copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2023-04-11): In 1970, two years after the Fair Housing Act was signed into law, the census found that 42% of Black households owned their own homes. In 2022, that number was 44%.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2020-07-23): Unfortunately, that pattern of homeownership and generational wealth building is broken for many black families. In the first quarter of 2020, 44 percent of black families owned their home, compared with 73.7 percent of white families, according to the Census Bureau. The gap is wider in some cities, with just 25 percent of black families owning a home in Minneapolis compared with 76 percent of whites, which is the widest gap in U.S. cities with more than 1 million residents, a study by Redfin real estate brokerage found. In D.C., 51 percent of black households are homeowners, the highest rate in the country, but far lower than the 70 percent of white households that are homeowners. [...] "The homeownership gap between blacks and whites is larger today than it was in 1934, which is when the Federal Housing Administration [FHA] was established," says Donnell Williams, president of the National Association of Real Estate Brokers, a Lanham, Md.-based organization formed in 1947 to promote equal housing. "Half of all blacks born between 1956 and 1965 were homeowners by the age of 50, but blacks born from 1966 to 1976 have a homeownership rate of just 40 percent. If trends continue, black millennials may not even reach a homeownership rate of 40 percent by the time they turn 50."
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2022-08-08): More than half a century after the Fair Housing Act was signed into law in 1968, not only is the homeownership gap between white and Black Americans wider than it was in 1960, the homeownership rate of Black Americans is expected to be lower (40%) in 2040 than it was in 2020 (41%), according to a study by the Urban Institute, a Washington-based research organization focused on upward mobility and equity. Though some of the structural and systemic issues may have been alleviated after the passage of the Fair Housing Act, issues including financial education and awareness can still limit homeownership for lower-income households (a disproportionate share of whom are Black and Hispanic) or trap them into exploitative transactions. [...] Nancy Hite-Norde, 66, a real estate agent with Coldwell Banker in Westchester County, says the low homeownership rate among Black families is a good barometer of the treatment of Black people in this country.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2023-08-23): In 1960, eight years before the Fair Housing Act, which prohibits property owners, financial institutions and landlords from discriminating based on race, the homeownership gap between white (65%) and Black (38%) stood at 27 percentage points. In 2021, or 60 years later, that gap had grown: 73% of white households owned a home compared with Black homeownership at 44%, a difference of 29 percentage points, according to the Urban Institute. [...] During that time, Black homeownership rates increased by 2 percentage points, surpassing the white homeownership rate, which increased just 1 percentage point. [...] From 2019 to 2021, the homeownership rate for Black households went from 42% to 44%; for white households it went from 72% to 73%.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2021-05-08): Over the last 15 years, Black homeownership has declined more dramatically than for any other racial or ethnic group in the United States. In 2019, the Black homeownership rate was about as low as in the 1960s, when private race-based discrimination was legal. [...] The Fair Housing Act of 1968 recognized segregationist practices like redlining to be unconstitutional. But the law only prohibited future, formalized discrimination rather than undoing the foundationally racist landscape on which homeownership in America was built. [...] The cumulative effects of these legal policies and discriminatory practices mean Black Americans pay more to own a home — what some experts call a "Black tax" on homeownership. It also means they accumulate less wealth over their lifetimes than white Americans — on the order of tens of thousands of dollars of lost savings and investments, according to an analysis by MIT's Golding and his colleagues.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Boosting homeownership among Black people in America begins with owning up to a history of racial discrimination in the real estate and mortgage industries, say GW researchers studying the homeownership gap. [...] The latest data from the U.S. Census Bureau shows that for nearly three-quarters of non-Hispanic white households in this country, homeownership is a reality. For Black Americans, however, it remains a dream for the majority; only 43 percent of Black households live in a home they own. This homeownership gap—a 30 percentage point difference between non-Hispanic white and Black homeownership rates—is as large as it has been in 120 years. It is also intrinsically linked to the growing wealth gap between Black and white Americans, says Vanessa Perry, a professor at the GW School of Business. White households have a median net worth at least 10 times that of Black households, according to a report she co-authored in 2020 for the National Association of Real Estate Brokers (NAREB). [...] Since then, numerous policies and initiatives have aimed to boost Black homeownership rates; most notably, the Fair Housing Act, signed into law in 1968, prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental and financing of housing.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2019-05-16): I was shocked to find out that the U.S. black homeownership rate isn’t any higher today than when the 1968 Fair Housing Act became law but, somehow, the U.S. black homeownership rate had increased 20% from 1950 to 1970 before housing discrimination was outlawed. That's a stunning paradox. Here are some possible explanations for part of the paradox, why the U.S. black homeownership rate isn’t any higher today than when the 1968 Fair Housing Act became law. [...] It looks to me like unintentional reverse redlining since 1968 may have done something that intentional redlining and legal discrimination in the 1950s couldn’t do, it stopped American blacks from increasing their homeownership rate.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2019-05-16): That means, despite widespread, legal housing discrimination in the 1950s and at least part of the 1960s, the number of black households that owned their own homes increased 20% from 1950 to 1970 but, somehow, 50 years after housing discrimination was outlawed, the black homeownership rate is essentially the same today as it was the day the Fair Housing Act became law. [...] U.S. Black Homeownership Rate [...] I hope to cover the other part of the paradox, why the black homeownership rate is the same today as when the 1968 Fair Housing Act became law, in the future.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2020-07-23): To explain racially differential housing outcomes, previous studies have tended to concentrate on discriminatory processes within the mortgage market while ignoring homeowning families’ broad socioeconomic challenges. This study proposes a conceptual framework for understanding Black-White inequality in homeownership sustainability, which emphasizes Black homeowners’ socioeconomic challenges that are external to mortgage market evaluations, with a particular focus on the mediating role of liquid assets. Based on the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the framework is put to an empirical test on the differential exit rates between Black and White homeowners in the United States during the recent housing crisis. The findings indicate that the racial gap in homeownership exit is eliminated after liquid wealth is controlled in the model alongside other covariates and that the inclusion of liquid wealth renders all mortgage-oriented variables nonsignificant with regard to their explanatory power for Black-White inequality in exit rates. Policy implications of the findings are also discussed. [...] Boehm, T. P., & Schlottmann, A. M. (2009). The dynamics of homeownership: Eliminating the gap between African American and White households. Real Estate Economics, 37, 599–634. [...] Sharp, G., & Hall, M. (2014). Emerging forms of racial inequality in homeownership exit, 1968–2009. Social Problems, 61, 427–447.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2022-02-25): But Black homeownership, at 43.4%, remains lower than it was a decade ago. And it is nearly 30 percentage points behind the White homeownership rate of 72.1%. Meanwhile, the Hispanic homeownership rate rose to an all-time high, reaching over 50% for the first time, and the Asian homeownership rate is 61.7%. [...] "Today, homeownership is the principal source of wealth creation for most American households," said Marcia L. Fudge, Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, in a statement. "Unfortunately, NAR’s report confirms that Black Americans are being locked out of homeownership opportunities at an even higher rate than a decade ago." [...] According to the group, bringing the rate of Black homeownership up to that of White Americans would require increasing the number of existing Black homeowners by 72% or roughly 5 million.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2023-10-03): Homeownership in the US varies significantly by race and ethnicity. In 2019, the homeownership rate among white non-Hispanic Americans was 73.3%, compared to 42.1% among Black Americans. This 31.2 percentage point difference was the largest gap since the Census’ time series began in 1994. Between 1994 and 2019, the white homeownership rate increased by approximately 3.3%, while the Black homeownership rate declined by 0.2% over the time period. While homeownership was lowest among Black Americans, other race groups also owned homes at lower rates than white Americans in 2019. The homeownership rate was 47.5% among Hispanic or Latino Americans, 50.8% among American Indians or Alaska Natives, and 57.7% among Asian or Pacific Islander Americans. But in contrast with the rate among Black Americans, some groups experienced increases in homeownership since 1994. Homeownership rates increased by over six percentage points among both Hispanic or Latino and Asian or Pacific Islander Americans. Homeownership is a major component of individual wealth in America, and racial disparities in homeownership therefore play a role in determining how wealth is distributed across demographic groups.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2024-06-25): Excluding the pandemic, Black homeownership rates averaged 42.2% under Trump and 45.4% under Biden. Still, Black Americans continue to have the lowest rates of homeownership among U.S. ethnic groups, with little progress made under either president. We rated Sen. Tim Scott, R-S.C., True when he said that "For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law." [...] PolitiFact, "Sen. Tim Scott said Black homeownership has been static since 1968 housing law. He’s right," May 19, 2023
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2024-07-30): Release: Housing Vacancies and Homeownership [...] The homeownership rate is the proportion of households that is owner-occupied. U.S. Census Bureau, Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity: Black Alone in the United States [BOAAAHORUSQ156N], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BOAAAHORUSQ156N, .
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2023-04-11): Sen. Tim Scott said Black homeownership has been static since 1968 housing law. He’s right. [...] "For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law," the Republican said in an April 11 press release from the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs. [...] We looked at statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau and other government agencies and found they show that Scott is spot-on about Black homeownership rates; they have barely budged since 1968. Scott’s spokesperson said the senator reached his conclusion using the same statistics that we did.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2023-04-11): Washington, D.C. – Today, on the 55th anniversary of the Fair Housing Act’s enactment, Senator Tim Scott (R-S.C.), Ranking Member of the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, announced his framework for the Renewing Opportunity in the American Dream (ROAD) to Housing Act. Federal housing policy has left too many American families behind. The ROAD to Housing Act aims to lift families up by taking a comprehensive view of federal housing policy, introducing long-needed reforms across all segments of the U.S. housing market.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2023-03-02): Key Highlights - While the U.S. homeownership rate increased to 65.5% in 2021, the rate among Black Americans lags significantly (44%), has only increased 0.4% in the last 10 years and is nearly 29 percentage points less than White Americans (72.7%), representing the largest Black-White homeownership rate gap in a decade. [...] WASHINGTON (March 2, 2023) – While the U.S. homeownership rate has continually increased during the last decade – to 65.5% in 2021 (from 64.7% in 2011) – the Black homeownership rate has not kept pace with increases of other racial groups. Also, people of color endure significant buying challenges throughout and even after their home purchase, according to a report released today by the National Association of Realtors®. [...] The report found there were about 9.2 million more homeowners in 2021 than a decade prior, but homeownership rates varied significantly by race. The Black American homeownership rate – 44% – increased less than half of 1 percentage point (43.6% in 2011) and continues to lag well behind Hispanic Americans (50.6%), Asian Americans (62.8%) and White Americans (72.7%). Consequently, the homeownership gap between Black Americans and any other racial group has grown, especially when compared to White households (29%), representing the largest homeownership gap in 10 years (26% in 2011).
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2022-08-22): Often, homeownership is the preferred housing choice for American families because it builds wealth. Homeownership provides homeowners and their families financial security and locked-in, predictable monthly costs and assets that support equity and can be passed down through generations, assuming homeowners are able to make mortgage payments and home values rise. Homeownership is also favored by U.S. policies. Tax benefits for homeowners include:
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2023-09-21): This historical violence and property loss reverberates in present-day socioeconomic well-being. Albright et al. (2021) show that the Tulsa massacre lowered the occupational status of Black Tulsans into the 1940s and lowered their homeownership rates up to 2000, the last year of observations. Moreover, Black homeownership rates were also lower in Black areas across the country that received significant newspaper coverage of the Tulsa massacre. Just as the failure of the Freedman’s Bank made Black people leery of banks (Stein & Yannelis, 2020), the Tulsa massacre "provided a warning of the danger of the accumulation of wealth through home ownership" (Albright et al., 2021, p. 31) that has persisted for decades. In addition to the reverberations from historical forms of expropriation, more recent and contemporary practices of asset extraction are manifest through the racially disparate use of eminent domain (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2014), unfair property tax assessments (Atuahene & Berry, 2018), and Black home loss through foreclosure and institutional purchases (Hwang, 2019), just to name a few.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2018-02-26): - With respect to homeownership, unemployment, and incarceration, America has failed to deliver any progress for African Americans over the last five decades. In these areas, their situation has either failed to improve relative to whites or has worsened. In 2017 the black unemployment rate was 7.5 percent, up from 6.7 percent in 1968, and is still roughly twice the white unemployment rate. In 2015, the black homeownership rate was just over 40 percent, virtually unchanged since 1968, and trailing a full 30 points behind the white homeownership rate, which saw modest gains over the same period. And the share of African Americans in prison or jail almost tripled between 1968 and 2016 and is currently more than six times the white incarceration rate. [...] One of the most important forms of wealth for working and middle-class families is home equity. Yet, the share of black households that owned their own home remained virtually unchanged between 1968 (41.1 percent) and today (41.2 percent). Over the same period, homeownership for white households increased 5.2 percentage points to 71.1 percent, about 30 percentage points higher than the ownership rate for black households.9 [...] 9. Homeownership rate data are from Laurie Goodman, Jun Zhu, and Rolf Pendall, "Are Gains in Black Homeownership History?" and accompanying downloadable spreadsheet, Urban Institute, February 15, 2017. The 1968 figure is estimated as 0.2 times the figure for 1960 and 0.8 times the figure for 1970. Most recent data refer to 2015.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2023-05-26): "For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law," the Republican said in an April 11 press release from the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs. [...] We looked at statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau and other government agencies and found they show that Scott is spot-on about Black homeownership rates; they have barely budged since 1968. Scott’s spokesperson said the senator reached his conclusion using the same statistics that we did. [...] Data shows his numbers are correct. In 1970, about a year and a half after the law was enacted, about 42% of Black Americans owned homes. In 2022, Black homeownership stood at 44%.
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2024-06-26): Excluding the pandemic, Black homeownership rates averaged 42.2% under Trump and 45.4% under Biden. Still, Black Americans continue to have the lowest rates of homeownership among U.S. ethnic groups, with little progress made under either president. We rated Sen. Tim Scott, R-S.C., True when he said that "For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law."
Claim: “For African American families in particular, the homeownership rate remains relatively unchanged since 1968, the year the Fair Housing Act was signed into law.” (Tim Scott, 2023-04-11)
Evidence (2021-10-13): A radical increase in Black homeownership is needed to see progress in bridging Black and White homeownership and wealth inequality. One of the defining factors of economic well-being for individuals and families is household net worth or wealth, but not all families are equal. Decades of racial injustice and economic inequality have led to persistent disparities in wealth, specifically for people of color. One of the foundational steps in building wealth is homeownership. Today, the homeownership rate for African Americans[1] is approximately 42% – 45%, essentially unchanged from the rate decades ago and widening over the last a few years. This report highlights historic Black homeownership rates, and underscores the need to significantly increase homeownership rates for Black Americans. We believe reaching a 60% Black homeownership rate will address significant barriers to housing access and wealth creation for the African American community. [...] While Black homeownership has fluctuated over the past 40 years, the homeownership rate for Black Americans has still significantly lagged behind their White and Asian counterparts. Shockingly, Black homeownership rates remained relatively unchanged during the mid-’70s to early ’80s. Since 1980, the homeownership gap between high-income Black and White Americans, in particular, was marginally narrowed; however, the homeownership gap among low- and moderate-income (LMI) Black and White households remained relatively constant, and widened after the late 1980s, thus widening the gaps in wealth and asset generation between Black and White Americans.