copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Cambodia (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-06-04): When Preah Vihear temple was granted World Heritage status in 2008, Cambodia celebrated. People danced with joy in the streets of Phnom Penh. But in neighbouring Thailand, it triggered a series of angry xenophobic protests. [...] The background to the conflict dates back to the period of the great Angkorian Empire, when the territory of Cambodia stretched across most of South East Asia, preceding the emergence of Siam as a nation-state now known as Thailand. The 11th century temple of Preah Vihear preceded the completion of legendary Angkor Wat and Bayon temples, also renowned World Heritage sites. [...] "I think Thailand’s memory of an international organisation giving legal control of Preah Vihear temple to Cambodia in 1962, will make it unwilling to allow any other intervention by outsiders, such as UNESCO or ASEAN," he added.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Cambodia (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-04-28): On 28 April 2011, the Kingdom of Cambodia submitted to the Court, by an Application filed in the Registry, a Request for interpretation of the Judgment rendered by the Court on 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand). In that Judgment, the Court had ruled that "the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia" and that "Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw any military . . . forces . . . stationed . . . at the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory". In 2008, on Cambodia’s request, the Temple was included on the list of World Heritage sites by UNESCO. Following that inclusion, several armed incidents took place between the Parties in the frontier area close to the Temple. On the same day that it filed its Application, Cambodia, stressing the urgency and the risk of irreparable damage, also filed a Request for the indication of provisional measures. [...] The Court then examined the relationship between the second operative paragraph and the rest of the operative part. It considered that the territorial scope of the three operative paragraphs is the same: the finding in the first paragraph that "the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia" must be taken as referring, like the second and third paragraphs, to the promontory of Preah Vihear.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Cambodia (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-01): Preah Vihear—which Thais call Phra Viharn—long predates the modern states of Southeast Asia. Most surviving parts of the temple date from the 11th and 12th centuries, during the golden age of the Khmer Empire. The Khmer people were the direct ancestors of modern Cambodians, who still refer to themselves as Khmers. Their kings constructed the magnificent complex at Angkor and governed much of mainland Southeast Asia, including most of modern-day Thailand (then called Siam). Preah Vihear bears the influence of Hinduism, the predominant religion of Khmer monarchs at that time. It also reflects elements of Buddhism, which later became ascendant in the surrounding region. Despite its Khmer origins, Preah Vihear has not always been under Cambodian control. The area it occupies has sometimes been governed or occupied by Siamese kingdoms and the modern Thai state that succeeded them. [...] Preah Vihear's origins are Khmer, and most analysts consider Cambodia to have the stronger of the competing claims, but the history surrounding the temple is complex. The temple has meaning—both as a cultural symbol and a religious place of worship—to people on both sides of the border. In fact, many of the people around Preah Vihear share broadly common ancestry and were themselves divided by relatively arbitrary national frontiers. The two sides have much to gain from a mutual access agreement. Preah Vihear should be a magnet for tourists and a shining example of cultural traditions that exist on both sides of the border, not a graveyard for young Thai and Cambodian soldiers.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Cambodia (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-06): Situated on the edge of a plateau that dominates the plain of Cambodia, the Temple of Preah Vihear is dedicated to Shiva. The Temple is composed of a series of sanctuaries linked by a system of pavements and staircases over an 800 metre long axis and dates back to the first half of the 11th century AD. Nevertheless, its complex history can be traced to the 9th century, when the hermitage was founded. This site is particularly well preserved, mainly due to its remote location. The site is exceptional for the quality of its architecture, which is adapted to the natural environment and the religious function of the temple, as well as for the exceptional quality of its carved stone ornamentation. [...] The Temple of Preah Vihear, a unique architectural complex of a series of sanctuaries linked by a system of pavements and staircases on an 800 metre long axis, is an outstanding masterpiece of Khmer architecture, in terms of plan, decoration and relationship to the spectacular landscape environment.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Cambodia (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): According to the Cambodian ambassador to the United Nations, the most recent dispute began on 15 July 2008 when about 50 Thai soldiers moved into the Keo Sikhakirisvara Pagoda vicinity which he claimed was located in Cambodia's territory about 300 metres (980 ft) from the Temple of Preah Vihear.[7] Thailand claimed the demarcation had not yet been completed for the external parts of the area adjacent to the temple, which was adjudged to be Cambodian by a nine to three decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 1962.[8] [...] With Cambodian Independence and the French withdrawal in 1953, the Thai military occupied Preah Vihear Temple in 1954 in keeping with the border line of the natural watershed. The temple had been built facing north to serve the plains above it, not those of the Cambodian plain far below. However, based on the 1907 French map, Cambodia protested, insisting that it was inside their territory. Both countries finally agreed to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice and abide by its decision. In 1962, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) awarded ownership of Preah Vihear Temple to Cambodia by a nine to three vote, stating the 1907 map clearly showed Preah Vihear as being in Cambodia.[15] Nevertheless, the court had only ruled that the temple belong to Cambodia, and did not comment on the adjacent land to the north. Thailand reluctantly handed over the temple but continues to claim the surrounding area, insisting the border has never officially been demarcated here.[16]
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Cambodia (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-11-11): UN court rules for Cambodia in Preah Vihear temple dispute with Thailand [...] In a June 1962 judgment, the ICJ found that the temple is situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia, and that Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw any military or police forces, or other guards or keepers, stationed at the Temple or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory. [...] In its decision today, the Court declared unanimously that the 1962 Judgement decided that Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah Vihear, and that Thailand is obligated to withdraw its forces from that territory.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Cambodia (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-11-11): Preah Vihear temple: Disputed land Cambodian, court rules - Published Cambodia should have sovereignty over most of the disputed land around the Preah Vihear temple on the border with Thailand, the UN's top court has ruled. [...] Delivering the judgement, Peter Tomka, president of the International Court of Justice, said the court had decided "that Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah Vihear".
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Cambodia (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): A. OWNERSHIP AND RESENTMENT OVER PREAH VIHEAR [3] Like many South East Asian countries, Thailand and Cambodia still share a colonial legacy of an ambiguous border. In 1954, Thai troops occupied and claimed Preah Vihear, located about 400km north of Phnom Penh. Five years later, Cambodia took Thailand to the ICJ on the basis of colonial-era treaties and other documents in an attempt to regain what it regarded as part of its cultural heritage, arguing that the temple was inextricably linked to its Angkor Wat complex, 140km to the south west. In 1962, the ICJ ruled that the temple was "situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia", mostly on the basis of a Franco-Siamese 1908 map that clearly showed the temple within the Cambodian border. […] It has been government policy ever since that the temple complex is in Cambodia. […] [4] Although the ICJ clearly determined the ownership of the Preah Vihear temple, the frontier around the cliff- top site remains in dispute. […]
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Cambodia (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-25): Preah Vihear is a series of buildings arrayed along a 2,600-foot-long central causeway that proceeds dramatically to the edge of a cliff. The complex is meant to represent Mount Meru, the home of Shiva and other Hindu gods. According to Sanskrit inscriptions at Preah Vihear, the temple’s formal origins date to Jayavarman II’s son, Prince Indrayudha, who, in A.D. 893 installed a fragment from a stone monument called a lingam at the site. The lingam, which represents the male sex organ, served two purposes. It was a powerful holy symbol of Shiva, and it was intended to mark Preah Vihear as the northern extent of the Khmer Empire at that time. [...] The modern-day conflict over Preah Vihear has it roots in the early twentieth century. A treaty between the governments of France and the kingdom of Siam signed in 1904 redrew the border dividing what is now Thailand and Cambodia. French surveyors sketched a line that was supposed to follow the watershed boundary, a line that separates the river basins between the two countries. Near Preah Vihear, the border follows the edge of a cliff but diverges from the cliff near the temple complex so that it is included in Cambodian territory.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): Preah Vihear Temple (Khmer: ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ Prasat Preah Vihear; Thai: ปราสาทพระวิหาร; RTGS: Prasat Phra Wihan) is an ancient Hindu temple built by the Khmer Empire, located on top of a 525-metre (1,722 ft) cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains, in the Preah Vihear province of Cambodia. [...] Modern history and ownership dispute [edit]In modern times, Prasat Preah Vihear was rediscovered and became subject of a dispute between Thailand and the newly independent Cambodia. This came about due to the different maps each party used in national delimitation. In 1904, Siam and the French colonial authorities ruling Cambodia formed a joint commission to demarcate their mutual border to largely follow the watershed line of the Dângrêk mountain range, which placed nearly all of Preah Vihear temple on Thailand's side. France, who was the protector of Cambodia at the time, agreed with Siam in the Franco-Siamese boundary treaty of 1904. The Mixed Commission was set up in 1905, and it was to carry out delimitation between Siam and Cambodia. In 1907, after survey work, French officers drew up a map to show the border's location. Cambodia used the map published by French geographers in 1907 (called "Annex I map"), which showed the temple on Cambodian territory, while Thailand used the provisions of the treaty of 1904, which reads:
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-25): Prasat Preah Vihear (ព្រះវិហារ) is a Khmer (Cambodian) temple crowning a 525-m cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains in Cambodia, across the border from Si Saket and Kantharalak in northeastern Thailand. It is also the name of the surrounding province. [...] Though at the edge of a cliff whose top mostly belongs to present-day Thailand, and for some years occupied by that country, the temple was nonetheless claimed by Cambodia on the basis of a map prepared during French colonial times. In 1959 Cambodia brought the dispute to the International Court of Justice, which in 1962 ruled that, because Thailand had for years accepted this map, Cambodia had sovereignty over Preah Vihear. Soon afterwards Cambodia was plunged into civil war. The temple remained open to the public from Thailand (although unreachable from Cambodia) until 1975, when it was occupied by the Khmer Rouge, whose rusting artillery guns still litter the area. It was re-opened from the Thai side in 1998, and in 2003 Cambodia completed the construction of a long-awaited access road allowing Cambodians to visit the temple. In 2008, after a contentious nomination process, the temple was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [...] Stay safe [edit]Preah Vihear is the subject of a long-running territorial dispute between Thailand and Cambodia, and several soldiers on both sides were killed in clashes in 2008, 2009 & 2011. In Nov 2013 the UN's International Court of Justice ruled that the temple area and most of the disputed land were sovereign Cambodian territory. Thai officials pledged to abide by the ruling.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-05-23): "Preah Vihear belongs to neither Cambodia nor Thailand – it belongs to sacred powers. It has been a holy place for pilgrimage," said anthropologist and archaeologist Srisakra Vallibhotama. [...] Established in the reign of Cambodian King Yasovarman (889-900) under the Devaraja (divine kingship) Cult, Preah Vihear stands on the Peuy Ta Di cliff of the Phra Viharn Mountain. The mountain is part of the Phanom Dong Rek Range that lies between the Lower Khmer Plain and the Korat Plateau. [...] To prove that the Phra Viharn sanctuary compound, from the foot of the mountain to the top, is in Thai territory, just pour water from the top of the mountain and see on which side it drains. The fact is that the water flows towards Korat Plateau and to the Lam Trao reservoir in Si Sa Ket, Srisakra noted.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-13): Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), 1962 I.C.J. 6 (June 15), available athttp://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/45/4871.pdf (last visited on Jan. 10, 2009). [...] Kingdom ofCambodia,4 TheTemple ofPreahVihear: Proposed for theInscription on theWorldHeritageList(UNESCO) (Counsel of Ministers eds., 2008), available athttp://www.preah-vihear.com/PreahVihearProposalbyRGC.pdf (last visited on Jan. 12, 2009). Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), 1962 I.C.J. at 11.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): Nestled in the lush Dongrek Mountains along the Cambodia-Thailand border sits the majestic Preah Vihear Temple, one of Cambodia’s most awe-inspiring ancient sites. Constructed in the early 9th century under King Yasovarman I, Preah Vihear has undergone centuries of expansion and remodeling, culminating in its current form as a stunning Khmer architectural masterpiece. [...] Preah Vihear’s location right on the border between Cambodia and Thailand has also made it the center of political disputes over the centuries. Thailand occupied the temple in the 1950s, leading to a bitter legal battle with Cambodia over ownership. In 1962, the International Court of Justice awarded sovereignty of Preah Vihear to Cambodia, cementing its status as a proudly Cambodian national symbol. [...] Due to Preah Vihear’s remote cliff-top location, getting to the temple takes some effort but is well worth it. Most visitors access the temple from Thailand, crossing the border from the Thai town of Kantharalak. From there, it’s a short tuk-tuk ride to the base of the stairs leading up to Preah Vihear.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-01): Preah Vihear Temple (Khmer: ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ Prasat Preah Vihear) is an ancient Hindu temple built during the period of the Khmer Empire, that is situated atop a 525-metre (1,722 ft) cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains, in the Preah Vihear province, Cambodia. In 1962, following a lengthy dispute between Cambodia and Thailand over ownership, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague ruled that the temple is in Cambodia. Affording a view for many kilometers across a plain, Prasat Preah Vihear has the most spectacular setting of all the temples built during the six-century-long Khmer Empire. As a key edifice of the empire’s spiritual life, it was supported and modified by successive kings and so bears elements of several architectural styles. Preah Vihear is unusual among Khmer temples in being constructed along a long north–south axis, rather than having the conventional rectangular plan with orientation toward the east. The temple gives its name to Cambodia’s Preah Vihear province, in which it is now located, as well as the Khao Phra Wihan National Park which borders it in Thailand’s Sisaket province, though it is no longer accessible from Thailand. On 7 July, 2008, Preah Vihear was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-26): Preah Vihear was one of the Khmer Empire’s most important Shiva temples. Shiva has a strong association with mountains, as his mythical abode is at the peak of Mt. Kailash, a mountain which really exists in present-day Tibet. The Khmer Empire itself was founded atop Mt. Kulen, while the mountaintop temple Phnom Bakheng was also meant to represent Mt. Kailash. Considering Preah Vihear’s size, though, this may have been the most significant. As Khmer kings traditionally identified themselves as incarnations of Shiva, they most likely would’ve made royal pilgrimages here from Angkor. [...] Up until very recently, the temple of Preah Vihear and the territory around it were in dispute for decades. After the French colonialists left Cambodia, the border between Cambodia and Thailand was never officially resolved. The two countries took the matter to the International Court of Justice in 1962, who ruled in favor of Cambodia. For whatever reason, though, the ICJ failed to make a clear ruling on the land surrounding the temple, and the area remained in dispute. Preah Vihear was actually accessible from both countries for many years. In 2008, the temple was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which reignited tensions over which country owned it. Over the next three years, fighting would break out that ultimately ended in the death of 8 soldiers. Thousands of civilians had to be displaced and there was also slight damage to the temple itself.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-11-17): "The Preah Vihear temple is a masterpiece of Khmer creative genius, a unique testimony to the cultural tradition of civilisation and the most outstanding architectural feat of an ancient technological ensemble, with a landscape illustrating a significant stage in human history," said Chuch Phoeun, secretary of state at the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts. [...] "The PreahVihear temple was dedicated to Shiva, the God of the Brahman religion, but it was not cut off from Buddhism because most of the kings who helped build this temple understood Buddhism," Phoeun said. [...] Preah Vihear temple is located in Preah Vihear province near the border with Thailand. It is a two hour drive from Siem Reap.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-15): About Preah Vihear Temple The Preah Vihear Temple is a sacred Angkorian site on the border between Cambodia and Thailand which is dedicated to the Hindu deity, Shiva. The site is heavily contested, with Thailand having been ordered to withdraw a military presence which has been stationed around the temple since 1954. [...] Officially, the Preah Vihear Temple is based in Cambodia, although the site is more easily reached from Thailand. Soldiers from both sides are still posted at the site and it is still quite a volatile area. In 2008, UNESCO listed the Preah Vihear Temple, which was also a contentious issue.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): The ownership dispute revived in recent years when Cambodia submitted an application to UNESCO requesting that Preah Vihear be designated as a World Heritage Site. Thailand contended the application requested the designation include the land surrounding the temple, which Thailand still considers its territory. In the interest of cross-border relations Cambodia withdrew the application, and after winning support from Thailand, submitted a modified map requesting the designation only for the temple itself. [...] - July 2008 - On July 2, 2008, as UNESCO began its annual meeting in Quebec, Canada, the Bangkok Post online published a Deutsche Presse-Agentur (German Press Agency) report that erroneously stated that Preah Vihear partially sits on Thai territory.[25] Following the Thai government's decision to support Cambodia's bid for World Heritage listing, anti-Thaksin Shinawatra opposition figures mounted a legal challenge against Thai Foreign Minister Noppadon Pattama. [...] - On July 2, 2008, as UNESCO began its annual meeting in Quebec, Canada, the Bangkok Post online published a Deutsche Presse-Agentur (German Press Agency) report that erroneously stated that Preah Vihear partially sits on Thai territory.[25] Following the Thai government's decision to support Cambodia's bid for World Heritage listing, anti-Thaksin Shinawatra opposition figures mounted a legal challenge against Thai Foreign Minister Noppadon Pattama.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-27): Clinging to the edge of a dizzying 525-meter cliff in the remote Dângrêk Mountains on the modern Cambodian-Thai border, Preah Vihear temple is one of the most awe-inspiring and historically significant architectural wonders from the ancient Khmer Empire. This sprawling, 800-meter-long complex of intricately decorated temples, halls and shrines dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva represents both the pinnacle of Khmer artistry and engineering and a fascinating window into the power, devotion and worldview of medieval Khmer civilization. [...] More recently, Preah Vihear has been the center of a simmering territorial dispute between Cambodia and Thailand, at times breaking out into armed clashes. The area contains valuable logging and farming land. The temple‘s UNESCO World Heritage inscription in 2008, supported by Cambodia, angered Thai nationalists and heightened tensions. As a result, both countries maintain a tense military presence around the site. [...] Preah Vihear Temple By the Numbers - 525 meters (1,722 ft): Height of the cliff Preah Vihear is built on - 800 meters (2,625 ft): North-south length of temple complex - Early 11th century AD: Original construction date - 4 main levels, each with multiple buildings and courtyards - 2,600 hectares: Total area of Preah Vihear archeological site - 600+ meters: Total length of bas relief carvings - 120,000+: Visitor numbers in 2019 - 1962: Year Cambodia gained full sovereignty over the temple from Thailand by ICJ ruling - 2008: Year listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site