copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-06): Jaiswal said that India had never accepted the China-Pakistan border agreement of 1963, under which Pakistan tried to illegally cede this area to China. "The Shaksgam valley is a part of the territory of India. We have never accepted the so-called China-Pakistan boundary agreement of 1963 through which Pakistan unlawfully attempted to cede the area to China," Jaiswal said. [...] The Shaksgam valley, or the Trans Karakoram Tract, is part of the Hunza-Gilgit Region of PoK. [...] In granting China's claim to a border along the Karakoram Range, Pakistan compromised India's traditional frontier along the Kun Lun Range to the north-west of the Karakoram Pass.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-09): Pakistan and the People’s Republic of China concluded a boundary agreement in 1963 ceding a substantial territorial part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) to China. Pakistan also believes in the self-determination of the people of J&K, while India denies this and claims that the entire territory of the J&K is an integral part to Indian Territory. However, the 1963 boundary agreement is contrary to the rules of international law related to the right to self-determination as understood and pronounced by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in its recent advisory opinion on the Chagos Archipelago. [...] For India, J&K is an integral part to Indian Territory, and while India is prepared to resolve all diﬀerences with Pakistan through bilateral talks as envisaged in the Shimla Agreement, the issue that remains on J&K to be resolved is the vacation by Pakistan of illegally occupied territory. [...] India asserts that Pakistan concluded a boundary agreement with China in 1963 where Pakistan illegally ceded 5180 sq. km of Indian Territory in PoK (known as Shaksgam Valley) to China. The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. This agreement was condemned and highly objected to by the Government of India. According to India, Pakistan has been in illegal and forcible occupation of approximately 78,000 sq. km of Indian Territory in the state of J&K.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-08-29): India has control of 48% of the area of the former State of Jammu & Kashmir (Jammu, Kashmir Valley, Ladakh and Siachen Glacier); Pakistan controls 35% of the region (Gilgit Baltistan and Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir) and China administers and controls 17% (Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract) of the State since 1962. [...] From 1947 to 1970, the government of Pakistan established and administered the ‘Northern Areas’ under the arrangement stated above. In 1970, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto established the ‘Northern Areas Council’ and Gilgit Baltistan was directly administered by the Federal government with nomenclature changed to Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA). On 2 March 1963, Pakistan signed an agreement with China which gave away around 5,180 sq km of the territory of the former state of Hunza to China despite opposition and protests by the Mir of Hunza. This was not only illegal, but also in contravention of the UNSC Resolutions on the Jammu & Kashmir dispute. The agreement ceded a part of Hunza-Gilgit, called Raskam and the Shaksgam Valley of Baltistan region, to China, pending settlement of the dispute over Jammu & Kashmir, which is also known as the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-12-27): Mandip Singh replies: The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK), and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Province of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the north, the Northern Areas of POK to the south and west, and the Siachen Glacier region to the east.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-13): Currently, its endpoint is a mere 30 miles from the Indian position over the Siachen Glacier. The Shaksgam Valley, part of the larger Trans-Karakoram tract, has been a contentious issue since its transfer by Pakistan to the People’s Republic of China (PRC) under the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement. This transfer, regarded by India as illegal, has fueled longstanding territorial disputes in the northern areas of PoK and Ladakh. Today, the Trans-Karakoram tract has become a focal point of geopolitical significance, mainly due to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). [...] Thirdly, China’s activities in the Shaksgam Valley may also be aimed at neutralizing India’s strategic advantage in the Karakoram and Trans-Karakoram tract, particularly due to the uninterrupted Indian presence over the Siachen Glacier since the Kargil conflict of 1999.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-23): Kashmir encompasses Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh in Indian-administered territories, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistani-administered territories, and Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract in Chinese-administered territories.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-21): India recently raised its concerns with the Chinese over infrastructure development in occupied Shaksgam Valley, a part of the Union Territory (UT) of Ladakh. The Ministry of External Affairs called the construction activity ‘an illegal attempt to alter facts on the ground’, making it very clear that the valley in the trans-Karakoram tract of the high Himalayas belongs to India.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-05): - Baltistan - Dominion of India - Frozen conflict - History of Azad Kashmir - History of Ladakh - Jammu division - Kashgar Prefecture - Line of Actual Control - Line of Control - List of active separatist movements in Asia - Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan - Sino-Indian border dispute - Skardu - Territorial dispute - Trans-Karakoram Tract - Talk:Azad Kashmir/Archives/2021 - Talk:Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)/Archive 1 - Talk:Ladakh/Archive 1 - Talk:List of ongoing armed conflicts - Talk:Robin Raphel - User:DutchTreat/Projects/Maps - User:Falcaorib/India and Pakistan - User talk:FacetsOfNonStickPans/Archive 9 - User talk:Kautilya3/Archives/Archive 17 - Wikipedia:Noticeboard for Kashmir-related topics - Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/August 7 to 13, 2022 - Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/March 13 to 19, 2022 - Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics/Archive 69 - Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics/Archive 74 - Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Maps/Archive 2020 - Portal:Kashmir - Portal:Kashmir/Intro
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-17): Indeed, the Soltoro Ridge with the Shyok River to its West, the Siachen Glacier and the Nubra Valley and the Saser Muztagh with the Shyok River to its East, is a great geostrategic obstruct to any collusive designs of Pakistan and China. With the Shaksgam Valley in the Trans-Karakoram Tract handed to the Chinese, Gilgit-Baltistan and the Aksai Chin (territories that rightly belongs to India) and Tibet to the East, the region is an immensely important geo-strategic arena. The recent transgressions in the Galwan and Cheng Chenmo Valleys of Eastern Ladakh, the region is in focus with various analysts opining that further Chinese threat to the Siachen Glacier, in an effort to marry up with Gilgit-Baltistan. It is imperative, hence, to examine the pieces of the adversarial puzzle, to ascertain if they tend to make a whole.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): - A closer look at the foreign-occupied Indian state of Jammu- Kashmir reveals some unsettling coincidences. The Chinese control the Aksai Chin portion. The Pakistanis control Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas. They ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract (along the northern frontier of Gilgit-Baltistan agency) to the PRC in 1963. It was in those Northern Areas that the Taliban reinforcement route and al-Qaeda base camp were reported in 2001 and 2002, respectively. (Refer back to Map 7.4.) [...] - The Aksai Chin region, forming nearly one-sixth of the area of Jammu and Kashmir, is controlled by China, which has no intention of relinquishing its jurisdiction. The same is true of the Trans-Karakoram Tract, part of the pre-1947 state which Islamabad transferred to China as stipulated in the 1963 Sino-Pakistani border agreement. [...] - Greater Kashmir (also known as the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu) includes territories administered by India, Pakistan and China. In the west are the provinces of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan; to the north and east are Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract; and the south and central parts are the regions of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh. Historically nomads, traders and the population at large could move back and forth across Kashmir (and beyond) at will. This mobility ended with the solidification of borders following conflicts between India and Pakistan, and India and China, in the 20th century (see History, page 14), and Kashmir has been fractured ever since.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): The region is divided amongst three countries in a territorial dispute: Pakistan controls the northwest portion (Northern Areas and Kashmir), India controls the central and southern portion (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh, and the People's Republic of China controls the northeastern portion (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract). India controls the majority of the Siachen Glacier area, including the Saltoro Ridge passes, whilst Pakistan controls the lower territory just southwest of the Saltoro Ridge. India controls 101,338 km2 (39,127 sq mi) of the disputed territory, Pakistan controls 85,846 km2 (33,145 sq mi), and the People's Republic of China controls the remaining 37,555 km2 (14,500 sq mi). [...] Though these regions are in practice administered by their respective claimants, neither India nor Pakistan has formally recognised the accession of the areas claimed by the other. India claims those areas, including the area "ceded" to China by Pakistan in the Trans-Karakoram Tract in 1963, are a part of its territory, while Pakistan claims the entire region excluding Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. The two countries have fought several declared wars over the territory. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 established the rough boundaries of today, with Pakistan holding roughly one-third of Kashmir, and India one-half, with a dividing line of control established by the United Nations. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 resulted in a stalemate and a UN-negotiated ceasefire. [...] 1963—Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China. - ^ a b c Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-06): 1963 - Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-21): The Trans-Karakoram Tract is an area of approximately 5,300 km² that was transferred by a border agreement from the Pakistani-administered Northern Areas to China in 1963 with the proviso that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute. Pakistan says that it was a no-man's undemarcated border land, hence no question arises of its being transferred. It is claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. [...] The Tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world, with some of the highest mountains including Broad Peak, Gasherbrum and Masherbrum, and is adjacent to the highest battlefield in the world at Siachen Glacier.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-24): Today, China occupies 20% of the original state of J&K, including the areas it surreptitiously encroached upon in the 1950s or seized during its 1962 invasion of India as well as the trans-Karakoram tract (comprising mainly the Shaksgam Valley) that Pakistan ceded to it under the 1963 Sino-Pakistani Frontier Agreement. That transfer of territory was a unique case in modern history of one nation gifting another with a sizable slice of the land that it had gained control of earlier in a war with a third country (India).
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-03-27): The Shaksgam Valley situated beyond the Karakorams, and also referred to as the Trans Karakoram Tract is one of the most inhospitable places on Earth and as of now its disputed Territory, claimed by India but illegally ceded to China by Pakistan. Few people have ever ventured in the one of the last remaining wildernesses of the World.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-20): PoK comprises the so-called Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Gilgit-Baltistan. Pakistan ceded a part of PoK, called the Trans Karakoram Tract, to China in 1963. AJK has its own constitution, a prime minister and a president, though real power is vested with Pakistan. The administration of Gilgit-Baltistan was handed over to Pakistan by AJK in 1949. It isn’t fully integrated into Pakistan and its constitutional status under that nation remains in a flux. Pakistan has often rejected demands to grant Gilgit-Baltistan the status of a fifth province, fearing it would compromise its demand for resolution of the Kashmir issue. [...] It is a disputed territory between India and China. India claims the border region as part of Ladakh, while China claims the area as part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of India (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-16): The India-Pakistan-China triangle is mired in a convoluted history of unresolved border disputes, with military confrontations between India and China at the Line of Actual Control (LAC), and India and Pakistan at the Line of Control (LoC) occurring intermittently. In 1947, Britain’s hasty withdrawal from the subcontinent as a result of post-war decolonization led to a haphazard redrawing of political boundaries in Southern Asia, leaving some territory contested. The four wars that India and Pakistan have fought since 1947, the Sino-Indian Border War of 1962, and recurrent India-China and India-Pakistan conflicts at the LAC and LoC trace their genesis back to this protracted history. The military dimension of this triangle evolved in the years after the 1962 Sino-Indian Border War, when Beijing and Islamabad signed the border delimitation agreement in 1963. As part of this agreement, Pakistan handed over the Trans-Karakoram tract, a territory in Kashmir that India claimed, to China, turning the dispute into a trilateral one.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-10): Tuva (/ˈtuːvə/; Russian: Тува [tʊˈva]) or Tyva (/ˈtɪvə/; Tuvan: Тыва [tʰɤˈʋɐ]), officially the Republic of Tuva,[a] is a republic of Russia.[13] Tuva lies at the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the federal subjects of the Altai Republic, Buryatia, Irkutsk Oblast, Khakassia, and Krasnoyarsk Krai, and shares an international border with Mongolia to the south. Tuva has a population of 336,651 (2021 census).[14] Its capital city is Kyzyl, in which more than a third of the population reside. [...] Tuva was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament), but without a referendum on the issue. It became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, after the Soviet victory in World War II.[26] Salchak Toka, leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973.[27] The territory became the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 10 October 1961.[26] [...] Tuva was one of the Russian regions with the highest number of military casualties during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[33]
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-11): The Tuvans are a native people of southern Siberia mainly found in the Tuvan Republic (also known as Tuva) of the Russian Federation. Substantial Tuvan communities are also found in western Mongolia and in the Altai Mountain region of western China. The Tuvans' name for themselves is Tyva. They have also been referred to in ethnographic writings as the Uriangkhais, Urianghais, Tannu-Uriankhaitsy, and Soyots. Archeological, linguistic, anthropological, and historical evidence indicates that the ancestors of the modern Tuvans were formed during the first millennium ad from a mixture of Turkic-, Mongol-, Ket-, and Samoyedic-speaking tribes. Most Tuvans have traditionally been nomads who raise cattle, horses, sheep, yaks, and goats, although some Tuvans in the mountainous forests of northern and eastern Tuva have customarily bred reindeer instead. Tuva was conquered by the Mongol armies of Chinggis Khan around ad 1207 and was subsequently administered by a series of Mongol rulers. In the 1750s, Tuva's Mongol rulers were defeated by the Manchu Qing dynasty that had conquered China during the previous century, and the area passed under Manchu rule until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-09): Located in southern Siberia on the border with Mongolia, the Russian republic of Tuva is home to ancient shamanic traditions practiced by women as well as men. Tucked away behind Sayan mountains, Tuva attracts a great number of visitors drawn to its unique landscapes and on a quest to discover its spots of cosmic energy and take part in rituals. Russian photographer Anastasia Ivanova first travelled to Tuva when she was studying in London, completing a paper on artists identifying as shamans and cultural healers. Enchanted by its landscapes, bonfires, and sacred songs, she has kept coming back since. "I’ve been to Tuva three times: At first I came to photograph shamans, and later returned to visit them, walk around places I grew to love, listen to the chants," she recalls. "Getting here is not easy: Tuva is surrounded by Sayan mountains and one has to take a route through the neighboring republic of Khakassia. There are not even regular flights to Tuva’s capital Kyzyl from Russia." Despite Russia often being regarded as very white and Orthodox Christian, the spectrum of religions, cultures, and beliefs within its vast territory is incredibly diverse, from organized religions such as Buddhism and Islam to the rituals of the Mari people, who are regarded as the last pagans of Europe. An authentic local tradition of spiritual practices has been going in Tuva for centuries.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-16): - ^ Toomas, Alatalu (1992). "Tuva: A State Reawakens". Soviet Studies. 44 (5). Taylor & Francis, Ltd: 881–895. doi:10.1080/09668139208412051. ISSN 0038-5859. JSTOR 152275. [...] - ^ Bairovich, Chimit-Dorzhu (31 May 2012). "Adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Soviet Republic of Tuva". Tuva Asia (in Russian). Retrieved 5 June 2020. The Soviet Republic of Tuva confirms its right to self-determination, exercised on the basis of a popular referendum of the republic's population.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Archaeologists have uncovered evidence for sacrificial funerary rituals at the Early Iron Age burial mound of Tunnug 1 in Tuva, Siberia, indicating that the horse-riding Scythian culture, best-known from Eastern Europe, originated far to the east. [...] The presence of "Scythian-style" burials as far east as Tuva suggests the origins of Scythian culture, which have so long been mired in obscurity, lie on the other side of the Eurasian steppe, highlighting the mobility of early horse-cultures. [...] "The evidence from Tunnug 1 solidifies the crucial role Tuva plays in Eurasian prehistory," Dr. Caspari concludes. "Our findings highlight the importance of Inner Asia in the development of transcontinental cultural connections. The findings also suggest that these funerary practices played a role in the broader process of cultural and political transformation across Eurasia, contributing to the emergence of later pastoralist empires."
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): Tyva, republic in south-central Siberia, Russia. Tyva borders northwestern Mongolia and occupies the basin of the upper Yenisey River. Its relief consists of two broad basins, the Tyva and Todzha, drained by two main tributaries of the Yenisey River. High mountain ranges, including the Eastern Sayan and Western Sayan mountains to the north, enclose the basins. A continuous series of ranges also enclose the republic on the west, south, and southeast: the Altai, Tannu-Ola, and Sangilen mountains. The highest point is Mount Munku-Taiga (Mongun-Taiga; 13,044 feet [3,976 meters]) in the extreme southwest. The climate is generally of the dry, sharply continental type, with severe winters and warm summers. Vegetation ranges from dry steppe in the basins to dense coniferous forests to alpine meadows that are succeeded by bare rock and snow at the highest elevations. [...] Tannu Tuva was part of the Chinese empire from 1757 until 1911, when tsarist Russia fomented a separatist movement and in 1914 took the country under its protection. In 1921 independence was proclaimed for the Tannu Tuva People’s Republic, but in 1944 it was annexed by the Soviet Union and made an autonomous oblast (region) of the Russian S.F.S.R. In 1961 its status was raised to that of an autonomous republic. Tyvans constitute about two-thirds of the population (most of the rest being Russians).
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-08): The territory currently known as Tuva has been occupied by various groups throughout its history. Sources are rare and unclear for most of Tuva's early history. Archeological evidence indicates a Scythian presence possibly as early as the 9th century BC. Tuva was conquered relatively easily by the succession of empires which swept across the region. It was most likely held by various Turkic khanates until 1207. It was then ruled by various Mongol-led regimes (including the Yuan dynasty) until the 18th century, when it submitted to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. Slow Russian colonization during the 19th century led to progressive annexation of the region to Russia in the 20th century. The region was then controlled by the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union before finally joining the Russian Federation in 1992. Throughout this whole time, the borders of Tuva have seen very little modification. [...] - ^ McMullen, Ronald. "Tuva: Russia's Tibet or the Next Lithuania?". fotuva.org. Retrieved 19 June 2010.