this route ran through Aksai Chin. Control over Aksai Chin was therefore vital for the PRC’s consolidation of control over Tibet, and in the early 1950s China began construction of a road through the region capable of supporting vehicular traffic. The value of this road, which was completed in 1957, grew in the wake of the 1959 Tibetan uprising as China had to send in large numbers of troops to crush the uprising and tighten its grip over Tibet. The military capture of Aksai Chin became necessary, and this was achieved through the 1962 war with India. [2]
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-04-21): One was the completion of the strategic DSDBO Road in 2019, which greatly enhanced communications and logistics for India’s outposts along the LAC. The PLA’s move down the Galwan Valley appears to have been aimed at establishing an overlook on to this road. The second was India’s dissolution of the state of Jammu and Kashmir on 31 October 2019. This administrative act proclaimed Ladakh, together with the Chinese-held territory of Aksai Chin, as a new Union Territory directly administered by the government in New Delhi. At the time, the PRC denounced this as placing Chinese territory under Indian administration, accused India of challenging China’s sovereign rights and interests, and described the act as illegal, null, and void. China’s moves along the LAC the following year may have been what the University of Macau’s You Ji 由冀 has called ‘one-plus retaliation’, meaning that China responds to perceived provocations by advancing its own position one step further than its adversary has.5
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-09): Except the Indian maps do not show Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin and Shaksgam. None of these four regions is under India’s actual control. For India, they simply don’t exist. The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir goes to the Pakistan border to include what would comprise Azad Kashmir; Ladakh extends to include the other three areas. Terms such as "Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir", "China-Occupied Kashmir", or "Line of Control" also don’t appear on the Indian maps. [...] Finally, the founder of Jammu and Kashmir, Raja (later Maharaja) Gulab Singh, an ethnic Dogra, must be turning in his ashes. (As a Hindu, he would have been cremated, not buried.) In 1846, he secured indefeasible (i.e., not forfeitable) title to Jammu and Kashmir from the British via the Treaty of Amritsar. This legitimised his control of areas already under his possession in Jammu, Baltistan, and Ladakh, which latter region included Aksai Chin. [...] Now, 173 years later, Maharaja Gulab Singh’s state is no longer. His legacy has been tarnished – surprisingly by a government that would be sympathetic to this Hindu’s personal achievements and religion. Apart from creating and dominating Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir, Gulab Singh captured Aksai Chin from the Chinese in 1842. This not only has provided India with its current claim to this Chinese-held territory, but also it made the Dogra one of the few Indians ever to expand India’s boundaries.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-17): The China-India frontier is comprised of two major "sectors": the western sector includes the vast but mostly uninhabited Himalayan territory of Aksai Chin (part of the larger Kashmir dispute that also [...] Nepal and Bhutan. India and China both claim the entirety of Aksai Chin, and Beijing formally claims all of India’s Arunachal Pradesh state, calling it "South Tibet." (U.S. policy has long recognized the McMahon Line and Arunachal Pradesh’s status as an Indian state.) In the 1990s, India and China signed agreements t o maintain peace and tranquility along the frontier (1993) while pursuing confidence- building measures (1996), yet 22 rounds of subsequent Special Representative-level talks failed to settle outstanding territorial claims. Prior to the latest clash, the last major confrontation was in 2017, when military conflict nearly erupted over Chinese infrastructure projects near
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-10): With its new map of 4 August 2020, Islamabad underlined its position on the Kashmir issue. Pakistan’s national borders encompass the whole of Kashmir, which confirms the political claim to the territory. Pakistan had ceded the Shaksgam Valley in its part of Kashmir to the People’s Republic in 1963 as part of its political rapprochement with China (see Map 3, p. 6). The Aksai Chin region claimed by China is marked as "frontier undefined". This corresponded to the position agreed by the two states in the 1963 treaty. Earlier maps, on the other hand, often graphically separated Kashmir – including the GB and AJK regions – from Pakistani territory to indicate that Kashmir is a disputed territory as defined by UN resolutions.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-05-03): China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to a number of boundary disputes across the 2,000 mile shared border; India does not recognize Pakistan's 1964 ceding to China of the Aksai Chin, a territory designated as part of the princely state of Kashmir by the British Survey of India in 1865; China claims most of the Indian state Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas, but the US recognizes the state of Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory; Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the most contentious of which lie in Bhutan's west along China's Chumbi salient; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol (the so-called "nine-dash line") off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Sea, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea eased tensions in the Spratlys, and in 2017 China and ASEAN began confidential
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-16): 5. The island of Taiwan, for example, remains the territory of the "Republic of China" that lost the Chinese Civil War in 1950. [...] 8. China also disputes two large territories with India. These are Aksai Chin, near Kashmir, with an area of 37,244 sq km, as well as Arunachal Pradesh ("South Tibet"), with 90,000 sq km. [...] 12. This could help China catch up a bit to the United States in maritime area – but at the risk of ecological and political destabilization in the region.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): Xinjiang,[a] officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,[11][12] is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country at the crossroads of Central Asia and East Asia. Being the largest province-level division of China by area and the 8th-largest country subdivision in the world, Xinjiang spans over 1.6 million square kilometres (620,000 sq mi) and has about 25 million inhabitants.[1][13] Xinjiang borders the countries of Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, and Tajikistan. The rugged Karakoram, Kunlun and Tian Shan mountain ranges occupy much of Xinjiang's borders, as well as its western and southern regions. The Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract regions are claimed by India but administered by China.[14][15][16] Xinjiang also borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai. The most well-known route of the historic Silk Road ran through the territory from the east to its northwestern border.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-06): China’s false claims regarding Aksai Chin as being "a part of China" is not unique as China also falsely claims East Turkistan, Tibet, South Mongolia, Manchuria, and parts of other surrounding countries as being "part of China." However, in the case of Aksai Chin (Eastern Ladakh), the Chinese have pushed a false narrative claiming that the term ‘Aksai Chin’ is a Chinese term and that the "Chin" in ‘Aksai Chin’ refers to China. [...] The term ‘Aksai Chin’ is a Uyghur / Turkic term and not a Chinese term. When breaking the down the term ‘Aksai Chin’ in the Uyghur language we can see the following: Ak = white, Sai = ravine / gorge, Chin = actual, true or real. The meaning of ‘Aksai Chin’ in the Uyghur / Turkic language would translate into English as ‘the real white gorge’ or ‘the true white ravine.’ Aside from Aksai Chin near the Chinese occupied East Turkistan and Indian border, there are villages, towns, and regions named Aksai in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and even Russia. [...] Aksai Chin (Eastern Ladakh) was annexed into Chinese occupied East Turkistan, or what China calls "Xinjiang" following the Sino-India War of 1962. Looking at historical data and maps pre-1962, including maps created by the British, Chinese, East Turkistan, Indian, Russian, and United States governments, we can see that since at least 1865 Aksai Chin (Eastern Ladakh) was exclusively marked as being a part of India.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-01): Consider the maps of India that each Quad country utilizes. U.S. maps, such as this from the CIA, highlight India’s claim over Aksai Chin; they do not imply Chinese sovereignty even as they show the border and the line of actual control separately. Maps published by the Australian government, however, signal that Aksai Chin is actually part of China. The same holds true with both Japan’s foreign ministry and Japan’s premier NGO, which is funded by its Foreign Ministry. Few diplomats in Washington, Canberra, or Tokyo may think about such maps. In the State Department, resident cartographers might fall on the ladder of prestige slightly below the deputy assistant coffee-getter. Smug dismissiveness of Indian concerns, however, will not advance the Quad but will instead enforce the perception that the United States, Australia, and Japan do not fully appreciate India’s security concerns or its previous victimization by China (and its vassals). Simply put, if the Quad is going to move forward, both as a strategic dialogue and perhaps more, it is time that not only the United States but also Australia and Japan side unequivocally with India. This means, in practice, jointly recognizing that Aksai Chin is occupied Indian territory, as much a part of Ladakh as Kargil and Leh. Not only should the maps of all Quad members reflect this, but also their policies. The days in which a man like Kissinger can treat the world’s largest democracy as a junior partner should be over.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-09): The Aksai Chin comprises the western sector of the 2,100-mile disputed Sino-Indian border defined by the LAC. As seen on figure 1, the road and railroad infrastructure in the region is extremely limited, as are the number of airfields. The distances between major cities are great, and transportation is difficult because of the altitude, mountains, rivers, deserts, and climate. The average elevation in the Aksai Chin is some 17,000 feet (over 5,000 meters) above sea level, requiring troops from lower elevations to take days to over a week to acclimate, and frequently requires the use of oxygen while marching or exercising. The altitude and extreme cold also adversely affect the performance of weapons, vehicles, and aircraft.6
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-30): In the new map, China has made territorial claims on a small region in Russia, the Aksai Chin Region in India’s Arunachal Pradesh, the South China Sea and has also claimed Taiwan by creating a U-shaped ten-dash line on its map claiming around 90% of the South China Sea region whose territorial jurisdiction resides with the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The map contains altered names for multiple locations within these regions. Most of the territories mentioned above are either disputed or have been denounced as illegal Chinese intervention by various international tribunals, NGOs, and states. The Aksai Chin Region has been part of India since 1947. After the Indo-China war in 1962, there has been intervention in the territory by the intrusion of Chinese soldiers, and the setting up of military camps including hangers and runways. India has always retaliated against such intervention by China through the release of maps and other means. Right from the decline of the Qing Dynasty to the 1913 Shimla Treaty and the McMahon Line being the de facto border, the history of territorial claims over Aksai Chin has been full of conflicts. China’s recent claim to this territory through the release of its official map is unjustified.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-06): The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) 2023 "standard map" raised familiar protests with its long-invalidated claims to most of the South China Sea as well as the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and other disputed territory. An unexpected assertion of sovereignty over an island at the PRC’s Russian border, however, showed Beijing’s willingness to appropriate territory even from its closest partners. [...] After the PRC’s latest claim to the entire island, Russia’s foreign ministry stated that the issue was settled more than a decade ago and dismissed any suggestion of reopening the dispute, Newsweek reported. [...] India also lodged a complaint with Beijing over the latest map, saying the territorial assertions have no basis, reported the BBC. The map stakes claim to the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and the disputed Aksai Chin plateau in the Beijing-administered Kashmir region.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-17): In the last few months, there have been a number of skirmishes and stand-offs between Chinese and Indian military forces along disputed and settled parts of the Sino-Indian border. The most significant escalation took place in mid-June in high-altitude ridges of the Galwan Valley in the Himalayan region along the 2,100 mile long disputed Line of Actual Control (LAC). The LAC is a loose line of demarcation of the disputed area that is divided into three sectors, and its western sector separates the Indian-controlled territory of eastern Ladakh from the Chinese-administered territory of Aksai Chin (which is also claimed by India).
Claim: Juan de Nova Island is a territory of France (Juan de Nova Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-17): Juan de Nova Island (French: Île Juan de Nova, pronounced [il ʒɥɑ̃ də nɔva]), Malagasy: Nosy Kely)[1] is a French-controlled tropical island in the narrowest part of the Mozambique Channel, about one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique. It is a low, flat island, 4.8 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi) in size. [...] Juan de Nova Island was assigned a small garrison of 14 soldiers from the 2nd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment, as well as a gendarme. They settled in housing that formerly hosted SOFIM workers.[8] The troops receive supplies by air every 45 days. [...] - Juan de Nova Island - Islands of Madagascar - 1897 establishments in the French colonial empire - Former populated places in the Indian Ocean - France–Madagascar relations - Important Bird Areas of the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean - Islands of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands - Territorial disputes of France - Territorial disputes of Madagascar - Seabird colonies
Claim: Juan de Nova Island is a territory of France (Juan de Nova Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-02): Juan de Nova Island is an island in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, about one-third of the way from Madagascar to Mozambique. [...] There is no economic activity on Juan de Nova Island. There are no public accommodations on Juan de Nova Island.
Claim: Juan de Nova Island is a territory of France (Juan de Nova Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-01): Juan de Nova Island: Named after a famous 15th-century Spanish navigator and explorer, the island has been a French possession since 1897. It has been exploited for its guano and phosphate. Presently a small military garrison oversees a meteorological station. [...] Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): 17 03 S, 42 45 E; [...] Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): total - 4.4 sq km; land - 4.4 sq km; water - 0 sq km
Claim: Juan de Nova Island is a territory of France (Juan de Nova Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): Overseas territory [edit]- French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises or TAAF); overseas territory of France (since 1956). It is currently the only overseas territory. According to law 2007-224 of 21 February 2007, the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean constitute the 5th district of TAAF.
Claim: Juan de Nova Island is a territory of France (Juan de Nova Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-27): These are very special French territories, as much for their biodiversity as for their administrative system, whose specific features reflect these "marginal lands at the heart of territorial issues". An expression borrowed from the conference of the same name organised last October by Florian Aumond, Ludovic Chan-Tung, Anne Choquet and Sabine Lavorel, national and international experts in polar law, who wrote this article on the French Southern and Antarctic Territories. Originally published in The Conversation on the occasion of the One Planet – Polar Summit, we thought it would be useful to remind you of its existence. [...] Firstly, Madagascar is disputing the four islands in the Mozambique Channel (Europa, Juan de Nova, Bassas da India and Les Glorieuses). Emmanuel Macron’s visit to the Glorieuses in October 2019, a first for a Head of State, revived the opposition and tightened Tananarive’s stance. Since then, negotiations have stalled.
Claim: Juan de Nova Island is a territory of France (Juan de Nova Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-02): Juan de Nova Island (French: Île Juan de Nova, pronounced: [il ʒɥɑ̃ də nɔva]), Malagasy: Nosy Kely) is a French-controlled tropical island in the narrowest part of the Mozambique Channel, about one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique. It is a low, flat island, 4.8 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi) in size. [...] In 1974, the French government decided to install military detachments across the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean that lay within the Mozambique Channel (Juan de Nova, Europa Island, and the Glorioso Islands). Its aim was primarily to respond to Madagascar's claims to those territories, which France considers protected within an exclusive economic zone. Juan de Nova Island was assigned a small garrison of 14 soldiers from the 2nd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment, as well as a gendarme. They settled in housing that formerly hosted SOFIM workers. The troops receive supplies by air every 45 days.