copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-07): The Kalapani dispute between Nepal and India was aroused when India publishes a revised political map in November 2019 that shows the newly created Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. Both the countries laid claim to Kalapani. The map showed Kalapani as part of Pithoragarh. As a result, Nepal protested immediately and drew attention to the issue. [...] Kalapani is located in the easternmost corner of Uttarakhand's Pithoragarh district. It shared a border on the north with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and Nepal in the east and south. The region is placed in between Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani trijunction between Nepal-India and China (Tibet). At an altitude of 3600m, it is located on the banks of the river Kali. The territories of Kalapani lies at the eastern border of Uttarakhand in India and Nepal’s Sudurpashchim Pradesh in the West. [...] The current position: A revised official map is published by Nepal incorporating the territory from the Limpiyadhura source of the Kali to Kalapani and Lipulekh pass in the northeast of the triangular region as its territory. The Cabinet led by Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli on 22 May registered a constitution amendment motion to grant constitutional status to the map. As per India, this move will not make any solution for the future on the Kalapni issue and is nearly impossible as a constitutional guarantee will make Kathmandu's position inflexible.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-18): In 2020, the government of Nepal introduced a new map delineating areas contested with India – Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura – as its own, despite the ongoing talks through established diplomatic channels. Kathmandu was apparently responding to India’s construction of a new road in the disputed region. Nepal’s Parliament unanimously formalized the government’s new map through a constitutional amendment in June 2020. [...] India has been clear in maintaining that Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura are integral parts of India. These territories are currently under Indian control and hold strategic significance. With India and China vying for influence in the greater Himalayas, the likelihood of India giving up any such territories is slim. The border dispute gained prominence after Nepal objected to a new Indian map in October 2019. India released the new map following the abrogation of Article 370 in the constitution, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, and the creation of the new Union Territory of Ladakh from the former state of J&K. Nepal complained that India had wrongly depicted Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura in its map.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-12): Nepalese political parties have a general consensus over the fact that Kalapani in Uttarakhand is part of Nepal’s sovereign territory, said former Nepalese Foreign Minister. However, India rejected this claim. [...] The Kalapani region derives its name from the river Kali. Nepal’s claims to the region is based on this river as it became the marker of the boundary of the kingdom of Nepal following the Treaty of Sugauli signed between the Gurkha rulers of Kathmandu and the East India Company after the Gurkha War/Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16). The treaty was ratified in 1816. [...] - Nepal has published a revised official map incorporating the territory from the Limpiyadhura source of the Kali to Kalapani and Lipulekh pass in the northeast of the triangular region as its territory.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Kalapani Land Dispute - The territorial dispute is about a 372-sq-km area that includes Limpiadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani at the India-Nepal-China trijunction in Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district. Nepal has claimed for long that these areas belong to it both historically and evidently. [...] - India considers the Kali River’s source to be at Kalapani, thus placing the Kalapani region within its territory. Indian maps have shown Kalapani as part of its Uttarakhand state since the 1960s. - Nepal claims that the river’s source is at Limpiyadhura, which lies further to the west, thus including Kalapani within its territory. Nepalese maps historically included this area as part of Nepal’s Darchula district.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-29): India’s latest diplomatic row with Nepal erupted on May 8 when New Delhi announced the inauguration of a Himalayan road link that passes through the disputed area of Kalapani. [...] But Beijing’s ambiguous position that Kalapani is a bilateral issue between India and Nepal has been keenly watched by Nepali analysts since the current road is a result of its 2015 agreement with New Delhi. Despite the tensions – the second over Kalapani in six months and the most serious bilateral dispute since the 2015 unofficial blockade – analysts on both sides have begun to call for a political solution to Kalapani.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-23): Recently, Nepal has released a new political map that claims Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh of Uttarakhand as part of Nepal’s territory. The area of Susta (West Champaran district, Bihar) can also be noted in the new map. [...] - The territory of Kalapani was offered to India by King Mahendra after the 1962 India-China war who wanted to help India’s security concerns due to perceived lingering Chinese threats. - Kalapani was not a part of Nepal-India dispute. It was Nepal’s territory that the king had allowed India to use temporarily - The new map is in fact a document that was in circulation in Nepal till the 1950s.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-24): The story so far: The dispute over Kalapani , which lies on the easternmost corner of Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district, between Nepal and India was revived in November 2019 when India published a revised political map showing the newly created Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. Both India and Nepal lay claim to Kalapani. The map showed Kalapani as part of Pithoragarh district. Nepal protested immediately and drew attention to the lingering issue. On May 8, India inaugurated the Darchula-Lipulekh pass link road , cutting across the disputed Kalapani area which is used by Indian pilgrims to Kailash Mansarovar. Nepal hit back by summoning the Indian Ambassador to Nepal, Vinay Mohan Kwatra, to convey a formal protest. [...] Kalapani is a region located in the easternmost corner of Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district. It shares a broder on the north with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and Nepal in the east and south. The region resembles a slice of cake wedged in between Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh and Kalapani. The area is in India’s control but Nepal claims the region because of historical and cartographic reasons. The area is the largest territorial dispute between Nepal and India consisting of at least 37,000 hectares of land in the High Himalayas.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-29): Since May 2020, tensions have been simmering between India and Nepal over the historically disputed territory of Kalapani. These tensions threaten to boil over with the Parliament of Nepal passing a Constitutional Amendment Bill that alters the country’s maps to include this strategically key area within its borders. This has been widely perceived as an act of cartographic aggression by Indian officials. As with any border dispute, it would be useful to unscramble this diplomatic standoff through a legal prism. Of particular import are some of the questions that this issue raises in connection with river boundaries and cartographic assertions. [...] The Kalapani dispute is symptomatic of an egregious marriage between natural geographies and modern-day Westphalian states. The status of River Kali as a boundary river between India and Nepal lies at the heart of this dispute. The predisposition of these nation-states towards permanent sovereignty and clearly demarcated borders has been vexed by the indeterminacy and transitory nature of Kali.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-07): Kalapani Territorial Dispute: Kalapani has become an issue of contention between India and Nepal after the Nepal government raised objections to its inclusion in India's new political map. The Nepal government claimed that the Kalapani territory located in its far-west is an integral part of its region. [...] Kalapani territory is a disputed territory between India and Nepal. While Nepal claims Kalapani to be a part of its Darchula district, the region is administered in India as a part of Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand. [...] Since the Indo-China war of 1962, Kalapani is controlled by India's Indo-Tibetan Border Police. Nepal claims that the river located towards the west of the territory is the main Kali river and thus it falls in its territory, India claims a ridgeline towards the east of the Kalapani territory and hence, includes it in the Indian Union.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-18): Opening up of Lipulekh pass for Kailash Mansarovar has led Nepal lodge protest with India claiming Kalapani area in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand as its own territory. The new route passes through Kalapani. In Short - Nepal protests India's decision to open Lipulekh pass for Kailash Mansarovar travel - Nepal claims Kalapani, through which the new road passes, as its own territory - Kalapani is in Uttarakhand and has been an Indian territory since Anglo-Nepal treaty of 1816 [...] In 1997, Nepal raised objections after India and China agreed to open the Lipulekh pass to facilitate a travel route to Mansarovar. Nepal says Kalapani is part of its Darchula district in Sudur Paschim Pradesh. Kalapani is largely a valley formed by a mess of Himalayan rivers, contributing to what is known as Kali, Mahakali or Sharda river at various points in Nepal and India.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-21): In his reaction, Nepal Prime Minister KP Oli said that the Kalapani area at the tri-junction of Nepal, India and Tibet belonged to Nepal, and "India should immediately withdraw its army". [...] A disputed territory between India and Nepal, Kalapani is situated on the eastern banks of the river Mahakali and is considered by India to be a part of Uttrakhand’s Pithoragarh district, while Nepal contests that the area falls under its district called Darchula. [...] The valley of Kalapani, with the Lipulekh Pass at the top, forms the Indian route to the ancient pilgrimage site of Kailash–Manasarovar. Kalapani is located at an altitude of 3,600 metres and borders Uttarakhand in India and Sudurpashchim Pradesh in Nepal.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-11): Kalapani is the area in the Darchula district of the Sudurpaschim province of Nepal that borders the eastern front of Uttarakhand in India. The area lies in the southern half of the Kalapani river basin or on the banks of the Mahakali river. It is situated at 3,650 m to 6,180 m above sea level and has an area of 35 square km. It only has some 100 people living in the area. Kalapani is a tri-junction point between India, Nepal and China. It is important to Nepal and India regarding the border dispute. But, not just that, India and China also find the area important as the pass to build a road connecting Indian pilgrims to Kailash Mansarover in Tibet. It is also a place of strategic importance for India and China to logistically build up military troops on the border. [...] Nepal’s claim - The 1816 Sugauli Treaty cost Nepal one-third of its territory but demarcated Kalapani and the disputed area as Nepal. Article 5 of the treaty states Nepal is east of the Mahakali (Kali) river with its source at Limpiyadhura. This is the beginning of the Kalapani dispute.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-08): Kalapani is the land of Nepal and our party stands firm on this conviction. India is continuously trying to settle this issue but we won't go back in our claim. [...] "Kalapani is the land of Nepal and our party stands firm on this conviction. India is continuously trying to settle this issue but we won’t go back in our claim," Narayan Kaji Shrestha, a spokesman of the ruling Nepal Communist Party, told Al Jazeera. [...] Bipin Adhikari, a constitutional expert, said; "If you go through historical proofs then it is clear that Kalapani is a part of Nepal. It is an illegally occupied territory."
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-02-05): Nepal has long claimed Kalapani as part of its territory as per the Sugauli Treaty signed between Nepal and the then East India Company.Anil Giri [...] "The Survey Department has prepared a map of Nepal that includes Kalapani as a part of Nepal and has urged all government and private offices to use the official map of Nepal released by the department," said Ganesh Bhatta, former director-general of the department. As Nepal has always included Kalapani within its territory and India within its, the piece of land has remained a matter of dispute, said Bhatta.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-20): Kalapani: A Bone of Contention Between India and Nepal 17 Oct, 2000 · 422 Alok Kumar Gupta, after an analysis of the Kalapnai issue points out that technically, it may be possible for India to shift its post from Kalapani to the west bank of the Kali. However, it may not be possible politically and from the strategic point of view [...] These differences amount in reality to differences in the maps that each country possesses, which is further exacerbated by the shifting course of the Mahakali river in the area that was earlier accepted as the boundary.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-19): After sparking a regional and worldwide controversy by changing the internal status of Kashmir, India’s new official political map is stirring criticism in Nepal, including from Nepal’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). The updated map of India released on November 2 includes a major Nepali claim, an area known as Kalapani. Four days after the map’s release, Nepal’s MOFA released a press statement objecting to the inclusion of Kalapani in the Indian map. The press statement stated: "The Nepal government firmly believes that the Kalapani is a part of Nepal." India’s unilateral and illegal move to encroach upon Nepal’s Kalapani goes against the 1816 Suguali treaty between Nepal and the then East India Company. [...] Bipin Adhikari, a constitutional expert, told The Diplomat, "Who says Kalapani, Lipu Lekh, and Limphuyadhara are ‘disputed territories’? They are part of Nepal and will remain so. The Indian security forces must go back the way they moved in during the Sino-Indian war. Enough is enough! The age of occupation must come to an end."
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Government unveils new political map including Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura inside Nepal borders [...] Six months after India unveiled its new political map placing Kalapani within its borders, Nepal on Wednesday unveiled its new political map by including the region within its territory. [...] The new map showing Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh as Nepali territories was approved by the Cabinet on Monday.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-07): Kalapani an integral part: Nepal objects inclusion of unresolved territory as part of India in new maps The Nepal government made it clear that Kalapani is an integral part of the country and it will not accept any unilateral decision concerning the unresolved territory. In Short - Nepal has objected to the inclusion of Kalapani within Indian territory - Nepal government made it clear that Kalapani is an integral part of the country - The inclusion of Kalapani into the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand has been objected by Nepal
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-22): Nepal considers Limpiyadhuru, Kalapani, and Lipulelh as part of its national territory as per the Treaty of Sugauli with the former East India Company, whose successor state is the present-day Republic of India. Cartographers in India, however, consider it a part of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. During the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Indian forces entered these territories after the Indian government consulted the former ruler of Nepal and have not retreated from this area since. Yet the cartographic dilemma is a product of colonial days as well: the East India Company maps of 1816 and 1856 show this region as part of the Kingdom of Nepal, but afterwards, future British cartographers started including this region as a part of British Indian territory possibly due to strategic reasons.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-09): The Government of Nepal has consistently maintained that as per the Sugauli Treaty (1816), all the territories east of Kali (Mahakali) River, including Limpiyadhura, Kalapani and Lipu Lekh, belong to Nepal. This was reiterated by the Government of Nepal several times in the past and most recently through a diplomatic note addressed to the Government of India dated 20 November 2019 in response to the new political map issued by the latter. This unilateral act runs against the understanding reached between the two countries including at the level of Prime Ministers that a solution to boundary issues would be sought through negotiation. The Government of Nepal remains committed to seek diplomatic solution to boundary issues on the basis of the historical treaty, documents, facts and maps in keeping with the spirit of close and friendly ties between the two countries. In light of this development, the Government of Nepal calls upon the Government of India to refrain from carrying out any activity inside the territory of Nepal.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-20): The Indian road was not built overnight and the Nepal government was surely aware and monitoring the situation in Kalapani over the preceding months and years. The issue had come up in November last year, when India announced its new political map, after the revocation of Article 370: as for many decades before, the Indian map continued to include territories claimed by Nepal, but this time the government in Kathmandu took it up officially and publically. It also became a popular issue in Nepal, with the hashtag #BackOffIndia trending on social media. [...] Yes. The border dispute has been addressed through several official channels since the 1990s, as observed by former Indian ambassador Jayant Prasad. The dispute has roots going back to the 1950s, as detailed in a deeply researched essay by Sam Cowan. Besides Kalapani, there is also a second dispute with India in the Susta river border region. While not well known, there is also a possible issue at the Eastern tri-junction with China and the Indian state of Sikkim. [...] The sooner India settles this dispute with Nepal, the lesser the chances for China to get involved. Beijing has chosen to remain quiet this time, but its future calculation may change. The Kalapani dispute between India and Nepal is also an almost perfect mirror case of the 2017 Doklam crisis between China and Bhutan, where India stepped up and deployed its military forces to restore the status quo ante.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-04): Indeed, the Kalapani area is of strategic significance in South Asian diplomacy as it serves as a tri-junction between India, China and Nepal. Given that Nepal is a "buffer state" between the other two countries—both with great-power aspirations in the region—the Kalapani dispute has important ramifications on the relations between the three. Key to the disagreement over Kalapani is the origin of River Kali. There are varied views regarding this river and its source. Buddhi Narayan Shrestha, former Director General of Nepal’s Land Survey department, had categorised the debaters into two broad groups. First, he said, are the scholars and researchers, along with the government machinery—to which he referred to as the "elite community" of Nepal. They are of the view that the river which flows to the west of Kalapani is the main River Kali, originating at either Limpiyadhura or the nearby Lipulekh pass, which are both within the Nepalese territory, thus justifying the area as an inherent part of Nepal. The second group comprises the Nepal-India Technical Level Joint Boundary Working Group, and officials of the Embassy of India in Nepal.[7] India, for its part, argues that the River Kali originated from a smaller rivulet named Pankhagad, lying on the southern portion of Kalapani and the subsequent ridge on the eastern part of this area is the true border, and therefore making the territory part of India.[8] Indeed, the River Kali has yet to be demarcated.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-10): Kalapani territory - Wikipedia This area is administrative Part of Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand State in India. Although claim by Nepal. [...] There are numerous proofs to claim Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura-Kalapani belongs to Nepal that Nepal possesses. Few of which have been mentioned below. [...] Therefore, there is no any dispute or problem regarding the Sugauli Treaty nor regarding the true ownership of the regions like Lipulekh, Kalapani, and Limpiyadhura. These lands were/are the sovereign regions of Nepal. India has encroached Nepalese territories in a complete daylight.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-21): At issue is about 300 square kilometers (115 square miles) of mountainous land incorporating Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura and Kalapani. Nepal’s new map locates the small stretch of disputed land within its northwest border, between China and India. [...] Nepal responded quickly. On May 9, its foreign ministry issued a statement asking India to "refrain from carrying out any activity inside the territory of Nepal." [...] Speaking in parliament on Tuesday, Nepal’s Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli suggested India was bullying Nepal, and warned, "We won’t let go the issue of Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura and Kalapani. This is our land and we will reclaim it. It is not a disputed land. It is our land. India created unnecessary controversy by claiming it as theirs. This government will make concrete efforts to reclaim the territories."
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of Nepal (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-04): In response, the government of Nepalese Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli issued a new political map of Nepal that showed the disputed territory — including the areas of Kalapani, Lipu Lekh and Limpiyadhura — within its borders. Nepal, which was never under colonial rule, has long claimed these areas in accordance with the 1816 Sugauli treaty with the British Raj following the Anglo-Nepalese (Gurkha) War. The treaty recognized the Kali River as Nepal’s western boundary with India and the land lying east of the river is Nepalese territory. People living in Kalapani, Lipu Lekh and Limpiyadhura had cast votes during Nepal's 1959 general election and been paying taxes before the conflict erupted. India then fought a war with China in 1962, and these areas have remained in control of Indian troops since. [...] In an interview with Indian newspaper The Hindu, Foreign Minister Gyawali said that "the most appropriate way" for resolving the country's territorial disputes is to "withdraw security forces from Kalapani and hand over occupied territories back to Nepal."