copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): J. Murray Mitchell showed as early as 1963 a multidecadal cooling since about 1940.[1] At a conference on climate change held in Boulder, Colorado in 1965, evidence supporting Milankovitch cycles triggered speculation on how the calculated small changes in sunlight might somehow trigger ice ages. In 1966, Cesare Emiliani predicted that "a new glaciation will begin within a few thousand years." In his 1968 book The Population Bomb, Paul R. Ehrlich wrote "The greenhouse effect is being enhanced now by the greatly increased level of carbon dioxide ... [this] is being countered by low-level clouds generated by contrails, dust, and other contaminants ... At the moment we cannot predict what the overall climatic results will be of our using the atmosphere as a garbage dump."[3] [...] Present level of knowledge [edit]The concern that cooler temperatures would continue, and perhaps at a faster rate, has been observed to be incorrect, as was assessed in the IPCC Third Assessment Report of 2001.[6] More has to be learned about climate. However, the growing records have shown that short term cooling concerns have not been borne out. [...] Call it the Ice Age Fallacy. ... global cooling was much more an invention of the media than it was a real scientific concern. A survey of peer-reviewed scientific papers published between 1965 and 1979 shows that the large majority of research at the time predicted that the earth would warm as carbon-dioxide levels rose – as indeed it has.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2021-09-08): Skip to main content [...] Sign up for alerts [...] So, what’s the newest theory?
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2019-08-21): Skip to main content [...] Sign up for alerts [...] Similar content being viewed by others
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2024-02-09): Today, the Earth’s outer shell consists of about 15 shifting blocks of crust, or plates, which hold the planet’s continents and oceans. Over eons the plates drifted into each other and apart, forming new continents and mountains and exposing new rocks to the atmosphere, which led to chemical reactions that stabilized Earth’s surface temperature over billions of years.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2022-12-28): In 2013, research published in the journal Science analyzed even earlier temperatures, dating back 11,000 years. The conclusion was the same: our planet has warmed faster in the past century than at any time since the end of the last ice age. The study also revealed that for the last 2,000 years Earth has actually been in a natural cooling period in terms of its position relative to the sun. But this natural cooling has gone unregistered due to unprecedented warming caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases, the paper explains.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2020-01-06): Sign up for alerts [...] We look back on which geologic intervals have most often informed the science published in the journal. [...] Fig. 1: Geologic time intervals representative of palaeoclimate articles published in Nature Geoscience since 2008.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2019-09-09): Claim that the Earth has cooled since Medieval or Roman times is contradicted by available data [...] A recent study1 analyzing a global database of paleoclimate records found that no previous warm or cool period in the last 2,000 years—including the Roman Warm Period and the Medieval Warm Period (also called the Medieval Climate Anomaly)—occurred globally and synchronously. But 20th Century temperatures were the warmest of the last 2,000 years for nearly the entire surface of the Earth. [...] 2) For the Northern Hemisphere (where we have much better proxy data and a better understanding of the uncertainties), we come to similar conclusions—in Wilson et al (2016)2 we find that the two warmest decades of our reconstruction (from 918 to 2004 CE) were 1994–2003 and 1946–1955. Coming in 3rd place is 1161–1170 CE. So, the latest in large-scale temperature reconstructions do NOT support a claim that temperatures either in the Medieval or Roman periods were warmer than today.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2019-09-09): Claim that the Earth has cooled since Medieval or Roman times is contradicted by available data [...] Research does not show a Medieval Warm Period warmer than the present day [...] Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2023-06-23): Earth’s climate has always warmed and cooled, and the 20th century rise in global temperature is within the bounds of natural temperature fluctuations over the past 3,000 years. [...] A study published in Nature found that "high temperatures – similar to those observed in the twentieth century before 1990 – occurred around AD 1000 to 1100" in the Northern Hemisphere. [116] A study published in Boreas found that summer temperatures during the Roman Empire and Medieval periods were "consistently higher" than temperatures during the 20th century. [59] [...] Over the 20th century there have been two Arctic warming periods with a cooling period (1940-1970) in between. According to a study in Geophysical Research Letters, natural shifts in the ocean currents are the major cause of these climate changes, not human-generated greenhouse gases. [124] William Gray, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University, said most of the climate changes over the last century are natural and "due to multi-decadal and multi-century changes in deep global ocean currents." [122]
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2023-03-09): Ice cores help scientists compare atmospheric conditions before and after the Industrial Revolution, when humans began burning large quantities of fossil fuels. Paleoclimate records show how human activity has boosted global temperatures in a very short span of geologic time. [...] Paleoclimatology relies on ice cores but also tree rings, cores drilled from lake and ocean sediments, and fossils. Piecing together all the evidence produces a picture of a planet that was often much hotter than today, but was cooler than the present climate for most of the last 11,000 years. Ice cores also show that current carbon dioxide concentrations are now higher than they have been for hundreds of thousands of years, and the higher concentrations are driven by human burning of fossil fuels. Multiple paleoclimate records indicate cooler temperatures over the past 11,000 years, as shown in this cartoon. Credit: C. Iverson and E. Greenhalgh, NOAA Climate.gov, based on data from doi:10.1126/science.1228026
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2018-11-15): - McCormick, M.; Buentgen, U.; Cane, M.A.; Cook, E.R.; Harper, K.; Huybers, P.; Litt, T.; Manning, S.W.; Mayewski, P.A.; More, A.F.M.; et al. Climate change during and after the Roman Empire: Reconstructing the past from scientific and historical evidence. J. Interdiscip. Hist. 2012, 43, 169–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [...] - Luterbacher, J.; Werner, J.P.; Smerdon, J.E.; Fernandez-Donado, L.; Gonzalez-Rouco, F.J.; Barriopedro, D.; Ljungqvist, F.C.; Buentgen, U.; Zorita, E.; Wagner, S.; et al. European summer temperatures since Roman times. Environ. Res. Lett. 2016, 11, 024001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version] [...] - Psomiadis, D.; Dotsika, E.; Albanakis, K.; Ghaleb, B.; Hillaire-Marcel, C. Speleothem record of climatic changes in the Northern Aegean region (Greece) from the Bronze Age to the collapse of the Roman Empire. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2018, 489, 272–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2018-04-22): Of course, our understanding of millenial temperatures has improved greatly. The reconstructions extend further back than they did originally. The analysis methods have improved, so we have more confidence in the results. We can use many different proxies to reconstruct these temperatures, so have better spatial and temporal resolution. This allows for an improved understanding of variability and of the role of both internal and external perturbations. However, the big picture has changed little. A warm period about 1000 years ago, typically referred to as the Medieval Warm Period, a general cooling towards what is referred to as the Little Ice Age, and then the modern warm period, that appears unprecedented in the last 1000 years, or so. I think it’s important to realise that all of this is part of the normal scientific process. Early work will have limited data and will often use methods that have not been tried before. With time, we collect more data, develop improved methods, and – consequently – improve our understanding. We might even conclude that some of the early work used methods that we’d no longer regard as suitable. This doesn’t suddenly invalidate the earlier work, or imply kind of some nefarious intent. It seems pretty clear that the big picture presented by the early millenial temperature reconstructions have stood the test of time. I hope I, one day, have a paper that is still relevant, and being discussed, 20 years after being published.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2022-11-09): Various climate forcings are typically in flux throughout geologic time, and some processes of the Earth's temperature may be self-regulating. For example, during the Snowball Earth period, large glacial ice sheets spanned to Earth's equator, covering nearly its entire surface, and very high albedo created extremely low temperatures, while the accumulation of snow and ice likely removed carbon dioxide through atmospheric deposition. However, the absence of plant cover to absorb atmospheric CO2 emitted by volcanoes meant that the greenhouse gas could accumulate in the atmosphere. There was also an absence of exposed silicate rocks, which use CO2 when they undergo weathering. This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back to equilibrium. During the following eons of the Paleozoic, cosmic ray flux and occasional nearby supernova explosions (one hypothesis for the cause of the Ordovician–Silurian extinction event) and gamma ray bursts may have induced ice ages or other sudden climate changes. [...] In contrast, several warm periods have also taken place, and they include but are not limited to: Certain effects have occurred during these cycles. For example, during the Medieval Warm Period, the American Midwest was in drought, including the Sand Hills of Nebraska which were active sand dunes. The black death plague of Yersinia pestis also occurred during Medieval temperature fluctuations, and may be related to changing climates.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2024-03-16): All we know is that we are changing an important parameter for our climate and consequently we know that something has to change, but we don’t know how things will change.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2019-07-24): When climate scientists talk about natural climate swings that came before humans started messing with the system, many invoke two epochs. During the Medieval Warm Period, roughly from 800 to 1200 AD, temperatures rose a few degrees above average. That warming has been connected to improved crop yields in parts of Europe, and the temporary Viking occupation of Greenland. During the following Little Ice Age, which lasted roughly from 1300 to 1850, the Greenland Vikings disappeared, glaciers from California to the European Alps advanced, and New York harbor froze, enabling people to walk from Manhattan to New Jersey without benefit of the George Washington Bridge. For a long time, many took on faith the idea that these phenomena were global. But that assumption has been undermined in the past decade or so by studies from widespread areas (including parts of Greenland) suggesting that in fact temperatures in many places did not line up with one or the other periods. Some regions appear to have been warming when they were supposed to be cooling, and vice versa. The same goes for two lesser-known, more vaguely defined earlier swings, known as the Roman Warm Period (ca. 100-300 AD) and the Dark Ages Cold Period (ca.400-800). [...] We show that conditions during medieval times or during the Little Ice Age are expected to occur naturally. But the large spatial consistency of the present warm phase cannot be explained by natural variability. This result corroborates many existing studies that have shown that humans are causing global temperatures to rise since the beginning of the industrial period.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2021-03-03): The case of a southern European glacier which survived Roman and medieval warm periods but is disappearing under recent warming [...] Büntgen, U., Krusic, P. J., Verstege, A., Sangüesa-Barreda, G., Wagner, S., Camarero, J. J., Ljungqvist, F. C., Zorita, E., Oppenheimer, C., Konter, O., Tegel, W., Gärtner, H., Cherubini, P., Reinig, F., and Esper, J.: New Tree-Ring Evidence from the Pyrenees Reveals Western Mediterranean Climate Variability since Medieval Times, J. Climate, 30, 5295–5318, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0526.1, 2017. [...] Gil-Romera, G., and Moreno, A.: The case of a southern European glacier disappearing under recent warming that survived Roman and Medieval warm periods (Version v1), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3886911, 2020.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2024-05-09): The period of time known to archaeologists as the Common Era (CE) roughly covers the past 2000 years. Decades ago it was divided into a series of climate epochs. Although there is no firm consensus regarding their precise duration, the 'Roman Warm Period' covered the first few centuries. The 'Dark Ages Cold Period' was from around 400-800 CE, the 'Medieval Warm Period' was from 800-1200 CE and the 'Little Ice-Age' was from 1200-1850 CE. [...] Firstly, increasing evidence suggests that the Medieval Warm Period may have been warmer than today in parts of the globe such as in the North Atlantic. The warming thereby allowed Vikings to travel further north than had been previously possible because of reductions in sea ice and land ice in the Arctic. However, evidence also suggests that some places were much cooler than today, including the tropical Pacific. All in all, when the warm places are averaged out with the cool places, it becomes clear that the overall warmth was likely similar to early to mid 20th Century warming. Since that early 20th Century warming, global temperatures have risen well beyond those reached during the Medieval Warm Period. The National Academy of Sciences released a report on climate reconstructions in 2006. In the Overview chapter, the authors stated it was 'likely' that current temperatures are hotter than during the Medieval Warm Period, saying the following:
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2024-03-13): Reconstructing of past hydroclimates at regional scales during the Common Era (CE) is necessary to place the current warming in the context of natural climate variability. Here we present a composite record of oxygen isotope variations during last 2500 years based on eight stalagmites from four caves in the central Pyrenees (NE Spain) dominated by temperature variations, with the amount of precipitation playing a minor role. The dataset is compared with other Iberian reconstructions that show a high degree of internal coherence with respect to variability at the centennial scale. The Roman Period (RP) (especially 0–200 CE), the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), and part of the Little Ice Age (LIA) represent the warmest periods, while the coldest decades occurred during the Dark Ages (DA) and most of the LIA intervals (e.g., 520–550 CE and 1800–1850 CE). Importantly, the LIA cooling or the MCA warming were not continuous or uniform and exhibited high decadal variability. The Industrial Era (IE) shows an overall warming trend although with marked cycles and partial stabilization during the last 2 decades (1990–2010).
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2020-02-06): Büntgen, U., Krusic, P. J., Verstege, A., Sangüesa-Barreda, G., Wagner, S., Camarero, J. J., Ljungqvist, F. C., Zorita, E., Oppenheimer, C., Konter, O., Tegel, W., Gärtner, H., Cherubini, P., Reinig, F., and Esper, J.: New Tree-Ring Evidence from the Pyrenees Reveals Western Mediterranean Climate Variability since Medieval Times, J. Climate, 30, 5295–5318, 2017.
Claim: Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period. (Marc Morano, 2019-09-09)
Evidence (2024-08-29): On 28 February 2006 Wahl & Ammann 2007 was accepted for publication, and an "in press" copy was made available on the internet. Two more reconstructions were published, using different methodologies and supporting the main conclusions of MBH. Rosanne D'Arrigo, Rob Wilson and Gordon Jacoby suggested that medieval temperatures had been almost 0.7 °C cooler than the late 20th century but less homogenous,[130] Osborn and Briffa found the spatial extent of recent warmth more significant than that during the medieval warm period.[131][132] They were followed in April by a third reconstruction led by Gabriele C. Hegerl.[133] [...] 2010 onwards [edit]A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level. Instrumental records of the period 1990–2010 were possibly above any temperature in the reconstruction period, though this did not appear in the proxy records. They concluded that their "reconstruction agrees well with the reconstructions by Moberg et al. (2005) and Mann et al. (2008) with regard to the amplitude of the variability as well as the timing of warm and cold periods, except for the period c. ad 300–800, despite significant differences in both data coverage and methodology."[142]
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2018-08-07): The studies that this article points to make no such claim. This research characterizes the varying temperature conditions at the base of glaciers that cause them to either freeze to the ground or sit on thawed ground. This has important implications for understanding how different portions of the ice sheet will respond to global warming, but it does not explain the glacial ice loss measured over the last century.
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2018-08-07): In what amounts to dissension from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) climate change policy, a series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. [...] It is now abundantly clear that even respected mainstream NASA geologists and glaciologists are advocating that formerly underappreciated geological forces working in concert with atmospheric forces are responsible for polar ice cap melting. Here we note that in many cases these geological forces are dominant and, in some cases, the complete cause of modern-day and ancient polar ice cap melting