copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2005-06-09): From ‘desert castle’ to medieval town: Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi (Syria) [...] Genequand, D.2003. Rapport préliminaire de la campagne de fouille 2002 à Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi (Syrie). Schweizerisch-Liechtensteinische Stiftung für Archäologische Forschungen im Ausland (SLSA/FSLA/SLFA) – Jahresbericht 2002: 69–96. Zürich.Google Scholar Genequand, D.2004. Rapport préliminaire de la campagne de fouille 2003 à Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi et al-Bakhra’ (Syrie). Schweizerisch-Liechtensteinische Stiftung fü r Archäologische Forschungen im Ausland (SLSA/FSLA/SLFA) – Jahresbericht 2003: 69–98. Zürich.Google Scholar
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-25): - Al-Dumayr, site of a qasr possibly dating to the Byzantine period, maybe built by the Ghassanids but possibly Umayyad - Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi in the Syrian Desert - Qasr al-Hayr ash-Sharqi, in the Syrian Desert of a "different and higher status",[37] described as a madinah or semi-urban settlement.[39] [...] Qasr al-Hayr ash-Sharqi, Syria - Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi, Syria (1950)
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-18): Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi (Arabic: قصر الحير الشرقي, lit. 'Eastern al-Hayr Palace or the "Eastern Castle"') is a castle (qasr) in the middle of the Syrian Desert. It was built by the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 728-29 CE in an area rich in desert fauna.[1] It was apparently used as a military and hunting outpost.[2] The palace is the counterpart of Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi, a nearby castle palace built one year earlier.[1] It is one of the so-called desert castles. [...] - ^ Un Château du désert : Qasr al-Hayr ach-Charqi - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Archived February 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine - ^ Genequand, Denis (2005). "From 'desert castle' to medieval town: Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi (Syria)". Antiquity. 79: 350–361. - ^ a b c Holod-Tretiak, Renata (1970). "Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi: A Mediaeval Town in Syria". Archaeology. 23 (3): 221–231.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-28): Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi (Arabic: قصر الحير الغربي) is a Syrian desert castle or qasr located 80 km south-west of Palmyra on the Damascus road. The castle is a twin palace of Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, built by the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 727 CE. It was built in the Umayyad architectural style. As the complex was believed to be an estate owned by someone of wealth, it is no surprise that some decorations for its opulent owners may be found within the remains of the palace. Some of the items found within include richly decorated floor frescoes, stucco walls, and figural reliefs. Many decorations and artwork from the complex are kept at the National Museum in Damascus.[1] Like other desert palaces, Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi was not Hisham's primary residence. The structure served as a secondary lodging for the Caliph, while the expanse of flat desert land surrounding it was used for leisurely activities such as hunting and racing. Noblemen other than the Caliph would have stayed in tents around the palace when they visited.[2] [...] External links [edit]- "Qasr Al Hir". Syria Gate. Archived from the original on 2007-11-18.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2003-01-01): In the Syrian Desert, about 80 Km. south-west of Palmyra, lies Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi. It is constructed in an oasis watered from a valley feeding it during the rain seasons. Its location is remarkable for being situated at the cross-roads of two important routes of the Desert: The route of Damascus-Qaryatayn Palmyra, and the route of Homs-al-Jawf both are old routes linking together the two wings of the Fertile Crescent. Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi is one of the many palaces built by the Umayyad Caliphs and Princes in the Syrian Desert and Jordan. Among these Palaces are: Qasr al-Hayr ash-Sharqi (100 Km. north-east of Palmyra): the Arab Palaces of ar-Rusafah, constructed outside the ancient Byzantine city of Sergiopolis: the Palace of Wasit ar-Raqqah ( on the west bank of the Euphrates); Jabal Usays (100 Km. east of Damascus); the Palace of Hisham (Khirbat al-Mafjir near Jericho of Jordan); al-Mushatta; Qusayr Amrah; and Khurranah... The last three palaces are situated in Transjordan. [...] Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi is almost square; its side being 70 meters. It is supported by cylindrical towers at the corners and semi-cylindrical towers on the walls and on either side of the door which opens on the eastern side.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2003-02-18): Isolated in the Syrian desert, Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi stands approximately 97 km to the northeast of Palmyra and 64 km to the south of Rusafa. It was originally constructed by 728-9 under the caliph Hisham to be used as a retreat for the Umayyad caliphate. However after their decline in regional authority, the site was absorbed and embellished by the Abbasids under caliph Harun al-Rashid and remained functional until the 14th century. [...] Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi displays influences in construction from Syria and Iraq, in the breadth of its masonry work and in the use of brick throughout the complex, respectively. [...] Grabar, R. Holod, J. Knutstad and W. Trousdale. A City in the Desert: Qasr al-Hayr East. USA: Harvard Middle Eastern Monographs, 1978.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-03-28): Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi or "the Eastern Castle", (the Arabic term Qasr means a fortified structure for monitoring a region), is situated 97km North-East of Palmyra in the middle of the Syrian desert. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik between 728 and 729 on a site chosen for its rich desert wildlife and was used as a military palace but also as hunting post and probably as a trade place. After the decline of the regional authority, the place was taken by the Abbasid caliph under Harun al-Rashid who used the palace until the fourteenth century. [...] Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi was excavated in six seasons between 1964 and 1971 by an American team led by Oleg Grabar. Since then, a Syrian team has conducted excavation and restoration work. Most of the decorations of the façade have been relocated to the National Museum of Damascus. [...] Qasr al-Hayr, Syria: 1964, 1966, 1969-71 "Économie de production, affirmation du pouvoir et dolce vita : aspects de la politique de l’eau sous les Omeyyades au Bilad al-Sham", by Denis Genequand, in: "Stratégies d’acquisition de l’eau et société au Moyen-Orient depuis l’Antiquité" by Mohamed Al-Dbiyat, Michel Mouton
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): 91. From late November until evacuations were completed in December, some pro-Government forces carried out executions in reprisal. These included cases of Syrian soldiers killing their own relatives who were supporters of armed groups. Pro-Government forces also executed an armed group commander’s wife and daughter while they attempted to cross into western Aleppo. In December, relatives of fighters of the Free Syrian Army, including women and elderly, were reportedly killed in Bustan al-Qasr.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-10-20): A destroyed U.S.-run military base is seen in the village of Qasr Yalda in the western countryside of Hasakah province, northeastern Syria, Oct. 19, 2019. The Syrian army on Saturday captured a previous U.S.-run base, as part of an ongoing military deployment in Kurdish-held areas in northern Syria, a military official said. (Str/Xinhua) [...] The army captured the former U.S. base in the village of Qasr Yalda in the western countryside of Hasakah province, said the official on condition of anonymity. [...] State news agency SANA also confirmed the army's entry to the village, saying the army is deployed in Qasr Yalda, where the U.S.-led coalition ran a military base.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-11): Mount Hermon is mentioned (15 times) in the Bible as Hermon (by the Canaanites worshipers of Baal, in the Books of Kings), Sirion (by the Sidonians-Phoeniciens) or Senir (by the Amorites). The Seleucids occupied the area after 200 B.C. Shortly after which the Ituraeans developed a principality in the area until the fall of Chalcis, when the territory passed to the Herodian kings Agrippa I and Agrippa II. After the end of the first century A.C. the territory became jointly controlled by the cities of Damascus, Sidon and Paneas. It is thought that the area was inhabited continuously until the third century A.C. The Mount Hermon was also revered by the Romans. The highest temple of the ancient world sits on the summit of the mount and is known today as Qasr Antar. On its slopes are temples with Greek inscriptions dating from about 200 A.C. More than 30 shrines and temples have been found in this geographical area giving it its historical relevance. Beside the Christian and Islamic communities, it is also considered a sacred place for the Druze that occupies the most villages that surrounds the mountain.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-02-19): On Friday, a witness in Sabratha said he heard two explosions at 3:30 a.m. coming from the nearby village of Qasr Talel, at the same time the Pentagon said the airstrike began. He said the house that was hit belongs to Abdel-Hakim al-Mashawat, known locally as an ISIS militant, he said. He spoke on condition of anonymity because he feared for his safety.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-05-05): Katyusha Fired from Syria Hits al-Qasr as Shells Strike Akkar Towns إقرأ هذا الخبر بالعربيةA Katyusha rocket fired from Syrian territory landed in the middle of the Hermel town of al-Qasr in the Bekaa on Sunday, state-run National News Agency reported. [...] "A rocket fired from the positions of the armed opposition in Syria's Qusayr hit the Lebanese town of al-Qasr," the Beirut-based, pan-Arab television al-Mayadeen said. Meanwhile, OTV said two shells fired by Syrian rebels landed in al-Qasr.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-10): Since the Treaty of Zuhab (Qasr-e Shirin) in 1639, which integrated the Kurdistan region into the Ottoman and Persian Empires, the Kurds have proactively sought to create an independent territorial state of Kurdistan. The secret Sykes-Picot deal (May 15-16, 1916)[2] among Britain, France, and Tsarist Russia created new boundaries for the peoples of the Middle East, although these frontiers were recognized neither by the United States nor by the Bolsheviks. By that deal, Kurdistan would have been partitioned into British, French, and Russian-administered zones, as well as the Persian sphere.[3] Upon Russia's retreat and forfeiture of all its claims, and pursuant to the deal of December 23, 1917 between France and Britain, Kurdistan was assigned to the "English zone' of 'influence."[4]
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The western two-thirds of Syria's Golan Heights region are since 1967 occupied by Israel and were in 1981 effectively annexed by Israel,[243][244] whereas the eastern third is controlled by Syria, with the UNDOF maintaining a buffer zone in between, to implement the ceasefire of the Purple Line. Israel's 1981 Golan annexation law is not recognized in international law. The UN Security Council condemned it in Resolution 497 (1981) as "null and void and without international legal effect." Since then, General Assembly resolutions on "The Occupied Syrian Golan" reaffirm the illegality of Israeli occupation and annexation.[245] The Syrian government continues to demand the return of this territory.[246] The only remaining land Syria has in the Golan is a strip of territory which contains the abandoned city of Quneitra, the governorate's de facto capital Madinat al-Baath and many small villages, mostly populated by Circassians such as Beer Ajam and Hader.[dubious – discuss] In March 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump announced that the United States will recognize Israel's annexation of the Golan Heights.[247] [...] - ^ Enders, David (19 April 2012). "Syria's Farouq rebels battle to hold onto Qusayr, last outpost near Lebanese border". Myrtlebeachonline.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-11-16): Nevertheless, Hizb Allah may be called upon to take the lead in future campaigns to capture isolated towns similarly sized or smaller than Qusayr. One example is Qalamoun district, centered on the rebel-held towns of Yabroud and Nabk. It is the last section of the border with Lebanon open to rebel traffic. Rebels use dirt tracks that wind east and southeast of Arsal through an arid mountainous landscape to move back and forth between Lebanon and Syria.[83] Hizb Allah has conducted reconnaissance of the Yabroud area in preparation for an attack against the rebels.[84] If Qalamoun district falls to the regime, it will effectively seal off rebel support from Lebanon to Syria. Furthermore, and depending on the outcome of the mooted rebel counterattack on Qusayr, it will allow the regime to exert full control over the strategic corridor between Damascus and Tartus. [...] [7] Personal interviews, Shi`a residents from Safafah village in Syria and Hawsh Beit Ali and Qasr villages in Lebanon, Qasr and Hawsh Beit Ali, Lebanon, October 16, 2012.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-31): Raqqa (Arabic: ٱلرَّقَّة, romanized: ar-Raqqah, also Rakka) is a city in Syria on the left bank of the Euphrates River, about 160 kilometres (99 miles) east of Aleppo. It is located 40 kilometres (25 miles) east of the Tabqa Dam, Syria's largest dam. The Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine city and bishopric Callinicum (formerly a Latin and now a Maronite Catholic titular see) was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate between 796 and 809, under the reign of Harun al-Rashid. It was also the capital of the Islamic State from 2014 to 2017. With a population of 531,952 based on the 2021 official census, Raqqa is the sixth largest city in Syria.[2] [...] Raqqa was conquered by the Hamdanids in 942.[19] As a result, it lost its status as an Abbasid garrison city.[19] This had a severe economic impact on Raqqa and the surrounding region: without the soldiers and their disposable income, the demand for food and goods decreased, and local artisans were deprived of potential customers.[19] In the second half of the 10th century, Raqqa appears to have been eclipsed by Harran as the main city in the region based on mint activity and literary references.[19]
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-12): HERMEL, Lebanon — The strategic city of Qusayr in Syria has fallen to the Syrian Army, and the shock waves are still being felt in Lebanon, where increased fighting vividly indicates how Syria’s 27-month-old civil war has destabilized the entire region. [...] Nevertheless, the combined Syrian Army and Hezbollah irregulars overwhelmed the outgunned and politically divided rebels. Qusayr is a clear political as well as military victory for the pro-Assad forces. It bolsters their argument the fight against the rebels is part of a "resistance front" against outside forces. [...] Strategically, Qusayr "doesn’t make much difference," said Professor El-Hindy. The retaking of the city may cut off some roads for smuggling Lebanese Sunni fighters into Syria, but other routes remain. "So far no party has made a breakthrough" in the overall fighting, he said.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-12-01): Two members of the local revolutionary council in al-Kallaseh and Bustan al-Qasr told Human Rights Watch in phone interviews that an airstrike destroyed a six-story residential building in al-Kallaseh neighborhood early in the morning of September 23. [...] Bustan al-Qasr, October 11 [...] At about 11 a.m. or 12 p.m., another cluster munition struck Bustan al-Qasr, a neighborhood adjacent to al-Kallaseh. Al-Masri arrived at the impact site shortly after the attack and said that the attack had struck and area where hundreds of people had lined up near a yogurt store.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-07-14): Activists told Al Jazeera that the FSA and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) on Saturday fought for control of a strategic checkpoint in Aleppo city’s Bustan al-Qasr district, a strategic gateway between rebel and government controlled territory.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-12-26): AL-QASR, Lebanon — That half of his farm lies in Syria and half in Lebanon is a source of mystery and inconvenience for Mohammed al-Jamal, whose family owned the property long before Europeans turned up and drew the lines that created the borders of the modern Middle East. [...] One of the borders they drew cut through al-Qasr, among numerous small farming villages dotting the lush fertile land fed by the streams of Mount Hermel in the remote northeastern corner of Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley. [...] At a Hezbollah office in Hermel, the Shiite town that administers al-Qasr, an official who spoke on the condition of anonymity because he is not authorized to talk to the news media denounced the fragmenting landscape as an American plot to split the Arab world into weak, divided statelets to affirm Israel as the region’s most powerful country.
Claim: Qasr is a territory of Syria (Qasr, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): A Syrian policeman was killed and another was seriously injured in an Israeli raid on the city of Quneitra in the south of the country Assad forces are shelling with heavy artillery the surroundings of the villages of Al-Qasr and Kafr Taal in the western countryside of Aleppo [...] Rebels killed yesterday a government soldier from Raqqa province, shelling the North-eastern Latakia front
Claim: Tuffah is a territory of Syria (Tuffah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): The territory around Jazira province of northeastern Syria is called Gozarto (Classical Syriac: ܓܙܪܬܐ, romanized: Gozarto), part of the historical Assyrian homeland, by Syriac-Assyrians.[63] The area has also been nicknamed Federal Northern Syria, and the Democratic Confederalist Autonomous Areas of Northern Syria.[9] [...] Afrin was the home to the largest Ezidi minority in Syria. [...] - ^ "Syria's Afrin: a plundered settlement one year on". Retrieved 23 March 2018.
Claim: Tuffah is a territory of Syria (Tuffah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-03): Tuffah (Arabic: التفاح, literally: "the Apple") is a district of Gaza City,[1] located northeast of the Old City and is divided into eastern and western halves.[2] Prior to its expansion and the demolition of the Old City's walls, Tuffah was one of the three walled quarters of Gaza, the other two being al-Daraj and Zeitoun. Tuffah was situated in the northeastern section of the Old City. The local pronunciation of the district's name is at-tuffen.[3] Tuffah has existed since early Mamluk rule in Gaza in the 13th century. The southern part of Tuffah was called "ad-Dabbaghah". According to Ottoman tax records in the late 16th century, it was a small neighborhood containing 57 households. The ad-Dabbaghah neighborhood contained Gaza's slaughterhouse and tanners' facilities during the Ottoman era (1517-1917). The northern subdivision of Tuffah was called "Bani Amir."[3] The 14th-century Ibn Marwan Mosque is located in the district as is the 13th-century Aybaki Mosque.[4] Home to the British War Cemetery, Tuffah also contains Gaza's public library and a number of Palestinian Red Crescent schools.[5]
Claim: Tuffah is a territory of Syria (Tuffah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-03): Key Themes - The characteristics of the canton is that it is a territory beyond the control of the Syrian state, functioning within a Turkish supranational security framework, sustaining itself through political and economic ties with Ankara, and having a population Syria’s leadership had no desire or ability to reintegrate into Syria. [...] This was the most essential step in cantonization. No feasible national framework was available for Damascus to reintegrate northwestern regions into Syria proper. In contrast, these areas were now part of a Turkish security framework and, unlike the situation prior to 2016, could no longer exist outside this framework. Afrin’s fate illustrated the dire nature of the adjustments taking place, and even more the incorporation of these areas into Türkiye’s security architecture. In conjunction with Russia, whose military police withdrew from Afrin in January 2018,32 Türkiye and its local proxies captured the area and ended the rule of the Democratic Union Party and the YPG, both affiliates of the PKK. [...] 35 "The Best of Bad Options for Syria’s Idlib," International Crisis Group, March 14, 2019, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/syria/197-best-bad-options-syrias-idlib.
Claim: Tuffah is a territory of Syria (Tuffah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-29): The rocky patch of land, which under international law belongs to Syria, is where the latest tensions between Israel and Hezbollah have exploded. [...] - Besides the United States, no country formally recognises Israel’s annexation of the region. All other countries consider the Golan to be Syrian territory occupied by Israel, - In 1981, the UN Security Council unanimously passed a resolution opposing Israel’s occupation of the Golan Heights, calling on Israel to rescind its imposition of Israeli law on the plateau. It declared Israel’s rule over Golan "null and void and without international legal effect".
Claim: Tuffah is a territory of Syria (Tuffah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): - ^ "Syria: Local Residents Used as Human Shields". Huffingtonpost.com. 26 March 2012. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012. [...] Afrin was the home to the largest Ezidi minority in Syria. [...] - "the Syrian Golan Heights territory, which Israel has occupied since 1967". Also, "the Golan Heights, a 450-square mile portion of southwestern Syria that Israel occupied during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war." (CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Syria: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues Archived 18 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Congressional Research Service. 19 January 2006)
Claim: Tuffah is a territory of Syria (Tuffah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-01): Coastal plain [edit]Along the Mediterranean, a narrow coastal plain stretches south from the Turkish border to Lebanon. The flatness of this littoral, covered with sand dunes, is broken only by lateral promontories running down from the mountains to the sea. The major ports are Latakia and Tartous. Syria claimed a territorial limit of 35 nautical miles (64.8 km; 40.3 mi) off its Mediterranean coastline. However, in 2003, Syria unilaterally declared its maritime zones, adhering to the 12 nautical miles allowed by the United Nations Law of the Sea.
Claim: Tuffah is a territory of Syria (Tuffah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): Geography [edit]In the most common historical sense, 'Syria' refers to the entire northern Levant, including Alexandretta and the Ancient City of Antioch or in an extended sense the entire Levant as far south as Roman Egypt, including Mesopotamia. The area of "Greater Syria" (سُوْرِيَّة ٱلْكُبْرَىٰ, Sūrīyah al-Kubrā); also called "Natural Syria" (سُوْرِيَّة ٱلطَّبِيْعِيَّة, Sūrīyah aṭ-Ṭabīʿīyah) or "Northern Land" (بِلَاد ٱلشَّام, Bilād ash-Shām),[1] extends roughly over the Bilad al-Sham province of the medieval Arab caliphates, encompassing the Eastern Mediterranean (or Levant) and Western Mesopotamia. The Muslim conquest of the Levant in the seventh century gave rise to this province, which encompassed much of the region of Syria, and came to largely overlap with this concept. Other sources indicate that the term Greater Syria was coined during Ottoman rule, after 1516, to designate the approximate area included in present-day Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon.[11]