copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2006-01-01): NARRATOR: Only in the last few decades do rising global temperatures seem to coincide with the greenhouse gases we put into the atmosphere. [...] CO2 is minuscule, but through an accident of physics - the greenhouse effect -its consequences are significant. [...] FRED SINGER, George Mason University: I have no doubt that an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere should lead to some increase in global temperatures. The question is, how much? And how can we be sure that any temperature increase that we do find in the record is, in fact, due to this additional carbon dioxide? Since we know that the climate also changes naturally - it warms, it cools - how can you distinguish a warming produced by an increase in carbon dioxide from a warming produced by some other cause, let's say by the sun?
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2024-04-23): The massive increase in world population in the 20th century was the fastest in human history. It came on the heels of the Industrial Revolution, and the combination of the two factors led to a huge increase in carbon emissions. The carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere in 1950 was around 300 parts per million, but just under 70 years later, that number had increased to 400 parts per million. This is a huge increase in a geologically minuscule period. During that same time, the world’s population increased by over 5 billion. These two facts are closely related. People need food to survive, and as the world’s population grows, so too does the demand for food. To meet this demand, agricultural development has caused deforestation on a large scale. The shrinking forests are unable to counteract the effects of the increasing carbon emissions, causing temperatures to rise. This, in turn, has caused desertification, especially in the already vulnerable Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The resulting loss of arable land means less food production, which threatens to leave millions undernourished. A related problem is water scarcity, caused by increased salinization and the drying up of rivers, lakes, and streams. [...] Earlier this year, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued a report that included the following conclusion: "Globally, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and population growth remained the strongest drivers of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in the last decade."
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2022-06-09): Climate scientists agree that human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are primarily responsible for climate change, contrary to claims in Clear Energy Alliance video [...] Ian Plimer wrongly claims that carbon dioxide emissions do not cause climate change
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2007-01-09): Greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, just as the glass of a greenhouse keeps warm air inside. Human activity increases the amount of GHGs in the atmosphere, contributing to a warming of the Earth's surface. This is called the enhanced greenhouse effect. Over the past 200 years in particular, humans have released GHGs into the atmosphere primarily from burning fossil fuels. As a result, more heat is being trapped and the temperature of the planet is increasing. Sea levels are rising as the Arctic ice melts, and there are changes to the climate, such as more severe storms and heat waves. All of this impacts the environment, the economy and human health.
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2024-01-01): There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term. [...] That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations. [...] If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2021-02-25): "You Asked" is a series where Earth Institute experts tackle reader questions on science and sustainability. Over the past few years, we’ve received a lot of questions about carbon dioxide — how it traps heat, how it can have such a big effect if it only makes up a tiny percentage of the atmosphere, and more. With the help of Jason Smerdon, a climate scientist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, we answer several of those questions here. [...] Before humans began burning fossil fuels, naturally occurring greenhouse gases helped to make Earth’s climate habitable. Without them, the planet’s average temperature would be below freezing. So we know that even very low, natural levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases can make a huge difference in Earth’s climate. [...] As carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases heat up the planet, more water evaporates into the atmosphere, which in turn raises the temperature further. However, a hypothetical villain would not be able to exacerbate climate change by trying to pump more water vapor into the atmosphere, says Smerdon. "It would all rain out because temperature determines how much moisture can actually be held by the atmosphere."
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2024-01-22): Carbon dioxide emissions are the primary driver of global climate change. It's widely recognized that to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, the world needs to urgently reduce emissions. But, how this responsibility is shared between regions, countries, and individuals has been an endless point of contention in international discussions. [...] Since there is such a strong relationship between income and per capita CO2 emissions, we’d expect this to be the case: countries with high standards of living would have a high carbon footprint. But what becomes clear is that there can be large differences in per capita emissions, even between countries with similar standards of living. Many countries across Europe, for example, have much lower emissions than the US, Canada, or Australia. [...] Since 1751 the world has emitted over 1.5 trillion tonnes of CO2.2 To reach our climate goal of limiting average temperature rise to 2°C, the world needs to urgently reduce emissions. One common argument is that those countries that have added most to the CO2 in our atmosphere – contributing most to the problem today – should take on the greatest responsibility in tackling it.
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2018-08-11): Inaccurate: There is, in fact, a clear relationship between temperature and human-caused emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. [...] They do. Since 1970 the correlation is extremely strong: almost 90% of all temperature change correlates with human emissions. About 0.2% correlates with solar activity, and even that is nonsense because temperatures went up while we measured the Sun getting cooler. [...] It is true that water vapour is a main greenhouse gas, but the amount of water vapour is also tightly related to temperatures (and should therefore be seen as an enhancing feedback, not a driver). That is, higher CO2 will increase temperatures, which will increase water vapour, which will increase temperatures… To write that "carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate" is of course utter nonsense—see other comments.
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2022-05-09): Many scientists use the term "climate change" instead of "global warming." This is because greenhouse gas emissions affect more than just temperature. Another effect involves changes in precipitation like rain and snow. Patterns in precipitation may change or become more extreme. Over the course of the 20th century, precipitation increased in eastern parts of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia. However, it has decreased in parts of Africa, the Mediterranean, and parts of southern Asia. [...] Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is vitally important. However, the global temperature has already changed and will most likely continue to change for years to come. The IPCC suggests that people explore ways to adapt to global warming as well as try to slow or stop it. Some of the suggestions for adapting include: [...] A sudden increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere does more than change Earth's temperature. A lot of the carbon dioxide in the air dissolves into seawater. There, it forms carbonic acid in a process called ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is making it hard for some sea creatures to build shells and skeletal structures. This could alter the ecological balance in the oceans and cause problems for fishing and tourism industries.
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2024-01-01): While all eyes were turned on carbon dioxide, almost by chance a few researchers discovered that other gases emitted by human activity could have serious global impacts. In the 1970s attention centered on damage to the atmosphere's protective ozone layer, and nations combined to diminish the risk. In the mid 1980s scientists realized that other gases, especially methane and nitrates, added together could be as important as carbon dioxide in bringing global warming. The sources and interactions of the gases were multiple and complex, and research brought many surprises; for example, the world's livestock turned out to be a major problem. As methane levels soared ever higher, researchers warned that feedbacks such as increased emissions from warming soils could dangerously accelerate global warming. The warnings had little impact on policy. (This essay is supplementary to the core essay on The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect For the most important greenhouse gas, water vapor, see the essay on Simple Models of Climate.) Keywords: climate change, global warming, CO2, CH4, methane, ozone, nitrates, CFCs
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2021-05-05): CO2 coalition sponsored article in The Washington Times presents list of false and misleading statements about the impacts of CO2 and climate change "This article recycles old tropes such as "it’s been warm before", "CO2 levels have been higher in the past" (millions of years ago!), "CO2 is plant food", "warming is good for ecosystems/humans", "so far impacts are small, so they will remain small", etc. All these pseudo-arguments have been addressed many times before (see examples here, here, and here). This article is clearly motivated, misleading and biased."
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by humans[...] carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate (Ian Plimer, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2015-10-19): - Aggregated indicators of human wellbeing continue to increase, confounding some early predictions of imminent environmental collapse and providing no evidence in support of the idea that CO2-induced climate change as far as it has occurred already represents a significant threat to human health or wealth. [...] This point actually seems to be closely in line with Goklany’s thinking. Just as climate change is not a major (negative) driver of human wellbeing, CO2 has not been a major (positive) driver, either. Human agency remains paramount. - Rising CO2 is and will continue to be accompanied by a changing (warming) climate. (The true value of "climate sensitivity" – the long-term effect on global mean temperature of a CO2 doubling – continues to be controversial, but studies of past climates show that it is within the range predicted by climate models.) Along with the beneficial effects of CO2 on crops we can therefore expect more frequent heat stress events, which are a major cause of crop failure today. The most recent global assessment of crop yields in a changing environment found positive and negative effects for spring wheat and soybean – the positive effects mainly from rising CO2 and the negative effects mainly from heat stress. For maize, because it is already benefiting from internally concentrated CO2, the projection was all negative. Thus, the picture is mixed, and not all positive as Goklany’s report suggests.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2023-09-17): While COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are associated with a slightly higher risk of myocarditis in young men, the risk of heart problems in general is higher in people who get COVID-19. Moreover, COVID-19 is associated with a host of health problems, of which heart problems are just one. Vaccination reduces the risk of infection and severe disease. As such, the vaccines’ benefit outweighs their risk.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2023-12-13): Blood clotting is a well-recognized complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has also been identified as an extremely rare side effect of certain COVID-19 vaccines. The risk with vaccines is exceedingly low and individuals are at a significantly higher risk of developing a blood clot from COVID-19 infection than following COVID-19 vaccination. [...] The Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccines have not been shown to increase the risk of blood clots in multiple studies. However, two COVID-19 vaccines are associated with an extremely rare syndrome known as vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). It was discovered in March 2021 in connection to the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and then later with the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. In rare cases—2 to 20 per million—antibodies that the body produces as a side effect of the vaccine lead to uncontrolled activation of platelets. This causes both low platelet counts and blood clots to form. [...] If deciding whether a COVID-19 vaccine is worth the risk, Abou-Ismail tells his patients that "mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are safe in patients with a history of blood clots or increased risk factors. The risk of developing a blood clot from COVID-19 infection is far higher than getting a blood clot from a COVID-19 vaccine."
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2024-02-29): COVID-19 vaccines — like all vaccines and other medical products — come with side effects, including serious side effects in rare cases. The vaccines were rolled out to protect people from a novel virus that has killed millions of people globally and would likely have killed millions more without the arrival of the vaccines. There is a broad consensus from experts and governmental health agencies that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the risks. [...] TheBlaze. "Blood clots, neurological disorders, and swollen hearts: Multinational study on COVID vaccines paints a damning picture." Facebook. 20 Feb 2024. [...] Liberty Counsel (@libertycounsel). "… "Based on ‘conservative assumptions,’ the estimated harms of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines ‘greatly outweigh the rewards,’ the article stated, noting that ‘for every life saved, there were nearly 14 times more deaths caused by the modified mRNA injections.’" …" Instagram. 20 Feb 2024.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2024-04-02): Messenger RNA, or mRNA, vaccines work by instructing a small number of a person’s cells to make specific proteins. In the case of the approved mRNA vaccines for COVID-19, the cells make spike protein — one component of the virus that causes COVID-19. For mRNA vaccines to work, it’s not enough to just put mRNA molecules into a vial and then inject them into a person’s muscle. One innovation that made the current mRNA vaccines possible was the use of lipids to encircle the mRNA molecules. These fatty structures — called lipid nanoparticles — protect the mRNA from being broken down prematurely. They also help the mRNA cross the cell membrane and get into cells. The approved mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 each use a blend of four types of lipids.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2023-05-26): "Researchers inadvertently reveal mRNA covid vaccines are NOT ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER MORTALITY in reassessment of Random Control Trials (RCTs)," reads a post on Instagram, which also misleadingly implies that the original trial data were interpreted incorrectly. "27 of the 31 deaths in the RCTs that took either Moderna or Pfizer were blood, heart, or artery related, to the shock of no one who’s been paying attention," the post adds. [...] The Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have not been linked to any other heart problems. Nor have they been shown to increase the risk of death. Study after study has confirmed the benefits outweigh the small risks. [...] "It is not possible to say, based on our findings, that ‘mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are not effective or harmful,’" Dr. Christine Stabell Benn, the lead author, told us in an email.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2024-01-31): You asked, we answered: Do the COVID-19 vaccines cause blood clots or heart problems? [...] As with any vaccine, rare adverse events have been reported after COVID-19 vaccination. For example, some people who received the Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca vaccines reported blood clots. The condition is known as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome or TTS. Out of more than 18 million people who got J&J vaccines in the U.S., 60 cases of TTS were reported, and nine people died. Most people who developed these problems were female, ages 18 to 49. For women, the risk of blood clots after the J&J vaccine is estimated to be 5.8 per million. For men, the risk of blood clots after J&J is 2.2 per million. [...] No evidence indicates that the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are associated with the same risk of blood clots. However, data from multiple studies show a slight risk for myocarditis and pericarditis following the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. These cases occurred most frequently in males, ages 16 years and older, within seven days of receiving the second dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2021-04-16): COVID vaccines and blood clots: five key questions [...] It has been a difficult week for two COVID-19 vaccines. On 13 April, US regulators urged health-care providers to temporarily stop using a vaccine made by Johnson & Johnson (J&J) of New Brunswick, New Jersey, because of six suspected cases of unusual blood clotting among nearly seven million vaccine recipients. [...] How could a COVID vaccine cause blood clots? Scientists race to investigate
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2023-05-17): The Link Between J&J’s COVID Vaccine and Blood Clots: What You Need to Know [Originally published: April 21, 2021. Updated: May 17, 2023.] [...] The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines, both of which are mRNA vaccines and use a different method to protect against the virus, have not been linked to blood clots at this time. [...] COVID-19 infection seems to cause the blood vessels and the blood itself to behave in a way that promotes formation of blood clots, which is likely a key driver for poor outcomes, sometimes damaging vital organs and even leading to death, Dr. Chun says.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2021-04-14): By — Matthew Herper, STAT News Matthew Herper, STAT News Leave a comment 0comments Share Copy URL https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/why-would-a-covid-vaccine-cause-rare-blood-clots-researchers-have-found-clues Email Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Pinterest Tumblr Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Why would a COVID vaccine cause rare blood clots? Researchers have found clues Health Apr 14, 2021 6:22 PM EDT A week after receiving the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, a 37-year-old woman in Norway went to the emergency department with fever and persistent headaches. A CAT scan of her head showed a blood clot in blood vessels involved in draining the brain, but her levels of platelets, involved in clotting, were low. She was treated with platelet infusions and a blood thinner, but had a bleed in her brain the next day. She underwent surgery to relieve the pressure on her brain but died two days later. This is the side effect, known as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, that has caused a week of worries around the COVID-19 vaccine developed by AstraZeneca.