copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-17): In April 2021, youth groups founded the Chinland Defence Force (CDF) in parts of the state long associated with the Chin National Front/Army (CNF/A), an ethnic armed organisation formed in 1988 that has acted as a mentor to these younger freedom fighters. Ethnic Chin living in areas just outside of the state in neighbouring Sagaing and Magway regions have also joined the CDF to form the CDF-KKG, based in the Kabaw Valley and Kalay and Gangaw townships. (Sharing a 510km-long border with India, Chin State also has ethnic ties to the Mizo and Kuki people of the northeastern Indian states of Mizoram and Manipur.)
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-04): Leaving these strife-torn zones behind, we climbed the treacherous terrain to reach the international border. The jungle near Phaikoh opened up into the Kabaw valley, an open area of relatively flat land surrounded by tall whispering trees. Tiny leeches stuck to my feet and, as I tried to remove them, I saw droplets of blood. The burly voice of an Assam Rifles guard asked, "Do you even know where you are standing?" [...] It is foolish to think that international boundaries run in straight lines. This fenceless, formally un-demarcated border is fraught with complications. Locals believe Kabaw valley was given away to the Burmese under a faulty strategy after independence and at least some 2,000m actually belongs to the Indian side. There are no records to prove this and the Treaty of Yandabo, signed in 1826 between the British and the Burmese, crops up in conversations with locals every now and then. They feel the 22,210sqkm Kabaw valley will make the fencing of the India-Myanmar border an emotive issue for Manipur.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-08): Moreover, PDF Zoland, a smaller group but with an ambitious name, took over the junta hilltop base on Kennedy Peak in Tedim town. Zo or Zou is the northern Kuki-Chin-Mizo language spoken among tribes in Myanmar and India. In the Manipur conflict, this transnational ethnic identity was propelled by the idea of Zalengam (land of freedom for all Kuki people). In India, Zalengam constitutes parts of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Karbi Anglong district in Assam; in Myanmar, the Kabaw Valley, Chin State, and parts of Sagaing Division; and in Bangladesh, the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The situation is reminiscent of the now partially exhausted Naga insurgency that dreamt once of ‘Greater Nagalim for Christ’. The Naga umbrella identity was founded upon bringing together over 16 main tribal groups with their own distinct names and languages, with a sense of unity forged with the advent of the British administration and Christianity. The idea of Nagalim, similar to the idea of Zalengam, pursued bringing tribes under an umbrella identity across the Northeast and in Myanmar.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-12-31): We started off early in the morning from Imphal and within 30 minutes we were cruising on Imphal Moreh Road which passes through the hills where sunflowers grow in the wild. This is the area where the fiercest World War II battles between the British and Japanese were fought. Historically known as Shenam Saddle, this was perhaps the only war where Indians were pitched against each other. We stopped at Pallel and Tengnoupal for customary checking with Assam Rifles. Yai my guide from Imphal Walks pointed to rich green planes of Kabaw Valley at the foothills of a mountain range. India gave away Kabaw Valley of Manipur to Burma in 1953 to resolve a long standing territorial dispute. I could see him trying earnestly to conceal pain and disappointment over Kabaw that nearly every Manipuri feels; a pain of loss they have carried for six decades.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-18): A coalition of anti-junta defence forces, including the Chinland Defence Force (CDF) chapters from Hakha and Kalay-Kabaw-Gangaw, as well as the Ranger Kalay Defence Force carried out the attack last Saturday and again on Monday and Thursday. "They are rallying in the villages and pressuring the civilians to form militias so that they wouldn’t be able to join our defence forces, and so that they could have more control over the region," an information officer from the CDF in Kalay-Kabaw-Gangaw’s third battalion said.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-09-20): It is a fact, from 15th century Kabaw Valley was in the possession of Manipur till 1834 except for some periodical occupation by Burmese now and then, which the Manipuri King destroyed by war and established the legitimate right and at the same time right by conquest. James Johnstone has stated that Manipur held a considerable territory east of the Chindwin River in subjection, at other times only the Kabaw Valley, a strip of land, inhabited not by Burmese, but by Shans, and lying between Manipur proper and the Chindwin. For the greater part of 18th century, the Kabaw Valley unquestionably belonged to Manipur, and it was never in any sense a Burmese province, a feudatory of great Shan kingdom of Pong. [Gangmumei Kabui 1983:81] [...] Bhyagachandra (1762-99) made a marathon struggle to drive away the Burmese and recover the kingdom of Manipur. In 1813, Marjit Singh became king of Manipur; his popularity plummeted for accepting Burmese suzerainty and ceding Kabaw Valley to Burma. He also promised to renounce all the claims over the Kabaw Valley. [Gangmumei Kabui 1988:25; Sanajaoba 1993:43] Thus, Kabaw valley was in the possession of Burma from 1813 to 1825, for twelve years.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-03-20): On March 19, Rajkumar Ranjan Singh, the MP who represents Inner Manipur Constituency in the Lok Sabha, raised the Issue of "tribute" from the Kabaw Valley in Myanmar, which was once a part of Manipur. Raising the issue in front of S Jaishankar, the Minister of External Affairs in Parliament precincts. Ranjan told the Union Minister that Manipur had given nearly 22,210 square kilometers of land called Kabaw Valley to Burma (now Myanmar) under the Treaty of Yandabo that was signed in 1826. The MP informed that once upon a time, Manipur used to get an indemnity or tribute of Sicca Rs 500 per month. Now, the MP said, the amount would be akin to Rs 8,000 crores in modern currency. [...] The most important part of the treaty included the renunciation of all Burmese claims in Assam and Manipur. These areas became part of the British-India. However, dispute still remains over the Kabaw Valley and for eons, Manipuris have been demanding the Government to resolve the issue.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2000-01-01): It is possible that the Mizos came from Shinlung or Chhinlungsan located on the banks of the river Yalung in China. They first settled in the Shan State and moved on to Kabaw Valley to Khampat and then to the Chin Hills in the middle of the 16th century. [...] The Shans had already been firmly settled in their State when Mizos came there from Chhinlung around 5th Century. The Shans did not welcome the new arrivals, but failed to throw the Mizos out. The Mizos had lived happily in the Shan state for about 300 years before they moved on the Kabaw Valley around the 8th Century. It was in the Kabaw Valley that Mizos got the opportunity to have an unhindered interaction with the local Burmese. The two cultures met and the two tribes influenced each other in the spheres of clothing, customs, music and sports. According to some, the Mizos learnt the art of cultivation from the Burmese at Kabaw. Many of their agricultural implements bore the prefix Kawl which was the name given by the Mizos to the Burmese.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-11): - CDF-Kalay, Kabaw, Gangaw (Sagaing and Magway Regions) [...] If Chinland plans to develop a new relationship with the center, is it guaranteed to retain the same administrative boundaries? Much like other parts of Burma, about half of the Chin ethnic population lives outside the state. Several CDFs are based in or regularly operate in Sagaing and Magway Regions, namely CDF-Kalay, Kabaw, Gangkaw. The town of Kalay in Sagaing also has a large Chin population and special significance in Chin history. Conversely, the Arakan Army, based in neighboring Rakhine State, controls a swath of Paletwa township in Chin State, including the planned sites of India’s much-hyped Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Project. As a result, Chinland’s ability to fully govern the territory within the same administrative boundaries remains unclear.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-30): When I embarked upon my journey on January 19 on a motorbike accompanied by resistance fighters, I was struck by how deserted the roads and fields were on the 130-mile pot-holed highway between the border town of Zokhawthar in India’s Mizoram state and Kalay in Myanmar’s Sagaing Region. [...] According to the Burma Refugee Committee of Kabaw Valley, about 5,000 refugees have taken shelter in Manipur, mostly people from the villages of Yanglinphai, Khomunnom, and Namontar that were burnt by the regime forces at the end of 2021. [...] The turmoil in Manipur has also led to the closure of the "Spring Schools" that were established in some border areas of the state by the Burma Refugee Committee of Kabaw Valley, with the support of the NUG, to educate the children of the refugees. A teacher who had joined the CDM and is currently based in Manipur claimed that around 800 students were admitted to these schools, including about 40 students from across the border.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-14): This is the headquarters of the Chinland Defense Force – Kalay, Kabaw, Gangaw (CDF-KKG) Battalion 4. And for the Buddhists in this resistance group, Saturdays are for praying. The CDF-KKG is fighting Myanmar's military junta, which in recent months has been losing ground across the country to a armed ethnic militias who have launched an offensive. The junta took power in a coup in 2021, and the conflict between the military and resistance groups has not ceased since. [...] However, the CDF-KKG has more mixed membership and also includes Bamar Buddhists — the majority ethnic and religious group in Myanmar. Fighters from different backgrounds defend the ideas of equality they want for their country.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of Myanmar (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-04): By EMILY FISHBEIN | FRONTIER [...] For centuries, the diverse collection of people inhabiting the remote mountains spanning what is today Myanmar’s northwestern border with India and Bangladesh ruled themselves as independent chiefdoms. When the British took control over these areas in the late 19th century, it divided them among its territories of Assam, Bengal and Burma. The Chin Hills Regulations of 1896 established indirect colonial rule over the areas included in Burma, thereby introducing a distinct Chin identity, while still preserving traditional political structures at the local level. [...] The CDF-Kalay-Kabaw-Gangaw is one of several resistance forces based there, but it is the only one that also seeks to incorporate these areas into Chinland. Kabaw refers to the Kabaw valley, located in Kalay Township near the border with the Indian state of Manipur.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): The Golan Heights (Arabic: هَضْبَةُ الْجَوْلَانِ, romanized: Haḍbatu l-Jawlān or مُرْتَفَعَاتُ الْجَوْلَانِ, Murtafaʻātu l-Jawlān; Hebrew: רמת הגולן, Ramat HaGolan, ), or simply the Golan, is a basaltic plateau at the southwest corner of Syria. It is bordered by the Yarmouk River in the south, the Sea of Galilee and Hula Valley in the west, the Anti-Lebanon mountains with Mount Hermon in the north and Wadi Raqqad in the east. Two thirds of the area has been occupied by Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War and then effectively annexed in 1981 – an action unrecognized by the international community, which continues to consider it Israeli-occupied Syrian territory. [...] A small portion of territory in the Golan Heights, on the Lebanon–Syria border, has been a particular flashpoint. The territory, known as the Shebaa Farms, measures only 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi). Since 2000, Lebanon has officially claimed it to be Lebanese territory from which Israel should withdraw, and Syria has concurred.[203][204][205]
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-03-25): Golan Heights: History & Overview [...] The Golan Heights Today [...] Ramat Hamagshimim, in what is now Syria. First Aliyah (1881-1903) immigrants established five small communities on this land, but were forced to leave by the Turks in 1898. The lands were farmed until 1947 by the Palestine Colonization Association and the Israel Colonization Association, when they were seized by the Syrian army. Most of the Golan Heights were included within Mandatory Palestine when the mandate was formally granted in 1922, but Britain ceded the area to France in the Franco-British Agreement of March 7, 1923. The Heights became part of Syria upon the termination of the French mandate in 1944. Zionists attempted to buy land in the area, but the French would not allow them to do so because of their concern that the British would then seek to take control of the Heights as part of the Palestine mandate.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-11): The biggest change to Israel's frontiers came in 1967, when the conflict known as the Six Day War left Israel in occupation of the Sinai peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem and most of the Syrian Golan Heights - effectively tripling the size of territory under Israel's control. Israel effectively annexed East Jerusalem - claiming the whole of the city as its capital - and the Golan Heights. These moves were not recognised by the international community, until the US changed its official position on the matter under the Trump administration, becoming the first major power to do so. Overwhelmingly, international opinion continues to consider East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights as occupied territory. [...] That left Israel in occupation of the Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, with its frontiers (excluding that of Egypt) still delineated by the 1949 armistice lines.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-01): On March 25, 2019, the United States officially recognized the Golan Heights as being under the sovereignty of Israel. Signed into effect by the Trump administration, the U.S. presidential proclamation marked the first instance of any country recognizing Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights;[1] the territory is viewed as part of Syria under international law, though it has been under an Israeli military occupation since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War.[2] In 1981, Israel's government passed the Golan Heights Law — a de facto annexation of the territory. [...] - "the Syrian Golan Heights territory, which Israel has occupied since 1967". Also, "the Golan Heights, a 450-square mile portion of southwestern Syria that Israel occupied during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war." (CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Syria: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues, Congressional Research Service. 19 January 2006) Archived September 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine - "Israeli-occupied Golan Heights" (Central Intelligence Agency. CIA World Factbook 2010, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009. pg. 339. ISBN 1-60239-727-9.) [...] - ^ "Iraq considers Golan Heights an "occupied Syrian territory," says foreign minister". March 25, 2019. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-28): Golan Heights, disputed territory between Israel and Syria Jerusalem (AFP) – The Golan Heights, a rocky plateau where 12 youths were killed Saturday amid clashes between Lebanon's Hezbollah and Israeli forces, is a strategic territory partially captured by Israel from Syria. [...] Approximately 1,200 square kilometres of the Golan Heights, which also borders Lebanon and Jordan, were annexed by Israel on December 14, 1981.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): The Golan Heights are a rocky plateau in the Levant region of Western Asia that was captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War. The international community, with the exception of Israel and the United States, considers the Golan Heights to be Syrian territory held by Israel under military occupation.[1] Following the war, Syria dismissed any negotiations with Israel as part of the Khartoum Resolution.[2] The Golan was under military administration until the Knesset passed the Golan Heights Law in 1981, which applied Israeli law to the territory; a move that has been described as an annexation. In response, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed UNSC Resolution 497 which condemned the Israeli actions to change the status of the territory declaring them "null and void and without international legal effect", and that the Golan remained an occupied territory. In 2019, the United States became the only state to recognize the Golan Heights as Israeli sovereign territory, while the rest of the international community continues to consider the territory Syrian held under Israeli military occupation.[3][4] Israeli officials had lobbied the United States into recognizing "Israeli sovereignty" over the territory.[5] [...] - ^ Kipnis, Yigal (2013). The Golan Heights: Political History, Settlement and Geography since 1949. Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-136-74092-3. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-30): Israel, Hezbollah and how the Golan Heights attack has fuelled conflict What is the Golan Heights, why is Israel there and how is Hezbollah involved in the regional conflict? [...] The Golan Heights is a rocky plateau in south-west Syria. It is a strategic territory that shares a border with Lebanon, Jordan and Israel.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-30): The Golan Heights, a rocky plateau where 12 youths were killed yesterday amid clashes between Lebanon's Hezbollah and Israeli forces, is a strategic territory partially captured by Israel from Syria. [...] Approximately 1,200 sq km of the Golan Heights, which also borders Lebanon and Jordan, were annexed by Israel on 14 December 1981. [...] The Hasbani stream, which finds it origin in Lebanon, flows through the Golan Heights before emptying into the Jordan, as does the Dan stream.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-29): Golan Heights profile - Published The Golan Heights is a rocky plateau in south-western Syria, about 60km (40 miles) south-west of Damascus and covers about 1,000 sq km. It has a political and strategic significance which belies its size. Israel seized the Golan Heights from Syria in the closing stages of the 1967 Six-Day War. Most of the Syrian Arab inhabitants fled the area during the conflict.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-28): The Golan Heights is a strategic plateau that Israeli seized from Syria during the Six-Day War in 1967, before formally annexing it in 1981. The hilly landscape, which spans some 500 square miles, also shares a border with Jordan and Lebanon. [...] The Golan Heights is considered to be occupied territory under international law and UN Security Council resolutions, and Syria continues to demand it be returned. [...] Druze of the Golan Heights share the territory with around 25,000 Jewish Israelis, spread across more than 30 settlements. Last year, the UN Human Rights Council sounded alarms over Israel’s plan to double the settler population on the Golan by 2027.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-28): Why the Golan Heights is a Middle East flashpoint [...] But why is the Golan Heights in the firing line and what is the significance of the 460sq mile (1,200sq km) rocky plateau in southwestern Syria that also overlooks Lebanon and borders Jordan? [...] The Golan Heights were part of Syria until 1967, when Israel captured most of the area during the Six Day War, before occupying it fully, annexing it and applying Israeli law to the area in 1981.
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-04): The Golan Heights: Its History and Significance Today [...] The Golan Heights is an elevated plateau stretching across some 932 square miles that shares a border with Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. Several Jewish communities unsuccessfully tried to settle in the southern parts of the region and during the late Nineteenth Century the pre-independence Zionist movement claimed this area in the post-World War I Peace Conference of 1919. Rather than emphasising a historical connection to the area, the movement’s leaders chose to stress its strategic importance as a barrier from invading forces from the east (citing Bedouin tribes as the main threat) and a site for reliable irrigation sourcesfor a potential Zionist polity. With the creation of a mandate system in the early 1920s the area was eventually placed under French custodianship and became part of Syria with its establishment in 1946. [...] Of course, the general sentiment that the Golan is supposedly part of Israel predates Trump’s recognition. Jon Stewart’s The Daily Show is a case in point to this ignorance. A segment covering Israel’s 2014 military campaign in Gaza presented a map which did not encompass the Palestinian West Bank and Gaza Strip but depicted the Golan Heights as an integral part of Israel. The fact that Stewart’s team chose this map is, however, hardly coincidental, since many existing maps have erased the line separating the Golan. Can we blame Donald Trump, if even Jon Stewart "recognises" Israel’s control of the Golan?
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Lebanon (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-30): Located in southwestern Syria, the Golan Heights is 1,200 square kilometers (460 square miles) of mainly stony hills that overlook Syria, Lebanon and Jordan. [...] If the Golan Heights is occupied Syrian territory, why is Lebanon involved? [...] Although the Golan Heights has often been caught in the crossfire between Israel and Hezbollah, this latest strike definitely represents an escalation in violence, and the fact that children were the victims makes it all the more shocking.