copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Whooping cough vaccine was never necessary, DTaP vaccine is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (Jaclyn Simone, 2024-07-03)
Evidence (2024-06-17): Whooping cough, or pertussis, is very contagious and mainly affects infants and young children. Whooping cough is caused by a bacterium called Bordetella pertussis. The illness is characterized by coughing spells that end with a characteristic "whoop" as air is inhaled. Whooping cough caused thousands of deaths in the 1930s and 1940s. With the advent of a vaccine, the death rate has declined dramatically. Pertussis vaccines are very effective. However, if pertussis is circulating in the community, there is a possibility that even a fully vaccinated person could catch the disease. Babies who are too young to receive the vaccine are also at very high risk of catching pertussis. The illness can be very serious, even sometimes fatal, in young infants. Many babies infected with pertussis have caught it from an adult.
Claim: Whooping cough vaccine was never necessary, DTaP vaccine is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (Jaclyn Simone, 2024-07-03)
Evidence (2024-03-07): DTaP vaccine isn’t associated with sudden infant death syndrome, whooping cough vaccine led to historic decline in cases [...] Factually inaccurate: Studies have found no association between the DTaP vaccine and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Childhood vaccination isn’t a risk factor for SIDS. An Instagram reel posted in March 2024 suggested that the whooping cough vaccine was never needed, since whooping cough deaths had plummeted before the vaccine was available. It also implied that the DTaP vaccine is dangerous and associated with sudden infant death syndrome.
Claim: Whooping cough vaccine was never necessary, DTaP vaccine is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (Jaclyn Simone, 2024-07-03)
Evidence (2020-04-07): Yes. Adults who have not previously gotten the Tdap vaccine should receive a single dose. Pregnant women should get the Tdap vaccine between 27 and 36 weeks’ gestation during each pregnancy because pertussis can be fatal to young infants. Although any time during this window is fine, public health personnel suggest earlier rather than later during the window for maximum protection for the baby. [...] The authors examined the relationship between pertussis and other vaccines and neurological problems over a seven-year period. All children reported to have serious or unusual vaccine reactions, regardless of severity, had records investigated and were physically examined by an area health authority medical officer four weeks after the original report; and all children, except for those with mild symptoms, had a developmental examination six months after the report. In a group of hundreds of thousands of children and more than 400,000 DTP immunizations, 20 reports of convulsions within three weeks of DTP were reported and three-quarters of the reports were febrile seizures within 48 hours of immunization; all children were developmentally normal on follow-up. Twelve neurological disorders were reported to have occurred within eight weeks of DTP receipt; 11 of which had either infantile spasms, infectious etiology, or epilepsy, none of which were linked to DTP. The authors concluded that their study does not support the claim that DTP produces a syndrome characterized by a previously healthy child who presents with continuous screaming, collapse, convulsion and arrested mental development.
Claim: Whooping cough vaccine was never necessary, DTaP vaccine is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (Jaclyn Simone, 2024-07-03)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The authors evaluated recent immunization with DTP as a possible risk factor for SIDS during a 10-year period in Tennessee. They found no increase in the risk of SIDS after immunization with DTP vaccine and no correlation between SIDS and age at first immunization. Additionally, the rate of SIDS decreased in the first week after immunization. Hoffman HJ, Hunter JC, Damus K, Pakter J, Peterson DR, et al. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization and sudden infant death: results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Cooperative Epidemiological Study of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Risk Factors. Pediatrics 1987;79:598-611. The authors investigated the possible association between diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) immunization and subsequent occurrence of sudden infant death in the United States using data from a national SIDS epidemiological database. They found no temporal association between SIDS and DTP vaccine receipt. Infants with SIDS were less likely to have been immunized than infants without SIDS.
Claim: Whooping cough vaccine was never necessary, DTaP vaccine is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (Jaclyn Simone, 2024-07-03)
Evidence (2023-01-01): In 1933, Madsen reported on two infants who received immunizations against pertussis shortly after birth and died within 2 hours of their second shot at ages 4 and 11 days, respectively. Although there were other isolated case reports of death following DPT immunization, current concern about pertussis and SIDS dates from March 1979, when the Tennessee Department of Health (Hutcheson, 1979a,b) reported that four sudden and unexplained deaths had occurred since November 1978; these infants had all died within 24 hours following their first DPT immunization. All four children had received vaccine from the same lot (lot A), which was the predominant lot in use in Tennessee at that time. A subsequent investigation confirmed a greater than expected temporal relation between lot A DPT vaccine and SIDS. However, the overall incidence of SIDS in Tennessee did not increase during the time period when lot A was in use, samples of lot A were found acceptable with regard to potency and freedom from toxicity when tested, and no other clusters of cases of SIDS associated with lot A (361,000 doses distributed) were reported (Bernier et al., 1982). Therefore, no other evidence was found to support a causal relationship. [...] Walker AM. 1990. Does pertussis vaccine cause sudden infant death? Presentation for Institute of Medicine Workshop on Possible Adverse Consequences of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines, Washington, DC, May 14, 1990. Unpublished.
Claim: Whooping cough vaccine was never necessary, DTaP vaccine is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (Jaclyn Simone, 2024-07-03)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Babies may not have a cough. Instead, they may stop breathing for several seconds, called apnea. Or they may look like they are gasping for air. Babies are at greatest risk for getting pertussis and then having serious complications from it, including death. That’s why it’s important that pregnant people and everyone around the baby are up to date with their pertussis vaccines. [...] - Children should receive five doses of the DTap vaccine from age 2 months to 6 years. [...] - Adults who have never had a pertussis vaccine should receive one dose of the Tdap vaccine.
Claim: Whooping cough vaccine was never necessary, DTaP vaccine is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (Jaclyn Simone, 2024-07-03)
Evidence (2020-10-19): One myth that won't seem to go away is that the DTP vaccine causes sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This belief came about because a moderate proportion of children who die of SIDS have recently been vaccinated with DTP; on the surface, this seems to point toward a causal connection. This logic is faulty, however; you might as well say that eating bread causes car crashes, since most drivers who crash their cars could probably be shown to have eaten bread within the past 24 hours. If you consider that most SIDS deaths occur during the age range when three shots of DTP are given, you would expect DTP shots to precede a fair number of SIDS deaths simply by chance. In fact, when a number of well-controlled studies were conducted during the 1980s, the investigators found, nearly unanimously, that the number of SIDS deaths temporally associated with DTP vaccination was within the range expected to occur by chance. In other words, the SIDS deaths would have occurred even if no vaccinations had been given. In fact, in several of the studies, children who had recently received a DTP shot were less likely to get SIDS. The Institute of Medicine reported, "all controlled studies that have compared immunized versus non-immunized children have found either no association . . . or a decreased risk . . . of SIDS among immunized children," and concluded, "the evidence does not indicate a causal relation between [DTP] vaccine and SIDS."
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2020-06-29): This statement accurately describes data analyzed in a recently published scientific study. As the article also explains, that study concluded that the temperature trend at this specific location was boosted by natural variability, and is not representative of the current human-caused climate change across Antarctica.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2020-07-27): Over that same time period, global average surface temperatures have increased 0.6°C, equating to a rate of 0.2°C per decade. So it’s accurate to say that South Pole temperatures have increased at three times the global average. But it’s important to note that this is a statement about the South Pole, specifically, and not broadly representative of Antarctica as a whole. As illustrated in the figure below, other Antarctic stations recorded a slower rate of warming, while others have even cooled over this time period. Unlike the Arctic, which has seen a widespread and rapid rate of warming, the Antarctic experiences particularly variable weather patterns. These are driven by natural oscillations of regional ocean surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation[2,3,4,5]. [...] REFERENCES - 1- Clem et al. (2020) Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades, Nature Climate Change - 2- Simpkins et al. (2014) Tropical Connections to Climatic Change in the Extratropical Southern Hemisphere: The Role of Atlantic SST Trends, Journal of Climate - 3- van der Broeke and van Lipzig (2003) Factors Controlling the Near-Surface Wind Field in Antarctica, Monthly Weather Review - 4- Kowk and Comiso (2002) Spatial patterns of variability in Antarctic surface temperature: Connections to the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode and the Southern Oscillation, Geophysical Research Letters - 5- Marshall and Thompson (2016) The signatures of large‐scale patterns of atmospheric variability in Antarctic surface temperatures, JGR Atmospheres
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2024-03-25): See Rantanen, M., Karpechko, A.Y., Lipponen, A. et al. The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979. Commun Earth Environ 3, 168 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2024-04-23): Global land regions – where the global human population lives – has been warming around 70% faster than the oceans – and 40% faster than the global average in the years since 1970. [...] Annual global ocean heat content (in zettajoules – billion trillion joules, or 10^21 joules) for the 0-700 metre and 700-2,000 metre layers. Data from Cheng et al. (2024). Chart by Carbon Brief.In many ways, OHC represents a much better measure of climate change than global average surface temperatures. It is where most of the extra heat ends up and is much less variable on a year-to-year basis than surface temperatures. It shows a distinct acceleration after 1991, matching the increased rate of greenhouse gas emissions and other radiative forcing elements over the past few decades. [...] Annual global average surface temperatures from Berkeley Earth, as well as Carbon Brief’s estimate of global temperatures with the effect of El Niño and La Niña (ENSO) events removed using the Foster and Rahmstorf (2011) approach. Figures are shown relative to a 1981-2010 baseline. Chart by Carbon Brief.It is possible that this El Niño event is behaving differently and that the rapid switch from a rare and extended triple-dip La Niña event from late 2020 to the start of this year into strong El Niño conditions is resulting in a more rapid global temperature response.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2024-02-20): The South Pole is warming at a rate nearly three times faster than the global average, scientists have discovered. And much of that warming is linked to climate cycles happening thousands of miles away in the tropics. [...] The study, led by Kyle Clem of Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand, examined surface air temperatures at the world's southernmost weather observatory: the Amundsen-Scott station, located almost directly on top of the geographic South Pole. It's a lonely, snow-covered outpost in the middle of the Antarctic continent, in a place where winter temperatures can drop below minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The researchers found that temperatures there have been rising by about a degree Fahrenheit each decade since the start of the 1990s. That's about three times faster than the global average.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2023-11-01): Steady global surface warming from 1973 to 2022 but increased warming rate after 1990 [...] Fig. 2: The rate of global surface warming has been elevated since around 1990. [...] Samset, B.H., Zhou, C., Fuglestvedt, J.S. et al. Steady global surface warming from 1973 to 2022 but increased warming rate after 1990.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2022-08-11): In recent decades, the warming in the Arctic has been much faster than in the rest of the world, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. Numerous studies report that the Arctic is warming either twice, more than twice, or even three times as fast as the globe on average. Here we show, by using several observational datasets which cover the Arctic region, that during the last 43 years the Arctic has been warming nearly four times faster than the globe, which is a higher ratio than generally reported in literature. We compared the observed Arctic amplification ratio with the ratio simulated by state-of-the-art climate models, and found that the observed four-fold warming ratio over 1979–2021 is an extremely rare occasion in the climate model simulations. The observed and simulated amplification ratios are more consistent with each other if calculated over a longer period; however the comparison is obscured by observational uncertainties before 1979. Our results indicate that the recent four-fold Arctic warming ratio is either an extremely unlikely event, or the climate models systematically tend to underestimate the amplification. [...] There is little consensus on the magnitude of the recent AA. Numerous recent studies report the Arctic having warmed either almost twice23, about twice24, or more than twice25,26 as fast as the global average. However, the warming ratios reported in these and many other studies have usually been only referenced from older, possibly outdated, estimates and have not included recent observations. The recent Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) report27 states the rate of Arctic warming as being three times as fast as the global warming during the period 1971–2019.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2024-09-21): Global Surface Temperatures Are Rising Faster Now Than At Any Time In The Past 485 Million Years The headline pretty much says it all. A team of climate researchers led by Emily Judd at the University of Arizona and The Smithsonian have combined more than 150,000 pieces of fossil evidence with state of the art climate models to determine the Earth’s average global surface temperatures during the past 480 million years, a timeline that begins with with the emergence of multi-cellular, non-microscopic organisms at the beginning of the time period known as the Phanerozoic Eon. The results show that the Earth has been hotter — much hotter, actually — during most of that time and humans first appeared during one of the coolest periods. It also shows that over the past 480 million years, temperatures have never risen as quickly as they are doing today.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2024-01-18): Given the tremendous size and heat capacity of the global oceans, it takes a massive amount of added heat energy to raise Earth’s average yearly surface temperature even a small amount. The roughly 2-degree Fahrenheit (1 degrees Celsius) increase in global average surface temperature that has occurred since the pre-industrial era (1850-1900 in NOAA's record) might seem small, but it means a significant increase in accumulated heat. That extra heat is driving regional and seasonal temperature extremes, reducing snow cover and sea ice, intensifying heavy rainfall, and changing habitat ranges for plants and animals—expanding some and shrinking others. As the map below shows, most land areas have warmed faster than most ocean areas, and the Arctic is warming faster than most other regions. In addition, it's clear that the rate of warming over the past few decades is much faster than the average rate since the start of the 20th century. [...] Though warming has not been uniform across the planet, the upward trend in the globally averaged temperature shows that more areas are warming than cooling. According to NOAA's 2023 Annual Climate Report the combined land and ocean temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.11° Fahrenheit (0.06° Celsius) per decade since 1850, or about 2° F in total. The rate of warming since 1982 is more than three times as fast: 0.36° F (0.20° C) per decade.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2020-07-06): Accurate: Recorded temperatures at the South Pole weather station increased three times as much as the global average between 1989 and 2018. This is a statement about one station at the South Pole, specifically, and not broadly representative of global warming in Antarctica as a whole. [...] Over that same time period, global average surface temperatures have increased 0.6°C, equating to a rate of 0.2°C per decade. So it’s accurate to say that South Pole temperatures have increased at three times the global average. [...] REFERENCES - 1- Clem et al. (2020) Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades, Nature Climate Change - 2- Simpkins et al. (2014) Tropical Connections to Climatic Change in the Extratropical Southern Hemisphere: The Role of Atlantic SST Trends, Journal of Climate - 3- van der Broeke and van Lipzig (2003) Factors Controlling the Near-Surface Wind Field in Antarctica, Monthly Weather Review - 4- Kowk and Comiso (2002) Spatial patterns of variability in Antarctic surface temperature: Connections to the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode and the Southern Oscillation, Geophysical Research Letters - 5- Marshall and Thompson (2016) The signatures of large‐scale patterns of atmospheric variability in Antarctic surface temperatures, JGR Atmospheres
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2022-08-24): Global temperatures have already increased by around 1.3C due to human activity. However, warming is not consistent across the planet – some regions have warmed significantly faster than others. The Arctic is a hotspot for global warming, and has seen local temperatures rise much faster than the global average in recent decades – a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. [...] The graph shows that temperatures in the Arctic have warmed 3.8 times faster than the global average since the late 1970s. [...] The authors analyse trends over 1979-2021 because the observations are more accurate over this period, and because the late 1970s saw Arctic temperatures begin to rise rapidly. On average, the study finds that the planet as a whole warmed by 0.19C per decade, while the Arctic warmed 3.8 times faster – at 0.73C per decade.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2012-04-04): Human-induced warming reached approximately 1°C (likely between 0.8°C and 1.2°C) above pre-industrial levels in 2017, increasing at 0.2°C (likely between 0.1°C and 0.3°C) per decade (high confidence). Global warming is defined in this report as an increase in combined surface air and sea surface temperatures averaged over the globe and over a 30-year period. Unless otherwise specified, warming is expressed relative to the period 1850–1900, used as an approximation of pre-industrial temperatures in AR5. For periods shorter than 30 years, warming refers to the estimated average temperature over the 30 years centred on that shorter period, accounting for the impact of any temperature fluctuations or trend within those 30 years. Accordingly, warming from pre- industrial levels to the decade 2006–2015 is assessed to be 0.87°C (likely between 0.75°C and 0.99°C). Since 2000, the estimated level of human-induced warming has been equal to the level of observed warming with a likely range of ±20% accounting for uncertainty due to contributions from solar and volcanic activity over the historical period (high confidence). {1.2.1} Warming greater than the global average has already been experienced in many regions and seasons, with higher average warming over land than over the ocean (high confidence). Most land regions are experiencing greater warming than the global average, while most ocean regions are warming at a slower rate. Depending on the temperature dataset considered, 20–40% of the global human population live in regions that, by the decade 2006–2015, had already experienced warming of more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial in at least one season (medium confidence). {1.2.1, 1.2.2}
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2022-02-14): One difference is the faster pace that land areas are warming compared to the ocean. But perhaps the biggest outlier is the Arctic, which is warming more than two times faster than the global average (pdf). [...] The chart below shows annual average surface temperatures, relative to 1951-80, for the whole planet (blue line) and the Arctic (red). Since around 1990, the Arctic is clearly warming faster than the rest of the planet. Annual average surface air temperature anomalies for the Arctic (red line) and the global average (blue) from 1950 to 2020. Linear trend lines (dashed) are also shown over the 1990 to 2020 period. Credit: Data from GISTEMPv4, chart by Zack Labe.This amplified warming in the Arctic is often solely attributed to the surface-albedo feedback. Back in 1896, the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius noted that "those places that alter their albedo through the progression or regression of the snow-covering…will probably remove the maximum effect [of increased carbon dioxide] from lower parallels to the neighbourhood of the poles".