copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Qit'at Jaradah is a territory of Bahrain (Qit'at Jaradah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-23): Whereas Qatar maintains - just as it did with regard to Qit'at Jaradah - that Fasht ad Dibal as a low-tide elevation cannot be appropriated, Bahrain contends that low-tide elevations by their very nature are territory, and therefore can be appropriated in accordance with the criteria which pertain to the acquisition of territory. [...] [pp. 220-221 Decl. Vereshchetin] 13. I regret also being unable to concur with another finding of the Court relating to the characterization of the maritime feature Qit'at Jaradah as "an island" (paras. 195 and 252 (4) of the Judgment). The opposing views of the experts, the absence of any evidence whatsoever to the effect that Qit'at Jaradah has ever been shown on nautical charts as an island, the alleged attempts of both States to artificially change the upper part of its surface, do not allow me to conclude that Qit'at Jaradah has the legal status of an island as provided for in the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. In my assessment, this tiny maritime feature (see para. 197 of the Judgment), constantly changing its physical condition, cannot be considered an island having its territorial sea. Rather, it is a low-tide elevation, whose appurtenance depends on its location in the territorial sea of one State or the other. Therefore the attribution of Qit'at Jaradah should have been effected after the delimitation of the territorial seas of the Parties and not vice versa.
Claim: Qit'at Jaradah is a territory of Bahrain (Qit'at Jaradah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-02-28): Notably, in the Qatar/Bahrain case, the ICJ expressly stated that ‘islands, regardless of their size, in this respect enjoy the same status, and therefore generate the same maritime rights, as other land territory’ and that Article 121(2) UNCLOS codifies customary international law.[10] This statement is the more important since, in that particular case, the ICJ was examining, among other issues, the nature of Qit’at Jaradah, a tiny feature located in the maritime space between the parties.[11] [...] This is, indeed, what happened in the Qatar/Bahrain case mentioned above. After recalling the general principle, the ICJ went on to examine the nature of Qit’at Jaradah and determined that it was an ‘island’: The Court thus seemed to suggest that Qit’at Jaradah would be given full effect in generating maritime zones. However, the final outcome is quite different, as eventually Qit’at Jaradah did not even have effect for the delimitation of the territorial sea. In fact, according to the Court,
Claim: Qit'at Jaradah is a territory of Bahrain (Qit'at Jaradah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-23): Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) On 8 July 1991, Qatar filed an Application instituting proceedings before the Court against Bahrain concerning certain disputes relating to sovereignty over the Hawar islands, sovereign rights over the shoals of Dibal and Quit'at Jaradah, and the delimitation of the maritime areas of the two states. Qatar founded the jurisdiction of the Court upon two agreements between the parties dated December 1987 and December 1990. The subject and scope of the commitment to jurisdiction were to be determined by a formula proposed by Bahrain to Qatar in October 1988 and accepted by Qatar in December 1990. Bahrain contested the jurisdiction of the Court arguing that none of the documents referred to by
Claim: Qit'at Jaradah is a territory of Bahrain (Qit'at Jaradah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1995-02-15): In its Judgment the Court recalls that on 8 July 1991 Qatar filed an Application instituting proceedings against Bahrain in respect of certain disputes between the two States relating to sovereignty over the Hawar islands, sovereign rights over the shoals of Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah, and the delimitation of the maritime areas of the two States. [...] 2. Fasht al Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah; [...] Further to its Application Qatar requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Bahrain has no sovereignty or other territorial right over the island of Janan or over Zubarah, and that any claim by Bahrain concerning archipelagic baselines and areas for fishing for pearls and swimming fish would be irrelevant for the purpose of maritime delimitation in the present case."
Claim: Qit'at Jaradah is a territory of Bahrain (Qit'at Jaradah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1999-01-01): The text of Bahrain's Article II read as follows: "The Court is requested: (1) to determine the extent to which the two States have exercised sovereignty over the Hawar Islands and have thus established such sovereignty; (2) to determine the legal status of and sovereign and other rights of both States in any features, other than Fasht ad Dibal and the Bahraini island of Qitat Jaradah in the Bahrain archipelago, or in any natural resources both living and non-living which may affect the delimitation referred to in paragraph (4) below; (3) to determine any other matter of territorial right or other title or interest claimed by either State in the land or maritime territory of the other; (4) . . . to draw a single maritime boundary . . ." (Memorial of Qatar, Ann. II.27.)
Claim: Qit'at Jaradah is a territory of Bahrain (Qit'at Jaradah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2002-01-09): 8 This feature lies a few nautical miles north of Qit’at Jaradah, is closer to the Qatar peninsula than to the main islands of Bahrain, but is still within 12 nautical miles of both states’ presumed coastal baselines. [...] In that submission, Bahrain asked the Court to "adjudge and declare that. . . [i]n view of Bahrain’s sovereignty over all the insular and other features, including Fasht ad Dibal and Qit’atjaradah, comprising the Bahraini archipelago, the maritime boundary between Bahrain and Qatar is as described" in Bahrain’s memorial (part II), countermemorial (part II), and reply.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-22): Fergana Valley is a valley in Central Asia, lying mostly in eastern Uzbekistan, extending into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan. [...] The Fergana valley was ruled by a series of Muslim states in the medieval period. For much of this period local and southwestern rulers divided the valley into a series of small states. From the 16th century, the Shaybanid dynasty of the Khanate of Bukhara ruled Fergana, replaced by the Janid dynasty of Bukhara in 1599. In 1709 Shaybanid emir Shahrukh of the Minglar Uzbeks declared independence from the Khanate of Bukhara, establishing a state in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley. He built a citadel to be his capital in the small town of Kokand. As the Khanate of Kokand, Kokand was capital of a territory stretching over modern eastern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, southern Kazakhstan and all of Kyrgyzstan.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-31): The Fergana Valley is a transboundary, intermontane, multiethnic region that features conflict over water and borders, while being a uniquely prosperous section of Central Asia. This lowland between the Tien-Shan Mountains and the Pamir-Alay Mountains is watered by the Kara Darya and the Naryn streams as they merge to form the Syr Darya. ("Darya" means "river" in local Turkic languages.) Given that Central Asia features steppe, deserts, and mountains, it is singularly valuable to have lowlands with regular river flow. [...] Moreover, it is not as if the Fergana Valley is home to a few scattered people in a far distant place. True, Americans may view the Fergana Valley as a far distant place, if they even know of it at all. However, for Central Asia the Fergana Valley is a vital piece of territory that is densely populated and agriculturally essential. In 2014, the population of the Fergana Valley was fourteen million people, over 20% of the population of post-Soviet Central Asia. These millions lived in only 5% of the corresponding land area. Population density of Fergana was about 1600 people per square mile, while that of the whole region measures about 40 people per square mile.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-03-26): Fergana Valley is a valley in Central Asia, lying mostly in eastern Uzbekistan, extending into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan. [...] The Fergana Valley is an intermountain depression in Central Asia, between the mountain systems of the Tien Shan in the north and the Alay in the south. The valley is approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) long and up to 70 kilometres (43 mi) wide, forming an area covering 22,000 square kilometres (8,500 sq mi). Its position makes it a separate geographic zone.[2] The valley owes its fertility to two rivers, the Naryn and the Kara Darya, which unite in the valley, near Namangan, to form the Syr Darya. Numerous other tributaries of these rivers exist in the valley including the Sokh River. The streams, and their numerous mountain effluents, not only supply water for irrigation, but also bring down vast quantities of sand, which is deposited alongside their courses, more especially alongside the Syr Darya where it cuts its way through the Khujand-Ajar ridge and forms the valley. This expanse of quicksand, covering an area of 1,900 km2 (750 sq mi), under the influence of south-west winds, encroaches upon the agricultural districts.[3]
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-09-14): While today, the Fergana Vallley is administrated by three different countries: Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. in the past in was one place and even the indpendent Kingdom of Fergana in the 6th Century. Three Kyrgyz Regions include parts of the valley: Osh, Jalal-Abad and Batken, (See my pages on these places) The Fergana Valley is an intermountain basin in the north-eastern part of Central Asi, bounded in the north and north-west by the Kuramin and Chatkal Ranges, in the east and north-east by the Fergana Range, in the south by the Alay and Turkestan Ranges. It is connected to the Turan lowland by a narrow passage in the west of the valley, the so-called "Khujand Gates". In 329 BEC, Alexander the Great founded Alexandria Eschate (Farthest Alexandria) to the southwest of the Jaxartes river valley, site of the modern Khujand in Tajikistan. [...] The Kingdom of Fergana existed between the 3rd century BC and 6th century AD in what is now the Ferghana Valley of eastern Uzbekistan. It was probably the area known in classical Chinese sources as Dayuan.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-17): Fergana Valley spans the northeastern part of Uzbekistan and extends into neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Approximately 300 kilometers (190 miles) long and up to 70 kilometers (43 miles) wide, the valley covers an expansive area of 22,000 square kilometers (8,500 square miles). Nestled between the Tian Shan Mountains to the north and the Alay Mountains to the south, this lush depression is often regarded as the heartland and agricultural basket of Central Asia. The Fergana Valley plays a crucial role in the region’s vitality with its fertile soil and abundant water supply from the Syr Darya River and its tributaries. [...] The Fergana Valley is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in Central Asia, drawing human presence for over a million years. Archaeological findings at the Selungur site, have revealed a set of flint stone tools, animal remains, and, most importantly, ancient human bones and teeth. For thousands of years, these early inhabitants survived through hunting, fishing, and gathering plants from the valley’s fertile landscape. [...] The Fergana Valley is perfect for those seeking to explore the local way of life and immerse themselves in the everyday rhythms of Central Asia. It’s an ideal destination for visiting family-run businesses of traditional artisans, from blacksmiths and embroiderers to potters and weavers, offering a unique glimpse into the region’s rich cultural heritage. With our expert guides, you’ll enjoy an authentic and personalized journey while we handle all the details.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-09): The Fergana valley is one of the world’s most fertile valleys and always has been. In addition Stalin drew a map making it one of the most complex ever seen. [...] In the Fergana Valley, always a very fertile and populous area, he made the map illustrated below. [...] We now continued into the valley of Fergana. It is fertile and it is all agricultural land. In the distance were the mountains providing water for the soil.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): We are happy to introduce you our brand new tour across the fascinating region of Fergana valley, hidden in Tien-Shan mountain range. Kyrgyzstan, country and cradle of nomads, covered with largely unexplored mountains and high-altitude lakes is an amazing place for nature lovers and mountain enthusiasts. Kyrgyz people had managed to preserve all customs and traditions of their culture and glad to present it to curious and passionate people, who are willing to reach them in distant places and regions. Variety of landscapes, steppes, deserts and prairies along with canyons, gorges, hills and river valleys made this place truly a pearl of Central Asia with inspiring views. We invite you to travel here, to explore Kyrgyzstan! Reception at the airport by the local guide. Transfer to Valley Suusamyr, 3 hours drive. Mounted Canyon Kara Balta. Passage of the tunnel through the mountains of Kyrgyz Alatoo. Grand view of the valley Sussamyr. Day of rest and acclimatization. Night and dinner at the guest house / hut / yurt as climate circumstances Alt. 2250 - 3120m. 200km - 270km. Transfer time: 3h. [...] Early morning transfer to Arslanbob. We drive around the lake to put us in the canyon of the great river Naryn, and then arrive in the Ferghana Valley, we go back a little valley in the middle of walnut forests. Arriving at the village around noon. Appointment with the team groom loading luggage on horses saddles. Following walking route to the Alpine Jaz-Jarim. Setting up camp. Night meal tent. 2200 M. d'alt. 330km. Transfer time: 3h 30
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-29): The Fergana Valley, sometimes spelled ‘Farghana’ or ‘Ferghana’, is a three-sided valley that connects Northern Tajikistan to the southerly end of Kyrgyzstan and the easterly section of Uzbekistan in Central Asia. Totally off the beaten track, this ancient region is characterized by age-old mosques, fascinating madrassas, friendly people, and bustling bazaars showcasing a plethora of traditional crafts from handspun pottery to the finest silk. Dating back over two thousand years, the Fergana region has been the site of major conflict with its neighbors fighting over the region’s natural resources, including cotton, natural rock, and a small quantity of oil. With humble beginnings as a trading route for the Persians and the Greeks, the Fergana Valley has passed hands throughout the years – from Babur’s Mughal Dynasty and Soviet Russia in the late 19th-century, to finally forming three independent republics in the early 1990s – northern Tajikistan being the main one. Tucked between two mountain ranges, the Tengri Tagh and the Gissar-Alai, the Fergana Valley covers an impressive 8,500 square miles of cattle-grazing farmland, snow-capped mountains, traditional villages, and fertile valleys. In fact, as it is fed by two rivers which flow onwards into the Syr Darya River, Fergana is one of Central Asia’s most fertile valleys – delicious fruit, vegetables, and other agricultural products thrive here.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-08): While these countries made progress on border demarcation, recent clashes between Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan and the persistent terrorism threat highlight how the Fergana Valley is inherently unstable because of ethnic tensions, radicalisation, jihadist propaganda, resource competition, and the influence of neighbouring Afghanistan under the Taliban regime. [...] The Fergana Valley, situated in Central Asia and shared among Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, holds considerable geopolitical significance because of its strategic location and abundant natural resources. The converging interests of these Central Asian republics underscore its importance in the Eurasian geopolitical landscape. [...] Security threats pose a high risk to the Fergana Valley because of its specific geographic and demographic features. Ongoing border disputes between Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, which have been historically influenced by Soviet policies, are exacerbating regional tensions.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Fergana Valley is a melting pot of cultures, nationalities, historical places and natural resources. Central Asian countries such as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan divide the valley between them. Fergana Valley is a melting pot of cultures, nationalities, historical places and natural resources. Central Asian countries such as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan divide the valley between them. It is one the nods of The Great Silk Road and accommodated many medieval cities such as Osh, Samarkand, Kiwa, Khudzhand, Balasagun and others. Many of the historical places like Uzgen mausoleums were erected during that era. Fergana Valley is one of the most densely populated areas in Central Asia. It was and still is an important trade hub of the region and Eurasian continent overall. From ancient times, travelers and caravans stopped in Fergana to trade, enjoy delicious food, fresh fruits and nuts as well as other agricultural products. Historically Fergana Valley has been occupied by various empires, for example, it was part of territories of Alexander The Great and later became Russian Turkestan. During Soviet Union Fergana was conditionally divided for administrative purposes, and after of Societ Union collapse these administrative border had become international borders between existing today Central Asian countries. When it comes to natural resources on the territory of Kyrgyzstan Fergana hosts Walnut and fruit forests of Arslanbob and Fergana Ridge. Length on Fergana Ridge is 255 kilometers. Naryn and Kara-Darya rivers intersect in the heart of Fergana valley and form Syr-Darya which is used for irrigation purposes in agriculture. There are national parks Kyrgyz-Ata National Park and Kara-Shoro National Park.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-01-01): The Fergana (also spelled Ferghana) Valley is like a vast oasis that lies at a convergent point of some of the great deserts and great mountains of Central Asia. It is unevenly divided among Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan with most of it in Uzbekistan. It is the most populous area in Central Asia, with 11 million people, many of them relatively conservative Muslims. The Uzbekistan section is home to about 10 million people, a third of Uzbekistan’s population. It also contains the region’s richest agricultural land that have traditionally produced melons and vegetables. The Fergana Valley is separated by mountains from the rest of Kyrgyzstan. The Fergana Valley is regarded as more Islamic and less Russified than northern Kyrgyzstan. Osh and Jalal-Abad are two of the largest oblasts in Kyrgyzstan. They account for less than 15 percent of the republic’s land but are home to 55 percent of Kyrgyzstan’s population and much of its agriculture.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-11): Fergana valley is a very fertile area between the Tien-Shan mountains Chatkal range in the North and the Gissar-Alai mountain ranges in the south in Central Asia, divided between the sovereign post-Soviet states of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. This densely populated area with a length of about 300 km and a width of about 140 km is very diverse between the different ethnic groups, mainly consisting of Uzbek, Tajik and Kyrgyz people with some minorities, that have been mixed one with the other. [...] When traveling in Fergana valley, always bear in mind that the borders of sovereign states are surprising and not all the borders are open for foreigners. Make sure that you have the valid Visas at place where necessary when traveling between destinations and especially if you are nearby any enclaves. Fergana valley is also the most religious and traditional part of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. [...] Fergana valley is a place to observe the agriculture-based life of the Central Asian peoples together with the rich culture of handicrafts in the different workshops. Here you can also observe the countless channels providing water to the fields from several rivers. This valley also holds several old fortress cities from the Silk Road and earlier times but not much of them have survived to our time due to the frequent earthquakes and as everywhere in the region,
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-19): The Fergana Valley lies in eastern Uzbekistan and is the country’s agricultural beating heart. The area is steeped in history and has yielded so much to Central Asia, including its ties with the Silk Road. [...] The Fergana Valley sweeps across eastern Uzbekistan and also dips into Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Technically, it’s not an actual valley; it’s a basin of flat plains between the northern Tian Shan Mountains and the southern Gissar-Alai range. The Syr Darya River nourishes the valley, while other canal systems have been created to irrigate the land. [...] The Fergana Valley was once part of the main Silk Route between Samarkand and Kashgar (China) so it became a place of rest for Silk Road traders to recuperate. I think it’s cool how the area today still proudly recognizes its traders, with countless markets and handmade pottery stalls.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2001-01-01): The Fergana Valley is an important corner of the world, located on the trade routes between empires. The Naryn and Kara Darya Rivers join in the center of the Fergana Valley to form the Syr Darya, which irrigates the valley and supports farming and agriculture. Transportation can be difficult throughout the region because of the intersecting borders and enclaves of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, which sometimes bisect roads and routes. [...] The Fergana Valley became part of Russian Turkestan in 1876, at which time intensive cotton farming was started in the region. In the 1920s, Turkestan was divided into the five republics that exist in Central Asia today, and Fergana Valley was divided between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Being an ethnically diverse region, lots of populations were left outside their titular republics (such as Uzbeks who ended up on the Kyrgyzstan side of the border), though this wasn’t a big deal as long as all the republics were part of the Soviet Union. People and goods could easily move across the borders, and transportation through the valley and around mountains was relatively simple.