copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2015-04-02): Globally, Muslims have the highest fertility rate, an average of 3.1 children per woman – well above replacement level (2.1), the minimum typically needed to maintain a stable population.6 Christians are second, at 2.7 children per woman. Hindu fertility (2.4) is similar to the global average (2.5). Worldwide, Jewish fertility (2.3 children per woman) also is above replacement level. All the other groups have fertility levels too low to sustain their populations: folk religions (1.8 children per woman), other religions (1.7), the unaffiliated (1.7) and Buddhists (1.6). [...] Meanwhile, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to have a declining share of the world’s population (53% in 2050, compared with 59% in 2010). This will be reflected in the slower growth of religions heavily concentrated in the region, including Buddhism and Chinese folk religions, as well as slower growth of Asia’s large unaffiliated population. One exception is Hindus, who are overwhelmingly concentrated in India, where the population is younger and fertility rates are higher than in China or Japan. As previously mentioned, Hindus are projected to roughly keep pace with global population growth. India’s large Muslim population also is poised for rapid growth. Although India will continue to have a Hindu majority, by 2050 it is projected to have the world’s largest Muslim population, surpassing Indonesia.
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2021-09-21): All religious groups in India have shown major declines in fertility rates, a study from Pew Research Center has found. [...] Muslims still have the highest fertility rate (2.6 children per woman in 2015) among the major religious groups, followed by Hindus (2.1). Jains have the lowest fertility rate at 1.2. The study says the general pattern is largely the same as it was in 1992, when Muslims had the highest fertility rate (4.4), followed by Hindus (3.3).
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2021-06-09): Existing research has found that among major Asian American communities, Indian Americans—both men and women—have the highest rate of endogamy (the custom of marrying within one’s community) in both the first and second generations, although there is a noticeable increase in marriage outside of the community among members of the second generation.21
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2023-05-01): A social media post that claims that ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ is being widely circulated. Through this article let’s fact-check the claim made in the post. [...] Hindus and Jews, stand next with a fertility rate of 2.3 per woman, just below the global average of 2.4. This implies that contrary to the viral claim, it is not the Hindus who have the highest fertility rate. [...] India is home to almost 94% of Hindus across the world. Even in India, it is not Hindus who have the highest fertility rate. As per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2019-21, the fertility rate of Muslims stands at 2.36. While that of Hindus stands slightly less at 1.94.
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2024-08-07): Comparative studies find relationships between high birth rates and traditional religious beliefs in multiple places. Some accounts emphasize higher birth rates among Muslims, despite wide variation across communities. Religious conservatives in many faiths record higher birth rates: evangelical Christians, Mormons, Hindus, Orthodox Jews, and others. Some groups have historically been known for large families. In Russia, some non-Russian ethnic groups have higher birth rates than Russians. The birth rates in the largely Muslim North Caucasus have been a particular concern for Moscow. Despite birth rates among many ethnic populations declining, births in many non-Russian communities continue to remain higher than those of ethnic Russians. Several analysts call attention to a phenomenon of ethnic groups that feel threatened responding with high fertility rates. Russia’s "punished peoples"—those accused of sympathizing with the Germans during World War II and deported from their homelands—have received particular attention. Marat Ilyasov, a scholar from Chechnya who now teaches in the US, makes a strong case for the Chechens, one of the groups that managed to return to their ancestral territory, striving for high birth rates to guarantee the nation’s survival. They have the highest birth rates in the country.
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2021-09-21): All religious groups in India have shown major declines in fertility rates, a study, external from Pew Research Center has found. [...] Muslims still have the highest fertility rate (2.6 children per woman in 2015) among the major religious groups, followed by Hindus (2.1). Jains have the lowest fertility rate at 1.2. The study says the general pattern is largely the same as it was in 1992, when Muslims had the highest fertility rate (4.4), followed by Hindus (3.3).
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2023-09-20): Mauritius has transitioned from a country of high fertility and high mortality rates in the 1950s and mid-1960s to one with among the lowest population growth rates in the developing world today. After World War II, Mauritius’ population began to expand quickly due to increased fertility and a dramatic drop in mortality rates as a result of improved health care and the eradication of malaria. This period of heightened population growth – reaching about 3% a year – was followed by one of the world’s most rapid birth rate declines. The total fertility rate fell from 6.2 children per women in 1963 to 3.2 in 1972 – largely the result of improved educational attainment, especially among young women, accompanied by later marriage and the adoption of family planning methods. The family planning programs’ success was due to support from the government and eventually the traditionally pronatalist religious communities, which both recognized that controlling population growth was necessary because of Mauritius’ small size and limited resources. Mauritius’ fertility rate has consistently been below replacement level since the late 1990s, a rate that is substantially lower than nearby countries in southern Africa.
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2021-09-21): With regard to fertility rates, the study found that Muslims, who had the highest fertility rate, also had the sharpest decline in fertility rates. From 1992 to 2015, the total fertility rates of Muslims declined from 4.4 to 2.6, while that of Hindus declined from 3.3 to 2.1, indicating that "the gaps in childbearing between India’s religious groups are much smaller than they used to be." The average fertility rate in India today is 2.2, which is higher than the rates in economically advanced countries such as the U.S. (1.6), but much lower than what it was in 1992 (3.4) or 1951 (5.9). [...] Cautioning that religion is by no means the only or even the primary factor affecting fertility rates, the study noted that women in central India tended to have more children, with Bihar and Uttar Pradesh showing a total fertility rate (TFR) of 3.4 and 2.7 respectively, in contrast to a TFR of 1.7 and 1.6 in Tamil Nadu and Kerala respectively.
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2017-04-05): Moreover, Muslims have the highest fertility rate of any religious group – an average of 2.9 children per woman, well above replacement level (2.1), the minimum typically needed to maintain a stable population.9 Christians are second, at 2.6 children per woman. Hindu and Jewish fertility (2.3 each) are both just below the global average of 2.4 children per woman. All other groups have fertility levels too low to sustain their populations. [...] Compared with the overall size of the religiously unaffiliated population (16% of the world’s people), there were relatively few recent births to unaffiliated mothers (10% of all births between 2010 and 2015). Religious "nones" are the third-largest group overall, and yet due to lower levels of fertility, they rank fourth behind Hindus in terms of babies born. Between 2010 and 2015, an estimated 68 million babies were born to unaffiliated mothers, compared with 109 million to Hindu mothers. Hindus also saw a much larger natural increase than the religiously unaffiliated (67 million vs. 26 million). [...] By contrast, the total number of births is projected to decline steadily between 2015 and 2060 for all other major religious groups. The drop-off in births will be especially dramatic for Hindus – who are expected to see 33 million fewer births between 2055 and 2060 than between 2010 and 2015 – due in large part to declining fertility in India, which is home to 94% of the global Hindu population as of 2015.
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2024-03-01): According to Pew Research, the most religious areas of the world are experiencing the fastest population growth because they have high fertility rates and relatively young populations. Niger, the country with the fastest growing population in the world (3.7% annually) and the highest fertility rate (6.8 children per woman), is expected to quadruple its population by 2070. At the same time, the vast majority of adults in Niger (86%) say religion is very important to their lives (as compared to 54% worldwide). On the other end of the spectrum is Japan, where only 10 percent of their shrinking population (-0.5% annually) consider themselves religious. Japan’s population is expected to drop by 28 percent over the next 50 years. [...] Among the major religious groups Pew studied, Muslims had the highest fertility rate in 2015-2020 (2.9). The median age among Muslims was 23 during that time period, with over a third (34%) in the youngest segment of the population (birth – age 14). This compares to a median age of 28 for the world population with 27 percent ages 0-14. [...] Fertility rates for Hindus (2.3) and Buddhists (1.6) have been lower than for Christians and Muslims worldwide. Completed family size for those unaffiliated with a religion has been considerably lower (1.6) than the world average.
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Among Jews, fertility growth will continue, due almost entirely to high fertility among the Orthodox. But among Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, and the "Other" category containing groups like Mormons, Unitarians, Messianic Judaism, and Jehovah’s Witnesses, Needed TFR always exceeds Actual TFR, such that all those groups can expect between a 10 and 40% decline unless offset by immigration. Notably, Hindus, Buddhists, some Christian-related sects, and Muslims do benefit from high rates of additional members through immigration, so their actual community sizes are likely to outperform this forecast.
Claim: ‘Hindus have the highest fertility rate in World’ (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-04-20)
Evidence (2023-04-24): In 1971, China and India had nearly identical levels of total fertility, with just under 6 births per woman over a lifetime. Fertility in China fell sharply to fewer than 3 births per woman by the end of the 1970s (figure 3). By contrast, the fertility decline in India has been more gradual: it took three and a half decades for India to experience the same fertility reduction that occurred in China over just seven years in the 1970s. In 2022, at 1.2 births per woman, China had one of the world’s lowest fertility rates; India’s fertility rate, at 2.0 births per woman, was just below the "replacement" threshold of 2.1, the level required for population stabilization in the long run. According to the United Nations’ latest projections, India’s population is expected to reach its peak size around 2064 and then to decline gradually.
Claim: A recent judgement by an Indian Court allows both the wife and girlfriend to live in the same house (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-05-25)
Evidence (2023-05-25): The post has been circulating since 2013, and it refers to a specific case that was resolved during a Lok Adalat proceeding in Khandwa district, Madhya Pradesh. The case involved a man, his wife, and his live-in partner. The Lok Adalat judge resolved the dispute by ordering the man to spend alternate fortnights with his wife and partner, who continued to live together under the same roof. However, it’s important to note that Lok Adalat decisions are case-specific and do not establish binding legal precedents. Hence the claim mad in the post is MISLEADING.
Claim: A recent judgement by an Indian Court allows both the wife and girlfriend to live in the same house (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-05-25)
Evidence (2024-05-13): The concept of live-in relationship is not something that has been accepted with open arms in the Indian society. In our society, only those relationships are considered legitimate which have been solemnized by marriage. So far, there is no particular law to lay down the rights and commitments in a live-in relationship. However, live-in relationships are not illegal in India. The Top Court in its judgments has made it clear that live-in relations are not illegal and do not constitute to an offense. The Apex Court has held that two consenting adults can live together without marriage. Live-relationships are included under the ambit of the Domestic Violence Act. The only think that is left is society accepting the concept of live-in relationships. This Article focuses on the different landmark judgments passed by the Supreme Court regarding the Live-in Relationships in India and the provisions for the same. Keep reading to know more! [...] This is the most recent judgment passed by the Supreme Court concerning the concept of live-in relationship. The Petitioner couple had moved to the Supreme Court after they were denied protection by the Punjab and Haryana High Court on the grounds that live-in relationships are socially and morally unacceptable. The Petitioners Gurwinder Singh and Gulzar kumara faced opposition from their families due to their inter-caste relationship. The faced threat and danger to life from the woman’s side of the family and hence moved to the Punjab and Haryana High Court to seek protection. However, the Court showed a regressive approach and denied protection to them. Aggrieved by this, the Couple moved to the Supreme Court where they were given justice.
Claim: A recent judgement by an Indian Court allows both the wife and girlfriend to live in the same house (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-05-25)
Evidence (2023-07-24): While still frowned upon in most parts of the country, live-in relationships are becoming increasingly common. Couples can choose not to get married for a number of reasons and still stay together, share a household and possibly children. So how legal are these relationships in India? In a recent judgement, the Allahabad High Court refused to grant protection to an inter-faith couple in a live-in relationship and even stressed upon the need to create awareness about the emotional and societal pressures and legal hassles that may be created through such relationships. The Supreme Court however, over the years, has recognised the personal liberty of individuals involved, and, in a number of judgements conferred certain rights – for instance, live-in relationships can be covered under the protection from domestic violence law. But what happens in the case of separations, alimony and children? Are these protections available to same sex and queer couples? With the increasing harassment faced by inter-caste and inter-religious couples in the country, where even getting married has become challenging, do live-in relationships require more legal security?
Claim: A recent judgement by an Indian Court allows both the wife and girlfriend to live in the same house (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-05-25)
Evidence (2024-09-30): The recent judgement in the case of Shri Uttam Kumar Bose v. State of West Bengal (2023) is another milestone in the domain of mutual divorce. In this particular instance, the Supreme Court further iterated on its stance regarding the waiting period and the circumstances under which it can be waived. This case serves as an exemplar of the court's willingness to revisit established norms in the face of evolving perspectives on marital relationships. [...] Judicial recognition of couples' ability to amicably settle matters like child custody and property without prolonged litigation, as noted in judgements by Justices Sanjay Kishan Kaul, Shilpa Sailesh, and Vikram Nath. [...] In conclusion, key findings from the latest Supreme Court judgements have marked a significant evolution in Hindu Law concerning divorce by mutual consent. A notable judgement is the Amardeep Singh vs. Harveen Kaur (2017) case, where the Supreme Court relaxed the mandatory waiting period of six months, stating that it can be waived if the marriage has irretrievably broken down. The Court, through Justices Sanjay Kishan Kaul and Shilpa Sailesh, emphasized the futility of prolonging such proceedings when a breakdown is evident.
Claim: A recent judgement by an Indian Court allows both the wife and girlfriend to live in the same house (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-05-25)
Evidence (2023-09-12): The Court also perused Section 23(2) of the Act which postulates that the Court before granting any relief under the Act shall, in the first instance, where it is possible in the nature and circumstances of the case, make every endeavour to bring about reconciliation between the parties. The Court pointed that the object and purpose of these provisions is to check any party taking advantage of social and economic inequalities between both, given the fact that on many occasions a divorce may solve one problem, but create another when the woman is separated both socially and economically. In the present matter, the Court noted that the parties have been living separately for a decade and half. The Court said that the marriage does not exist any longer, and the relationship was terminated otherwise except by a formal decree of divorce. The Court said that the allegations levelled by the husband against wife were as serious as the allegations made by wife against the husband. Further, the Court said that both the parties had moved away and settled in their respective lives and hence there was no need to continue the agony of a mere status without them living together. The Court also said that the Trial Court and the High Court adopted a hyper-technical and pedantic approach in declining the decree of divorce. Therefore, the Court allowed the appeal and set aside the impugned judgments and granted a decree of divorce.
Claim: A recent judgement by an Indian Court allows both the wife and girlfriend to live in the same house (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-05-25)
Evidence (2024-06-07): These landmark judgments have helped to establish the legal recognition and protection of live-in relationships in India, ensuring that individuals in such relationships are not denied their fundamental rights and are treated on par with married couples in certain respects, particularly in matters of property inheritance. [...] The Supreme Court has recognized that live-in relationships and pre-marital sex are not illegal in India. Women in long-term live-in relationships have the right to inherit their partner's property and claim maintenance under domestic violence laws, similar to married women.
Claim: A recent judgement by an Indian Court allows both the wife and girlfriend to live in the same house (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-05-25)
Evidence (2023-05-02): Further, the Court clarified that these facts have to be evaluated keeping in view the economic and social status of the parties, including their educational qualifications, whether the parties have any children, their age, educational qualification, and whether the other spouse and children are dependent, in which event how and in what manner the party seeking divorce intends to take care and provide for the spouse or the children. [...] Thus, the Bench held that in exercise of power under Article 142(1) of the Constitution of India, has the discretion to dissolve the marriage on the ground of its irretrievable breakdown. This discretionary power is to be exercised to do ‘complete justice’ to the parties, wherein Supreme Court is satisfied that the facts established show that the marriage has completely failed and there is no possibility that the parties will cohabit together, and continuation of the formal legal relationship is unjustified. Further, it was said that the Court, as a court of equity, is required to also balance the circumstances and the background in which the party opposing the dissolution is placed.
Claim: A recent judgement by an Indian Court allows both the wife and girlfriend to live in the same house (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-05-25)
Evidence (2023-06-28): An Indian court's recent verdict that significantly expands the rights of homemakers over their husband's property has been hailed as a positive sign by women's rights advocates. On 21 June, the Madras high court - in the southern state of Tamil Nadu - passed a verdict in a domestic dispute case that allowed a housewife equal share in her husband's property. Experts say this is the first time an Indian court has formally recognised the contribution of a housewife to the husband's income. They, however, point out that the verdict is not binding on other states unless the country's Supreme Court rules along similar lines in future.
Claim: A recent judgement by an Indian Court allows both the wife and girlfriend to live in the same house (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-05-25)
Evidence (2023-02-27): Partners in live-in relationship have not been legally recognized by any implied sections or articles. Though it is not socially acceptable in some parts of India but live-in relationships are not illegal. Live-in relationships are becoming increasingly popular in India, especially among the younger generation. It is a concept where two individuals live together as partners without getting married. This trend is on the rise due to various reasons such as modernisation, urbanisation, and individualistic lifestyles. However, live-in relationships in India have always been a topic of debate and controversy. As per recent judgements of various courts in India, it has brought about some changes and have expressly accepted it to be legal in the country. S.Khushboo V Kanniammal, in this case the Supreme Court held that a live-in relationship comes within the ambit of Right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. The court also held that live-in-relationships are permissible and the act of two adults living together cannot be considered unlawful or illegal.