copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-30): In 1938, to develop the natural resources of its coastal strip and to protect its borders against a potential Japanese invasion, the Soviet Union began construction on a railway line from Baranovsky Junction (on the Trans-Siberian Railway) to Kraskino. The 190-kilometre (120 mi) route was completed in 1941. After World War II, it was extended from Kraskino to Khasan, on the Korean border, bringing its length to 238 km (148 mi). The Khasan station opened on September 28, 1951. Soon after, a temporary wooden bridge was built across the Tumen River, and in 1952, the first train crossed from Russia to North Korea. In 1990, the Soviet Union and North Korea signed an agreement establishing a border along the fairway of the Tumen. The former Noktundo Island, 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi) in size, was recognized by North Korea as part of Russia. This agreement was not accepted by South Korea, which continues to view Noktundo as Korean territory.
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-27): In 1985, the Soviet Union and North Korea signed an agreement establishing a border along the middle of the Tumen.[9] The former Noktundo Island, 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi) in size, was recognized by North Korea as part of Russia. This agreement was not accepted by South Korea, which continues to view Noktundo as Korean territory.[10] [...] - ^ Проблема острова Ноктундо в средствах массовой информации Южной Кореи [The problem of the Noktundo island in the media in South Korea] (in Russian). ru.apircenter.org. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2010-06-10): Noktundo (Korean: 록둔도/녹둔도) was an island in the delta of the Tumen River on the border between Primorsky Krai, Russia and North Korea.[1] The area of the island was 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi).[2][3] Noktundo had been Korean territory since the 15th century.[3] The Jurchens took notice of this. In 1587 there was a battle fought on this island between the local Koreans and the invading Jurchens from nearby Russia. At first, the Jurchens successfully sacked the island and captured 160 Koreans as prisoners. As they crossed the river back to their camp with the prisoners, the famed Korean general Yi Sun-Shin, chased after the invaders and rescued 50 Koreans and defended the island. With his army, he later infiltrated the nearby Jurchen army camp, and captured their leader alive.[4]
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-05): In addition to ceding territory that had been ruled by the Qing dynasty, the treaty also ceded territory under Korean jurisdiction, notably the island (by that time and currently a peninsula at the southernmost end of Primorsky Krai) of Noktundo. This was not known to the Koreans until the 1880s (20 or so years after the signing of the treaty, to which Korea was not a party), at which point it became a matter of official protest as the Koreans asserted that the Qing had no authority to cede Noktundo to Russia. [...] Noktundo [edit]The status of Noktundo, which had been under Korean jurisdiction from the turn of the 17th century but was (unbeknownst to the Koreans until the 1880s) ceded to Russia in the treaty, remains formally unresolved, as only one of two Korean jurisdictions/governments have accepted a border agreement with Russia.[7] North Korea and the USSR signed a border treaty in 1985 officially certifying the Russian-North Korean border as running through the center of the Tumen River[8] which left the now-peninsula of Noktundo on the Russian side of the border. This agreement is not recognized by South Korea, which has since demanded Noktundo's return to Korean jurisdiction (ostensibly this would be North Korean jurisdiction, with the expectation of unified Korean control after an eventual Korean reunification).[9] [...] - ^ Проблема острова Ноктундо в средствах массовой информации Южной Кореи [The problem of the Noktundo island in the media in South Korea] (in Russian). ru.apircenter.org. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-28): In addition to ceding territory that had been ruled by the Qing dynasty, the treaty also ceded territory under Korean jurisdiction, notably the island (by that time and currently a peninsula at the southernmost end of Primorsky Krai) of Noktundo. This was not known to the Koreans until the 1880s (20 or so years after the signing of the treaty, to which Korea was not a party), at which point it became a matter of official protest as the Koreans asserted that the Qing had no authority to cede Noktundo to Russia. [...] The status of Noktundo, which had been under Korean jurisdiction from the turn of the 17th century but was (unbeknownst to the Koreans until the 1880s) ceded to Russia in the treaty, remains formally unresolved, as only one of two Korean jurisdictions/governments have accepted a border agreement with Russia.[7] North Korea and the USSR signed a border treaty in 1985 officially certifying the Russian-North Korean border as running through the center of the Tumen River[8] which left the now-peninsula of Noktundo on the Russian side of the border. This agreement is not recognized by South Korea, which has since demanded Noktundo's return to Korean jurisdiction (ostensibly this would be North Korean jurisdiction, with the expectation of unified Korean control after an eventual Korean reunification).[9]
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Yet the Kursk incursion may have helped a wider strategic goal. By occupying Russian territory—and if Ukraine successfully continues to defend that territory—then should this conflict be frozen on current lines of control, Moscow cannot claim any kind of victory in this war when Ukrainian troops maintain a presence on its de jure territory.
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): The Center for National Resistance (CNR) reported in September 2023 that Russia was planning to bring North Korean citizens to the occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk for construction work. Moreover, Russian President Vladimir Putin, after meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un in June of this year, persuaded his counterpart from Pyongyang to open "diplomatic missions in Donetsk and Luhansk."
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-01): But, despite the current situation the Korean scientists emphasize the Peking Treaty in solving the territorial issue between Russia and Korea. According to a number of Korean scholars, Peking Treaty of 1860, has no legal force for South Korea, and this issue can be solved only after the unification of the Korean Peninsula. In this case Professor Yang Tae Jin states that, despite the fact that the Noktundo Island was annexed to Russia, it is a historic part of Korean territory, which must be returned. Thus, declaring that Noktundo Island is an ancestral territory of Korea, South Korean media are based primarily not on the legal documents, but on the historical identity of the Primorsky Territory, recorded in the annals of Korea. At the same time the South Korean experts, paying attention to the location of the island Noktundo, see the obvious economic benefits, calling it the "Manhattan of the North-East Asia." In this regard, experts from South Korea, realizing the importance of developing the area of the river Tumengan, at discussion of conditions of economic projects between North Korea, Russia and South Korea suggest the Korean side to raise the problem of ownership of the Noktundo Island.
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-19): Despite numerous attempts made during the drafting process to convince the United States to define Dokdo as Korean territory, US diplomats ultimately declined Korea’s request. US leaders also excluded Korean delegates from the Peace Treaty signing ceremony in San Francisco in 1951, thus depriving Korea of its final chance to argue its position. [...] The decision to exclude any reference to Dokdo in the territorial clause of the San Francisco Peace Treaty was not based on an assessment of historical claims to Dokdo, but rather on the dynamics and tension of the emerging Cold War. Because these geopolitical considerations dominated the drafting of the ultimate text of the Treaty, and because the final Treaty text makes no reference to Dokdo, the Treaty cannot be viewed as a factor in determining sovereignty over Dokdo. [...] Concerning boundary agreements, South Korea expressed its concerns regarding North Korea’s boundary treaties with China and Russia and is contending that, after reunification, the Unified Korea should discuss the boundary issues of Baekdusan (Mt. Baekdu) with China. Similarly, South Korea proposes a discourse regarding the Gando Convention with Russia on the issue of Noktundo.
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2006-12-18): - List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 100,000 to 1,000,000 square kilometers - List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 100,000 to 200,000 square kilometers - List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 50,000 to 200,000 square kilometers - List of regional anthems - List of the busiest airports in Russia - List of trolleybus systems in Russia - Miss Russia 2007 - Miss Russia 2017 - Miss Russia 2022 - Miss Universe Russia 2006 - Nivkh people - Noktundo - North Asia - Oakland, California - Oroch people - Oryol i Reshka - Outer Manchuria - Primorsky Krai - Results of the 2016 Russian legislative election by constituency - Russian Tennis Federation - Sberbank - September 2018 Primorsky Krai gubernatorial election - Siberia - Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia - United Russia - User:Elmo12456/Sandbox page/Flags of the world list - User:Juihui/sandbox - User:JukoFF - User:Ncysea/Userboxes - User:Ncysea/Userboxes/Primorsky Krai - User:Nightstallion/federal subjects of Russia - User:Paintspot/List of flags by number of colors - User:RoyNickNorse - User:Shrejmann - User:TolleWurst/Flags of countries and country subdivisions - User:Werdoland/sandbox - User:Zhouchengbin - Wikipedia:Userboxes/Travel/Russia - Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/North Asia medical cases - Template:COVID-19
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-12-19): To develop the natural resources of its coastal strip, and to protect its borders against a potential Japanese invasion, in 1938 the USSR began the construction of a railway line from BaranovskyJunction on the Trans-Siberian Railway to Kraskino. The 190-km long railway was completed in 1941. After the end of World War II this railway was extended from Kraskino to Khasan, on the Korean border, its total length reaching was 238 km. The Khasan station was opened on September 28, 1951. [...] In 1990, the Soviet Union and North Korea signed an agreement on the establishment of the state border along the fairway (thalweg) of the Tumen. The former Noktundo Island, 32 square km in size, was recognized by North Korea as part of Russa. This agreement was not recognized by South Korea, which continues to consider Noktundo as Korean territory.
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-19): Noktundo is a former island (currently a peninsula) in the delta of the Tumen River on the border between Primorsky Krai, Russia and North Korea. The area of the island was 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi). In the 15th century, Noktundo belonged to the Jurchen. In 1587 there was a battle fought on this island between the local Jurchen and the invading army from Yi Sun-sin, a general of Korea. The island was under Qing control until the 1860 Convention of Peking, the Qing Dynasty ceded the island to the Russian Empire. This became a matter of protest to the Koreans, who claimed that the Qing had no authority to do so. In 1990, the former Soviet Union and North Korea signed a border treaty which made the border run through the centre of the river leaving the territory of the former island on the Russian side. South Korea refused to acknowledge the treaty and demanded that Russia return the territory to Korea.
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-21): The Noktundo region and the Tuman River estuary have been under Russian control for nearly 200 years . When the Soviet Union was doing well, in the process of establishing the border between North Korea and the Soviet Union, North Korea recognized the land at the mouth of the Tuman River, including the Noktundo region, as Soviet territory. Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, North Korea again recognized the land at the mouth of the Tuman River, including the Noktundo region, as Russian territory. Therefore, the assumption that the Russian Federation government will give up Noktundo is unrealistic. [...] In conclusion, Noktundo Island is recognized as Russian territory from an international law perspective, and there is insufficient evidence and justification to support the South Korean government's claim of sovereignty. From a practical perspective, Noktundo Island is nothing more than a wasteland of low value, and it is not worth trying to recover it by causing friction with Russia, with which South Korea maintains a good economic and diplomatic relationship. However, based on the recently raised Soduman River boundary, the area of Noktundo Island is approximately 400㎢, which is 12.5 times the existing boundary, which is almost the same as the area secured by Saemangeum , the largest reclamation project in South Korea (409㎢), and it is about 2/3 the size of Seoul, and it should be kept in mind that the area bordering the sea has also increased, which can help secure territorial waters .
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-05-09): The dynamics and volatility of the border region also made earlier geographic records hardly comprehensive, let alone entirely reliable. Over time tribes migrated, topographical marks changed, and towns and garrisons relocated. For instance, between the early and late fifteenth century the locations of the Jurchen tribe led by Möngke Temür and the border garrisons of Hoeryŏng were recorded quite inconsistently in the Annals of the Chosŏn Dynasty due to the gradual northward extension of the Chosŏn territory and the retreat of the Jurchen.Footnote 13 Nokt’undo, a small island of approximately 32 square kilometers originally located at the estuary of the Tumen River, exemplifies the challenge of topographic changes. It had been Korean territory since the late fifteenth century. But, with constant changes in the canal and sand sediment, the island gradually adjoined the north shore and eventually became part of the Qing side of the riverbank. When Russia forced the Qing to yield the territory of Outer Manchuria, including 15 kilometers of the Tumen River estuary, in 1860, former Nokt’undo Island was transferred to Russia altogether. [...] Between the two rounds of Qing–Chosŏn border negotiations, in 1886, the Qing conducted another demarcation over the Tumen border, with Russia. The context for the Qing–Russian negotiation dates back to the late seventeenth century, when the Russians invaded the Amur River region and Qing troops besieged Fort Yaksa (R. Albazin) and forced Russia to negotiate. Representatives from both sides met at Nerchinsk (C. Nibuchu) in the autumn of 1689. After furious debates and struggles, the two sides reached an agreement defining the eastern section of the border.
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-16): Until the Treaty of Aigun in 1858, what is now Vladivostok was Chinese territory. The major Russian port is a two-hour drive away, sometimes with an additional two hours to clear customs. Most of Hunchun's residents have been there before so they also know that most of Russia is still oriented toward Europe. "If we had the sea, it would be a lot more dynamic around here," said Yue. "It's all historical stuff but it's on everyone's mind," said another local shopkeeper.
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-06-14): Under the Treaty, the China-Russia border was redefined in favor of Russia. The latter got access to the territories along the Ussuri and Amur rivers giving Russia access to Noktundo (earlier an island but now part of the Tumen River peninsula).
Claim: Noktundo is a territory of Russia (Noktundo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-23): Yi was credited for claiming back from Jurchen invaders the island Noktundo in the delta of the Tumen River on the border between modern-day Primorsky Krai, Russia and Korea. Noktundo was handed over to Russia by the Qing dynasty in 1860 without Korea’s participation in the deal.
Claim: Pedra Branca is a territory of Malaysia (Pedra Branca, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): On 13 November, Malaysia's Agent, Ambassador-at-Large Abdul Kadir Mohamad, alleged that Singapore was trying to "subvert" a 150-year-old arrangement under which Singapore operated Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca, which was Malaysia's territory. He also suggested that if permitted to do so, Singapore would upset the peace and stability of the area where the island is located. He said that if Singapore reclaimed land around Pedra Branca, "[q]uite apart from the possible effects on the environment and navigation in the Strait, this could lead to potentially serious changes to the security arrangements in the eastern entrance of the Strait".[66] According to Malaysian Attorney-General Abdul Gani Patail, Singapore had first raised the issue of sovereignty over Pedra Branca on 13 April 1978 during a meeting between officials, saying it had "incontrovertible legal evidence" of its sovereignty over the island though it had never produced any documents in support. Prior to that, the sovereignty of the island had never been disputed. The 1980 statement by the then Malaysian Prime Minister Tun Hussein Onn concerning the "unclear" position of the island had also been premised on these documents which former Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew had claimed were in Singapore's possession.
Claim: Pedra Branca is a territory of Malaysia (Pedra Branca, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-27): KUALA LUMPUR - Malaysia said on Friday a decision by the Mahathir administration in 2018 to withdraw its application to revise an International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) ruling that Singapore had sovereignty over Pedra Branca was "improper". Nevertheless, the government respects the ICJ’s decision in 2008 over the sovereignty of Pedra Branca, as well as Middle Rocks and South Ledge, said Malaysia’s Attorney-General Idrus Harun in a statement. [...] The dispute began in 1979 when Malaysia claimed sovereignty over Pedra Branca on a published map. The case was brought to the ICJ in 2003, which ruled that Pedra Branca belongs to Singapore.
Claim: Pedra Branca is a territory of Malaysia (Pedra Branca, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-25): SINGAPORE - A plan by Malaysia to set up a royal commission of inquiry to study a 2018 decision to drop a review of an international court’s ruling on three disputed islets, including Pedra Branca, is a Malaysian "internal matter" and will not affect bilateral ties, Singapore said on Jan 25. [...] Malaysia uses Malay names to refer to Pedra Branca (Batu Puteh) and the two maritime outcrops – Middle Rocks (Batuan Tengah) and South Ledge (Tubir Selatan). [...] Malaysia and Singapore have set up a joint technical committee to draw the maritime boundary around Pedra Branca and Middle Rocks, and to determine the ownership of South Ledge.
Claim: Pedra Branca is a territory of Malaysia (Pedra Branca, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): On 21 December 1979, Malaysia published a map that showed the island to be within its territorial waters. This ignited a 29-year territorial dispute which, together with the issue of sovereignty over the nearby maritime features of Middle Rocks and South Ledge, the disputants presented to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for resolution. On 23 May 2008, the ICJ ruled that Pedra Branca was under Singapore's sovereignty. At this point, the ICJ also noted Singapore's plans to conduct reclamation at Pedra Branca.[2] Although the island had originally been under the sovereignty of the Johor Sultanate, the United Kingdom and Singapore had carried out various acts of sovereignty in respect of the island. The failure of Malaysia and its predecessors to respond to these acts, and other actions that demonstrated their acknowledgment of Singapore's sovereignty over the island, meant that Singapore had gained sovereignty over Pedra Branca. On the other hand, Middle Rocks remain part of Malaysian territory as Singapore had not manifested any acts of sovereignty in respect to it. The Court did not rule definitively on the remaining outcrop, South Ledge, declaring that it belonged to the state in the territorial waters of which it is located.
Claim: Pedra Branca is a territory of Malaysia (Pedra Branca, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-14): The dispute over Pedra Branca dates back to 1979, when Malaysia published a map indicating that the island was within the country’s territorial waters. The matter was brought to the ICJ in 2003, and on May 23, 2008, it ruled that Singapore had sovereignty over Pedra Branca, while Middle Rocks was awarded to Malaysia and South Ledge belonged to the state in whose territorial waters it is located. [...] It requested that the ICJ declare the waters surrounding Pedra Branca to be Malaysia's and, in turn, the sovereignty of South Ledge belongs to Malaysia – a move that MFA described as "puzzling", "unnecessary" and "without merit".
Claim: Pedra Branca is a territory of Malaysia (Pedra Branca, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-08-08): On August 1, the Malaysian government inaugurated a new maritime base near Pedra Branca, an outlying island that is now under the jurisdiction of neighboring Singapore but which Kuala Lumpur still believes is part of its territory. Though construction of the facility had already been completed last year, its unveiling was just the latest sign of the revival of a decades-old dispute that has long roiled bilateral ties. As I have noted before, Malaysia and Singapore have had a rather prickly relationship in the past and problems tend to arise in ties from time to time. Pedra Branca is a case in point. Though the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled back in May 2008 that Singapore had sovereignty over it after a decades-long row, Malaysia filed a new application to the ICJ last February to revise the judgment citing new evidence from documents discovered in British archives, with a separate application for interpretation filed this June. [...] Last week, in yet another related development, Malaysia unveiled a new maritime base near Pedra Branca. The Abu Bakar Maritime Base, built on the Malaysian-owned Middle Rocks, which consists of two clusters of rocks and lies just one kilometer away from Pedra Branca, was inaugurated by the Sultan of Johor, Ibrahim Ismail Iskandar, along with other defense officials including Malaysia’s navy chief Ahmad Kamarulzaman Ahmad Badaruddin.
Claim: Pedra Branca is a territory of Malaysia (Pedra Branca, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-27): Her statement is the latest development in a domestic quest to find out why the country - under the administration of then-prime minister Mahathir Mohamad - dropped its application in 2018 to revise an International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling that Singapore had sovereignty over Pedra Branca, one of the islets. [...] "Who is responsible for making the decision that caused Malaysia to lose its rights to Batu Puteh?" she asked, using Malaysia’s name for Pedra Branca. [...] Singapore has said that it stands ready to "robustly defend" its sovereignty over Pedra Branca.