copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Vozrozhdeniya Island is a territory of Uzbekistan (Vozrozhdeniya Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-04): The name of Vozrozhdeniya island sounds ironically, in case if you know its history. The place where biological weapons tests were conducted, and which has become another ghost town on the map of the CIS, even today doesn’t give hints of an oasis in the middle of the Aral Sea. In the 16th and early 17th centuries, an island, worthy of special attention of the tsar, appeared on the surface of the Aral Sea: fishing and hunting grounds, cozy bays and a considerable territory. It was called after Nicholas I, and used as a natural reserve about one hundred years. And it was Nicholas I, who proposed to rename it to Vozrozhdeniya island, emphasizing its chosenness and beauty. After that another authorities and the beginning of a new history had came, because it is difficult to find the best location for desposition of the top-secret Soviet facility where biological weapons are being tested. The few people who were living there were evicted by building military facilities and transporting variety of equipment and machinery. Remoteness from civilization and difficult access to the archipelago on the border of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, turned Vozrozhdeniya Island into a paradise for testers. Landfill "Barhan" has started its life.
Claim: Vozrozhdeniya Island is a territory of Uzbekistan (Vozrozhdeniya Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-30): The collapse of the Aral Sea devastated three elements of life in Central Asia: the ecology of the Aral Basin and beyond, the health of the local population, and the economy of western Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan. [...] Much of the work in the cotton fields is done by women, who frequently bring their infants and toddlers with them to play alongside the rows of cotton plants. Soviet managers of the collective farms would in some cases use aerial spraying to treat the fields with herbicides or pesticides, and occasionally would spray the crops while the workers were in the field, directly exposing them to both the aerosol of the chemicals and contaminating any exposed skin. As was the case with fertilizers, overuse of toxic chemicals was common, and substances banned in much of the remainder of the world were sometimes widely, if surreptitiously, employed in Soviet agriculture. For example, the Soviet government officially banned the production of DDT in 1970, but some sources allege the insecticide was used in Central Asia well into the 1980s. Moreover, the Soviets had an extensive biological weapons testing facility located on Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea for several decades. In 1971, a weaponized variant of smallpox escaped the island, killing three people and forcing a massive decontamination campaign in Aralsk, the main port on the Kazakhstan shore. In recent years, the United States and Uzbekistan have jointly decontaminated several locations for anthrax, and further cleanup is planned. Vozrozhdeniya Island is no longer an island, linking with the mainland in the early 2000s as water levels dropped.
Claim: Vozrozhdeniya Island is a territory of Uzbekistan (Vozrozhdeniya Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-01-06): Kamalov has brought me here to see what’s left of the once bountiful sea. He’s a 64-year-old senior researcher in wind energy at the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences. He’s also an environmental activist, chairing the Union for the Defense of the Aral Sea and Amu Darya. Heavyset, with a flowing mane of white hair, Kamalov descends from an influential Uzbek family: His father was a renowned historian during the Soviet era, and his grandfather was the last elected khan, or leader, of the semiautonomous republic of Karakalpakstan before it became part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic during the 1930s. [...] When Alexander the Great conquered this territory in the fourth century B.C., these rivers already had a long history of providing lifeblood to Central Asia. For centuries the Aral Sea and its vast deltas sustained an archipelago of settlements along the Silk Road that connected China to Europe. These ancient populations of Tajiks, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and other ethnicities prospered as farmers, fishermen, herders, merchants, and craftsmen. [...] Perhaps even more frightening is the revelation that the Aral Sea once was home to a secret Soviet biological weapons testing facility. Located on Vozrozhdeniya Island—which, now that the sea is gone, is no longer an island—the facility was the main test site for the Soviet military’s Microbiological Warfare Group. Thousands of animals were shipped to the island, where they were subjected to anthrax, smallpox, plague, brucellosis, and other biological agents.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-17): The Limbang District is one of the two districts of Limbang Division, Malaysia. It has a total area of 3,978.10 square kilometres.[1] The major town is Limbang. It has one sub-district, which is Nanga Medamit Sub-District. It borders Brunei Darussalam to the west and east, Lawas District to the southeast and Miri District at the south and southwest. Due to being squeezed in between Brunei at its north and coastal areas, Limbang is accessible by road only by going through immigration posts. [...] Limbang area is officially claimed since 1967 (it has been claimed since 1880s after the annexation of Limbang by the White Rajah) by Brunei as part of its integral territory.[5] It is the main part of the Brunei–Malaysia border disputes since Limbang separates Brunei territorially into two parts.[6] [...] Infrastructure [edit]Education [edit]Limbang District has five secondary schools: SMK Limbang, SMKA Limbang, SMK Medamit, SMK Seri Patiambun Limbang and SMK Kubong.[9] It has numerous primary schools, mostly scattered around Limbang rural areas.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-07): Limbang is a small border town sandwiched between the two halves of Brunei to its west and east. In the olden days, Limbang was known as Pangkalan Tarap due to its location on the banks of a river with busy trading activities. 'Pangkalan' or 'pengkalan' is a Malay term for a small port while 'Tarap' is the name of a local fruit that resembles a durian - but with blunt thorny skin.Once Pangkalan Tarap became more developed, it was merged with the Trusan and Lawas districts to form Limbang. The name ‘Limbang’ is taken from the name of the river, where Pangkalan Tarap is located. History of Limbang, Sarawak [...] In hopes of preventing further losses of Limbang territories to Brooke’s government and NBCC, Brunei signed an agreement with Great Britain on the 17th of September 1888 for Limbang to be placed under British protectorate. In March 1890, Charles Brooke publicly announced that Limbang was to be part of the Kingdom of Sarawak.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Brunei is one of many nations to lay claim to some of the disputed Spratly Islands.[128] The status of Limbang as part of Sarawak has been disputed by Brunei since the area was first annexed in 1890.[128] The issue was reportedly settled in 2009, with Brunei agreeing to accept the border in exchange for Malaysia giving up claims to oil fields in Bruneian waters.[129] The Brunei government denies this and says that their claim on Limbang was never dropped.[130][131] [...] - ^ "Translation: From His Highness the Sultan Hashim of Brunei- To A. Keyser, Esq. H. M. Consul for Brunei, 22 Zulkaidah 1316". Cession of the Limbang territory to Sarawak. Forwards letter, from the Sultan of Brunei, regarding- (Archival File). High Commissioner Office, Malaya. 1 March 1899. pp. 6–10. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022 – via Arkib Negara Malaysia. [...] - ^ "Brunei Denies Limbang Story". MySinchew. 19 March 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-10): Limbang Division (Malay: Bahagian Limbang) is one of the twelve administrative divisions of Sarawak, Malaysia. It has a total area of 7,788.50 square kilometres, and is the fourth largest division after Kapit Division, Miri Division and Bintulu Division. Limbang Division consists of two districts which are Limbang District and Lawas District, which in turn are divided as sub-districts in Limbang (Nanga Medamit Sub-District) and two sub-districts in Lawas (Sundar Sub-District and Trusan Sub-District). Long Semadoh and Ba’kelalan are rural settlements in the southern part of Lawas district. Two major towns in Limbang are Limbang and Lawas. There are also few smaller towns such as Sundar, Trusan, Merapok and Tedungan. Limbang Division splits Brunei Darussalam into two; West Brunei to the west and Temburong District in the middle of Limbang and Lawas districts. Limbang is located between West Brunei and Temburong, while Lawas is located between Temburong and the Malaysian state of Sabah. This geographical situation, as well as the autonomy of Sabah and Sarawak in immigration affairs means that immigration checks are required when travelling into or out of Limbang Division by road. [...] Limbang Division has two police district offices, namely at Limbang and Lawas. There are also police stations and police bits located at strategic locations, as well as rural areas. Despite being the fourth largest division, Limbang Division so far has no district military bases. Only small military camps do exist just to make presence.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-07): The population development of Limbang as well as related information and services (Wikipedia, Google, images). Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia (web). Explanation: Population figures are not adjusted for underenumeration.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-07): District in Sarawak State The population development in Limbang as well as related information and services (Wikipedia, Google, images). [...] Explanation: Population figures are not adjusted for underenumeration.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Limbang is a border city and the capital of Limbang District in the Limbang Division of northern Sarawak, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. It is placed on the banks of the Limbang River, between the two halves of Brunei. The Limbang District, which these days is part of Sarawak, become originally part of the Sultanate of Brunei following the founding of the Bruneian Empire and remained so till the reign of Sultan Hashim. However, it turned into most effective after the signing of the Treaty of Protection of 1888 that Brunei lost control over the territory, taken through force. This treaty finally did no longer shop Brunei from overseas intervention because the British did no longer save you Charles Brooke from seizing Limbang in 1890. In 1901 and 1902, Brooke and Hewett requested Sultan Hashim to cede Belait and Tutong to them however Sultan Hashim refused and said, "What would appear to me, my chiefs and my descendants? I ought to be left like a tree, stripped of branches and twigs"."The lack of Limbang had crippled him, like the loss of a limb". Limbang monetary importance was realised from the 15th century until now. When Limbang became nonetheless below the rule of thumb of Brunei, Limbang turned into taken into consideration because the "Rice Bowl" of Brunei as Limbang turned into a major manufacturer and dealer of sago and rice to Brunei. - Home - Malaysia - Limbang Tours - About Limbang - Log in - Enquiry Form
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-22): Classification [edit]In Peninsular Malaysia, a district is a subdivision of a state. A mukim (commune, sub-district or parish) is a subdivision of a district. In recent years, a mukim is however of less importance with respect to the administration of land; for land administrative purposes, major cities (e.g. Petaling Jaya) are given an equal status with mukim. [...] In East Malaysia, a district is a subdivision of a division (bahagian) of a state.[3] For example, Tuaran is a district within the West Coast Division of Sabah. A district is usually named after the main town or its administrative capital; for example, the town of Sandakan is the capital of the Sandakan District, as well as the capital of Sandakan Division. [...] - ^ "Malaysia Districts". Statoids.com. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-05): Limbang is a border town and the capital of Limbang District in the Limbang Division of northern Sarawak, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. This district area is 3,978.10 square kilometres,[2] and population (year 2020 census) was 56,900. It is located on the banks of the Limbang River (Sungai Limbang in Malay), between the two halves of Brunei. [...] Federation of Malaysia [edit]During the Brunei Revolt in 1962, Limbang was occupied by the North Borneo Liberation Army (Tentera Nasional Kalimantan Utara, TNKU). TNKU killed four members of the police and eleven European civilians including the Limbang district officer and his wife. Within five days, British and Australian forces from Singapore contained the rebellion.[6] [...] Demographics [edit]Local government [edit]Limbang is part of the Limbang District, which is part of the Limbang Division, which is part of Sarawak, Malaysia.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-21): Limbang Division (Malay: Bahagian Limbang) is one of the twelve administrative divisions of Sarawak, Malaysia. It has a total area of 7,788.50 square kilometres, and is the fourth largest division after Kapit Division, Miri Division and Bintulu Division. Limbang Division consists of two districts which are Limbang District and Lawas District, which in turn are divided as sub-districts in Limbang (Nanga Medamit Sub-District) and two sub-districts in Lawas (Sundar Sub-District and Trusan Sub-District). Long Semadoh and Ba’kelalan are rural settlements in the southern part of Lawas district. Two major towns in Limbang are Limbang and Lawas. There are also few smaller towns such as Sundar, Trusan, Merapok and Tedungan. Geography [edit]Limbang Division splits Brunei Darussalam into two; West Brunei to the west and Temburong District in the middle of Limbang and Lawas districts. Limbang is located between West Brunei and Temburong, while Lawas is located between Temburong and the Malaysian state of Sabah. This geographical situation, as well as the autonomy of Sabah and Sarawak in immigration affairs means that immigration checks are required when travelling into or out of Limbang Division by road. [...] Security [edit]Limbang Division has two police district offices, namely at Limbang and Lawas. There are also police stations and police bits located at strategic locations, as well as rural areas. Despite being the fourth largest division, Limbang Division so far has no district military bases. Only small military camps do exist just to make presence.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-09): Limbang is a small town in northern-most part of Sarawak. It is the capital of the division of the same name. [...] Limbang is geographically peculiar as it is sandwiched between two parts of Brunei. This situation was created in 1890 when the White Rajahs of Sarawak forced the Sultan of Brunei to cede the Limbang district. Till today, the Sultanate continues a not-much-heard-of territorial claim over Limbang. Because of the undeveloped interior of the district, most transportation links between Limbang and the rest of Sarawak have to go through Brunei. Limbang is the most culturally diverse and distinct part of Sarawak. It is a melting pot of many cultures, including Malay, Kedayan, Chinese, Iban and various Orang Ulu ethnic groups such as Lun Bawang, Bisaya, Murut, Kelabit and Penan. It has one of the highest concentration of Orang Ulu people in Sarawak.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-18): Limbang is a small town in northern-most part of Sarawak, Malaysia. It is the capital of the division of the same name. While it has the pleasant atmosphere of an isolated Sarawak interior administrative centre, Limbang does not have that much to offer the traveller. However, you may find yourself here if travelling overland from Sabah to Sarawak or vice-versa. Limbang is also one start of the Headhunter's Trail to Mulu National Park. Understand [edit]Limbang is geographically peculiar as it is sandwiched between two parts of Brunei. This situation was created in 1890 when the White Rajahs of Sarawak forced the Sultan of Brunei to cede the Limbang district. Till today, the Sultanate continues a not-much-heard-of territorial claim over Limbang. Because of the undeveloped interior of the district, most transportation links between Limbang and the rest of Sarawak have to go through Brunei.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-10): Address: Muzium Wilayah Limbang, 98700 Limbang, Sarawak [...] The waterfront Esplanade in the town of Limbang is a popular place for evening walks along the Limbang River. It is marked with a memorial of the Limbang Rebellion. Spend some time here after your dinner for a memorable and leisurely stroll with your loved ones! [...] Tamu Limbang is open weekly on Thursdays and Fridays for villagers to sell locally grown produce. The fresh and cheap vegetables, fruits, local seafood and handicrafts have attracted many visitors from Brunei as well as locals from Limbang. You can also find a variety of street food, snacks and drinks every evening at Pasar Malam Limbang along the streets near Limbang Plaza. The nearby shophouses offers exciting entertainment such as snooker games, karaoke singing and massage centres.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-02-21): LIMBANG constituency is unique. It can be likened to an island separated from the Sarawak land mass by its borders with Brunei Darusalam to the west and east, Lawas District to the southeast and Miri District at the south and southeast. [...] Limbang is a melting pot of ethnicities and cultures. With its strategic location next to Brunei, Labuan, Lawas and Sabah, this bustling river port boasts a crowd-pulling cultural festival – the Pesta Limbang which draws tens of thousands of locals and visitors alike to its shores every year. [...] Limbang also stands to benefit from proposed halal food production in a bilateral collaboration between Malaysian and Brunei.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-03): One of Brunei’s territories much discussed in the documents is Limbang District which was eventually seized by Rajah Brooke of Sarawak in 1890. Much later, in 1963, it was the subject of letters from the Sultan of Brunei to the British government when he urged that Limbang should not be ceded to Malaysia with the rest of Sarawak. Limbang District was in the middle of Brunei and its loss divided Brunei into two. "I would suggest that the Territory of Limbang should be excluded from the relinquishment of Her Majesty’s sovereignty over Sarawak at the end of next month and that no change in sovereignty affecting this area should take place until proper steps have been taken to ensure that any change of sovereignty is in accordance with the genuine wishes of the Limbang people".
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Administratively, Brunei Bay comes under two countries (Malaysia and Brunei). The Malaysian parts of its shoreline are also divided between two States: Sarawak and Sabah. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Brunei constitutes two separate territories (Brunei and Temburong districts) which are separated, along this bay, by Sarawak (Limbang district). The eastern curve of the bay is formed by the estuaries of the Klias, Padas and Menumbok rivers, flowing out of the Klias peninsula in Beaufort district, Sabah (MYSB09).There are three separate areas within this bay which are significance for birds: Limbang estuary, Trusan-Sundar and Menumbok estuary. These are treated separately below.(I) Physical Characteristics [...] Limbang Estuary: The Limbang estuary faces a complex issue of conflicting land use. Due to its non-protected status, various forms of disturbances and threats currently plague the area. Non-sustainable logging. Clear-felling of mangoves for cordwood, charcoal and firewood is practised. Possibly when the timber from the Lawas mangroves is depleted, pressure on those of Limbang is bound to increase.Illegal logging through the clearance of up to 50 ha for coconut plantation and aquaculture schemes along Sungai Limbang.Erosion of the riverbanks by speedboats and large barges.Poaching of Proboscis Monkeys and Silvered Leaf-Monkeys.Illegal clearance for small settlements caused by illegal immigration.Planned clearance of area on the east bank of Sungai Limbang for establishment of prawn ponds by end of 1986. By the first quarter of that year, more than 100 ha has been totally cleared.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-06): The thousands of Indigenous people who live in northern Limbang and Baram districts rely on the forest for their physical and cultural wellbeing, while the Baram River is the state’s second-largest. The regions are also home to critically endangered species including gibbons, sun bears and hornbills, which are also at risk from the logging plans. [...] In Upper Limbang, Penan communities affected by the Ravenscourt FMU are among some of the last Penan to have settled and many still maintain semi-nomadic lifestyles, making their dependency on the forest even more significant. [...] The communities affected are remote and to reach Upper Baram or Limbang requires an arduous journey from the nearest city of Miri on unforgiving dirt tracks. From Miri to the nearest edge of the Gerenai concession takes four to five hours, while to reach the Ravenscourt base camp requires an internal flight from Miri to the town of Lawas and a further five to six hours by 4X4. Once at the villages, there is limited access to healthcare, electricity and other basic amenities.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-12-11): - Some 63 Penan communities came together to create 23 maps of their territory in central Borneo over the past 15 years.
Claim: Limbang District is a territory of Malaysia (Limbang District, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-16): Limbang, Brunei's exclave, is a small district located in the northern part of Borneo. It's separated from the main territory of Brunei by a strip of land belonging to Sarawak, a Malaysian state. This peculiar arrangement has its roots in historical events and political developments. In the 19th century, the territory of Borneo was divided among several colonial powers, including the British and the Dutch. The Sultan of Brunei had control over a vast area, including Limbang. However, during the colonial period, the British acquired control over Sarawak, which included the land separating Limbang from the rest of Brunei. This separation created the exclave situation. After World War II, both Brunei and Sarawak gained independence. While Brunei remained a sultanate, Sarawak became a state within Malaysia. Despite the political changes, the territorial boundaries remained intact, leaving Limbang as an exclave of Brunei.