copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: CDC Admits 98 Million Americans Received Polio Vaccine In An 8-Year Span When It Was Contaminated With Cancer Virus (Dave Mihalovic, 2019-07-25)
Evidence (2023-11-06): According to the anti-vaccine disinformation, the myth about the polio vaccine and cancer started when the CDC supposedly admitted that 98 million Americans received the polio vaccine during an 8-year span when it was contaminated with a cancer virus. Other websites essentially repeated the same nonsense. And it’s in the lyrics of a rap song (seriously, the stuff people send me continues to amaze me). [...] - Polio vaccines were contaminated with the SV40 virus (known as Simian virus 40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans), - SV40 causes cancer, - The CDC admits that 98 million Americans are at significant risk of SV40 infection and thus cancer. [...] Lastly, and most importantly, the claim that "98 million" might catch cancer from the polio vaccine sounds like an incredibly scary story. The number is ultimately inaccurate, a tactic employed by the anti-vaccine religion whenever it suits their needs to establish the dangers of vaccines. In other words, facts are damned, let’s say whatever sounds truly spine-chilling.
Claim: CDC Admits 98 Million Americans Received Polio Vaccine In An 8-Year Span When It Was Contaminated With Cancer Virus (Dave Mihalovic, 2019-07-25)
Evidence (2020-12-08): FULL CLAIM: "Did vaccines get rid of polio? The answer is NO!"; "Between 1955 - 1963 CDC admits 98 million Americans received the polio vaccine in an 8-year span when it was contaminated with the cancer-causing virus SV 40"; "The rise and fall of polio does actually correspond with the usage of DDT [...] Is it possible that many cases of polio were actually DDT poisoning? Is it possible that the decrease in DDT was a contributing factor in the decrease in polio cases?" An Instagram post claims that vaccines did not get rid of polio and, "between 1955–1963 [the] CDC admits 98 million Americans received the polio vaccine in an 8-year span when it was contaminated with the cancer-causing virus SV40." The post, which contains a video, was published on 2 December 2020, and received more than 35,000 views. The video also claims that "The rise and fall of polio does actually correspond with the usage of DDT [a type of pesticide]." Using the rhetorical technique of "just asking questions," the video suggests that "many cases of polio were actually DDT poisoning." [...] The claim that the vaccine once contained a cancer-causing virus is misleading and unsupported by scientific evidence. Health Feedback also addressed this claim in an earlier review. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention explained:
Claim: CDC Admits 98 Million Americans Received Polio Vaccine In An 8-Year Span When It Was Contaminated With Cancer Virus (Dave Mihalovic, 2019-07-25)
Evidence (2003-09-10): THE SV-40 VIRUS: HAS TAINTED POLIO VACCINE CAUSED AN INCREASE IN CANCER ======================================================================= [...] However, some parents and a growing number of scientists now believe that the government did not ensure the purity, potency, and safety of some of the polio vaccines and that a breach of the public trust did in fact occur. There is no dispute that millions of Americans received polio vaccines that were contaminated with the virus called Simian Virus 40, or SV- 40. There also is no dispute that SV-40 is capable of causing cancer, but there is a major dispute as to how many Americans may have received the contaminated vaccine, with estimates ranging from 4 million to 100 million people. There is also a major dispute as to when the polio vaccine supply got cleaned up. In addition, nobody knows how many people got sick or died because of the contaminated vaccines. [...] Since 1999, the United States has discontinued use of the live oral polio vaccine and American children are now getting a killed vaccine that is reportedly SV-40 free. So why is it important today to find out whether or not the oral vaccine used to eradicate polio was in fact contaminated with the cancer causing monkey virus and that the vaccine manufacturer knew it and government health agencies looked the other way?
Claim: CDC Admits 98 Million Americans Received Polio Vaccine In An 8-Year Span When It Was Contaminated With Cancer Virus (Dave Mihalovic, 2019-07-25)
Evidence (2019-07-25): Polio vaccines were indeed contaminated by SV40 at a point in time, but the claim that SV40 causes cancer in humans is not supported by scientific evidence. [...] This article by Dave Mihalovic, published on Waking Times and reproduced in several other websites, has been shared more than 21,000 times and is trending on Facebook. The article claims that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) "admits 98 million Americans received polio vaccine in an 8-year span when it was contaminated with cancer virus". It also asserts that this information was later "quickly removed" by the CDC. [...] Overall, the claim contains a grain of truth in that polio vaccines were indeed contaminated with SV40 at a point in time and that people did receive these contaminated vaccines. But the claim that SV40 causes cancer in humans is premature – the current state of scientific evidence is not sufficient to support a causal link between SV40 and cancer. A review by Tam et al. discussed in detail the challenges involved in evaluating this link, particularly when using past epidemiological studies (such as determining exposure levels, improvements in cancer diagnosis over the past decades)[10]. Further studies will be needed to provide a definitive answer.
Claim: CDC Admits 98 Million Americans Received Polio Vaccine In An 8-Year Span When It Was Contaminated With Cancer Virus (Dave Mihalovic, 2019-07-25)
Evidence (2023-08-24): CLAIM: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention admitted that 98 million Americans were given a "cancer virus" through the polio vaccine. AP’S ASSESSMENT: False. The CDC has made no such statement, and the claim misrepresents a fact sheet put out by the agency more than 10 years ago about some polio vaccines that were administered between 1955 to 1963. The agency has said that that 10-30% of the 98 million shots administered in that period were contaminated with simian virus 40, or SV40, but that most studies have found no causal relationship between SV40 and cancer in humans. [...] "CDC admits 98 million Americans were given cancer virus via the polio shot," reads the article’s headline.
Claim: CDC Admits 98 Million Americans Received Polio Vaccine In An 8-Year Span When It Was Contaminated With Cancer Virus (Dave Mihalovic, 2019-07-25)
Evidence (2023-09-14): Claim that virus contaminating polio vaccine between 1955 and 1963 is cancer-causing not supported by science
Claim: CDC Admits 98 Million Americans Received Polio Vaccine In An 8-Year Span When It Was Contaminated With Cancer Virus (Dave Mihalovic, 2019-07-25)
Evidence (2024-09-03): SV40 was found to be present in stocks of the injected form of the IPV in use between 1955 and 1963.[35] It is not found in the OPV form.[35] Over 98 million Americans received one or more doses of polio vaccine between 1955 and 1963 when a proportion of vaccine was contaminated with SV40; an estimated 10–30 million Americans may have received a dose of vaccine contaminated with SV40.[35] Later analysis suggested that vaccines produced by the former Soviet bloc countries until 1980, and used in the USSR, China, Japan, and several African countries, may have been contaminated, meaning hundreds of millions more may have been exposed to SV40.[40] In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a large study, using cancer case information from the institute's SEER database. The published findings from the study revealed no increased incidence of cancer in persons who may have received vaccine containing SV40.[41] Another large study in Sweden examined cancer rates of 700,000 individuals who had received potentially contaminated polio vaccine as late as 1957; the study again revealed no increased cancer incidence between persons who received polio vaccines containing SV40 and those who did not.[42] The question of whether SV40 causes cancer in humans remains controversial, however, and the development of improved assays for detection of SV40 in human tissues will be needed to resolve the controversy.[39]
Claim: CDC Admits 98 Million Americans Received Polio Vaccine In An 8-Year Span When It Was Contaminated With Cancer Virus (Dave Mihalovic, 2019-07-25)
Evidence (2023-10-31): Despite its great value in controlling a devastating disease, polio vaccine is a source of concern because at least some of the vaccines used between 1955 and 1963, when more than 98 million persons were vaccinated in the United States, are known to have been contaminated with SV40. SV40 is a polyomavirus that commonly infects certain species of Asian macaques, especially the rhesus monkey. Other polyomaviruses, which are generally species-specific, include the BK and JC viruses of humans. Polyomaviruses are a genus of the papovavirus family of DNA viruses. This family also includes the papillomaviruses, of which one—human papillomavirus (HPV)—is causally associated with cervical cancer. [...] Some of the polio vaccine administered from 1955–1963 was contaminated with simian virus 40 (SV40). The virus came from the monkey kidney cell cultures used to produce the vaccine. Most, but not all, of the contamination was in the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Once the contamination was recognized, steps were taken to eliminate it from future vaccines. There have been many questions as to the effects on people who received the contaminated vaccine. SV40 has biological properties consistent with a cancer-causing virus, but researchers have not conclusively established whether or not it could cause cancer in humans. Studies of groups of people who received polio vaccine during 1955–1963 provide evidence of no increased cancer risk.
Claim: CDC Admits 98 Million Americans Received Polio Vaccine In An 8-Year Span When It Was Contaminated With Cancer Virus (Dave Mihalovic, 2019-07-25)
Evidence (2015-10-24): On 25 October 2015, Viral Alternative News published an article titled "CDC admits 98 million Americans were given a cancer causing virus via the polio shot," which followed on the heels of a September 2015 article from the web site Vaccines.News headlined "CDC admits 98 million Americans were given cancer virus via the polio shot" (credited to a reporter by the name of "evilnews"), the latter of which cited InvestmentWatch's August 2015 piece titled "CDC Admits 98 Million Americans Received Polio Vaccine in an 8-Year Span When It Was Contaminated With Cancer Virus": The CDC has quickly removed a page from their website, which WAS cached here (since removed by Google so you can view an image of the cache here), admitting that more than 98 million Americans received one or more doses of polio vaccine within an 8-year span from 1955-1963 when a proportion of the vaccine was contaminated with a cancer causing polyomavirus called SV40. It has been estimated that 10-30 million Americans could have received an SV40 contaminated dose of the vaccine. [...] Clearly 98 million Americans were not "given [a] cancer virus via the polio shot," because not every single polio vaccination undertaken between the years of 1955 and 1963 involved vaccine contaminated with SV40: the CDC estimated that somewhere between 10 and 30 million Americans might have received SV40-contaminated vaccine during that period. Moreover, SV40 is not a "cancer virus," and there is no definitive evidence that either SV40 itself or SV40-contaminated polio vaccine causes (or has caused) cancer.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2019-12-07): Warming related to human activities is estimated to be around 1°C over the past century. This document claims to overturn decades of scientific findings but provides neither the source of the data it uses nor the physics responsible for the proposed relationship between clouds and global temperature.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2019-10-09): The unpublished paper by Kauppinen & Malmi is deeply flawed and the claims that (1) CO2 has caused only 0.1 degC of warming and that (2) only 10% (0.01 degC) of this warming is from human activity are both unsupported claims. [...] Finally, after using a bunch of nonsense calculations to say that 0.1 °C warming is from CO2, they say that 90% of the change in CO2 is caused by the oceans. This violates conservation of mass from basic chemistry13: the oceans are actually absorbing CO214,15 which, again, is the complete opposite of what Kaupinen and Malmi claim. Without claiming the opposite of reality, their conclusions cannot be supported. [...] Careful analysis that attempts to take into account all major factors and their evolution in time indicates that anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gasses account for more than 100% of the observed warming on the century timescale (requiring cancellation from cooling influences). See the summary graphic from Carbon Brief, below.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2017-01-01): Global annually averaged surface air temperature has increased by about 1.8°F (1.0°C) over the last 115 years (1901–2016). This period is now the warmest in the history of modern civilization. The last few years have also seen record-breaking, climate-related weather extremes, and the last three years have been the warmest years on record for the globe. These trends are expected to continue over climate timescales. [...] The likely range of the human contribution to the global mean temperature increase over the period 1951–2010 is 1.1° to 1.4°F (0.6° to 0.8°C), and the central estimate of the observed warming of 1.2°F (0.65°C) lies within this range (high confidence). This translates to a likely human contribution of 92%–123% of the observed 1951–2010 change. The likely contributions of natural forcing and internal variability to global temperature change over that period are minor (high confidence). (Ch. 3; Fig. ES.2) [...] If greenhouse gas concentrations were stabilized at their current level, existing concentrations would commit the world to at least an additional 1.1°F (0.6°C) of warming over this century relative to the last few decades (high confidence in continued warming, medium confidence in amount of warming. (Ch.4)
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2024-02-05): Human-caused greenhouse gas emissions drive global warming. Obtaining accurate information about the extent of the warming is vital, because it helps us understand if extreme weather events are more likely in the near future, and whether the world is making progress in reducing emissions. [...] But humans have been pumping substantial levels of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere since at least the early 1800s. So the baseline period from which warming is measured should ideally be defined from the mid-1700s or earlier. [...] Our findings suggest that in the interval between the end of our newly defined pre-industrial period and the 30-year average mentioned above, the temperatures of the ocean and land surface increased by 0.9°C. This is far more than the 0.4°C warming the IPCC has estimated, using the conventional timeframe for the pre-industrial period.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2007-01-01): © ® The Nobel Foundation IPCC honoured with the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize [...] This Summary for Policymakers (SPM), which was approved by IPCC member governments in Shanghai in January 20013, describes the current state of understanding of the climate system and provides estimates of its projected future evolution and their uncertainties. Further details can be found in the underlying report, and the appended Source Information provides cross references to the report's chapters. Since the release of the Second Assessment Report (SAR4), additional data from new studies of current and palaeoclimates, improved analysis of data sets, more rigorous evaluation of their quality, and comparisons among data from different sources have led to greater understanding of climate change.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2023-07-21): Even under the most optimistic scenarios of the future – in which humans stop burning fossil fuels and reduce other greenhouse gas emissions – average global temperature will very likely remain at least 1 C above preindustrial temperatures, and possibly much higher, for multiple centuries. This new climate state, characterized by a multi-century global warming level of 1 C and higher, can be reliably compared with temperature reconstructions from the very distant past. [...] Without rapid and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth is currently on course to reach temperatures of roughly 3 C (5.4 F) above preindustrial levels by the end of the century, and possibly quite a bit higher.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2024-09-28): The concept of more atmospheric CO2 increasing ground temperature was first published by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.[53] The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy. The increased forcing drives further changes in Earth's energy balance and, over the longer term, in Earth's climate.[18] [...] Carbon dioxide is believed to have played an important effect in regulating Earth's temperature throughout its 4.54 billion year history. Early in the Earth's life, scientists have found evidence of liquid water indicating a warm world even though the Sun's output is believed to have only been 70% of what it is today. Higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the early Earth's atmosphere might help explain this faint young sun paradox. When Earth first formed, Earth's atmosphere may have contained more greenhouse gases and CO2 concentrations may have been higher, with estimated partial pressure as large as 1,000 kPa (10 bar), because there was no bacterial photosynthesis to reduce the gas to carbon compounds and oxygen. Methane, a very active greenhouse gas, may have been more prevalent as well.[102][103]
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2021-11-10): - The magnitude and rate warming over the last 150 years far surpasses the magnitude and rate of changes over the last 24,000 years. "This reconstruction suggests that current temperatures are unprecedented in 24,000 years, and also suggests that the speed of human-caused global warming is faster than anything we've seen in that same time," said Jessica Tierney, a UArizona geosciences associate professor and co-author of the study. [...] The team created maps of global temperature changes for every 200-year interval going back 24,000 years.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2024-04-09): Carbon dioxide is Earth’s most important greenhouse gas: a gas that absorbs and radiates heat. Unlike oxygen or nitrogen (which make up most of our atmosphere), greenhouse gases absorb heat radiating from the Earth’s surface and re-release it in all directions—including back toward Earth’s surface. Without carbon dioxide, Earth’s natural greenhouse effect would be too weak to keep the average global surface temperature above freezing. By adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, people are supercharging the natural greenhouse effect, causing global temperature to rise. According to observations by the NOAA Global Monitoring Lab, in 2021 carbon dioxide alone was responsible for about two-thirds of the total heating influence of all human-produced greenhouse gases. [...] Natural increases in carbon dioxide concentrations have periodically warmed Earth’s temperature during ice age cycles over the past million years or more. The warm episodes (interglacials) began with a small increase in incoming sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere due to variations in Earth’s orbit around the Sun and its axis of rotation. (For more details, see the "Milankovitch cycles and ice ages" section of our Climate change: incoming sunlight article.) That little bit of extra sunlight caused a little bit of warming. As the oceans warmed, they outgassed carbon dioxide—like a can of soda going flat in the heat of a summer day. The extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere greatly amplified the initial, solar-driven warming.
Claim: During the last hundred years the temperature is increased about 0.1°C because of carbon dioxide. The human contribution was about 0.01°C. (Jyrki Kauppinen, Pekka Malmi, Paul Joseph Watson, 2019-12-07)
Evidence (2021-08-09): However, strong and sustained reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases would limit climate change. While benefits for air quality would come quickly, it could take 20-30 years to see global temperatures stabilize, according to the IPCC Working Group I report, Climate Change 2021: the Physical Science Basis, approved on Friday by 195 member governments of the IPCC, through a virtual approval session that was held over two weeks starting on July 26. [...] The report shows that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are responsible for approximately 1.1°C of warming since 1850-1900, and finds that averaged over the next 20 years, global temperature is expected to reach or exceed 1.5°C of warming. This assessment is based on improved observational datasets to assess historical warming, as well progress in scientific understanding of the response of the climate system to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. [...] The report also shows that human actions still have the potential to determine the future course of climate. The evidence is clear that carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main driver of climate change, even as other greenhouse gases and air pollutants also affect the climate.