copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2019-05-06): The Report notes that, since 1980, greenhouse gas emissions have doubled, raising average global temperatures by at least 0.7 degrees Celsius – with climate change already impacting nature from the level of ecosystems to that of genetics – impacts expected to increase over the coming decades, in some cases surpassing the impact of land and sea use change and other drivers. [...] - 47%: reduction in global indicators of ecosystem extent and condition against their estimated natural baselines, with many continuing to decline by at least 4% per decade - 28%: global land area held and/or managed by Indigenous Peoples , including >40% of formally protected areas and 37% of all remaining terrestrial areas with very low human intervention - +/-60 billion: tons of renewable and non-renewable resources extracted globally each year, up nearly 100% since 1980 - 15%: increase in global per capita consumption of materials since 1980 - >85%: of wetlands present in 1700 had been lost by 2000 – loss of wetlands is currently three times faster, in percentage terms, than forest loss.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2014-04-23): In the Arctic, annual average temperatures have increased more than twice as fast as the global average, accompanied by thawing permafrost and loss of sea ice and glacier mass. Arctic-wide glacial and sea ice loss is expected to continue; by mid-century, it is very likely that the Arctic will be nearly free of sea ice in late summer. Permafrost is expected to continue to thaw over the coming century as well, and the carbon dioxide and methane released from thawing permafrost has the potential to amplify human-induced warming, possibly significantly. [...] Some of the most rapid observed changes are occurring in Alaska and across the Arctic. Over the last 50 years, for example, annual average air temperatures across Alaska and the Arctic have increased more than twice as fast as the global average temperature.117,118,119,120,121,122 As surface temperatures increase, permafrost—previously permanently frozen ground—is thawing and becoming more discontinuous.123 This triggers another self-reinforcing cycle, the permafrost–carbon feedback, where carbon previously stored in solid form is released from the ground as carbon dioxide and methane (a greenhouse gas 35 times more powerful than CO2, on a mass basis, over a 100-year time horizon), resulting in additional warming.25,122 The overall magnitude of the permafrost–carbon feedback is uncertain, but it is very likely that it is already amplifying carbon emissions and human-induced warming and will continue to do so.124,125,126 Permafrost emissions imply an even greater decrease in emissions from human activities would be required to hold global temperature below a given amount of warming, such as the levels discussed in Box 2.4.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2024-03-21): Providing reliable and quality climate information allows government agencies, researchers, and others to make informed decisions that can save lives and improve quality of life. Since the late 1990s, NCEI has provided a suite of climate services, including the monthly Global Climate Report, to support this mission. One of its most highly visible and widely used products is NOAA’s global surface temperature dataset (also known as NOAAGlobalTemp), which is an authoritative dataset used to assess observed global climate change. [...] The Arctic is the fastest-warming region in the world, warming at least three times faster than any other region on Earth. The exclusion of this region in previous versions of NOAAGlobalTemp resulted in a very slight cold bias in the global average, particularly in recent years.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Arctic is warming more rapidly than other regions. For example, while Earth’s average temperature has increased by one degree Fahrenheit over the past century, air temperature in Greenland has increased by about seven degrees Fahrenheit since 1991. Because warming is more rapid in the Arctic, the impacts are much more pronounced. [...] Earth’s warming climate means that overall Greenland loses more ice than it gains each year. Warmer temperatures mean more melt days. During summer, temperatures are warm enough for ice on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet to melt in many places. Warmer temperatures have lead to more days of melting ice. Areas losing the most ice are located in southern Greenland and along the margin of the ice sheet. Greenland is currently losing 234 billion tons of ice per year. That's enough ice to pack into 6,324 Empire State Buildings. Ice is melting seven times faster now than it was in the 1990s.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2009-01-01): Since 1990 these reports have consistently found that the Earth is warming, and that the release of greenhouse gases by humans is responsible. [...] 2007 - The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2020-01-29): Air temperatures on Earth have been rising since the Industrial Revolution. While natural variability plays some part, the preponderance of evidence indicates that human activities—particularly emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases—are mostly responsible for making our planet warmer. According to an ongoing temperature analysis led by scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), the average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1° Celsius (1.9° Fahrenheit) since 1880. The majority of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15 to 0.20°C per decade.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2024-04-22): The average increase in temperature since the 1970s has been around 1.4–1.5°C over all land, compared with around 1.0°C for the global average. According to ERA5, the average rate of increase over land is 0.32 ± 0.03°C[4] per decade from 1979 to 2023. The temperature rise over ice-free seas is about half that over land, but nevertheless accounts for about half of the rise in global average temperature, as the area of Earth’s surface covered by sea is much larger than the area covered by land. [...] Temperatures over the Arctic have risen much more rapidly than those over most of the rest of the globe. From the mid-1920s onwards, the datasets are generally in good agreement for temperatures over Arctic land. They show a warmer-than-average period in the 1930s and 1940s, cooler temperatures in the 1960s and 1970s that are only a little higher than the average for 1850–1900, and a rise in temperature of about 2.5°C since the mid-1970s. Current temperatures are around 1.8°C higher than those of the warmer-than-average years around 1940. The average rate of temperature increase over Arctic land, according to ERA5, is 0.65 ± 0.09°C per decade from 1979 to 2023. Long-term temperature change over the Arctic Ocean is more uncertain, but most datasets indicate a warming over the Arctic as a whole of close to 3°C since the late 1970s. This is a little larger than the warming over Arctic land alone and about three times larger than the corresponding global average warming over the same period.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2024-04-23): Asia is warming faster than the global average. The warming trend has nearly doubled since the 1961–1990 period. [...] The sea surface in the areas of the Kuroshio current system (west side of the North Pacific Ocean basin), the Arabian Sea, the Southern Barents Sea, the Southern Kara Sea, and the South-Eastern Laptev Sea is warming more than three times faster than the globally averaged sea surface temperature. [...] Warming of the upper-ocean (0 m–700 m) is particularly strong in the North-Western Arabian Sea, the Philippine Sea and the seas east of Japan, more than three times faster than the global average.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2022-06-01): The Arctic is warming three times as fast and the global average. This is mainly because melting of snow and ice exposes a darker surface and increases the amount of solar energy absorbed in these areas (albedo effect?). This significant regional warming leads to continued loss of sea ice, melting of glaciers and of the Greenland ice cap. [...] The degree of warming seen in the Arctic since 1980 is twice that in the rest of the world. Temperatures in most parts of the Arctic have increased substantially in the past few decades, particularly in winter. The winter increase in Alaska and western Canada has been around 3–4°C over the past half century. Meteorological stations in the Norwegian High Arctic have also noted increasing temperatures. In Longyearbyen, the yearly average temperature increased by about 0.25°C per decade from when measurements started in 1912 through 2011, a slightly larger increase than for the Arctic as a whole over the same time period. Examination of available knowledge and evidence reveals that the years 2005–2011 have been the warmest ever recorded in the Arctic. In recent years, the warming trend has been strongest in fall and spring.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2023-05-11): Today, global sea level is 5-8 inches (13-20 cm) higher on average than it was in 1900. Between 1900 and 2000, global sea level rose between 0.05 inches (1.2 millimeters) and 0.07 inches (1.7 millimeters) per year on average. In the 1990s, that rate jumped to around 3.2 millimeters per year. In 2016 the rate was estimated to be 3.4 millimeters per year, and it is expected to jump higher by the end of the century. Scientists with the Intergovernmental Project on Climate Change predict that global sea level will rise between 0.3 and 1 meter by 2100. Eventually, sea level is expected to rise around 2.3 meters for every degree (°C) that climate change warms the planet, and Earth has warmed by 1°C already. What scientists don't know is how long it will take for sea level to catch up to the temperature increase. Whether it takes another 200 or 2000 years largely depends on how quickly the ice sheets melt. Even if global warming were to stop today, sea level would continue to rise.
Claim: Surface air temperatures at the bottom of the world have risen three times faster than the global average since the 1990s. (Henry Fountain, 2020-06-29)
Evidence (2011-03-03): Robust1 global differences in temperature means and extremes are expected if global warming reaches 1.5°C versus 2°C above the pre-industrial levels (high confidence). For oceans, regional surface temperature means and extremes are projected to be higher at 2°C compared to 1.5°C of global warming (high confidence). Temperature means and extremes are also projected to be higher at 2°C compared to 1.5°C in most land regions, with increases being 2–3 times greater than the increase in GMST projected for some regions (high confidence). Robust increases in temperature means and extremes are also projected at 1.5°C compared to present-day values (high confidence) {3.3.1, 3.3.2}. There are decreases in the occurrence of cold extremes, but substantial increases in their temperature, in particular in regions with snow or ice cover (high confidence) {3.3.1}.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2019-09-04): Date rape drugs are substances that compromise an individual’s ability to give consent and are associated with drug-facilitated sexual assault. Activated charcoal binds to some poisons and medical drugs. In medical settings, it is given in poisoning cases where gastrointestinal decontamination is recommended. However, it is unlikely that charcoal activated tablets will work for date rape drugs because the amount of charcoal in these tablets is too low and charcoal needs to be taken soon after ingestion of a substance to be effective. Furthermore, activated charcoal does not work against alcohol, the most common date rape drug. Individuals who have been given a date rape drug should seek medical attention rather than rely on an activated charcoal tablet.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2023-09-29): The Truth About Activated Charcoal What Is Activated Charcoal? [...] Mayo Clinic: "Charcoal, Activated (Oral Route)."
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2024-01-05): Charcoal is a detoxifier, says Lingtak-Neander Chan, PharmD., a professor at the University of Washington School of Pharmacy. But it is typically used for a more serious purpose: as an antidote.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Activated Charcoal Capsules and Tablets Generic name: Activated Charcoal Capsules and Tablets [ CHAR-kole-AK-tiv-ay-ted ] [...] Uses of Activated Charcoal Capsules and Tablets:
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2024-08-01): - Activated charcoal has become a buzzword in the health and wellness space, with people claiming it can do everything from cure acne and hangovers to alleviate gas and bloating - Activated charcoal has been used in ERs to treat poisoning cases for years, because it can help prevent toxins from being absorbed in the GI tract - But are charcoal pills actually good for your overall health? [...] Some people swear that activated charcoal pills can be effective at preventing hangover symptoms if you take them preemptively. Additionally, one (animal) study found that taking charcoal at the same time as alcohol can prevent your blood alcohol level from rising. [...] Worse, activated charcoal also has the potential to counteract the beneficial effects of prescription medication. "If you take [charcoal] about the time when you are taking your normal prescription medication … it would limit your ability to absorb [them]," Dr. Michael Lynch, medical director for Pittsburgh Poison Center and assistant professor in the department of emergency medicine at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, told TODAY.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2024-09-19): Another additional consideration that should be made when evaluating the supplements is the form that is used in the supplement. Also, activated charcoal food supplement is available in capsules, powder, and liquid suspensions forms. Tablets are useful for people who want to have a precise amount of the product with a specific set of instructions, while capsules, powders, and liquids are more flexible and allow for adjustments that may be beneficial depending on a person’s body type or needs. [...] Wild Foods Activated Charcoal Capsules stand out due to their use of organic coconut shells, ensuring a high-quality ingredient. They are designed to support detoxification, specifically targeting issues like bloating and hangovers. Each capsule is carefully formulated and lab-tested to meet rigorous standards. [...] All in all, given our detailed review, we can confidently recommend MaryRuth’s Activated Charcoal Capsules to any people who want an efficient and, most importantly, organic way of eradicating toxins and getting rid of gas and bloating.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2021-07-16): AFFIRMATION COMPLETE: "Guys please buy yourselves Charcoal activated tablets & carry them with you to any gathering or night club. Should you feel like you aren’t yourself or out of place, drink one tablet & it will counteract most date rape drugs." [...] Though activated charcoal is the most used method of gastrointestinal decontamination in the developed world, an activated charcoal tablet would not be useful to counteract date rape drugs in the manner described in the Facebook post. The dose of activated charcoal in tablets is too low and the formulation is not ideal. The activated charcoal tablets would need to be taken soon after the date rape drug, which can be hard because many of the drugs associated with DFSAs are odorless and tasteless, and are absorbed quickly by the body. Lastly, activated charcoal would have no effect on alcohol, which is the drug most commonly associated with DFSAs and does not adsorb to activated charcoal.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2022-09-29): The post advises people to carry activated charcoal tablets when going to social events. It reads: "Should you feel weird or out of place, drink one tablet and they will counteract most Date Rape Drugs." [...] Conclusion: Activated charcoal won’t counteract the most common ‘date rape’ drug, alcohol Claims that activated charcoal tablets can counteract the effects of "date rape drugs" have reappeared on social media platforms. Charcoal is often used in emergency rooms for cases of poison, but this is under medical supervision, and is unlikely to be effective in situations of drug-facilitated sexual assault. Alcohol is not affected by charcoal tablets, and is often the drug of choice in these assaults.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2023-03-26): Activated charcoal does not counteract the effects of date rape drugs, alcohol [...] A post claiming that activated charcoal is a potent neutralizer against date rape drugs has gone viral on social media. The viral post advice women to carry activated charcoal to counteract the effects of date rape drugs. [...] It is evident that there is no scientific evidence to back the claim that activated charcoal is a potent anti-date rape drug remedy.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2024-06-24): Activated charcoal is a black powder that’s odorless. It usually comes from plant sources like coal, wood chips, coconut shells, moss, or tree bark. Because it can neutralize some harmful substances in the body, medical professionals use it to treat certain kinds of drug overdose and emergency poisonings. [...] You can buy over-the-counter activated charcoal products that claim to remove toxins from the body. It's not clear whether these products do what they claim. You shouldn’t use these products to treat poisoning. While daily use of OTC supplements might be safe, they aren’t medically recommended for health reasons. [...] Never self-administer activated charcoal in the case of drug overdose or poisoning. Call 911 and get to the hospital right away.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2024-01-23): Activated charcoal cannot bind to all types of toxins or drugs, especially ones that are corrosive. Drugs and medications that activated charcoal cannot help clear include: [...] Doctors administer activated charcoal to treat poisonings and overdoses. It can help to clear NSAIDs, sedatives, calcium channel blockers, dapsone, malaria medications, mild stimulants, and carbamazepine.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2015-06-17): "Activated" means the charcoal — made from wood, peat, or coconut shells — was heated, expanding its surface area. The charcoal clings to substances in the stomach, such as aspirin, and prevents the body from absorbing it. This is the reason people think that charcoal can help with hangovers; they believe it absorbs the alcohol, halting the icky symptoms associated with over-imbibing. [...] Activated charcoal does bind well to many prescription drugs, though. This means that people who rely on something like blood pressure medication and also take charcoal might make medication less effective. [...] Both Kirkpatrick and Lynch also warn that activated charcoal remains a supplement, which means it doesn't fall under the same regulation as prescription drugs.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2024-08-12): Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence.[10] There is some evidence of its effectiveness to prevent diarrhea in cancer patients who have received irinotecan.[11] It can interfere with the absorption of some medications, and lead to unreliable readings in medical tests such as the guaiac card test.[12] Activated carbon is also used for bowel preparation by reducing intestinal gas content before abdominal radiography to visualize bile and pancreatic and renal stones.[13] A type of charcoal biscuit has also been marketed as a pet care product.[14] [...] References [edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h "Charcoal, Activated". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. [...] - ^ a b c "Charcoal, Activated". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2022-10-31): Activated charcoal is most helpful in cases of drug overdoses and poisonings when administered immediately. According to data from 48 comparisons involving 26 drugs, volunteers who took at least 50 grams (g) of activated charcoal 30 minutes after ingesting poison reduced absorption by an average of 47 percent, per a 2005 position paper. Yet most of the comparisons involved small sample sizes, usually between 6 and 10 volunteers. (9) [...] Though activated charcoal may be an effective detoxifier in some cases — for acute poisonings in particular — the jury is still out as to whether it can help with diarrhea, gas, kidney problems, cosmetic issues, and many other touted benefits. Don’t try to treat poisonings or overdoses with activated charcoal on your own, either. (14,15,21,24,25) [...] Activated charcoal is available in pill and powder form at many online retailers, including Google Express and Amazon, and at supplement stores such as GNC. As with any supplement, follow the dosage and instructions on the label, and only buy from reputable brands that are third-party tested. Again, your healthcare team can help you identify a legitimate product that’s suited to your individual health.