copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: HPV vaccine increases the risk of developing cervical cancer (Pierre Kory, 2024-03-27)
Evidence (2023-09-02): While it isn't perfectly clear what sparks the cervical cells to change their DNA, it is certain that human papilloma virus, or HPV, plays a role. HPV is spread by skin to skin contact often during sexual encounters. Over 85% of the general population has been exposed. But most people with HPV never develop cervical cancer. However, reducing your risk of one helps reduce your risk of the other. I recommend getting both the HPV vaccine and regular screening tests. Other risk factors for cervical cancer include multiple sexual encounters. But it only takes one to contract HPV, so it's important to always practice safe sex. A weakened immune system and also smoking are linked to higher risk. One drug called DES was popular in the 1950s as a miscarriage prevention drug. So if your mother took it while pregnant, you may have higher risk as well.
Claim: HPV vaccine increases the risk of developing cervical cancer (Pierre Kory, 2024-03-27)
Evidence (2022-12-09): - Human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a sexually transmitted virus that can lead to cervical cancer and other genital cancers as well as squamous cell cancers of the head and neck. The HPV vaccine is recommended for girls and boys ages 11 and 12. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved the use of the vaccine Gardasil 9 for males and females ages 9 to 45. [...] People who have HIV or AIDS have a higher risk of cancer of the anus, liver and lung. HPV is most often associated with cervical cancer, but it might also increase the risk of cancer of the anus, penis, throat, vulva and vagina. [...] - HPV vaccines. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/infectious-agents/hpv/hpv-vaccines.html. Accessed Oct. 24, 2022.
Claim: HPV vaccine increases the risk of developing cervical cancer (Pierre Kory, 2024-03-27)
Evidence (2023-08-11): HPV is common – about 8 in 10 (80%) people will have it at some point in their lives. But cervical cancer itself is not common, which means that having high-risk HPV does not mean you will definitely develop cervical cancer. The risks for getting high-risk HPV and for developing cervical cancer are similar. Most researchers believe that the risks can be considered the same, as high-risk HPV causes almost all cervical cancers. [...] Research states that having high-risk HPV alone is not enough for cervical cancer to develop – there are usually other risks working in combination with high-risk HPV. We talk through these risks in this section.
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2018-05-10): Nagalase has never been part of any vaccine’s ingredient list. It is also an enzyme with important biological functions for health, and is produced by normal and healthy cells as well as cancer cells. Calling it a “cancer enzyme” is misleading.
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2024-10-07): A cancer vaccine that had little success in clinical trials for patients with advanced tumors could potentially have efficacy if administered earlier in the treatment cycle, according to a study from Vanderbilt researchers. [...] Philip and colleagues investigated a vaccine previously tested in human clinical trials for advanced cancers. This vaccine uses a gram-positive intracellular bacterium that induces strong CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, and it is engineered to express the tumor epitope, which boosts tumor-reactive T cells. All mice that received vaccination at an early stage remained tumor free, but the vaccine failed to slow liver tumor progression when administered at a later point (age 100 days).
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), a protein involved in telomere synthesis, is an important TAA highly expressed in cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, bladder cancer, and glioblastoma [20]. The hTERT antigen is targeted by cancer vaccines such as GV-1001 [21, 22], INO-1400, INO-1401 [23], INO-5401[24], and INVAC-1 (IVS-2001) [25]. These vaccines combine hTERT with other antigens or modified hTERT protein to target solid tumors or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. One example, GV-1001, in combination with chemotherapy agents gemcitabine/capecitabine showed improved overall survival in serum eotaxin-high patients with untreated advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and has been approved in South Korea [22]. Human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family members are also common targets due to their high expression in cancers including breast cancers and NSCLC. Vaccines targeting the EGFR family include AST301 (pNGVL3-hICD) [26] and AVX901 (VRP-HER2) [27] targeting HER2, and pING-hHER3FL targeting HER3 in solid cancers (NCT03832855). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), prostate acid phosphatase (PAP), and prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) are antigens highly expressed in prostate cancers, and have been developed as targets for prostate cancer vaccines, such as BNT112 (PRO-MERIT) [28] (NCT04382898), and PROSTVAC-VF [29, 30].
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2017-03-02): Neonnettle.com posted a story headlined,"Doctors who discovered cancer enzymes in vaccines found murdered," on March 2, 2017. Facebook users flagged the story as potentially being fabricated, as part of the social media site's efforts to clear fake news from users' news feeds. The story claims that the doctors found the enzyme nagalase in vaccines, connecting nagalase to cancer, autism and diabetes. The article speculates that the doctors were murdered in order to prevent their findings from going public. [...] Neonnettle.com, Doctors Who Discovered Cancer Enzymes In Vaccines All Found Murdered, March 2, 2017
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2024-02-20): Another new technology being used in the development of novel cancer vaccines is messenger RNA (mRNA). That’s the approach being used in the MSK trial of a personalized mRNA neoantigen vaccine.
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2023-07-07): Cancer vaccines based on messenger RNA have been the subject of recent, in-depth last investigations [2]. Figure 6 illustrates the process of how mRNA vaccines work to activate the immune system. When the mRNA vaccine is introduced into the body, it is taken up by cells through endocytosis and released from the endosome. Ribosomes then convert the mRNA into proteins that stimulate the immune system in two main ways: i) proteasomes break down the proteins into peptides, which are displayed as antigens on the cell surface by MHC class I molecules, subsequently activating CD8 + T cells that release perforin and granzyme to destroy infected cells; ii) proteins secreted externally are absorbed by APCs and broken down into peptides, which are displayed on the cell surface by MHC class II molecules, allowing recognition by CD4 + T cells, which in turn activate cellular immune responses by producing cytokines and humoral immune responses by co-activating B cells. Furthermore, single-stranded RNA and double-stranded RNA in mRNA vaccines bind to TLR in the endosome, initiating antiviral innate immune responses through the production of type-I interferon (IFN-I).
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2022-08-23): The history of cancer vaccines has been the subject of excellent reviews14, most of which have focused on the physical structure of the antigen being introduced: whole tumor, tumor cells, protein, peptides (long or short), RNA or DNA (directly or virally); and the adjuvants with which antigen is introduced: carrier protein, cells (for example, dendritic cells (DCs)), proteins (for example, CD40 ligand (CD40L)) or chemicals (for example, oil–water emulsions and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists). Here, we classify current cancer vaccines differently, based on (1) what is known of a tumor’s specific immunogenic antigen, (2) which patients’ tumors express those antigens and (3) how the antigens become colocalized with professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Vaccines can incorporate either predefined (known) or anonymous (unknown) antigens (Fig. 1a). The former includes either predefined shared antigens (expressed in many patient tumors) or predefined personalized antigens (exclusively determined for each patient). Anonymous antigen vaccines can be colocalized with APCs either ex vivo (in a laboratory) or in situ (at the tumor site; Fig. 1a).
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2024-05-17): Cancer mRNA vaccines: clinical advances and future opportunities [...] Abstract mRNA vaccines have been revolutionary in terms of their rapid development and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the COVID-19 pandemic, and this technology has considerable potential for application to the treatment of cancer. Compared with traditional cancer vaccines based on proteins or peptides, mRNA vaccines reconcile the needs for both personalization and commercialization in a manner that is unique to each patient but not beholden to their HLA haplotype. A further advantage of mRNA vaccines is the availability of engineering strategies to improve their stability while retaining immunogenicity, enabling the induction of complementary innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus far, no mRNA-based cancer vaccines have received regulatory approval, although several phase I–II trials have yielded promising results, including in historically poorly immunogenic tumours. Furthermore, many early phase trials testing a wide range of vaccine designs are currently ongoing. In this Review, we describe the advantages of cancer mRNA vaccines and advances in clinical trials using both cell-based and nanoparticle-based delivery methods, with discussions of future combinations and iterations that might optimize the activity of these agents. [...] Cancer vaccines: the next immunotherapy frontier
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The discovery of suitable neoantigens is an essential factor in synthesizing tumor vaccines. Neoantigens include TSAs and TAAs.TSAs are produced by tumor-recognized cells as a result of specific alterations such as gene mutations, dysregulated RNA splicing, and aberrant post-translational modifications, and these can give rise to cancer-specific neoepitopes that are recognized by autologous T cells [21]. Since neoepitopes are not subject to central immune tolerance and are not expressed in healthy tissues, they are attractive targets for therapeutic tumor vaccines [22]. TSAs identify tumor-specific non-synonymous mutants in protein-coding genes by comparing next-generation sequencing (NGS) data from patient tumors and healthy tissues [23]. Multicomponent calculations assess the binding of mutant peptide regions to the patient’s HLA allele, which helps T cells to induce practical anti-tumor effects [24]. These data enable the production of personalized tumor vaccines with unique components for each patient [25]. [...] Grunwitz C, Kranz LM. mRNA Cancer vaccines-messages that Prevail. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2017;405:145–64. doi: 10.1007/82_2017_509 [published Online First: 2017/04/13]. [...] Li H, Peng K, Yang K, et al. Circular RNA cancer vaccines drive immunity in hard-to-treat malignancies. Theranostics. 2022;12(14):6422–36. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.77350. [published Online First: 20220829].
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2024-09-03): Cancer vaccines are a subtype of immunotherapy, based on the same underpinning principle as vaccines against infectious disease. The idea is that by showing the immune system what an invading pathogen or cancer cell looks like, you can teach it to quickly recognise and destroy them if it encounters them again. [...] Researchers are exploring the use of various platforms to develop cancer vaccines. These include whole cell vaccines, which use whole cancer cells to trigger an immune response, and protein- or peptide-based vaccines, which expose the immune system to specific proteins or fragments of proteins from cancer cells. [...] Numerous mRNA-based cancer vaccines are currently in clinical trials for various types of cancer.
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2019-08-06): Claims that vaccines contain "cancer enzymes" are unfounded, also misleads with one-sided explanation of nagalase function Nagalase has never been part of any vaccine’s ingredient list. It is also an enzyme with important biological functions for health, and is produced by normal and healthy cells as well as cancer cells. Calling it a "cancer enzyme" is misleading. [...] This article, published by Disclose.tv and shared more than 590,000 times, claims that vaccines contain "cancer enzymes". This claim has also been repeated in articles published by GlobalResearch.ca, Sustainable.media and Natural News. The "enzymes" the article refers to appears to be nagalase.
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2024-06-11): Like two of the approved COVID vaccines and some other experimental cancer vaccines, this one uses genetic material called mRNA that is loaded into fat-coated nanoparticles. But it also has a unique design aspect compared with these other vaccines: the nanoparticles have layers of fat inside, making it possible to layer each one with large numbers of mRNA.
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2023-08-02): Cancer Vaccine Clinical Trial Targets Vaccine targets under evaluation in clinical trials include: 5T4: an antigen often expressed by several different types of cancers CEA: a protein involved in cellular adhesion normally produced only before birth; often abnormally expressed in cancer and may contribute to metastasis Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related antigens: foreign viral proteins expressed by CMV-infected cancer cells Folate-related proteins: proteins in this pathway are commonly overexpressed in cancer EGFR: a pathway that controls cell growth and is often mutated in cancer HER2: a pathway that controls cell growth and is commonly overexpressed in breast cancer and is associated with metastasis, or disease spread Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-related antigens: foreign viral proteins expressed by HPV-infected cancer cells MAGE antigens: the genes that produce these proteins are normally turned off in adult cells, but cancer cells often reactivate their expression Mesothelin: a protein that is commonly overexpressed in cancer and may aid metastasis MUC-1: a sugar-coated protein that is commonly overexpressed in cancer NY-ESO-1: a protein that is normally produced only before birth but is often abnormally expressed in cancer P53: a tumor suppressor protein that is often mutated, nonfunctional, and overexpressed in cancer PAP and PSA: enzymes made by prostate cells
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2018-01-12): mRNA cancer vaccines mRNA-based cancer vaccines have been recently and extensively reviewed115,116,117,118,119. Below, the most recent advances and directions are highlighted. Cancer vaccines and other immunotherapies represent promising alternative strategies to treat malignancies. Cancer vaccines can be designed to target tumour-associated antigens that are preferentially expressed in cancerous cells, for example, growth-associated factors, or antigens that are unique to malignant cells owing to somatic mutation120. These neoantigens, or the neoepitopes within them, have been deployed as mRNA vaccine targets in humans121 (Box 2). Most cancer vaccines are therapeutic, rather than prophylactic, and seek to stimulate cell-mediated responses, such as those from CTLs, that are capable of clearing or reducing tumour burden122. The first proof-of-concept studies that not only proposed the idea of RNA cancer vaccines but also provided evidence of the feasibility of this approach were published more than two decades ago123,124. Since then, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the viability of mRNA vaccines to combat cancer (Table 3).
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2014-05-30): A pan inhibitor of DASH family enzymes induces immunogenic modulation and sensitizes murine and human carcinoma cells to antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing: implications for combination therapy with cancer vaccines - PMID: 24731809 - PMCID: PMC4059051 - DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.008 A pan inhibitor of DASH family enzymes induces immunogenic modulation and sensitizes murine and human carcinoma cells to antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing: implications for combination therapy with cancer vaccines Recent studies have suggested that pan inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity and/or structure homologs (DASH), including ARI-4175, can mediate tumor regression by immune-mediated mechanisms. This study assessed the potential of combining ARI-4175 with cancer vaccines. We evaluated ARI-4175's effect on immunogenic modulation, ability to sensitize tumor cells to antigen-specific CTL killing, effect on immune-cell subsets and function, and antitumor activity in 2 tumor models, both as a monotherapy and in combination with a recombinant viral or dendritic cell (DC)-based tumor-cell vaccine. ARI-4175's effects on the growth, surface phenotype, and antigen-specific CTL-mediated lysis of murine and human carcinoma cell lines were assessed in vitro. In vivo, C57BL-6 mice were treated orally with ARI-4175, after which splenocytes were assessed by flow cytometry and functional assays. Antitumor studies were performed in murine models of colon carcinoma (MC38-CEA(+) in CEA-transgenic C57BL-6 mice) and rhabdomyosarcoma (M3-9-M in C57BL-6 mice). Mice received oral ARI-4175 alone or in combination with a vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia/fowlpox CEA-TRICOM (colon model) or a DC-based tumor-cell vaccine (rhabdomyosarcoma model).
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2024-01-03): The authors assessed the cancer-causing and infective potential of residual DNA from a cell-based live, attenuated influenza vaccine that is manufactured in Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. They determined that 230 billion doses of vaccine would need to be administered before a potential cancer gene dosage equivalent would be reached, and 83 trillion doses would need to be administered to induce an infective event. [...] The WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization adopted requirements for the use of animal cells as substrates for the production of vaccines and other biologicals in 1996. In 2006, a WHO Study Group on Cell Substrates was formed to initiate revision of WHO requirements. In 2007, the Study Group agreed that data generated on the possibility of cancer or an infection caused by DNA in vaccines were important in defining potential risk for vaccine recipients. It was considered highly likely that reduction of DNA fragment size reduced the risk from DNA and increased the safety margin, as the smaller the DNA fragments, the lower the probability that intact oncogenes and other functional sequences would be present. Studies performed at the Center for Biological Evaluation and Research (CBER) suggest that DNA fragments smaller than 200 base pairs will give substantial safety margins for products that meet the 10 ng/dose limit. Therefore, the margin of safety for vaccines can be found in the high fragmentation, and therefore very small size, of DNA.
Claim: vaccines had cancer enzymes in them (Anonymous, 2018-05-10)
Evidence (2019-08-07): AAP Factcheck examined a Facebook post from July 21, 2019 featuring a photo collage of five people under the headline: "Doctors who discovered cancer enzymes in vaccines all found murdered". The text accompanying the post stated: "FLORIDA late 2015 this research team all DIED. May 2015 Dr Bradstreeet (left) stated at a CONFERENCE that he was about to release research showing VACCINES cause CANCER via the ingredient "NAGALASE"." [...] Also in 2017, the PunditFact fact checking website rated as "Pants on Fire" a story with the same headline as the Facebook post ("Doctors who discovered cancer enzymes in vaccines all found murdered") that appeared on a website Neonnettle.com, which describes itself as a "free, independent news source". The story has been deleted from the website.
Claim: “99.2% of U.S. COVID deaths in June were unvaccinated people” (Judd Legum, 2021-07-04)
Evidence (2021-07-04): COVID-19 vaccines authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have proved highly effective at preventing severe disease and death in vaccinated individuals. Over 95% of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths from the past few months occurred among unvaccinated people and could have been avoided by vaccination.
Claim: “99.2% of U.S. COVID deaths in June were unvaccinated people” (Judd Legum, 2021-07-04)
Evidence (2021-06-24): In a stunning reflection of the efficacy of vaccines and an indication of the impact that widespread inoculation could have, an analysis of government data published Thursday by the Associated Press found nearly all Covid-19 deaths in the U.S. last month were among people who weren’t vaccinated against the virus. Center for Disease Control and Prevention data reviewed by AP showed just 150 of the more than 18,000 Covid-19 deaths in May resulted from "breakthrough" infections in fully vaccinated people. In other words, 99.2% of the people who died from Covid-19 last month weren’t fully vaccinated against the virus.
Claim: “99.2% of U.S. COVID deaths in June were unvaccinated people” (Judd Legum, 2021-07-04)
Evidence (2023-01-01): - England: COVID-19 monthly death rate by vaccination status - Estimated cumulative excess deaths during COVIDFaceted Explorer version - Estimated cumulative excess deaths during COVID, from the WHO - Estimated cumulative excess deaths during COVID-19Non-Explorer, single-entity version - Estimated cumulative excess deaths per 100,000 people during COVID, from The Economist - Estimated cumulative excess deaths, from The Economist and the WHO - Estimated daily excess deaths during COVIDFaceted Explorer version - Estimated daily excess deaths during COVIDNon-Explorer, single-entity version - Estimated daily excess deaths per 100,000 people during COVID, from The Economist - Excess mortality: Cumulative deaths from all causes compared to projection based on previous yearsAbsolute deaths - Excess mortality: Cumulative deaths from all causes compared to projection based on previous yearsPercentage - Excess mortality: Cumulative deaths from all causes compared to projection based on previous years, per million people - Excess mortality: Deaths from all causes compared to average over previous yearsP-scores, average baseline - Excess mortality: Deaths from all causes compared to average over previous years, by ageP-scores, average baseline - Excess mortality: Deaths from all causes compared to projectionP-scores, projected baseline - Excess mortality: Deaths from all causes compared to projection based on previous years, by