copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Tajikistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-07-20): Fergana Valley, enormous depression between the Tien Shan and Gissar and Alay mountain systems, lying mainly in eastern Uzbekistan and partly in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The roughly triangular valley has an area of 8,500 square miles (22,000 square km). It is bordered on the northwest by the Chatkal and Kurama mountains, on the northeast by the Fergana Mountains, and on the south by the Alay and Turkistan ranges, which rise to more than 16,500 feet (5,000 metres). In the west it is linked to the Mirzachül (Myrzashöl) steppe by the narrow Khujand Gates. [...] The Fergana Valley is one of the most densely populated areas of Central Asia and is a major producer of cotton, fruit, and raw silk. Among the mineral deposits that are exploited are coal, oil, mercury, antimony, and ozocerite. The chief cities are Khujand, Kokand (Quqŏn), Fergana, Marghilon, Andijon, and Namangan. Sedentary agriculture has been practiced for many centuries in the Fergana Valley, which also lay on one of the main trade routes to China. The valley was conquered by the Arabs in the 8th century, by Genghis Khan in the 13th, and by Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th. The khans of Kokand ruled it from the late 18th century until it was taken by Russia in 1876.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Tajikistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-14): From one perspective, the fighting arose due to long-unresolved tensions over demarcation and demography. Local competition for arable land and water has been worsened by the artificial borders created by the previous Soviet authorities, which complicate the management of trans-border resources. The Fergana Valley – which includes parts of northern Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan, and eastern Uzbekistan – is particularly replete with ethnic exclaves, in which the nationals of one Central Asian republic are enveloped by the territory of a neighboring country. Of note, more than one-third of the 972km-long state boundary between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan remains to be demarcated.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Tajikistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-06-16): After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, the newly established independent sovereign republics of Central Asia were free to chart their own course in domestic and geopolitical affairs, rid of the constraints long imposed on them by Moscow. Unfortunately for the inhabitants of the region, independence was nothing more than a trigger for renewed ethnic conflict, driven mainly by the new states’ disputes over water and land, particularly within the densely populated Fergana Valley region. [...] However, whether unable or unwilling to, the Soviet demarcation strategy did not fully take into account the vast array and relatively random geographical spread of ethnic groups that resided in the Fergana Valley. As a result, several ethnic groups found themselves positioned outside of their ‘home’ republics, with both Tajik and ethnic Uzbek communities existing in the form of enclaves and exclaves within the Kyrgyz nation, and vice versa. [...] Blog written by Lewis Walters for Global Risks Insights. Original posting at: https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/06/kyrgyz-tajik-relations-in-the-fergana-valley-trapped-in-a-soviet-era-labyrinth/
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-22): Fergana Valley is a valley in Central Asia, lying mostly in eastern Uzbekistan, extending into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan. [...] The Fergana valley was ruled by a series of Muslim states in the medieval period. For much of this period local and southwestern rulers divided the valley into a series of small states. From the 16th century, the Shaybanid dynasty of the Khanate of Bukhara ruled Fergana, replaced by the Janid dynasty of Bukhara in 1599. In 1709 Shaybanid emir Shahrukh of the Minglar Uzbeks declared independence from the Khanate of Bukhara, establishing a state in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley. He built a citadel to be his capital in the small town of Kokand. As the Khanate of Kokand, Kokand was capital of a territory stretching over modern eastern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, southern Kazakhstan and all of Kyrgyzstan.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-10): On the eastern end of Uzbekistan, guarded by the majestic rock face of the Tian Shan Mountains, lies the Namangan region. Spread along the northern part of the Fergana Valley, the region is a long and expansive canvas of breathtaking landscapes, traditions and crafts, as well as other historic and natural attractions. The Fergana Valley is a geological depression that extends for more than 300 km in length and 70 km in width, and is lodged between the Tian Shan Mountains to the north, and the Gissar-Alai range to the south. Irrigated by tributaries of the Syr Darya river, the region is one of the most fertile parts of the country. The richness of the soil attracted agricultural interest and over the centuries several settlements began to sprawl in the valley. These towns and villages gave rise to Silk Road trading posts, fortifications, and to the 19th century Khanate of Kokand, close to the present day Tajikistan.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-01-01): Today Fergana valley is one of the prosperous regions of Uzbekistan. Fertile oases enclose the region. Along the northern boundary f the valley there flows the Syr Darya River, which is formed by the confluence of two smaller rivers - the Karadarya and the Naryn. Their waters feed three main canals - the Big Fergana Canal, the Southern Fergana Canal and the Northern Fergana Canal - the first nation-wide constructions of the twentieth century. The big cities - Fergana, Kokand, Andijan and Namangan are located in the oases of the valley. In the rural area there prevails the cultivated landscape - vast cotton fields, green spots of gardens, melon and gourd plantations and vineyards cut with lines of irrigation ditches. Rows of poplar trees and mulberry trees, plane trees and elms run along the highways. [...] For a long time Kokand was the main city of Fergana valley. The first written evidence about the town of Khavikand can be found in the 10th century chronicles where it was mentioned as a town located on the Great Silk Road and famous for its crafts. In 18-19th centuries it was the capital of powerful Kokand khanate, the state that dominated most of the territory of modern Uzbekistan and contiguous states. Kokand was a big religious center. In the years of its prosperity there were 35 madrassahs and 100 mosques here. Unfortunately, the majority of them were ruined in the course of time or as a result of earthquakes, or by the Soviet power. [...] Fergana valley - the vast prosperous oasis with the most fertile lands in Central Asia and the finest climate - is rightly called Golden Valley.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-07-06): The Fergana Valley, a lush oasis spanning 22,000 square kilometers, is one of the most picturesque and agriculturally productive regions in Uzbekistan. Home to approximately 7 million people, the valley is encircled by the majestic Tien Shan mountains and nourished by the waters of the Syr Darya and Naryn rivers. Its fertile lands make it an ideal location for agriculture and animal husbandry, while its cities boast rich histories and architectural marvels. [...] The Fergana Valley is a critical agricultural hub in Uzbekistan, with cotton being a primary crop. The region also produces a wide variety of vegetables and fruits, benefiting from the valley’s fertile soil and favorable climate. The agricultural bounty supports not only the local economy but also contributes significantly to Uzbekistan’s overall agricultural output. The valley’s landscape, dotted with mountains and rivers, provides a scenic backdrop that enhances its appeal as a tourist destination. The Fergana Valley’s historical significance is also profound. As part of the ancient Silk Road, it was a major conduit for trade and cultural exchange between the East and the West. Cities like Andijan, Margilan, and Kokand served as vital centers of commerce, religion, and craftsmanship.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-31): Fergana is a fascinating region located in the heart of Central Asia, known for its diverse culture, stunning natural beauty, and rich history. The region is located in eastern Uzbekistan and offers visitors a unique and memorable travel experience. [...] Another must-visit destination in Fergana is the city of Margilan, which is considered the silk capital of Uzbekistan. Visitors can tour the Yodgorlik Silk Factory and witness the production of silk textiles using traditional techniques. The city is also known for its delicious cuisine, which includes savory dishes like plov, shurpa, and samsa, as well as sweet treats like halva and baklava. In conclusion, Fergana is a unique and memorable destination for travelers to Uzbekistan. With its vibrant arts and crafts scene, rich history, delicious cuisine, and stunning natural beauty, there is something for everyone to enjoy in Fergana. So why not plan your trip today and discover the magic of this beautiful region for yourself?
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-15): Fergana (Uzbek: Fargʻona, Фарғона, pronounced [farʁɒna]), or Ferghana, also Farghana is a district-level city and the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan.[2] Fergana is about 420 km east of Tashkent, about 75 km southwest of Andijan, and less than 20 km from the Kyrgyzstan border. The modern city was founded in 1876. [...] Fergana Region is one of the centers of ancient culture in Uzbekistan. Photographs of Stone Age settlements and rocks found in the area show that stone tools have been used by people in the valley since ancient times. Excavations of the Great Fergana Canal have played an important role in the study of archaeological monuments in the region. During the excavation of the canal, monuments from the Bronze Age, slavery and land ownership were discovered and studied. Finds from the 5th century BC and early medieval period in the town of Quva are well studied. Historical sources from the 10th to 11th century state that this city was the largest and most prosperous in the valley after Akhsikath. Archaeological materials confirm that the city of Margilan was a large village in the 10th century and took on the appearance of a hamlet in the 11th and 12th centuries.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-03-26): Fergana Valley is a valley in Central Asia, lying mostly in eastern Uzbekistan, extending into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan. [...] The Fergana Valley is an intermountain depression in Central Asia, between the mountain systems of the Tien Shan in the north and the Alay in the south. The valley is approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) long and up to 70 kilometres (43 mi) wide, forming an area covering 22,000 square kilometres (8,500 sq mi). Its position makes it a separate geographic zone.[2] The valley owes its fertility to two rivers, the Naryn and the Kara Darya, which unite in the valley, near Namangan, to form the Syr Darya. Numerous other tributaries of these rivers exist in the valley including the Sokh River. The streams, and their numerous mountain effluents, not only supply water for irrigation, but also bring down vast quantities of sand, which is deposited alongside their courses, more especially alongside the Syr Darya where it cuts its way through the Khujand-Ajar ridge and forms the valley. This expanse of quicksand, covering an area of 1,900 km2 (750 sq mi), under the influence of south-west winds, encroaches upon the agricultural districts.[3]
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-17): Fergana Valley spans the northeastern part of Uzbekistan and extends into neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Approximately 300 kilometers (190 miles) long and up to 70 kilometers (43 miles) wide, the valley covers an expansive area of 22,000 square kilometers (8,500 square miles). Nestled between the Tian Shan Mountains to the north and the Alay Mountains to the south, this lush depression is often regarded as the heartland and agricultural basket of Central Asia. The Fergana Valley plays a crucial role in the region’s vitality with its fertile soil and abundant water supply from the Syr Darya River and its tributaries. Fergana Valley: Uzbekistan’s Most Populous and Culturally Diverse Region [...] The Fergana Valley is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in Central Asia, drawing human presence for over a million years. Archaeological findings at the Selungur site, have revealed a set of flint stone tools, animal remains, and, most importantly, ancient human bones and teeth. For thousands of years, these early inhabitants survived through hunting, fishing, and gathering plants from the valley’s fertile landscape.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-19): The Fergana Valley lies in eastern Uzbekistan and is the country’s agricultural beating heart. The area is steeped in history and has yielded so much to Central Asia, including its ties with the Silk Road. [...] The Fergana Valley sweeps across eastern Uzbekistan and also dips into Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Technically, it’s not an actual valley; it’s a basin of flat plains between the northern Tian Shan Mountains and the southern Gissar-Alai range. The Syr Darya River nourishes the valley, while other canal systems have been created to irrigate the land. [...] Things to do and places to visit in Fergana Valley Uzbekistan 1. Fergana City
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-03): The Fergana Valley is a depression limited by the Tien Shan mountains in the north and the Alay mountains in the south. It is the most fertile area in Uzbekistan and in the southern part of Central Asia, hence it became the agricultural heartland in the region. [...] If this was not enough, the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan is where the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan was created, a radical Muslim group founded by Wahabis from Saudi Arabia and which even has an active base in Afghanistan. [...] The Fergana Valley is a place only suitable for the most voracious and real travelers who prefer hanging out with locals rather than visiting historical sites.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-05): The Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan: What to visit in 2024! [...] While places like Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva remain in the spotlight, the Fergana Valley, this 22,000 sq. km. salient in the east part of Uzbekistan, is a markedly different region, culturally, geographically, and ethnically. [...] Fergana, unlike the other cities in the Fergana Valley, is a relatively new city. Only founded in 1876, after the Russian conquest of the Kokand Khanate, the city’s initial name was Noviy (New) Margilan, then it changed its name to Skobelev, its first governor.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-01): This post is about the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan. The Fergana valley in Uzbekistan still receives few tourists. It is one of those off the beaten path places to visit in Uzbekistan where you still feel like an explorer. [...] With the spread of Islam in the 8th century, the Fergana Valley became an important center of Islamic learning and culture. Again it was controlled by many different rulers from the Mongols, the Timurids, the Shaybanid dynasty and the Soviets. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Uzbekistan gained independence, and the Fergana Valley became part of the newly formed Republic of Uzbekistan. The Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-07-25): For this reason and others, most governments have avoided creating enclaves - or have avoided allowing them to exist - and there are a relatively small number today. Many of them are found in the Fergana Valley, a region in Central Asia where Taikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan all meet. Just some of the enclaves found in this region include Barak, a small Kyrgyz village surrounded by Uzbekistan; So’x and Shohimardon and the two tiny territories of Qal’acha and Khalmion, all surrounded by Kyrgyzstan; the Tajik village of Sarvan in Uzbekistan; and the Tajik village of Vorukh and the tiny piece of land known as Kairagach, both in Kyrgyzstan. Most of these are just tiny villages with small populations - most have less than 1,000 people - but they have survived because those populations consider it important to maintain their cultural heritage and insist on teaching the traditions of their ancestors. The valley’s history stretches back more than 2,300 years, when the population settled there was first conquered by Greco-Bactrian invaders from the west. As a spot along the Northern Silk Road, this area was converted by Muslim invaders from the west before the Russian Empire took the valley at the end of the 19th century, adding it to the Soviet Union. The three regional states mentioned earlier all gained independent from the Soviet Union in 1991 and the residents have been struggling with cultural conflict ever since.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): To get from Tashkent to the valley you need to cross the high-mountain Kamchik pass. In winter, this area resembles a fairy tale. In bad weather conditions, passage through the pass territory is often closed due to the danger of avalanches and mudflows. The Fergana Valley is unique. Surrounded by a high chain of mountains with beautiful gardens and fields, in the central part there is a special natural monument - the Yazyavan desert. The inner desert of the Fergana Valley, Yazyavan, which has practically disappeared these days, occupied a significant territory in the last century and was as uninhabited as the central regions of Kyzylkum. Unique archaeological finds were made in the Yazyavan sands. The earliest agriculture in the Fergana Valley arose around the 2nd century BC in places of seasonal irrigation in the floodplains of rivers running down from the mountain ranges. Evidence of this is the monuments of the famous Chust culture.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-03): On arrival in the Fergana Valley many visitors wonder where the valley is. From this broad (22,000 sq km), flat bowl, the surrounding mountain ranges (Tian Shan to the north and the Pamir Alay to the south) seem to stand back at enormous distances – when you can see them, that is. [...] Andijon’s Jahon Bazaar is the biggest bazaar on the Uzbek side of the Fergana Valley. There are silk stalls here, in case you miss Kumtepa Bazaar in… [...] Fergana’s most appealing attraction is the modern bazaar, filled with good-natured Uzbek traders, leavened with Korean and Russian vendors selling…
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-18): Fergana Region[a][b] is one of the regions of Uzbekistan, located in the southern part of the Fergana Valley in the far east of the country. It borders the Namangan and Andijan Regions of Uzbekistan, as well as Kyrgyzstan (Batken and Osh Regions) and Tajikistan (Sughd Region). Its capital is the city of Fergana.[1] It covers an area of 6,760 km2.[2] The population is approximately 4,014,895 as of 2023, with 45% of the population living in rural areas.[3] [...] Fergana region is a region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was founded on January 15, 1938. It is located in the east of the republic, in the south of the Fergana valley. Border length (2286.4 km) Of which, in the east with the state of Kyrgyzstan (433.0 km), in the west with the state of Tajikistan (134.6 km), in the north with Andijan (101.6 km), Namangan (79.4 km), regions bordering on. The area is 7.0 thousand sq. km (700 461 ha). The population is 3782.2 thousand people (2020), mainly Uzbeks, but also Tajiks, Russians, Kyrgyz, Tatars and other nationalities. Number of citizens' meetings -1041, number of apartments -756 428. The center of the city is Fergana.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-07-20): Fergana Valley, enormous depression between the Tien Shan and Gissar and Alay mountain systems, lying mainly in eastern Uzbekistan and partly in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The roughly triangular valley has an area of 8,500 square miles (22,000 square km). It is bordered on the northwest by the Chatkal and Kurama mountains, on the northeast by the Fergana Mountains, and on the south by the Alay and Turkistan ranges, which rise to more than 16,500 feet (5,000 metres). In the west it is linked to the Mirzachül (Myrzashöl) steppe by the narrow Khujand Gates. [...] The Fergana Valley is one of the most densely populated areas of Central Asia and is a major producer of cotton, fruit, and raw silk. Among the mineral deposits that are exploited are coal, oil, mercury, antimony, and ozocerite. The chief cities are Khujand, Kokand (Quqŏn), Fergana, Marghilon, Andijon, and Namangan. Sedentary agriculture has been practiced for many centuries in the Fergana Valley, which also lay on one of the main trade routes to China. The valley was conquered by the Arabs in the 8th century, by Genghis Khan in the 13th, and by Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th. The khans of Kokand ruled it from the late 18th century until it was taken by Russia in 1876.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-12-14): After deadly bombings in the Uzbek capital, Tashkent, in 1999, fears of Islamic terrorists entering the country led Uzbekistan to construct a fence and ditch arrangement along much of its border with Kyrgyzstan in the Ferghana Valley. [...] The exclaves of Sokh, Shohimardan, Jani-Ayil (Halmiyon), and Chon Qora/Qalacha are areas of Uzbekistan that are surrounded by Kyrgyz territory. The Uzbek citizens who live there must, in many cases, pass through Kyrgyz border posts in order to leave the exclaves. [...] Megoran adds that "territorial exchanges have been reasonably successful on the Arabian Peninsula, but unlike the Ferghana Valley [of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan], those [land swaps] were not densely populated or cultivated areas, so disruption was minimal."