copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-08-10): Sir Creek {local name Baan Ganga} is a 96 kilometres long estuary in the marshes of the Rann of Katch where Arabian Sea joins the land mass. It’s basically a fluctuating tidal channel, not truly a flowing creek. It currently lies on the border of India’s Gujarat and Pakistan’s Sindh province. In marshy areas like the Rann, landmasses emerge and slip back into water. The joint survey held by India and Pakistan held in 2007 claimed Sir Creek had shifted nearly 1.5 km eastwards. [...] India countered, saying the depiction was part of ‘normal cartographic practice’ and should not be used to make any territorial claims. Thus, this dispute is a classic example of cartographic dilemma. Till 1954, the borders around Sir Creek were virtually open and there was a free movement of people and material from both sides. After 1954, the countries started rigid stances on borders and a controversy evolved around Sir Creek. Till 1968, India and Pakistan were competing each other to provide historical evidence that it belonged to them. [...] If Sir Creek is to be treated as a water border, it must be divided according to international laws that govern such boundaries. Further, if India gives up control of the Creek, there is no guarantee that Pakistan would not claim any new territory in the sector, particularly when some oil or gas resource is discovered. Thus, despite being a small issue, it does not solve due to trust deficit.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-27): From 1968 to 2000, negotiations over Sir Creek stalled until both Pakistan and India signed and ratified the United Nations (U.N.) Convention on the Law of the Sea.[1] This convention required both sides to resolve their maritime disputes by submitting their claims over maritime territories by May 2009.[2] The failure of the signatories to reach any understanding by this time would invoke Part XV of the convention, which provides a comprehensive mechanism for dispute settlement or may also declare the unresolved maritime zones to be international waterways. In September 2006, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met in Havana, Cuba, and agreed that neutral experts should meet to conduct a joint survey of Sir Creek and the adjoining area, which would lead to clarity on demarcation perceptions between the two sides that could pave the way for a settlement.[3] Yet no further progress was made as a result of internal political convulsions in both countries, including the Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008, and ongoing insurgencies in both countries from separatist groups with mutual recriminations.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-23): India and Pakistan have had a troubled history that is riddled with skirmishes, conflicts, and wars, which for the most part have stemmed from territorial disputes and threat perceptions. Sir Creek is one of those territorial disputes that is yet to be resolved. Even though over the course of history both sides have come close to settling the matter, a resolution has remained elusive. Unfortunately, climate change is now making the issue more complex and impacting its core dynamics. [...] The Sir Creek dispute exists over a 96 km long stretch of water in the marshlands of the Rann of Kutch in the Indus River.[1] It falls along the border of the Sindh province (Pakistan) and the state of Rajasthan (India). At the core of the dispute is a colonial history, as has been the case with other territorial disputes between post-colonial states, and it stems from two different interpretations of where the boundary lies between Kutch and Sindh. During colonial times, Sindh was part of the Bombay Presidency in pre-partition India.[2] Later, Sindh became part of Pakistan after the country’s independence but the dispute over the boundary delimitation along Sir Creek and subsequent maritime boundary delimitation was not settled in that process of decolonization and has continued to date.[3] [...] References [1] Rashid Khan, "Sir Creek: The Origin and the Development of the Dispute between Pakistan and India," IPRI Journal 7, no. 2(Summer 2007): 1.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-04): On Sir Creek, the critics’ assessment that India’s insistence on mutual consultation and a solution in the spirit of the Shimla agreement is incompatible with New Delhi’s SCS statement is both legally and conceptually flawed. While Pakistan’s right to invoke international arbitration is recognised by the law, India cannot be denied a position which it believes leads to a just and equitable solution. What’s more important is Pakistan’s own reluctance to seek the legal remedy. Islamabad hesitates to act on its threat of international arbitration, because of an "opt-out" clause (Article 298) under Part XV of the UNCLOS, which entitles a state to refuse legal adjudication on a matter involving sea boundary delimitation. Needless to say, Pakistan knows that any attempt to elevate the Sir Creek issue to an international dispute will lead New Delhi to invoke the exclusion provision. [...] Pakistani officials privately acknowledge that the disputed patch of maritime territory in Sir Creek does not offer any immediate benefits — barring fishing rights — which Pakistani fishermen seem to already enjoy, even if at some risk from Indian law-enforcement agencies. The issue thus appears more symbolic than substantive for Pakistan, albeit one where Islamabad won’t cede an inch for political reasons, regardless of the utility of the maritime real estate in question.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-03-11): - Sir Creek, originally Ban Ganga, is a 96 km tidal estuary in the Indus river delta on the border of India and Pakistan. [...] - Sir Creek is considered to be one of the largest fishing grounds in Asia. Also, the marshlands are estimated to be rich in hydrocarbons and shale gas. [...] - Shifting course: Sir Creek has changed its course considerably over the years. If the boundary line is demarcated according to the Thalweg principle applied to the current channel, Pakistan and India would both lose small amounts of wetlands territory that was historically part of their provinces.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-02-24): Sir Creek is a river boundary dispute, which impacts the delineation of maritime boundaries. It stems from a compromise between the government of Sindh in British India and the Kutch Darbar on boundary delimitation over the Kori Creek, which originally divided the two principalities in 1908, and lies east of the Sir Creek. [...] Sir Creek is a non-navigable river under international law. It is tidal and is only navigable for a few hours during high tide. The thalweg principle is hence inapplicable to Sir Creek. Pakistan’s position, that the boundary is on the eastern bank due to historical title, seems accurate. Under the established principle of uti possidetis, both Pakistan and India inherited the original borders of their predecessor state and the delimitations effected by them. In this regard, Resolution 1192 classifies that the B-44 map is authoritative and expressly rejects the thalweg principle. [...] Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that Sir Creek is meandering eastward through accretion. If so, the middle of the river might have or eventually will move east of the eastern bank of the river as it was located in 1914 or at the time of Independence. Hence, India would actually lose territory to Pakistan if the median line principle coupled with accretion applied. The biggest casualty of not delimiting Sir Creek is the incarceration of thousands of innocent fishermen from the border region who are routinely arrested and their boats confiscated.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-02): For the first time, India is constructing "permanent vertical bunkers" of concrete to station BSF troops right at the strategically significant Sir Creek and 'Harami Nalla' marshy area along the India-Pakistan International Border in Gujarat, official sources said. [...] While three pylon-shaped towers are coming up in the Sir Creek area, a 4,050 sq km marshy area between India and Pakistan, five such concrete structures will be constructed by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) along the 'harami nalla' area spread across 900 sq km, sources said. [...] Sir Creek is a 98-km disputed territory between India and Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch marshlands, which opens up into the Arabian Sea. It divides the Kutch region of Gujarat and the Sindh province of Pakistan. The two countries have been holding talks to resolve issues related to the border dispute here.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2010-09-23): The Sir Creek is a 96 km (60 mi) strip of water disputed between India and Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch marshlands. The creek, which opens up into the Arabian Sea, divides the Kutch region of the Indian state of Gujarat with the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at approximately 23Â°58"²N 68Â°48"²Eï»¿ / ï»¿23.967Â°N 68.8Â°E.Originally and locally it is called 'Baan Ganga'. Sir Creek is named after the British representative who was requested to mediate in a dispute between the ruler of Sindh and the Rao of Kutch over a pile of firewood lying on the banks of the nearby Kori Creek.1 The long-standing dispute hinges in the actual demarcation "from the mouth of Sir Creek to the top of Sir Creek, and from the top of Sir Creek eastward to a point on the line designated on the Western Terminus". From this point onwards, the boundary is unambiguously fixed as defined by the Tribunal Award of 1968.2
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1999-08-10): An area of water with access to the sea, known as Sir Creek, is still disputed between the two countries. Both Islamabad and Delhi cite the Sir Creek issue as an outstanding bilateral dispute that needs to be resolved.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-12-16): In itself, the Sir Creek dispute between India and Pakistan was considered the most "doable". Now, however, with the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi , demanding a freeze on the issue, the matter has become complicated. The actual dispute on where the boundary between India and Pakistan lies on Sir Creek , a 96-km water body that empties out into the Arabian Sea from the Rann of Kutch, is not very major - involving 100-150 sq. km. of a swamp that remains flooded through half the year. [...] "Sir Creek is just a piece of marshy land of little consequence," says former Navy chief Arun Prakash, "of far greater significance is the need to demarcate the maritime boundary between India and Pakistan." According to him, we should place the Sir Creek issue "in cold storage" and work out a way to determine our maritime boundary because under the UN Convention on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS), India and Pakistan can claim up to 350 nautical miles (648 km) of exclusive economic zone out into the sea. But if they fail, theoretically a third party could step in and make a claim.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-01-18): This article appeared in the Asia section of the print edition under the headline "Up Sir Creek"
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-16): New Delhi: Pakistan has been beefing up its infrastructure in the disputed Sir Creek region near the international border in Gujarat, according to at least two news reports this week. This comes at a time when India ceased its own infrastructure-building activities in its own territory after Islamabad raised objections. [...] The Sir Creek dispute is a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over a 98-kilometre creek in a marshy and uninhabited region in the Rann of Kutch along the border of India’s Gujarat state and Pakistan’s Sindh province. [...] Over the years, India and Pakistan have engaged in several rounds of negotiations and discussions to resolve the Sir Creek dispute. These efforts have involved the exchange of maps, surveys, and field visits to the disputed area. However, the two countries have, so far, failed to arrive at a mutually acceptable agreement to resolve the dispute.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-30): The pre-eminence of maritime power is very well illustrated by history of the contemporary world. Importance of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) for national economies and as a result, global race to claim and control various parts of oceans/seas has become intense over the years. In view of the current geo-political scenarios, adherence to the existing international laws- related to seas and economic zones codified in the form of UNCLOS has become necessary to resolve issues related to maritime boundaries and their protection. India appreciates importance of UNCLOS and has been trying to lawfully resolve its long pending maritime dispute with Pakistan, albeit with limited success. For India, the Sir Creek area would always be of strategic importance in view of its national security and economic well-being. There is ample historical evidence in support of India claims in Sir Creek. There are also many scholarly studies that have examined this boundary issue with a view to find solutions within the ambit of UNCLOS. This paper traces the concept of maritime boundaries and some of the important scholarly solutions for resolving the Sir Creek dispute. [...] The Sir Creek (location coordinates 23 58N 68 48E) consists of 96-km strip (Fig: 3) of water. It can also be called a fluctuating tidal channel or an estuary situated in the marshes of Rann of Kutch, water from which flows into the Arabian Sea. It divides Kutch region in Gujrat state of India and the Sindh region of Pakistan. Originally named Ban Ganga, Sir Creek is named after a British representative involved in the dispute resolution process.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2005-01-01): P.K. Upadhyay replies: Sir Creek issue is defying solution because of the deep rooted syndrome of lack of trust in Pakistan. Unless the element of trust is restored through Pakistani actions, attitudes and utterances, any real and meaningful progress on this, as well as other issues like Siachen, looks somewhat remote. Sir Creek is an area that has not been demarcated between India and Pakistan by a clearly delineated maritime border. The Indo-Pakistan international border starts from the point where coming from the Arabian Sea Sir Creek joins the land mass. This area had not been demarcated as it had not been properly surveyed due to its being somewhat desolate and inhospitable. Nonetheless, taking advantage of a 1914 Bombay Government Resolution that sought to demarcate Sir Creek between Sindh and Kutch divisions of the Bombay state as an internal administrative measure, Pakistan began to lay claim over the entire Creek. They conveniently ignored the reality of Sindh and Kutch having become parts of two sovereign states, India and Pakistan, and thus their maritime boundary now needed to be settled as per international norms, mainly the Thalweg Doctrine, which follows the meridian principle. In fact, another resolution of the erstwhile Bombay Government adopted in 1925 did install mid-channel pillars in Sir Creek. Pakistan does not agree with India since an acceptance of these provisions would lead to redrawing of the maritime boundary in the area, re-delineation of the Exclusive Economic Zone and other fishing areas in the Arabian Sea. This could be detrimental to Pakistani hopes as it anticipates the presence of hydro-carbon resources in the area.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): While Pakistan and India are involved in a plethora of disputes, like Kashmir and Siachen, the Sir Creek issue has the propensity for a solution. Sir Creek, a 100 nautical mile strip of water between the state of Gujrat in India and the province of Sindh in Pakistan, has also kept the two countries at loggerheads for decades. The issue like many others is a legacy of the undermarketed tracts at the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. Sir Creek is a marshy strip in the Rann of Kutch area lying between the southern tips of Pakistan’s Sindh province and Indian state of Gujarat, opening in the Arabian Sea. The dispute is related to the Rann of Kutch. During the Partition of India in August 1947, Pakistan inherited the control of the whole of northern Rann of Kutch, but India occupied a part of it in 1956 to promote its grandiose plan of establishing a major naval base at Kandla in the Gulf of Kutch, linking it with Rajasthan and adjacent states via an array of rail and roads, backed by military garrisons contiguous to the Pakistani border.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-31): The Sir Creek dispute between India and her neighbour Pakistan is a long-standing border dispute with origins in pre-independence India. Despite the issue not taking centre stage amidst the larger canvas of India-Pakistan relations, it is an important one for various factors. In this article, you can read all about the origins and course of the dispute, along with the way forward. This is an important topic in the UPSC exam International Relations segment. Sir Creek is a 96 km strip of water in the marshes of the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. It is a disputed region between India and Pakistan. The creek roughly separates the Kutch region in India and Pakistan’s Sindh province. Sir Creek opens up into the Arabian Sea. It was originally named Ban Ganga and was named Sir Creek during colonial times after a British official. [...] Sir Creek is a strategically important region and Indian and Pakistani troops had clashed in the Rann of Kutch in the 1965 war. It is an important fishing ground and is one of the largest fishing sources in Asia. Another reason for its significance is the possible presence of oil and gas reserves under the sea in that area. It is currently unexplored because of the ongoing border dispute. The area is also of great ecological importance with it being home to flamingoes and other species of migratory birds in the winters.
Claim: Sir Creek is a territory of India (Sir Creek, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-11-10): The IndoPakistani maritime dispute comprises two related issues the resolution of the land boundary in Sir Creek (a 38 km long estuary in the marshes of the Rann of Kutch) of the Gujarat (India) and Sindh (Pakistan) provinces, as well as the delineation of the maritime boundary seaward within the territorial sea and beyond. A reasonable and satisfactory solution to this dispute has eluded India and Pakistan for decades. Not only do both countries differ with each other on a solution on technical grounds, but Pakistans insistence on linking it to the dispute over Kashmir has made it impossible for a political resolution of the dispute. Whereas Pakistan also continues to directly link any resolution of the maritime boundary with that of the land boundary in Sir Creek, India continues to attempt to tackle both issues in a related, but separate, manner. However, with a view to concluding a mutually satisfactory agreement at an early date, Indias non-paper to Pakistan on Sir Creek in January 1994 stated that it was willing to enter into further discussions on the lines suggested by Pakistan. 7
Claim: Three Pagodas Pass is a territory of Myanmar (Three Pagodas Pass, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-04): Three Pagodas Pass (Phlone ကၠံင်သိုင့်ဖၠုံးလါင့်ဆေါတ်ဖိုင်သာ့; Burmese: ဘုရားသုံးဆူ တောင်ကြားလမ်း, Paya Thon Zu Taung Za Lang, Burmese pronunciation: [pʰajá θóʊɰ̃ zù tàʊɰ̃ dʑá láɰ̃]; Thai: ด่านเจดีย์สามองค์, RTGS: Dan Chedi Sam Ong, Thai pronunciation: [dàːn tɕeːdiː sǎːm ʔoŋ]) is a pass in the Tenasserim Hills on the border between Thailand and Myanmar (Burma), at an elevation of 282 metres (925 ft). The pass links the town of Sangkhla Buri in the north of Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, to the town of Payathonsu in the south of Kayin State, Myanmar. [...] Tourism [edit]Three Pagodas Pass is popular with tourists, who are allowed to obtain a one-day visa from the Thai side to visit Payathonsu. Attractions on the Burmese side include wooden furniture, jade carvings, and textiles. Thai tourists are allowed in as of 2011, while other tourists are not, due to its status as a temporary border checkpoint which only allows day trips between the two neighbouring countries.[9][10] [...] References [edit]- ^ Three Pagodas Pass, Encyclopædia Britannica - ^ a b Thailand Highlight - ^ a b "Battle erupts in Myanmar opposite Three Pagodas Pass". Bangkok Post. 25 April 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
Claim: Three Pagodas Pass is a territory of Myanmar (Three Pagodas Pass, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-23): Three Pagodas Pass (Thai: ด่านเจดีย์สามองค์ Darn Chedi Sam Ong) is on the Thai-Myanmar border but accessible to foreigners only from the Thai side. It is located between Sangkhlaburi in Thailand and Payathonzu in Myanmar. The Three Pagodas Pass was for centuries along the main land route between India and South East Asia. The strategic location was last exploited by the Japanese during World War II, who used POW labor to build the infamous Death Railway to ferry supplies across. [...] Since 2007 the Thai-Myanmar border at the Three Pagodas Pass is closed for foreigners. The information below is only useful when autorities decide to re-open the border.
Claim: Three Pagodas Pass is a territory of Myanmar (Three Pagodas Pass, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Three Pagodas Pass - 4 Things to Know Before Visiting About Three Pagodas Pass Three Pagodas Pass is on the Thai-Myanmar border but accessible to foreigners only from the Thai side. It is located between Sangkhlaburi in Thailand and Payathonzu in Myanmar. It s was for centuries along the main land route between India and South East Asia. The strategic location was last exploited by the Japanese during World War II, who used POW labor to build the infamous Death Railway to ferry supplies across.Address : Three Pagodas Pass, Nong Lu, Myanmar (Burma)
Claim: Three Pagodas Pass is a territory of Myanmar (Three Pagodas Pass, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-01-01): The Three Pagoda Pass forms the border between Thailand and Burma. This pass links Sangkhlaburi town in Thailand and Payathonsu town in Myanmar. It is approximately 1,000 ft high, and there are three small stupas that were built as a symbol of peace. Tourists can obtain a one-day visa to visit Payathonsu via this pass. It is only accessible to foreigners from the Thai side.
Claim: Three Pagodas Pass is a territory of Myanmar (Three Pagodas Pass, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Remote place known for Mon bridge & Three Pagodas Pass [...] The three pagodas pass is located on the border between Thailand and Burma, a little over 20 kilometers from Sangkhlaburi town. The pass is named after three small whitewashed chedis that were built to commemorate battles fought between Burmese and Siamese armies during the Ayutthaya era. The pagodas are depicted on Kanchanaburi’s provincial seal. Next to the chedis is a market with a number of souvenir shops.
Claim: Three Pagodas Pass is a territory of Myanmar (Three Pagodas Pass, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-08): The Myanmar–Thailand border is the international border between the territory of Myanmar (formerly Burma) and Thailand. The border is 2,416 km (1,501 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Laos in the north to the Andaman Sea coast in the south.[1]