copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Crime rates vary significantly between states based on several factors, including population density and economic factors. [...] New Jersey New Jersey boasts some of the lowest crime rates in the country, New Jersey's crime rate of 195.36 is the fifth-lowest nationwide. This is the second consecutive year that New Jersey was among the states with the lowest violent crime rates in the nation. The Garden State is the fourth-lowest in the nation when it comes to property crime. In the Mid-Atlantic region, New Jersey bested the violent-crime regional average, with the lowest rate ahead of New York (363.8)
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2017-04-26): Incarceration Rates in an International Perspective - Marc MauerMarc MauerThe Sentencing Project A nation’s rate of incarceration is the number of people incarcerated as a proportion of its total population. Internationally, there is broad variation in the degree to which nations incarcerate their citizens, with a nearly 40-fold difference between the highest and lowest rates. The incarceration rate is often interpreted as a measurement of the degree of punitiveness in a society, although it is an imperfect measurement. Factors that may influence these rates include rates of serious crime, law enforcement and prosecutorial decision making, scale of prison admissions, length of time served in prison, and other means of social control in a society. [...] But even in modern societies, other means of social control, such as immigration and detention systems, need to be assessed. Within the criminal justice system, control is exerted through incarceration but also through community supervision under probation or parole. These latter systems are generally less severe in their restrictions, but they nonetheless place limitations on freedom of association, freedom of movement, consumption of alcohol, and a host of other behaviors. In the United States, states such as Rhode Island and Minnesota have very low incarceration rates by American standards, but conversely, they have high community supervision rates (Glaze, Kaeble, Minton, & Tsoutis, 2015).
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The United States has about 437 prisoners per 100,000 people as of the end of 2019, a 2.6% drop from 2018. As of 2018, the imprisonment rate of black males was 5.8 times greater than that of white males, and the imprisonment rate of black females was 1.8 times greater than that of white females. New Hampshire, Vermont, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Maine, and Massachusetts have the lowest prison incarceration rates of under 200 per 100,000 people. The ten states with the highest prison populations in the country are Texas (1535,906), California (97,328), Florida (81,027), Georgia (47,141), Ohio (45,036), Pennsylvania (39,357), Arizona (37,731), New York (34,128), Michigan (33,617), and Virginia (31,838). On the other end of the spectrum, the states with the lowest prison populations include Vermont, North Dakota, Maine, Wyoming, and Rhode Island.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Twenty-four states have higher incarceration rates than the national average. These states are: Even more shocking are the statistics from more "progressive states." The state with the lowest incarnation rate in the country, Massachusetts, would rank 17th globally, higher than countries like Colombia and Iran. New York has an incarceration rate higher than multiple countries with murder rates more than double those in the United States. [...] High incarceration rates due to low-level crime have often been linked with other issues, including homelessness. In other words, people in these desperate situations might flee their life to avoid jail time and consequently become unable to hold a regular job, pay taxes, and generally be fully functional members of society. On a conceptual level, it seems that many jurisdictions still prefer to resort to jail time rather than look for more sustainable solutions, especially for those crimes for which jail might be an overreaction.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2021-02-23): Despite efforts to shrink it, New York’s prison infrastructure is one of the largest in the country. Today, more than 40,000 New Yorkers are behind bars and another 337,000 have spent time in prison at some point in their lives; three-quarters of them are people of color. As the recent Brennan Center report Conviction, Imprisonment, and Lost Earnings: How Involvement with the Criminal Justice System Deepens Inequality shows, this creates enormous, lasting consequences for impacted individuals, families, and communities. Time spent in prison can reduce a person’s lifetime earning potential by half a million dollars. In New York State alone, imprisonment translates to nearly $2 billion annually in reduced earnings, overwhelmingly extracted from communities of color, the very communities Robin Hood serves. [...] But policies and budgets can change. Last year, New York passed important reforms related to discovery, bail, and trial conduct, and our overall prison population continues to drop year over year. Following the lead of states including Louisiana, Missouri, and South Carolina, New York legislators and advocates have advanced a new set of priorities. The Less Is More Act, for example, would prevent thousands of New Yorkers from being reincarcerated for technical parole violations like being late for curfew, failing a drug test, or missing appointments with a parole officer.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2023-05-10): More remarkably, as the crime and murder rates declined, so did the jail population. Currently, there are less than 6,000 people incarcerated—a reduction of 16,000 or 73% in the jail population. Clearly, NYC has shown that crime and jail populations can be drastically reduced at the same time. Both the current NYC murder rate (4.5 per 100,000) and the jail incarceration rate (66 per 100,000) are well below the national rates (6.5 murder and 192 jail rates). NYC also has one of the lowest incarceration rates for Black people in the nation. If the rest of the country could match New York City’s rates of Black Incarceration, the national jail population would decline by about 400,000 and there would be about 5,000 fewer murders per year.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-01-01): A paper released today, Better by Half: The New York City Story of Winning Large-Scale Decarceration while Increasing Public Safety, suggests that quite the opposite is true. New York City’s rapid and well-publicized crime rate decline was coupled with a sustained and dramatic reduction in incarceration, allowing the state to close more than a dozen prisons and save tens of millions of dollars. New York City is now not only the safest big city in the United States, but also one of its least incarcerated. [...] "Not only does the New York story show that substantial reductions in incarceration are realistic and attainable, but also that safety can be improved at the same time," said Schiraldi. "While prison and jail populations grew across the nation and even within the state of New York, New York City actually made an about-face on incarceration and crime. Cities can actually be safer with substantial decreases in incarceration, and states should follow the lead of this remarkable reform." [...] "Based on the accomplishments in states with the largest decreases in incarceration, we know that a successful decarceration recipe includes bold reform agendas, organizational moxie, and powerful public engagement," said Greene. "New York’s unprecedented reduction in reliance on incarceration has been a ‘bottom-up,’ advocacy-driven, community-focused strategy. When these ingredients include robust and sustained advocacy, we see that it is possible and realistic to reduce reliance on incarceration by half."
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-01-01): States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2021 Prison Policy Initiative, September, 2021"Every U.S. state, and the United States as a nation, is an outlier in the global context. No other country incarcerates as many people, including countries with similar rates of" [...] States of Women's Incarceration: The Global Context Prison Policy Initiative, November, 2015"When compared to jurisdictions across the globe, even the U.S. states with the lowest levels of incarceration are far out of line." [...] US Rates of Incarceration: A Global Perspective National Council on Crime and Delinquency, November, 2006"Some individual US states imprison up to six times as many people as do."
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-10-03): Incarceration rates per 100,000. Counts. Data is from various years. Latest data available as of June 2024. [...] US territories. Incarceration rate per 100,000 of all ages. Incarceration count. Percent female. Data year is in order by column.[2] [...] - Rate Per 100,000 and Rank by State of Crime and Imprisonment by US States 1978 - 2012 - Crime, Punishment and Ratio of Crime to Punishment Per 100,000 and Rank by Year and between States
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2019-12-31): Not only does the U.S. have the highest incarceration rate in the world; every single U.S. state incarcerates more people per capita than virtually any independent democracy on earth. To be sure, states like New York and Massachusetts appear progressive in their incarceration rates compared to states like Louisiana, but compared to the rest of the world, every U.S. state relies too heavily on prisons and jails to respond to crime. [...] If we imagine every state as an independent nation, as in the graph above, every state appears extreme. 24 states would have the highest incarceration rate in the world — higher even than the United States. Massachusetts, the state with the lowest incarceration rate in the nation, would rank 17th in the world with an incarceration rate higher than Iran, Colombia, and all the founding NATO nations.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2022-12-16): This report documents the rates of incarceration for white, Black and Latinx Americans in each state, identifies three contributors to racial and ethnic disparities in imprisonment, and provides recommendations for reform. [...] At the same time, states have begun to chip away at mass incarceration. Nine states have lowered their prison population by 30% or more in recent years: Alaska, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Alabama, Rhode Island, Vermont, Hawaii, and California.3 This decline has been accomplished through a mix of reforms to policy and practice that reduce prison admissions as well as lengths of stay in prison. Still, America maintains its distinction as the world leader4 in its use of incarceration, including more than 1.2 million people held in state prisons around the country.5 [...] - Nationally, one in 81 Black adults in the U.S. is serving time in state prison. Wisconsin leads the nation in Black imprisonment rates; one of every 36 Black Wisconsinites is in prison.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2003-06-01): NYPD operates a program known as CompStat, an electronic mapping system and analysis tool that was developed to improve law enforcement operations and strategic planning, specifically with regard to resource allocation. NYPD attributes dramatic decreases in felony crime rates over the past several years at least in part to the use of CompStat. CompStat was so effective that similar mapping systems were established to monitor all city services. Police departments across the country are modeling the CompStat program due to its success in New York City. [...] In 2002 New York State began placing photos of convicted drug distributors along with the amount of time each will serve in prison in known drug distribution territories to deter others from engaging in similar activities. In November 2002 photos of the leader of a violent drug gang--Thief David's Crew--and his enforcers were posted throughout the Bronx; each photo included crew members' prison sentences (totaling 120 years) and the caption "Don't be Next!" [...] New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services Street Studies Unit Supreme Court
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2019-11-01): Previous research suggests that more police on the streets leads to reductions in crime (Chalfin et al., 2022). Consistent with most other areas of economic activity, New York spends more per resident on police than Florida ($552 versus $438). This difference suggests that New York’s higher spending on police contributes to the state’s lower crime rate. Another potentially important driver of criminal activity is the incarceration rate, which at the national level has fallen significantly during the past decade. Perhaps not surprisingly given its much higher crime rates, Florida’s incarceration rate in 2019 was more than twice that of New York’s (870 versus 420 per 100,000 adults) (BJS, 2021). Despite this difference, New York actually spends more per state resident on incarceration than does Florida ($331 versus $223), with this difference potentially driven by higher salaries or more personnel per inmate in state prisons and local jails. [...] With respect to other measures of well-being that can be affected by government policy, New York scores well due to its high health insurance coverage and low rates of both crime and incarceration relative to Florida and the rest of the U.S. However, an area of concern is that New York has a very high rate of homelessness and low high school graduation rates. In contrast, Florida has low health insurance coverage and high incarceration but low homelessness and relatively high school graduation rates.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-02-23): New Mexico had the highest violent crime rate of any state at 780.5 incidences per 100,000 residents, followed by Alaska (758.9), Arkansas (645.3), Louisiana (628.6), and Tennessee (621.6). The lowest-ranked states for violent crimes were Maine (103.3), New Hampshire (125.6), Connecticut (150.0), Rhode Island (172.3), and Wyoming (201.9). [...] Northeastern states have the lowest crime rates among regions.[1] Its property crime rate was 27.6% lower than in the rest of the country; the violent crime rate was 23.0% lower.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2022-03-01): States are categorized from highest rate to lowest rate. Although adjusted for differences in age-distribution and population size, rankings by state do not take into account other state specific population characteristics that may affect the level of mortality. When the number of deaths is small, rankings by state may be unreliable due to instability in death rates.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-06-11): - On the other end of the spectrum, Alaska (4.6 percent), Wyoming (7.5 percent), and Tennessee (7.6 percent) had the lowest burdens. [...] Since we present tax burdens as a share of income as a relative ranking of the 50 states, slight changes in taxes or income can translate into seemingly dramatic shifts in rank. For example, Oklahoma (10th) and Ohio (24th) only differ in burden by just over one percentage point. Tax revenue growth during the pandemic, however, has not only increased overall tax burdens but also expanded variance among states. In our last pre-pandemic analysis, the 20 middle-ranked states differed by less than a percentage point on effective rate, but in 2022, the difference between New Hampshire (16th) and Maryland (35th) is 1.8 percentage points. While burdens are clustered in the center of the distribution, states at the top and bottom can have substantially different burden percentages: the state with the highest burden, New York, has a burden percentage of 15.9 percent, while the state with the lowest burden, Alaska, has a burden percentage of 4.6 percent. [...] 1. New York (15.9 percent)
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2022-11-04): - African Americans are incarcerated at more than 5 times the rate of whites. [...] - If African Americans and Hispanics were incarcerated at the same rates as whites, prison and jail populations would decline by almost 40%. [...] - Hundreds of corporations benefit from penal labor, including some of our largest major corporations. 7% of state prisoners and 18% of federal prisoners are employed by for-profit companies.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-03-01): The U.S. has the highest incarceration rate of any independent democracy on earth — worse, every single state incarcerates more people per capita than most nations. In the global context, even "progressive" U.S. states like New York and Massachusetts appear as extreme as Louisiana and Mississippi in their use of prisons and jails. [...] If we imagine every state as an independent nation, as in the graph above, every state appears extreme. While El Salvador has an incarceration rate higher than any U.S. state,1 nine states have the next highest incarceration rates in the world, followed by Cuba. Overall, 24 U.S. states and three nations (El Salvador, Cuba, and Rwanda)2 have incarceration rates even higher than the national incarceration rate of the United States. Massachusetts, the state with the lowest incarceration rate in the nation, would rank 30th in the world with an incarceration rate higher than Iran, Colombia, and all the founding NATO nations.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2023-03-27): To help readers put this research to work on reducing incarceration, the report offers nine recommendations for state and local justice systems: [...] Credible Messengers is an approach where adults who have been involved in the criminal legal system, typically from the same neighborhoods where many court-involved youth live, mentor young people and help them adopt more positive attitudes and values. A 2018 evaluation found that just 26% of 13-18 year-old New York City youth on probation who worked with credible messenger mentors as part of the Advocate, Intervene, Mentor (AIM) alternative-to-incarceration program were arrested on new charges in the year after enrolling, and just 10% were arrested on felony charges. These rates are far lower than the rates typical for youth who were placed in residential programs historically (49 percent total arrest rate, and 27 percent for felony arrests).111 New York City’s ARCHES program, which offers credible messenger mentors for youth on probation aged 16-24, reduced reconviction rates by more than 50% in the two years after program enrollment compared to a control group, a recent evaluation found. Program results were the most positive for participants under age 18.112
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-05-29): Michigan, New York, and Rhode Island also significantly decreased drug sentences, with Michigan and Rhode Island rolling back mandatory minimum penalties for drug offenses.33 Each of these states reduced their prison populations and their crime rates.34 More recently, Mississippi, Alaska, and Maryland have changed their drug sentencing and related policies, including revising mandatory minimums, reducing sentencing ranges, and establishing presumptive probation for certain offenses.35 And in the 2016 election, 58 percent of Oklahoma voters approved a ballot measure that converted drug possession from a felony to a misdemeanor.36 [...] - Carson and Anderson, "Prisoners in 2015"; University at Albany, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. [...] - The Pew Charitable Trusts, "National Imprisonment and Crime Rates Continue to Fall" (2016), http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2016/12/national-imprisonment-and-crime-rates-continue-to-fall. For a discussion of the complex relationship between imprisonment and crime, see The Pew Charitable Trusts, "Q & A: Weighing Imprisonment and Crime" (2015), http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/q-and-a/2014/09/weighing-imprisonment-and-crime.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-08-12): Governor Kathy Hochul today highlighted ongoing declines in statewide crime as a new independent report ranked New York communities among the safest in the nation based on violent crime rates, emergency services and other key metrics. Eight counties across New York State, including counties in Long Island, the Hudson Valley and New York City, were recognized in the U.S. News & World Report ranking of "The Top 25 Safest Communities in America" – more than any other state in the nation. Four counties were among the top ten, and one county – Nassau – was ranked the safest in the nation. [...] New York’s nation-leading performance in this new ranking reflects a broad and ongoing decline in crime. Statewide crime is down 6% year over year, according to data from both the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services and NYPD CompStat. [...] As New York continues to make nation-leading progress in tackling crime, Governor Hochul has also continued to make historic investments in new crime-fighting initiatives statewide, amounting to more than $800 million in investments in tested programs and initiatives.
Claim: New York is "leading the nation with the lowest imprisonment rate of any large state” (NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, 2021-11-08)
Evidence (2024-01-09): And we have the lowest unemployment rate of all large states.