copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2020-01-01): Non-fatal drug overdose after release from prison: A prospective data linkage study - PMID: 31757517 - DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107707 [...] Background: Adults released from prison are at increased risk of poor health outcomes and preventable mortality, including from overdose. Non-fatal overdose (NFOD) is a strong predictor of future overdose and associated with considerable morbidity. This study aims to the determine the incidence, predictors and clinical characteristics of NFOD following release from prison. [...] Conclusions: Adults released from prison are at high risk of non-fatal overdose, particularly in the first 14 days after release. Providing coordinated transitional care between prison and the community is likely critical to reduce the risk of overdose.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2020-07-10): Risk for drug-related death is significantly elevated in the 4 weeks following release from prison (Merrall et al., 2010). Among adults released from Washington State prisons between 1999 and 2003, the all-cause risk of death in the 2 weeks post release was 12.7 times greater than for other residents, and drug overdose was the leading cause of death after release (Binswanger et al., 2016). Drug overdose death after release from incarceration has been linked to multiple individual and social determinants. Individual risk factors for overdose include a decrease in drug tolerance while incarcerated due to no drug access or access to low purity drugs (Merrall et al., 2010). Risks of overdose are further elevated when heroin is used with other substances (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other depressants) (Coffin et al., 2007), there is presence of comorbid medical disorders (e.g., HIV and mental health disorders) (Coffin et al., 2007), and there is a history of prior overdose (Coffin et al., 2007) or injection of drugs (Merrall et al., 2010). Formerly incarcerated individuals, moreover, may be exposed to socio-cultural norms or behaviors that encourage drug use (i.e., drug use to celebrate release).
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2021-05-19): Opioid use and incarceration are interrelated problems in the United States. Even prior to the current opioid-driven overdose epidemic, up to one-third of people who used heroin were incarcerated annually (Boutwell, Nijhawan, Zaller, & Rich, 2007). Opioid use disorder (OUD) is more severe and advanced in justice-involved populations than in the general population (Winkelman, Chang, & Binswanger, 2018). While incarcerated, individuals often undergo a period of reduced opioid use that may lead to a diminished physiological tolerance to opioids (Binswanger et al., 2007). Reduced tolerance has been identified as a significant contributor to risk for drug overdose following release from incarceration, and it is estimated that individuals released from incarceration have nearly 13 times the risk of death as the general population, with overdose as the leading cause (Binswanger et al., 2016; Brinkley-Rubinstein et al., 2018; Green et al., 2018).
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2023-01-01): Fatal and nonfatal opioid overdose risk following release from prison: A retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data - PMID: 36821990 - PMCID: PMC10795482 - DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.208971 [...] Results: Between 2014 and 2017, 18,258 individuals were released from prison. A majority of individuals were male (87 %) and ages 26 to 64 (83 %). Two-thirds had a documented substance use disorder treatment need and 20 % demonstrated mental health treatment need. Following prison release, 579 opioid overdose events occurred; 65 (11 %) were fatal. The rate of opioid overdose was 1085.7 per 100,000 person-years (PY). Rates were highest in the first two weeks (2286.7 per 100,000 PY), among women (1582.9 per 100,000 PY), and those with mental health (1624.3 per 100,000 PY) or substance use disorder treatment needs (1382.6 per 100,100 PY). Only mental health (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.54, 95 % CI 1.24 to 1.90) and substance use need (aHR 2.59; 95 % CI 2.01 to 3.34) remained significant in multivariable models. Conclusions: The rate of opioid overdose is markedly elevated after prison release, particularly in the first two weeks. In women, the higher rate of opioid overdose is mediated by a greater mental health burden.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2018-01-08): Beyond the walls: Risk factors for overdose mortality following release from the Philadelphia Department of Prisons - PMID: 29908410 - DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.034 [...] Results: Of the 82,780 individuals released between 2010 and 2016, 2,522 (3%) died from any cause, of which 837 (33%) succumbed to overdose. Individuals released from incarceration had higher risk of overdose death compared to the non-incarcerated population (Standardized Mortality Ratio [SMR]: 5.29, 95% CI 4.93-5.65), and risk was greatest during the first two weeks following release (SMR: 36.91, 95% CI: 29.92-43.90). Among released individuals, black, non-Hispanic individuals (Hazard Rate [HR]: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.14-0.19) and Hispanic individuals (HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.34-0.50) were at lower risk for overdose than white, non-Hispanic individuals. Individuals released with a serious mental illness (SMI) were at higher risk of overdose (HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.27-1.87) than those without a SMI. Discussion: Previously incarcerated individuals are at high risk of overdose death following release from a local CJS, especially in the earliest weeks following release. Prevention measures including behavioral health treatment and referral and take-home naloxone may reduce overdose mortality after release.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2019-04-15): For PRJP, the community re-entry period starts upon release from jail or prison and extends beyond the first year following release. Over a decade of scholarly work demonstrates that PRJP are particularly vulnerable to post-release opioid-related overdose mortality [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. Drug overdose is the leading cause of death following release from the criminal justice system internationally; the majority of overdose deaths are opioid related [16, 18,19,20,21]. A seminal study in the United States demonstrated that after controlling for demographic factors, individuals released from prison in Washington State had 129 times greater risk of drug overdose in the first 2 weeks post-release relative to the general population. The majority of these overdoses involved opioids [15,16,17]. Elevations in overdose risk have been consistent internationally, among diverse demographic groups, and whether release was from long-term prison or shorter jail stays [16]. [...] Bird SM, Hutchinson SJ. Male drugs-related deaths in the fortnight after release from prison: Scotland, 1996–99. Addiction. 2003;98(2):185–90.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2023-03-10): People recently released from incarceration face a risk of opioid overdose 10 times greater than the general public, according to researchers at Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon State University and the Oregon Department of Corrections. The research, which will appear in the April issue of the Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment, also found that risk of overdose is highest among women and in the first two weeks following release from incarceration. [...] Despite the large proportion of people with substance use disorders who occupy the criminal justice system, prisons and jails are not equipped to manage the health care needs of these individuals or identify those who are at greatest risk. This research aimed to establish the risk of overdose post-incarceration and open up a broader discussion around strategies to protect people re-entering the community during this vulnerable period.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2023-05-05): This scoping review found an increased risk of drug-related death after release from prison, particularly during the first two weeks after release, though drug-related mortality risk remained elevated for the first year among former prisoners. Evidence synthesis was limited as only a small number of studies were suitable for pooled analyses for SMRs due to inconsistencies in study design and methodology. [...] Furthermore, similar to our findings, where the drug-related death risk was highest in the first two weeks after release; a meta-analysis of mortality during the 12 weeks after prison release reported an increased risk of drug-related mortality during the first 2 weeks after prison release compared to the subsequent 10 weeks (however, the mortality risk was elevated during the first 4 weeks) [7]. [...] This scoping review found an increased risk of drug-related death after release from prison, particularly in the first two weeks after release, although the drug-related mortality risk remained elevated for the first year among former prisoners. Our results are of concern as we show that post-release mortality risk is still high despite similar findings having been reported in the literature more than a decade ago. This scoping review has detailed examples of differences in study design and methodology in included studies which has significantly limited evidence synthesis. This review suggests a need for a more consistent methodology and rigorous reporting of observational studies about mortality among former prisoners.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2021-10-28): The war on drugs - Every 25 seconds, someone in America is arrested for drug possession.1 The number of Americans arrested for possession has tripled since 1980, reaching 1.3 million arrests per year in 2015—six times the number of arrests for drug sales.2 - One-fifth of the incarcerated population—or 456,000 individuals—is serving time for a drug charge.3 Another 1.15 million people are on probation and parole for drug-related offenses.4 - Incarcerating people for drug-related offenses has been shown to have little impact on substance misuse rates.5 Instead, incarceration is linked with increased mortality from overdose. In the first two weeks after their release from prison, individuals are almost 13 times more likely to die than the general population.6 The leading cause of death among recently released individuals is overdose.7 During that period, individuals are at a 129 percent greater risk of dying from an overdose than the general public.8 - Incarceration has a negligible effect on public safety. Crime rates have trended downward since 1990, and researchers attribute 75 to 100 percent of these reductions to factors other than incarceration.9
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2020-10-13): Any amount of time spent in solitary confinement increases the risk of death after release from prison, including deaths by suicide, homicide, and opioid overdose. [...] Reentry is tumultuous and challenging to begin with, and the first two weeks after release are among the most difficult. Previous research has shown that, within those first two weeks, the risk of death from drug overdose, cardiovascular disease, homicide, and suicide is elevated. A 2007 study found that the risk of death in these first two weeks can be up to 12 times higher than that of the general population. Building on that study’s findings, this new North Carolina study finds that the experience of any solitary confinement more than doubles the risk of death for people recently released from prison. The study identifies two additional factors correlated with a heightened risk of death after release: race and the amount (length and frequency) of solitary confinement. All incarcerated people of color are more likely to die within a year of release, and the experience of solitary confinement only amplifies this racial disparity. A previous study found that, compared to their share of the total prison population, Black men and women are overrepresented in solitary confinement, exposing them disproportionately to its harms. And unsurprisingly, more frequent placements in solitary confinement—as well as longer stays2—are associated with worse outcomes across both white and nonwhite populations.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2021-02-09): "After many years of persistent advocacy, today I partnered with my colleague, Democrat Congressman Tonko to reintroduce the Medicaid Reentry Act, which will provide a pathway to access addiction treatment during incarcerated individuals' transition to society. Incarcerated individuals are 129 times more likely to overdose and die relative to the general population, and this devastating problem has undoubtedly worsened during the coronavirus pandemic," said Turner. "I am proud to champion this important bipartisan effort alongside Rep. Tonko. This landmark legislation will help reduce recidivism among incarcerated individuals and will work towards bringing America and Ohio one step closer to combatting the deadly opioid crisis." [...] According to research conducted by the Addiction Science and Clinical Practice, drug overdose is the number one cause of death following release from the criminal justice system, and the majority of overdose deaths are opioid related. Similarly, a study in Washington State demonstrated that individuals released from prison had 129 times greater risk of drug overdose in the two weeks after the release relative to the general population. Recent reports have showed that Opioid deaths in Ohio are at a ten year high, and many national experts and organizations have sounded the alarm that a surge in opioid deaths may be attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. To make matters worse, incarcerated population is already uniquely impacted by COVID-19 as incarcerated individuals often cannot achieve social distancing in their living environments.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2023-04-13): Opioid overdose is the leading cause of death among people released from correctional institutions. People released from prison are 129 times more likely than the general population to die of a drug overdose within the 2 weeks following their release. [...] The National Council for Mental Wellbeing, with support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, conducted an environmental scan to determine how overdose prevention and response efforts are currently implemented in community corrections. This effort included a literature review, 19 key informant interviews and a roundtable discussion with a diverse group of individuals with experience in community corrections, overdose prevention or harm reduction. [...] - Evidence-based interventions for individuals under supervision can reduce overdose mortality.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2019-12-20): But after his last release, in December 2018, Jones decided he had to make a change. Ten friends, most of them recently released inmates, had overdosed and died right after getting out of jail. Such overdoses are common because while inside, drug-addicted inmates either go through withdrawal or take smuggled drugs — usually Suboxone, a prescription opioid substitute. As a result, when released, Jones says, "your tolerance is so low, you can’t take as much. You get out and, bam, next thing you know you’re dead." [...] It’s part of a national effort that began with a San Francisco pilot program that started in 2006 and was bolstered by a 2007 study in the New England Journal of Medicine. That research found that in the first two weeks after release, inmates coming out of prison in Washington state were 12 times as likely to die of any cause and 129 times more likely to die of an overdose than other Washington residents matched by age, sex and race.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2023-07-21): Contact: Sloane Gallagher, Sloane.Gallagher@mail.house.gov [...] With over 600,000 people released from prisons across the country every year, and just over 7,000 housed in RRCs before release, it can prove incredibly difficult for justice-impacted individuals to access the resources needed to successfully reenter society, especially when it comes to health care. In fact, studies have shown that individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release. In response, Trone helped introduce the Reentry Act to restore access to health care, including addiction and mental health treatment, through Medicaid for incarcerated individuals up to 30 days before their release. [...] Follow Congressman Trone at @RepDavidTrone for updates on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2024-09-14): Roughly 24–36% of people who are incarcerated in the U.S. are formally diagnosed with opioid use disorder (OUD). Once released, individuals involved with the criminal legal system (CLS) face increased risks of return to use and fatality and are 129 times more likely to die from an overdose within the first two weeks of release compared to those without CLS involvement. People who are CLS-involved and who are seeking a recovery living environment can access temporary stable housing through recovery homes. However, entering a recovery home can be difficult due to fragmentation among recovery housing organizations and their non-uniform application and screening procedures. A navigation pilot program was implemented to provide clients with recovery home placement advice, pre-screening, and referrals in Cook County, IL. Existing research on recovery homes has rarely examined the importance of recovery housing navigation for enhancing service engagement among CLS-involved individuals receiving medications for OUD.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2023-03-30): WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, U.S. Senators Tammy Baldwin (D-WI) and Mike Braun (R-IN) introduced bipartisan legislation that expands access to health care, including mental health services and substance use disorder treatment, for Medicaid-eligible individuals 30 days before their release from jail or prison. The Reentry Act, which was endorsed by the New York Times editorial board, follows alarming evidence that shows individuals reentering society from incarceration are 129 times likelier than the general population to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release. [...] "In their first two weeks after release from incarceration, ex-convicts are 129 times more likely than the general public to die from a drug overdose. The Reentry Act seeks to tackle the epidemics of opioid overdoses and recidivism after release from prison by resuming benefits for Medicaid-eligible individuals 30 days before they are released to avoid a gap in coverage," said Senator Mike Braun.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2023-03-20): Tonko boldfaced one statistic for emphasis: "Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release." The release called this "alarming." [...] Specifically, the authors found that the risk of death from overdose was 129 times higher for people in the first two weeks after release, compared with the rate for the general public. [...] In the paper, published in the American Journal of Public Health, seven academics studied data for North Carolina from 2000 to 2015. They found that two weeks after release, the risk of an opioid overdose death was 40 times higher than for North Carolina residents generally, and the risk of a heroin overdose after two weeks was 74 times higher.
Claim: “Individuals released from incarceration are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose during the first two weeks after release.” (Paul Tonko, 2023-03-20)
Evidence (2021-02-10): "In their first two weeks after release from incarceration, ex-convicts are 129 times more likely than the general public to die from a drug overdose. The Medicaid Reentry Act seeks to tackle the epidemics of opioid overdoses and recidivism after release from prison by resuming benefits for Medicaid-eligible individuals 30 days before they are released to avoid a gap in coverage," said Senator Braun. [...] "Addiction doesn’t disappear behind bars, yet evidence-based addiction treatment is still too difficult to access for incarcerated individuals," said Paul H. Earley, MD, president of the American Society of Addiction Medicine. "During the first two weeks of reentry, people are 129 times more likely to die of a drug overdose and are at significantly higher risk of suicide, underscoring the need to ensure coordinated care during such a vulnerable time. We commend these bipartisan leaders for introducing the Medicaid Reentry Act and urge Congress to pass this critical legislation quickly in order to reduce the risk of overdose and ultimately save lives."