copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-02): The FMUs in question are the 117,941-hectare (291,439-acre) Ravenscourt FMU in Sarawak’s Limbang division and the 148,305-hectare (366,470-acre) Gerenai FMU in the Miri division. Combined, they make up an area almost half the size of Bali.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-06): Brunei Darussalam is a remnant of a much larger Brunein sultanate that once encompassed all of Borneo and parts of the Philippines at its height. Its final contraction came as a result of the territorial aspirations of its neighbors, the White Rajahs of Sarawak during the latter half of the nineteenth century. The land split into its two distinctive portions when the Sultan of Brunei ceded the intervening Limbang district to the White Rajahs. Limbang is now a part of Malaysia, a point that Brunei still disputes. The residual bits of land became a British protectorate in 1888. Thus, that defined Brunei’s modern borders when the United Kingdom finally conferred independence in 1984. [...] The Malaysian state of Sarawak surrounds Temburong district on three sides, the west, south and east. Brunei Bay forms the remaining border. Five provinces (mukims) further divide Temburong: Banger, Labu, Batu Apoi, Bukok and Amo. The district is notable for lush mountainous rainforest including those carefully protected and preserved in Ulu Temburong National Park.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-05-15): - Brunei-Muara - Temburong - Isolated eastern district, separated from the rest of country by the Malaysian district of Limbang. [...] The Malaysia-Brunei ferry the Malaysian town of Limbang and the Bruneian district of Temburong has been discontinued since December 2013, due to the completion of the toll-free Friendship Bridge, which connects the two borders at the eastern side of Limbang. [...] From Limbang: There are no direct buses between Bandar Seri Begawan and Limbang in Sarawak. However, you can catch a local bus from Bandar's bus station to Kuala Lurah on the border, walk across the checkpoint into Tedungan in Sarawak and catch a Syarikat Bas Limbang bus to Limbang. Do the reverse if coming from Limbang to Bandar. Buses depart from Limbang bus terminal several times a day and bear the destination "Batu Danau". Taxis are also available on both sides of the border but bargain hard for the fare. You can also get to Temburong district by bus from Limbang, although again, there are no direct buses into Bangar; all buses (destination "Pandaruan") stop at the ferry landing at Pandaruan, where there is now a Malaysian immigration checkpoint. Cross the river by ferry and catch a taxi for the 5 km to Bangar.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-03-24): The case is a landmark case in Sarawak in that it unites three different tribal communities in Limbang, who have come together to challenge the State Government’s alienation of their lands without consultation or due process under the law. [...] However, the people of Limbang are doggedly resisting defeat in this matter and the genocide and destruction it would bring. The Limbang case is one of the clearest examples of injustice against NCR landowners in Sarawak and it unites thousands of people from different native communities working together for the first time against the greed and deceit of Taib’s regime.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Limbang is a border town and the capital of Limbang District of northern Sarawak, East Malaysia. The bustling river port of Limbang (pronounced lim-bahng) is something of a backwater. It's a popular weekend destination among visitor from Brunei Sultanate. Brunei dropped all territorial claims over Limbang, thus ceding the district to the state of Sarawak and recognising it as Malaysian territory, Prime Minister Dato' Seri Abdullah Hj Ahmad Badawi was reported to have told Malaysian media 17 March 2009. This was among the boundary issues resolved under the Letters of Exchange (LoE), which included the establishment of a "Commercial Arrangement Area" (CAA) and the right of passage for Malaysian vessels across Bruneian waters. His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam and Malaysian Prime Minister signed the documents at the Istana Nurul Iman.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-06-24): Brunei (officially the, "Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace") is a surprisingly successful and stable states despite its apparent tenuous geography. It is surrounded by Malaysia and separated into two, disconnected states by Malaysia's Limbang District. Brunei occupies just one percent of the island of Borneo that it shares with the countries of Malaysia, and Indonesia. Despite its small size, it has a per capita GDP in the top ten of countries worldwide. Brunei owes its split existence to the colonial era. It was once a much larger empire that extended beyond the shores of Borneo. Starting in the 1800s, it lost territory to colonial powers and James Brooke, a British citizen who became the first of the "White Rajas" of Sarawak. Brooke was given control of the Limbang District among other territories that eventually became part of Malaysia. In 1888, The "Abode of Peace" agreed to become a British protectorate and stayed that way for a hundred years. It regained it's independence from the United Kingdom in 1984. Although the Limbang District is connected to the rest of Malaysia, it's roads are not. The only way to drive from the Limbang District to the rest of Malaysia is to drive across the border into Brunei and then across Brunei back into Malaysia.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Sketch of Limbang, showing the positions of the jail, hospital, police station, and residency, where hostages were being held by the rebels. Map by author [...] Many of the dozing Marines were nudged awake as the engines started up again at 0430, and the two craft nosed their way into the much wider Limbang River, leaving the passengers feeling naked and exposed in the fading moonlight. Last minute checks were made as the craft rounded the final bend toward the small town. They saw the dim lights of the town in the distance. Ever more slowly, the two craft drew nearer, and then to the surprise of everyone on board, the lights in the town suddenly went out. They would later learn that it was the routine as dawn approached. As silently as their engines allowed, and with about 50 yards between them, the leading craft came level with the northern edge of the town. Captain Moore, with his Malay-speaking intelligence sergeant, David Smith, alongside peered into the ever-lightening distance. At 300 yards, they saw movement everywhere as Limbang grew nearer. The bazaar area seemed alive, and they could just make out the police station. "Full ahead" was ordered, and the leading craft surged toward the bank.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-12): The December 1962 British Raid on Limbang was a confrontation between British forces and the Tentara Nasional Kalimantan Utara (TNKU). The TNKU were holding hostages and the British forces were sent to free them. This happened as part of the prelude to the 1960s Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. [...] Sarawak, a British protectorate became a focal point of this conflict. In December 1962, the TNKU escalated their campaign by seizing the town of Limbang, a strategic and symbolic target. The insurgents took several hostages, including the British District Officer, his wife, and other expatriates. They fortified the town and threatened to execute the hostages if their demands were not met, sending shockwaves through the British colonial administration and necessitating an immediate response. [...] The Limbang operation was fraught with challenges, the town was located deep inland along a river, requiring a complex amphibious operation. The TNKU insurgents were well-armed and entrenched, and the lives of the hostages hung precariously in the balance. Nevertheless, the Royal Marine Commandos were undeterred. With meticulous planning and the element of surprise on their side, they prepared for one of the most daring rescue missions in British military history.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-21): The key to making sense of Malaysia’s maritime boundary sensibility is to unpack how it conceptualizes its Tanah air (land and sea) or territorial integrity, which is utilitarian instead of ownership obsessed. From conversations with Malaysian elites and scholars, a shared theme emerged that the Malaysian concept of maritime territory emphasizes generating maximum benefits to those in the land. This makes Kuala Lumpur more willing to negotiate on its maritime zones, such as surrendering titles and ownership of maritime areas disputed with Brunei, in exchange for continued access over the area and the right to exploit oil deposits, as well as the commitment for Brunei to abandon its claim over Limbang (in Sarawak). The unequal value between land and the sea contrasts with Indonesia’s archipelagic notion that gives equal weight as it emphasizes uniting its disparate territory, thus inherently preoccupying it with securing ownership of its maritime zone.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-30): The thousands of Indigenous people who live in the northern Limbang and Baram districts rely on the forest for their physical and cultural wellbeing, while the Baram River is the state’s second-largest and an important life-source. [...] Elsewhere in Sarawak, in Upper Limbang, Samling received certification for its 117,941 hectare (292,438 acre) Ravenscourt concession in 2018, but Penan communities in the area say they only learned of its existence in July of this year when the MTCS certificate was due to be re-evaluated. The area in question is home to some of the last unspoiled tracts of forest in Sarawak, and is part of an important Borneo wildlife corridor. The concession borders the Pulong Tau National Park and Mulu National Park, a World Heritage site renowned for its gigantic limestone caves.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-17): The Limbang District is one of the two districts of Limbang Division, Malaysia. It has a total area of 3,978.10 square kilometres.[1] The major town is Limbang. It has one sub-district, which is Nanga Medamit Sub-District. It borders Brunei Darussalam to the west and east, Lawas District to the southeast and Miri District at the south and southwest. Due to being squeezed in between Brunei at its north and coastal areas, Limbang is accessible by road only by going through immigration posts. [...] Limbang area is officially claimed since 1967 (it has been claimed since 1880s after the annexation of Limbang by the White Rajah) by Brunei as part of its integral territory.[5] It is the main part of the Brunei–Malaysia border disputes since Limbang separates Brunei territorially into two parts.[6] [...] Ethnicity [edit]Limbang is traditionally a home to Bruneian Malay, Kedayan, Chinese, Iban, Lun Bawang and Orang Ulu people.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-04-27): By Daniel Hayward, reviewed by Merlin Franco Francis, University of Brunei Darussalam 27 April 2021 From the 15th to 17th centuries, the whole island of Borneo was under the control of the Brunei Sultanate as a trading power1. Territory was gradually lost through wars, piracy and colonial expansion, and in 1888, Brunei became a British Protectorate2. It later turned down an opportunity to join the Federation of Malaya (with Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah), gaining full independence in 19843. Modern Brunei is based around the three pillars of Malay culture, Islam, and absolute monarchy4. The present sultan is King Hassanal Bolkiah, who represents one of the oldest continuous ruling dynasties in the world for over 600 years5. Officials are unelected (unique among ASEAN countries) with the monarch holding absolute executive and legislative powers. Brunei became the first East Asia country to adopt sharia law, first announced in 2013 and then gazetted in 2019. [...] Present-day Brunei occupies the north-west coast of Borneo. It is 5,765km2, which is roughly eight times the size of Singapore6. There are two areas, separated by the valley of the Limbang River that is part of Sarawak, Malaysia7, although they are now connected via the Temburong Bridge. The two areas comprise four districts. In the west, Brunei-Muara, Tutong and Belait contain hilly lowlands, swampland, and alluvial valleys. Temburong in the east is more mountainous, the highest peak being Bukit Pagon at 1,850m. There is 161km of coastline providing a rich tropical marine biodiversity8.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-01): Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: نڬارا بروني دارالسلام‎), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is completely surrounded by the insular Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo; the remainder of the island's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 428,963 in 2018. [...] Tanah Merah Medamit Limbang17 km [...] Batang Limbang ke Melit amat.SMK Medamit LimbangLugan Ulu Tanah MerahTanah Merah Medamit LimbangLugan Ili Tanah MerahSK Medamit LimbangNanga Medamit LimbangNanga Merit Primary SchoolBukit SaganGunung Buda
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The Origins of the Limbang Claim [...] Tun Abdul Razak, the prime minister of Malaysia, has recently announced that his Government cannot consider the claim to the Limbang River made by the Sultan of Brunei. This dispute has its origins in the 1880's when North Borneo and Sarawak were intriguing against each other to gain possession of the remains of the once powerful Sultanate. Since that time the problem of the Limbang has smouldered continually, every now and then breaking into a fitful glow. The problem is a complex one and has not hitherto received detailed scholarly analysis. [...] 65 65 Trevenen to FO 11 May 1891, Brooke to Smith 30 Jan. 1891 FO 12/87, CO to FO 30 Jan. 1891 FO 12/88. A point which is not clear is the exact nature of the Sultan's rights on the Limbang. He possessed the ill-defined sovereign rights but seems to have had little or no tulin rights. However the office of Tumonggong had attached to it rights on the Limbang and as the Sultan had not appointed a new Tumonggong on his accession then the benefits of these rights should have gone to the Sultan.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-28): Brunei, [lower-alpha 2] officially Brunei Darussalam, [lower-alpha 3] [lower-alpha 4] is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2023 [update] , the country had a population of 455,858, [11] of whom approximately 180,000 resided in the capital and largest city of Bandar Seri Begawan. Its official language is Malay and Islam is the state religion of the country, although other religions are nominally tolerated. The government of Brunei is a constitutional absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia. [...] Brunei is one of many nations to lay claim to some of the disputed Spratly Islands. [128] The status of Limbang as part of Sarawak has been disputed by Brunei since the area was first annexed in 1890. [128] The issue was reportedly settled in 2009, with Brunei agreeing to accept the border in exchange for Malaysia giving up claims to oil fields in Bruneian waters. [129] The Brunei government denies this and says that their claim on Limbang was never dropped. [130] [131]
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-27): Coluzzi, P. (2011). Endangered languages in Borneo: A survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei. Oceanic Linguistics,49(1), 119–143. [...] Martin, P. W. (1996). A comparative ethnolinguistic survey of the Murut (Lun Bawang) with special reference to Brunei. In P. W. Martin, C. Ożóg, & G. Poedjosoedarmo (Eds.), Language use & language change in Brunei Darussalam (pp. 268–279). Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies. [...] Morsidi Haji Muhamad. (2002). Chong Ah Fok: Penglibatan dan sumbangannya dalam perkembangan kesusasteraan Melayu Brunei. Pangsura,15(8), 3–14.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Brunei is one of many nations to lay claim to some of the disputed Spratly Islands.[128] The status of Limbang as part of Sarawak has been disputed by Brunei since the area was first annexed in 1890.[128] The issue was reportedly settled in 2009, with Brunei agreeing to accept the border in exchange for Malaysia giving up claims to oil fields in Bruneian waters.[129] The Brunei government denies this and says that their claim on Limbang was never dropped.[130][131] [...] - ^ "Translation: From His Highness the Sultan Hashim of Brunei- To A. Keyser, Esq. H. M. Consul for Brunei, 22 Zulkaidah 1316". Cession of the Limbang territory to Sarawak. Forwards letter, from the Sultan of Brunei, regarding- (Archival File). High Commissioner Office, Malaya. 1 March 1899. pp. 6–10. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022 – via Arkib Negara Malaysia.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-05): Limbang is a border town and the capital of Limbang District in the Limbang Division of northern Sarawak, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. This district area is 3,978.10 square kilometres,[2] and population (year 2020 census) was 56,900. It is located on the banks of the Limbang River (Sungai Limbang in Malay), between the two halves of Brunei. [...] Sultan Hashim was again pressured by Charles Brooke and a new British Consul of Borneo Hewette, to cede both the districts, but he firmly refused, as the loss of both districts would make Brunei non-existent on the map of Borneo, resembling "a tree without branches".[5] However, Sultan Hashim persistently protested against the decision to cede Limbang until his death in 1906.[4] Sultan Hashim considered Limbang as a significant resource, supplying Brunei with food, forest produce, timber, and fisheries. Sultan Hashim also thought that "Brunei is Limbang and Limbang is Brunei". Before his death, Sultan Hashim signed a supplementary agreement (after the 1888 protectorate agreement) with the British government in 1906 to accept a Resident in Brunei to ensure the survival of the Brunei kingdom and stem further losses of the Bruneian territories.[5] [...] - ^ Clearly, Mark; Shaw, Brian (April 1992). "Limbang: a lost province of oil-rich Brunei Darussalam". Geography. 77 (2). Taylor & Francis: 178–181.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-02-21): LIMBANG constituency is unique. It can be likened to an island separated from the Sarawak land mass by its borders with Brunei Darusalam to the west and east, Lawas District to the southeast and Miri District at the south and southeast. [...] Limbang is a melting pot of ethnicities and cultures. With its strategic location next to Brunei, Labuan, Lawas and Sabah, this bustling river port boasts a crowd-pulling cultural festival – the Pesta Limbang which draws tens of thousands of locals and visitors alike to its shores every year. [...] Limbang also stands to benefit from proposed halal food production in a bilateral collaboration between Malaysian and Brunei.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-11): Limbang is uniquely situated at the most north-eastern part of Sarawak, bordering not only Sabah, but also both parts of Brunei Darussalam, which makes it a melting pot of many cultures, including Kedayan, Lun Bawang, Bisaya, Murut, Kelabit, Penan, Malay and Chinese. Limbang town used to be known as Pangkalan Tarap, a riverside settlement where trade activities thrived. However, after the settlement was combined with Trusan district and Lawas district, it was changed to Limbang, after the river it’s situated on. [...] Limbang is also home to the Gunung Buda National Park, which is rich in wildlife and home to 300 species of birds, 60 species of reptiles and 2,500 species of trees endemic to Borneo.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2010-01-31): 4 Pages Posted: 24 Jul 2013 Date Written: January 31, 2010 The March 2009 boundary and territory agreement between Brunei and Malaysia is reviewed. The agreement, in the form of an exchange of letters, has not been expressly made public. However, the governments of the two states have disclosed sufficient information to assess the agreement, intended to resolve four matters: (i) the settling of maritime boundaries between Brunei and Malaysia; (ii) the establishment of a joint petroleum development area off Borneo known as a "Commercial Arrangement Area"; (iii) the initiation of a frontier survey to define the boundaries of Malaysia’s Limbang district nearly enclaved between Brunei’s two separate land areas; and (iv) the resolution of transit rights for the nationals of both states through inshore maritime areas. The history of maritime claims in the area is reviewed and the prospects for continuing seabed development considered.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Brunei (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-03): One of Brunei’s territories much discussed in the documents is Limbang District which was eventually seized by Rajah Brooke of Sarawak in 1890. Much later, in 1963, it was the subject of letters from the Sultan of Brunei to the British government when he urged that Limbang should not be ceded to Malaysia with the rest of Sarawak. Limbang District was in the middle of Brunei and its loss divided Brunei into two. "I would suggest that the Territory of Limbang should be excluded from the relinquishment of Her Majesty’s sovereignty over Sarawak at the end of next month and that no change in sovereignty affecting this area should take place until proper steps have been taken to ensure that any change of sovereignty is in accordance with the genuine wishes of the Limbang people".