copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-08-14): Russia and China signed a landmark deal on July 21, officially ending all outstanding territorial disputes between the two countries. Under the agreement, Russia will hand over Yinlong Island (known as Tarabarov in Russia) and half of the Heixiazi Island (Bolshoi Ussuriysky) at the confluence the of Amur and Ussuri rivers, clearing the way for closer strategic and economic relations with China. The deal flowed from an initial agreement signed in 2004 by former Russian President Vladimir Putin that proposed a 50-50 division of the disputed islands. While Russia returns Yinlong and half of Heixiazi, totalling 174 square kilometres, China has given up its claim to the other half of Heixiazi. [...] Negotiations between the two countries over the status of Heixiazi took place in 1964. Beijing demanded acknowledgement of the "unjust" character of all the seizures of territories by Russia since the nineteenth century. Moscow refused to discuss the issue. The second round of talks in 1969 ended abruptly with the eruption of armed clashes over Zhengbao (Damansky) Island in the Ussuri River. Both sides massed millions of troops along their borders as tensions escalated.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-26): This knowledge made Mr. Putin more amenable to serious concessions to China. His state visit to Beijing and the northeastern province of Heilongjiang in May 2024 included repeated expressions of approval for an expanded Chinese role in developing the Far East. That same month, the appointment of economist Andrey Belousov as defense minister highlighted Mr. Putin’s new appreciation that the war in Ukraine could only be won by prioritizing economic and industrial policy. [...] Chinese investment interests are focused on two key areas. One is the junction of the Amur (Heilongjiang) and Ussuri rivers, where Bolshoy Ussuriysky (Heixiazi) Island and the Russian city of Khabarovsk (with its population of 620,000) are located. The other is near the mouth of the Tumen River, not far from Russia’s great Pacific port of Vladivostok (population 600,000), where the Chinese border lies just 15 kilometers away from the Sea of Japan. In both of these strategic locations, Russia intends to harness China’s financial resources and manufacturing savvy to build two gigantic special economic zones. [...] Even for goods not produced in Russia, the growing number and efficiency of border crossing points and customs clearance procedures is speeding up the delivery of inputs needed for war production. Currently, 19 border crossing points are operating in Heilongjiang province alone, and they are being systematically modernized. In short, Russia is building up the logistical infrastructure its industry needs to sustain a long-term war.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-20): In particular, the border agreement includes a solution to a longstanding issue. Russia and China agreed to equally share territory of Bolshoi Ussuriisky and Tarabarov Islands (known as Heixiazi Dao in China) on the Amur River near Khabarovsk, and Bolshoi Island on Argun River. Russia and China had been struggling to find a mutually acceptable solution on these areas since 1991.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island (Russian: Большо́й Уссури́йский о́стров, romanized: Bol'shoy Ussuriyskiy Ostrov), or Heixiazi Island (simplified Chinese: 黑瞎子岛; traditional Chinese: 黑瞎子島; pinyin: Hēixiāzi Dǎo; lit. 'black bear island'[a]), is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. Since the Sino-Russian Border Agreement that was fully implemented in 2008, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island was divided between China and Russia. China was given control over part of the island, and Russia retained the rest. Since then, the issue has been peacefully settled, and China no longer claims the entire island. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km2 and is bounded closely by Yinlong/Tarabarov Island, and over 90 islets.[b] Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri, and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance. [...] The Government of the Republic of China (ROC) in Taipei has never recognized the sovereignty of the PRC government in Beijing. Therefore, the ROC still formally claims all parts of the Heixiazi Islands, as it does not consider border treaties signed by the PRC with other countries to be valid.[citation needed] [...] - ^ "黑瞎子岛解放军透过望远镜发现普京放生的东北虎"乌斯京" (The People's Liberation Army of Heixiazi Island discovered the Siberian tiger "Ustin" released by Putin through binoculars)". Archived from the original on 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-19): Heixiazi, the Chinese half of a divided island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, looks "like Disneyland," according to Akihiro Iwashita, a Japanese scholar who is an expert on Russia’s border issues with China and Japan. [...] Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island has been a source of Chinese-Russian tension dating back to the 1858 Treaty of Aigun, under which Russia vastly expanded its Far Eastern territories at China’s expense. From the Chinese perspective, the Aigun pact is counted among the humiliating "unequal treaties" that the imperial government at the time was compelled to sign, granting technologically superior Western powers, including Britain, the United States, France, and Russia, broad economic and territorial concessions. [...] The extent to which this trust/distrust dichotomy will play out in practice over Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island remains to be seen. The Russian side has already promised to present a detailed roadmap implementation plan at the Eastern Economic Forum in September.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-17): Heixiazi, the Chinese half of a divided island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, looks "like Disneyland," according to Akihiro Iwashita, a Japanese scholar who is an experton Russia’s border issues with China and Japan. [...] Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island has been a source of Chinese-Russian tension dating back to the 1858 Treaty of Aigun, under which Russia vastly expanded its Far Eastern territories at China’s expense. From the Chinese perspective, the Aigun pact is counted among the humiliating "unequal treaties" that the imperial government at the time was compelled to sign, granting technologically superior Western powers, including Britain, the United States, France and Russia, broad economic and territorial concessions. [...] The extent to which this trust/distrust dichotomy will play out in practice over Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island remains to be seen. The Russian side has already promised to present a detailed roadmap implementation plan at the Eastern Economic Forum in September.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-18): China often invokes historical narratives to justify these claims. Beijing, for example, has said that the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands, which it claims under the name of the Diaoyu Islands, "have been an inherent territory of China since ancient times." Chinese officials have used the same words to back China’s right to parts of the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The Chinese government also claims that its sovereignty over the South China Sea is based on its own historic maritime maps. [...] In this context, the CCP has expanded its irredentist ambitions. After the discovery of potential oil reserves around the Senkaku Islands, and the United States’ return of the islands to Japan in the 1970s, Beijing drew on its historical record to lay claim to the islands, even though it had previously referred to them as part of the Japanese Ryukyu Islands. Similarly, though Beijing and Moscow settled a dispute over Heixiazi Island, located along China’s northeastern border, in 2004, the 2023 map of China depicted the entire island (ceded, along with vast Pacific territories, by the Qing Dynasty to the Russian Empire in 1860) as part of its domain, much to the ire of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Collin Koh Swee Lean, a senior fellow with the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, argues that the Chinese mapping of Heixiazi Island shows that Beijing holds on to certain core interests and simply waits for the opportune time to assert them.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-10-15): Chinese soldiers raise a national flag during a ceremony on the Heixiazi Island Oct. 14, 2008. China and Russia held a ceremony on the Heixiazi Island Tuesday to unveil the boundary markers for the eastern section of their border. [Xinhua] [...] Related readings: China-Russia boundary marker unveiled China to regain control half of Heixiazi island [...] The 300-sq-km Heixiazi Island is located at the confluence of the Heilongjiang and Wusulijiang rivers that serve as a natural border between China and Russia. It was occupied by the former Soviet Union during a 1929 border skirmish.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-01): A large river delta between the Ussuri and Amur rivers (or the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, in Mandarin Chinese) is the site of a series of serious challenges between China and Russia for many centuries. The delta is almost 350 km2 in area and is located very close to Khabarovsk, the capital city of the Russian Far East. It includes two sparsely inhabited islands, called Bolshoi Ussuriiski and a smaller Tarabarov island (as known in Russian) or Heixiazi and Yinlong, respectively (in Mandarin). This remote delta area has been occupied by Russia since 1929, but China has maintained its claims to this territory. Deadlock over the future of this region has proved to be the main obstacle towards the full resolution of Sino-Soviet border disputes for various decades. The dispute led to the Zhenbao/Damanskii military clash in 1969 and drove the two countries to the edge of a nuclear war. Since 2004, a ‘fifty-fifty’ solution has finally been implemented and agreed to by both sides. [...] China Military News. 2010. Heixiazi island to become major joint China—Russian tourist resort. 26 November. http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/heixiaziisland-to-become-major-joint-china-russian-tourist-resort.html [...] Iwashita, A. (2013). Bolshoi Ussuriiski/Heixiazi.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-19): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island (Russian: о́стров Большо́й Уссури́йский), or Heixiazi Island (simplified Chinese: 黑瞎子岛; traditional Chinese: 黑瞎子島; pinyin: Hēixiāzi Dǎo), is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. It is divided between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Russia. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km² and is bounded closely by Yinlong Island (Tarabarov Island), and over ninety islets (in Chinese, Heixiazi may refer only to the large island or to the island group collectively). Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance. Contents - Joint development plan of heixiazi island by china and russia - Map of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island Jiamusi Heilongjiang Russia 680502 - History - Geography - Agreement between Russia and Peoples Republic of China - Controversy - References [...] The government of the Republic of China on Taiwan (ROC) has never recognized border treaties signed by the PRC with other countries. Therefore, the ROC still formally claims all parts of the Heixiazi Islands.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-01): The map touches on multiple territorial disputes, among them Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, which sits at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers that separate Russia and China. The island is known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-02): The Chinese call their side of the island Heixiazi (Black Bear Island), and since 2008 they’ve developed it into what is basically a nature reserve. Russian tourists, as it happens, enjoy only limited access to the territory. Travel vouchers are available only in Fuyuan, and vendors frequently refuse to sell tickets to Russian tourists, says Alexander Leonkin, a member of the Russian Geographical Society and a writer in Khabarovsk. [...] The Chinese media describes Heixiazi Island as an environmentally pristine haven, promoting it as the country’s most eastern territory with the easternmost nine-story pagoda. (On clear days, the structure is visible from Khabarovsk.) The pagoda is surrounded by 56 traditionally decorated pillars — one for each of the ethnic groups that live in China. [...] All these facilities comprise a single tourist complex; there’s been almost no residential housing here at all. The Chinese media’s message here is clear: Heixiazi Island’s habitat must remain undisturbed. The only people permanently residing on China’s side of the island are members of the Hezhe ethnic minority (a community closely related to the Nanai people). Heixiazi Island is hardly a lonely place, however. More than 600,000 tourists from mainland China visited the territory in 2016, and crowds are growing by 20-25 percent every year.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-31): Border disputes have been a major source of animosity between China and Russia. The two nations have disputed ownership of Bolshoi Ussuriysky (known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese) for years, with both nations coming to an agreement in 2004 on the matter after almost four decades of talks. [...] "Russia has suggested cross-border checkpoints. These would allow eight-seater or smaller cars to travel between Khabarovsk, one of the largest cities in Russia's Far East, and Fuyuan in Heilongjiang province, the most easterly town in China," Zhou Hong, director of the Heixiazi Island Development and Management Committee, said at the time.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-01): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, an outpost on the Amur River in the Far East, was disputed by Russia and China for decades, but it has now been divided almost equally between the neighbors. The Chinese call it Heixiazi Island. Developers have put forward plans to make it an important gateway for trade and travel, but on the Russian side most people live in dilapidated homes with minimal infrastructure.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-10-30): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island (Russian: Большо́й Уссури́йский о́стров, romanized: Bol'shoy Ussuriyskiy Ostrov), or Heixiazi Island (simplified Chinese: 黑瞎子岛; traditional Chinese: 黑瞎子島; pinyin: Hēixiāzi Dǎo; lit. 'black bear island'[lower-alpha 1]), is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. Since the Sino-Russian Border Agreement that was fully implemented in 2008, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island was divided between China and Russia. China was given control over part of the island, and Russia retained the rest. Since then, the issue has been peacefully settled, and China no longer claims the entire island. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km2 and is bounded closely by Yinlong/Tarabarov Island, and over 90 islets.[lower-alpha 2] Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri, and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance. [...] The Government of the Republic of China (ROC) in Taipei has never recognized the sovereignty of the PRC government in Beijing. Therefore, the ROC still formally claims all parts of the Heixiazi Islands, as it does not consider border treaties signed by the PRC with other countries to be valid.[citation needed]
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, or Heixiazi Island, is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. It is divided between the People's Republic of China and Russia. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km2 and is bounded closely by Yinlong Island, and over ninety islets. Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-05): The island is divided in almost equal sections between Russia and China. The Soviet Union occupied the whole of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese) following the so-called Chinese Eastern Railway Incident of 1929, but in an historic agreement between Russia and China signed in 2004, Moscow agreed to return about half of it. The transfer took place in 2008. Since then the island in the Ussuri has become a miniature symbol of the vast Asian regions divided between the two geopolitical giants. [...] What you find out looking at a map is that this statue is placed on China’s easternmost point, the very first place in China meeting the sun every morning. One of the ironies of political geography here is that China, the eastern empire, sits to the west and Russia, a European power, confronts it to the east. A swath of Russian territory cuts China’s Heilongjiang Province off from the Sea of Japan. Look again, more carefully, and you will realize why so many in Beijing regard the Russian far east exclave as the last remnant of European colonialism in Chinese lands. Is this monument a symbol, a proclamation that the East is Chinese?
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-06): In the days after the PRC’s release of its 2023 map, Russia rejected Beijing’s claim to all of Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, reported Newsweek magazine. The island, known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese, sits at the confluence of two border rivers, the Ussuri and Amur. After more than a century of territorial dispute, Russia ceded roughly half of the island to the PRC in 2008. Moscow also abandoned its army base there and handed over nearby Tarabarov Island. The PRC agreed in return not to claim more territory from Russia, according to Newsweek.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-04): China’s inclusion of the Russian territory of the Bolshoy Ussuriysky/Heixiazi island on the Amur River in its new map, despite the countries officially resolving the territorial dispute 15 years ago, could be a mistake, experts suggest. [...] The island, in the far northeastern part of Manchuria located at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, had been the subject of an old territorial dispute between China and Russia.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-08-14): The deal flowed from an initial agreement signed in 2004 by former Russian President Vladimir Putin that proposed a 50-50 division of the disputed islands. While Russia returns Yinlong and half of Heixiazi, totalling 174 square kilometres, China has given up its claim to the other half of Heixiazi. [...] The Heixiazi/Yinlong islands were seized by the Soviet army in 1929 during a skirmish with the Manchurian warlord, Zhang Xueliang. Through US arbitration, Zhang restored the Chinese Eastern Railway (a former Russian concession) to Soviet control in exchange for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Manchuria. However, the Soviet army held onto the islands due to their strategic value. [...] Negotiations between the two countries over the status of Heixiazi took place in 1964. Beijing demanded acknowledgement of the "unjust" character of all the seizures of territories by Russia since the nineteenth century. Moscow refused to discuss the issue. The second round of talks in 1969 ended abruptly with the eruption of armed clashes over Zhengbao (Damansky) Island in the Ussuri River. Both sides massed millions of troops along their borders as tensions escalated.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-27): First is border cooperation. Putin visited Harbin, Heilongjiang province, to attend the opening ceremony of the eighth China-Russia Expo and the fourth Russia-China Forum on Interregional Cooperation, reflecting the importance both countries attach to cross-border co-operation. China and Russia will also be engaged in constructive dialogue with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea about Chinese ships sailing through the lower reaches of the Tumen River. They will jointly develop Heixiazi Island, which is bound to further invigorate cooperation between the Russian Far East and China’s Northeast.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-05): The inclusion of Heixiazi Island in China’s official maps last August caused a stir, yet Russia responded with restraint. The recent agreement to jointly develop Heixiazi Island while respecting national sovereignty reflects both nations’ willingness to set aside disputes under U.S. pressure. Putin’s support for local cooperation and the negotiation of Chinese ships’ access to the Tumen River is also a response to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine War and U.S. pressure. The trilateral cooperation among China, Russia, and North Korea in the Tumen River Delta region brings economic complementarity benefits, although some believe that this move may potentially undermine the security of the Sea of Japan in the future. With Russia preoccupied with the war in Ukraine, addressing eastern issues remains secondary, and the dispute with Japan over the Northern Territories is unlikely to escalate to armed conflict. Joint air and naval strategic patrols by China and Russia aimed at Japan are primarily a message to the U.S. rather than an immediate military threat. Thus, development in the Tumen River Delta will focus on economic rather than military aspects.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-02): As the Republic of China, now based in Taiwan, has never recognized the People's Republic of China nor its border treaties with other countries, some maps published in Taiwan still show the entire Heixiazi Island and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River as Chinese territories. However, these maps show Outer Manchuria, sometimes called "lost territories in the Northeast" (東北失地), to be Russian territory. Some Manchu and Han Chinese regard Outer Manchuria as territory that was unfairly taken away, as in Mao's comments leading up to the Sino–Soviet border conflict.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-23): In addition, the two sides agreed to increase cooperation in civilian nuclear energy technology and construction and other areas of advanced technology, from aerospace and satellite navigation systems to information technology, including AI. The joint statement also references plans for joint development of Heixiazi or Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island near Khabarovsk, control over which has been a periodic source of tension between the two countries despite a 2005 border demarcation agreement. It envisions a greater role for China in shipping and the development of logistics infrastructure in the Arctic where Russia maintains a substantial military presence and has expansive claims. On the military front, the two sides agreed to enlarge the scale of joint military training activities and increase the frequency of joint maritime and air patrols.