copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Human-caused carbon emissions’ effect on climate is ‘non-discernible’. Measurements of carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric CO2 indicate that it is the recent expansion of a more productive biosphere that has led to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. (Chris Morrison, 2024-04-08)
Evidence (2020-08-03): The CO2 Human Emission (CHE) project has produced a global CO2, CH4 and CO nature run simulation at 9km resolution for 2015 based on the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) forecasting system which is part of the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) at ECMWF. The aim of the CHE nature run is to produce realistic atmospheric tracer variability and to provide a reference for Observing System Simulation Experiments. The simulations include tagged tracers that estimate the contribution of the biogenic and anthropogenic fluxes in the simulated atmospheric variability. We find that the largest source of errors in the atmospheric CO2 variability comes from the online biogenic fluxes in the land surface model (CTESSEL). However, with the evaluation of atmospheric CO2 it is difficult to separate errors coming from transport and surface fluxes. The ICOS ecosystem data will be used to evaluate the modelled biogenic flux uncertainty at different temporal scales from sub-diurnal to synoptic to seasonal. The modelled fluxes will also be compared to other flux products, such as FLUXCOM and the CAMS CO2 inversion product, in order to assess the errors in the flux gradients and the large-scale budgets of the biogenic fluxes.
Claim: Human-caused carbon emissions’ effect on climate is ‘non-discernible’. Measurements of carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric CO2 indicate that it is the recent expansion of a more productive biosphere that has led to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. (Chris Morrison, 2024-04-08)
Evidence (2024-09-23): Explore BER research in watershed sciences, terrestrial ecology, and coastal systems [...] August 16, 2024 – Drier springs since 2000 cause vegetation to use more snowmelt, reducing streamflow and complicating water availability forecasts. [...] November 20, 2023 – Tall shrubs are expanding their range on Alaska’s Seward Peninsula, and permafrost degradation will accelerate their continued expansion into suitable habitats.
Claim: Human-caused carbon emissions’ effect on climate is ‘non-discernible’. Measurements of carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric CO2 indicate that it is the recent expansion of a more productive biosphere that has led to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. (Chris Morrison, 2024-04-08)
Evidence (2001-06-06): The atmospheric CO2 increase over the past few decades is less than the input from human activities because a fraction of the added CO2 is removed by oceanic and terrestrial processes. Until recently, the partitioning of the carbon sink between the land and sea has been highly uncertain, but recent high-precision measurements of the atmospheric oxygen:nitrogen (O2:N2) ratio have provided a crucial constraint: fossil fuel burning and terrestrial uptake processes have different O2:CO2 ratios, whereas the ocean CO2 sink has no significant impact on atmospheric O2. The atmospheric CO2 increase for the 1990s was about half the CO2 emission from fossil fuel combustion, with the oceans and land both serving as important repositories of the excess carbon, i.e., as carbon sinks.
Claim: Human-caused carbon emissions’ effect on climate is ‘non-discernible’. Measurements of carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric CO2 indicate that it is the recent expansion of a more productive biosphere that has led to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. (Chris Morrison, 2024-04-08)
Evidence (2022-06-09): For the next century and a half, scientists debated the connection between the composition of the atmosphere, greenhouse gas emissions (including CO2), and Earth’s temperatures. While some believed that the rapid emission of CO2 resulting from fossil fuel combustion tied to industrialization could eventually lead to a small increase in global temperatures (Svante Arrhenius, 1859–1927, first proposed this connection in 1896), others argued that natural physical processes such as the absorption of CO2 by the oceans would easily negate any increases. [...] The first paper on isotopic measurements from this period was published in 1979. It showed a shift in 13C/12C ratio that matched predictions associated with fossil fuel combustion. Further analysis of 14C was used as evidence that the current accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere was linked to the liberation of long-sequestered banks of carbon—the burning of fossil fuels by mankind. [...] A subsection of the report explored possible effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on Earth’s climate. These ranged from significant increases in average global temperatures, to melting of arctic ice sheets and the resulting rise in sea levels, to increased acidity of water bodies. The report concluded: "Through his worldwide industrial civilization, Man is unwittingly conducting a vast geophysical experiment."
Claim: Human-caused carbon emissions’ effect on climate is ‘non-discernible’. Measurements of carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric CO2 indicate that it is the recent expansion of a more productive biosphere that has led to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. (Chris Morrison, 2024-04-08)
Evidence (2019-07-30): The burning of fossil fuels affects the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Before the industrial revolution, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere was about 288 ppm. We have now reached about 414 ppm, so we are on the way to doubling the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by the end of this century. Scientists say that if CO2 doubles, it could raise the average global temperature of the Earth between two and five degrees Celsius. We are already increasing the amount of energy that bounces back to the Earth. Because of the greenhouse effect, this is causing global warming with its many destructive impacts. Both water vapor and CO2 are responsible for global warming, and once we increase the CO2 in the atmosphere, the oceans warm up, which inevitably triggers an increase in water vapor. But while we have no way to control water vapor, we can control CO2. And because we are increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by continuing to burn fossil fuels, even in relatively small amounts compared to the entire mass of the atmosphere, we are disturbing the entire heat balance of the planet.
Claim: Human-caused carbon emissions’ effect on climate is ‘non-discernible’. Measurements of carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric CO2 indicate that it is the recent expansion of a more productive biosphere that has led to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. (Chris Morrison, 2024-04-08)
Evidence (2023-12-05): The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has increased from approximately 278 parts per million (ppm) in 1750 (Gulev et al., 2021), the beginning of the industrial era, to 417.1±0.1 ppm in 2022 (Lan et al., 2023; Fig. 1). The atmospheric CO2 increase above pre-industrial levels was, initially, primarily caused by the release of carbon to the atmosphere from deforestation and other land-use change activities (Canadell et al., 2021). While emissions from fossil fuels started before the industrial era, they became the dominant source of anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere from around 1950 and their relative share has continued to increase until the present. Anthropogenic emissions occur on top of an active natural carbon cycle that circulates carbon between the reservoirs of the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere on timescales from sub-daily to millennia, while exchanges with geologic reservoirs occur on longer timescales (Archer et al., 2009).
Claim: Human-caused carbon emissions’ effect on climate is ‘non-discernible’. Measurements of carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric CO2 indicate that it is the recent expansion of a more productive biosphere that has led to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. (Chris Morrison, 2024-04-08)
Evidence (2010-02-04): Land degradation is a driver of climate change through emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and reduced rates of carbon uptake (very high confidence). Since 1990, globally the forest area has decreased by 3% (low confidence) with net decreases in the tropics and net increases outside the tropics (high confidence). Lower carbon density in re-growing forests, compared to carbon stocks before deforestation, results in net emissions from land-use change (very high confidence). Forest management that reduces carbon stocks of forest land also leads to emissions, but global estimates of these emissions are uncertain. Cropland soils have lost 20–60% of their organic carbon content prior to cultivation, and soils under conventional agriculture continue to be a source of GHGs (medium confidence). Of the land degradation processes, deforestation, increasing wildfires, degradation of peat soils, and permafrost thawing contribute most to climate change through the release of GHGs and the reduction in land carbon sinks following deforestation (high confidence). Agricultural practices also emit non-CO2 GHGs from soils and these emissions are exacerbated by climate change (medium confidence). Conversion of primary to managed forests, illegal logging and unsustainable forest management result in GHG emissions (very high confidence) and can have additional physical effects on the regional climate including those arising from albedo shifts (medium confidence). These interactions call for more integrative climate impact assessments. {4.2.2, 4.3, 4.5.4, 4.6}
Claim: Human-caused carbon emissions’ effect on climate is ‘non-discernible’. Measurements of carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric CO2 indicate that it is the recent expansion of a more productive biosphere that has led to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. (Chris Morrison, 2024-04-08)
Evidence (2024-09-28): The increase in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane increase the absorption and emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere. This has led to a rise in average global temperature and ocean acidification. Another direct effect is the CO2 fertilization effect. The increase in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 causes a range of further effects of climate change on the environment and human living conditions. [...] Causes of the current increase [edit]Anthropogenic CO2 emissions [edit]While CO2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.[18] Anthropogenic carbon emissions exceed the amount that can be taken up or balanced out by natural sinks.[42] Thus carbon dioxide has gradually accumulated in the atmosphere and, as of May 2022, its concentration is 50% above pre-industrial levels.[2] [...] Effects of current increase [edit]Direct effects [edit]Direct effects of increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere include increasing global temperatures, ocean acidification and a CO2 fertilization effect on plants and crops.[60]
Claim: Human-caused carbon emissions’ effect on climate is ‘non-discernible’. Measurements of carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric CO2 indicate that it is the recent expansion of a more productive biosphere that has led to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. (Chris Morrison, 2024-04-08)
Evidence (2024-03-14): Carbon isotopes, 14C and 13C, in atmospheric CO2 are changing in response to fossil fuel emissions and other human activities.[…]Emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion and land use change reduce the ratio of 13C/12C in atmospheric CO2 (δ13CO2). This is because 12C is preferentially assimilated during photosynthesis and δ13C in plant-derived carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and fossil fuels is lower than atmospheric δ13CO2.[…]Cement manufacturing also involves "fossil" carbon in that the source material is geological and therefore free of any 14C.[…]Since the Industrial Revolution, the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 has undergone dramatic changes as a result of human activities and the response of the natural carbon cycle to them. The relative amount of atmospheric 14C and 13C in CO2 has decreased because of the addition of 14C- and 13C-depleted fossil carbon. [...] - As a result of the increased CO2 concentration, the isotopic signature δ13C in the atmosphere has decreased; [...] - Human CO2 emissions have played a minor role in the recent climatic evolution, which is hardly discernible in observational data and unnecessary to invoke in modelling the observed behaviours, including the change in the isotopic signature δ13C in the atmosphere.
Claim: Human-caused carbon emissions’ effect on climate is ‘non-discernible’. Measurements of carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric CO2 indicate that it is the recent expansion of a more productive biosphere that has led to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. (Chris Morrison, 2024-04-08)
Evidence (2018-10-30): Increased emissions from vegetation and soils due to climate change in the future are expected to counteract potential sinks due to CO2 fertilisation (low confidence). Responses of vegetation and soil organic carbon (SOC) to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change are not well constrained by observations (medium confidence). Nutrient (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus) availability can limit future plant growth and carbon storage under rising CO2 (high confidence). However, new evidence suggests that ecosystem adaptation through plant-microbe symbioses could alleviate some nitrogen limitation (medium evidence, high agreement). Warming of soils and increased litter inputs will accelerate carbon losses through microbial respiration (high confidence). Thawing of high latitude/altitude permafrost will increase rates of SOC loss and change the balance between CO2 and CH4 emissions(medium confidence).Thebalancebetweenincreased respiration in warmer climates and carbon uptake from enhanced plant growth is a key uncertainty for the size of the future land carbon sink (medium confidence). {2.3.1, 2.7.2, Box 2.3} [...] Changes in land conditions from human use or climate change in turn affect regional and global climate (high confidence). On the global scale, this is driven by changes in emissions or removals of CO2, CH4 and N2O by land (biogeochemical effects) and by changes in the surface albedo (very high confidence). Any local land changes that redistribute energy and water vapour between the land and the atmosphere influence regional climate (biophysical effects; high confidence). However, there is no confidence in whether such biophysical effects influence global climate. {2.1, 2.3, 2.5.1, 2.5.2}
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (2024-08-16): Patents are often filed by individuals or groups to protect an invention. This prevents the invention from being commercially exploited by others without the patent owner’s consent. However, a patent can also be filed for products of nature like viruses and for other reasons apart from restricting the use of an invention. For example, public health agencies like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention patent viruses to keep samples accessible to researchers, preventing a single party from monopolizing samples and restricting research efforts.
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (1996-05-31): US5676977A - Method of curing AIDS with tetrasilver tetroxide molecular crystal devices - Google Patents Method of curing AIDS with tetrasilver tetroxide molecular crystal devices Download PDFInfo - Publication number - US5676977A US5676977A US08/658,955 US65895596A US5676977A US 5676977 A US5676977 A US 5676977A US 65895596 A US65895596 A US 65895596A US 5676977 A US5676977 A US 5676977A - Authority - US - United States - Prior art keywords - aids - ism - pathogens - destroying - virus - Prior art date - Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) [...] - 1996 - 1996-05-31 US US08/658,955 patent/US5676977A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related - 1997 - 1997-05-29 EP EP97927896A patent/EP1024817A4/en not_active Withdrawn - 1997-05-29 WO PCT/US1997/009411 patent/WO1997045133A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation - 1997-05-29 IL IL12728797A patent/IL127287A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (2024-10-09): /Type /Page /Contents [ 13 0 R ] [...] /MediaBox [ 0 0 2320 3408 ] endobj 13 0 obj << /Length 64 >>
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (2014-09-16): The present invention provides an Influenza A H1N1 subtype-specific aptamer. The aptamer was selected in vitro using SELEX and a microfluidic chip system. The aptamer is stable, establishing sensitivity about 100 times higher than antibody and high specificity to Influenza A H1N1 subtype. Thus, the aptamer can be effective in detection of H1N1 influenza virus. [...] Thank you for your purchase! The File Wrapper for Patent Number 8835624 will be available within the next 24 hours. To add this patent to one, or more, of your portfolios, simply click the add button.
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (2001-12-01): Attaran is co-author of a new study that surveyed patent coverage for AIDS drugs in Africa (JAMA286, 1886; 2001). His findings cast further doubt on the idea that patents are the key barrier to stopping the African AIDS epidemic, as Africa has only 22% of the possible patent coverage for AIDS drugs. Moreover, according to Attaran, "even in the cases where there are patents on drugs ... in every single one of those cases there is a discount or donation offer in force [from the manufacturer]." [...] Meanwhile, the US government has offered a compromise on patents: the Bush administration says that for the next five years, it will not pursue legal action against South Africa if that country violates AIDS drug patents held by US companies. But it is unclear what effect this measure will ultimately have, as South African president Thabo Mbeki has consistently refused to endorse anti-HIV drugs (Nature Med.7, 1170; 2001). [...] Nature Medicine (Nat Med)
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (2020-05-05): This one volume index is the specially prepared companion to the microfilm copies of the U.S.'s early, unnumbered patents (i.e., those that were issued from 1790 to 1836). It lists these earliest patents by patent class, then alphabetically by invention title and by issue date. These lists give the specific microfilm reel number where the full text, specifications, and drawings are located. [...] A listing of the earliest patents issued by the U.S. Patent Office prior to 1836. Sometimes referred to as the "X" patents from the numbering system applied to them on a retrospective basis. This resource lists the patents in date order, with name and type of invention. Copies available to download here: [...] In addition, U.S. patents are available from the European Patent Office's Espacenet website, and from Google Patents as well as various other free and fee-based online resources.
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (1996-05-31): US5676977A - Method of curing AIDS with tetrasilver tetroxide molecular crystal devices - Google Patents [...] US5676977AUS08/658,955US65895596AUS5676977AUS 5676977 AUS5676977 AUS 5676977AUS 65895596 AUS65895596 AUS 65895596AUS 5676977 AUS5676977 AUS 5676977A [...] Expired - Fee RelatedUS5676977A (en)
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (2014-02-20): US8835624B1 - Influenza A H1N1 subtype-specific aptamer and applications thereof - Google Patents Influenza A H1N1 subtype-specific aptamer and applications thereof Download PDFInfo - Publication number - US8835624B1 US8835624B1 US14/185,196 US201414185196A US8835624B1 US 8835624 B1 US8835624 B1 US 8835624B1 US 201414185196 A US201414185196 A US 201414185196A US 8835624 B1 US8835624 B1 US 8835624B1 - Authority - US - United States - Prior art keywords - influenza - aptamer - subtype - virus - seq - Prior art date - Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) [...] - the present invention provides an aptamer with high specificity and binding activity for Influenza A H1N1 subtype virus, which was selected using the combination of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) and microfluidic chip technology.
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (2024-08-16): FULL CLAIM: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US20120251502A1 and CA2741523A1 are for Ebola, patent US8124101B2 is for swine flu, patent ATCC VR-84 is for Zika, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS, patent US10130701B2 is for coronavirus [...] This attribution is also inaccurate. This patent isn’t for the H1N1 influenza virus, which causes swine flu, but for an aptamer that binds specifically to the H1N1 influenza virus and ways of using the aptamer. It was filed in 2014 by researchers at the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan. An aptamer is a short strand of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) that can bind to proteins on cells and viruses, like antibodies. This feature makes aptamers potentially useful for discovery, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes[1-3]. [...] The first is a patent for the genomic sequence of the virus SARS-CoV-1, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). It’s not a patent for the virus itself. It was filed in 2004 by the Public Health Agency of Canada.
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (2020-02-24): US-Patent 5676977 is for AIDS. [...] US patents 7897744 and 8506968 are for SARS. [...] US Patent number 8835624 is for something called an aptamer, which is a tiny strand of DNA or RNA which can bind to certain target molecules on the surface of a pathogen. This patent number applies to an aptamer that binds to H1N1 Influenza A, also known as swine flu. The scientists applying for the patent wanted to use the aptamer to detect the presence of the virus. The patent is not for the swine flu virus itself.
Claim: Patent US5676977A is for AIDS, patent US8835624B1 is for H1N1, patents US7897744B2 and US8506968B2 are for SARS (Social media users, 2024-08-16)
Evidence (1997-10-14): United States of America Patent [...] Thank you for your purchase! The File Wrapper for Patent Number 5676977 will be available within the next 24 hours. To add this patent to one, or more, of your portfolios, simply click the add button.