copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The Spratly Islands (Filipino: Kapuluan ng Kalayaan;[1] Mandarin Chinese: 南沙群島/南沙群岛; pinyin: Nánshā Qúndǎo; Malay: Kepulauan Spratly; Vietnamese: Quần đảo Trường Sa) are a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea. Composed of islands, islets, cays,[2] and more than 100 reefs, sometimes grouped in submerged old atolls,[3] the archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines, Malaysia, and southern Vietnam. Named after the 19th-century British whaling captain Richard Spratly who sighted Spratly Island in 1843, the islands contain less than 2 km2 (490 acres) of naturally occurring land area, which is spread over an area of more than 425,000 km2 (164,000 sq mi). [...] External links - Spratly Islands - Disputed territories in Asia - Islands of the South China Sea - Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean - Archipelagoes of Southeast Asia - Maritime Southeast Asia - Archipelagoes of China - Archipelagoes of the Philippines - Archipelagoes of Taiwan - Archipelagoes of Vietnam - Islands of Brunei - Islands of Malaysia - Islands of Palawan - Landforms of Kaohsiung - Landforms of Khánh Hòa province - Sansha - Territorial disputes of Brunei - Territorial disputes of China - Territorial disputes of Malaysia - Territorial disputes of the Philippines - Territorial disputes of the Republic of China - Territorial disputes of Vietnam - Disputed atolls - Disputed islands of Asia - Disputed reefs - Disputed shoals - Horsts (geology)
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-19): The Spratly Islands dispute can be looked at from a variety of angles. The Spratly Islands are a smattering of more than 100 islets, shoals, reefs and sandbanks midway between Vietnam and the Philippines. The Spratlys links the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. They were named for a 19th Century British whaling captain. Many of the Spratly are little more than rocks which barely peep above the surface of the sea. In terms of national security, these islands are important due to their location in the South China Sea, where many merchant ships pass through to deliver goods, people, and energy products to Asian-Pacific countries. By controlling these islands, the country in question would be able to ensure the safe passage of their goods. Six nations lay claim to various parts of the Spratly Island archipelago. They are: the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. Five countries excluding Brunei maintain a continuous military presence in the area. These military forces occupy a number of the islands and reefs, and the claimant governments have stepped up economic and military activity in the region. This situation makes Spratly archipelago especially vulnerable for potential incidents, which can threaten regional and international security.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-02): The Spratly Islands and Territorial Rights [...] The Spratly Islands area (Fig. 1) is located between 11°30′ to 4° N and 109°30′ to 117°50′ E and spreads out over a vast area of ocean measuring 240,000 km2, roughly equivalent to the size of the United Kingdom (UK) (Dzurek 1996). It is clustered in a semiclosed sea, namely the South China Sea, in the shape of a parallelogram between the Philippine island of Palawan and the southeast coast of Vietnam (Denoon and Brams 1997). There are at least 19 islands (above water at high tides) within the meaning of Article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that can undoubtedly be acquired as territory under international law, as confirmed in the 2016 South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of Philippines v. The People’s Republic of China) award (PCA 2016). These islands are Itu Aba Island, Thitu Island, West York... [...] Ma, X. (2020). The Spratly Islands and Territorial Rights.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): According to researchers, claims to any of the features were not seriously made until the 19th or the early 20th century.[4][5] The Paracel Islands, currently occupied by China, are contested by Taiwan and Vietnam. The Spratly Islands are claimed by all three, where Vietnam occupies the greatest number of features and Taiwan occupies the largest, Taiping Island. Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines also claim some of the features in the island chain.[6] By the 1970s, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam had militarily occupied one or more of the Spratly Islands.[7] By 2015, Vietnam had established 48 outposts, the Philippines eight, China eight, Malaysia five, and Taiwan one.[8] [...] While the PRC, ROC and Vietnam claim the entire Spratly archipelago because of what they perceive to be their "historical right" to the area, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines base their respective claims on the stipulations regarding continental shelves outlined in UNCLOS. [...] While some would argue that the historical claims of the PRC, ROC, and Vietnam should be discarded because they do not conform to the stipulations of UNCLOS, this is unrealistic. The notion of historical entitlement sits at the foundation of their claims to the Spratly archipelago and are unlikely to dissipate simply because analysts choose to ignore them. As a result, any proposed framework must address such concerns.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-09): The only feature in the Spratly Islands that is claimed by Brunei is Louisa Reef. According to official statements by Malaysia and Brunei, an Exchange of Letters signed in 2009 has "established the final delimitation of territorial sea, continental shelf, and exclusive economic zone" between the two countries. The agreement unequivocally states that Brunei has sovereignty over two oil blocks within which Louisa Reef is located. Although Malaysia has not officially dropped its territorial claims over this feature, the agreement with Brunei substantially weakens Malaysia’s claims. As both Malaysia and Brunei have grounded their sovereignty claims over Louisa on the basis of coastal state rights, Malaysia’s acknowledgement of Brunei’s territorial sea, continental shelf, and EEZ is tantamount to effectively conceding Louisa Reef to Brunei. However, this appears to be a tacit understanding rather than an official agreement of any kind. The Exchange of Letters has yet to be publicized, and even if it would be made public, there would likely be no mentioning of Louisa. This is certainly the case with Limbang District, the other territorial dispute between Brunei and Malaysia.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-01): The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs surrounded by rich fishing grounds - and potentially by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces from China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Since 1985, Brunei has claimed a continental shelf that overlaps a southern reef but has not made any formal claim to the reef. Brunei claims an exclusive economic zone over this area. [...] Taiwan-Brunei-China-Malaysia-Philippines-Vietnam: all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China (including Taiwan) and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Brunei, Malaysia and the Philippines; despite no public territorial claim to Louisa Reef, Brunei implicitly lays claim by including it within the natural prolongation of its continental shelf and basis for a seabed median with Vietnam; the islands are strategically located in the South China Sea and are surrounded by rich fishing groups and potential oil and natural gas deposits; claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," which eased tensions but fell short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China’s island-building and military presence in the archipelago remain controversial
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-02-29): The Spratly Islands dispute is an ongoing territorial dispute among Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam concerning "ownership" of the Spratly Islands, a group of islands and associated "maritime features" (reefs, banks, and cays etc.) located in the South China Sea. The dispute is characterized by diplomatic stalemate and the employment of military pressure techniques (such as military occupation of disputed territory) in the advancement of national territorial claims. All except Brunei occupy some of the maritime features. [...] China, the Philippines, Taiwan (ROC) and Vietnam claim the whole Spratly Islands while Brunei and Malaysia claim part of the Islands. [...] Brunei's claims to the reef are based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).[14][15] Brunei states that the southern part of the Spratly Islands chain is actually a part of its continental shelf, and therefore a part of its territory and resources.[16]
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-01-08): Importantly, this analysis of Malaysian and Brunei claims in the Spratly archipelago was not undertaken as a prelude to a recommendation that the United States depart from its long held position of not taking a position on competing sovereignty claims in the South China Sea. That is not the intent of these legal analyses, nor is it one of the recommendations of the project. [...] This would be true if either China or Vietnam’s claims to the entire Spratly archipelago were judged to be superior. However, as Captain Roach points out in his findings, that depends on whether sovereignty over the entire Spratly archipelago ( spread over some 164,000 square miles of ocean) is based on considering the Spratlys as a single territorial unit, or if, because of its sprawl and remoteness, occupation by Malaysia of discrete previous unoccupied features could be legitimate. This is only one of the many issues an arbitral tribunal would have to sort out; in the remote chance that all of the contesting parties ever agreed to seek arbitration. Regarding Brunei, there is only one feature in the Spratlys that Brunei claims, Louisa Reef. The basis for this claim is that it is on Brunei’s continental shelf; the same rationale that Malaysia used to for its claims to Spratly features. In fact, Malaysia in the past had also claimed Louisa Reef, but has apparently quietly dropped that claim given that its neighbor’s rationale is identical to its own. Since that feature is considered part of the Spratly claim that means that both China and Vietnam also claim Louisa Reef.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The Spratly Islands dispute is an ongoing territorial dispute among Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam concerning "ownership" of the Spratly Islands, a group of islands and associated "maritime features" (reefs, banks, and cays etc.) located in the South China Sea. The dispute is characterized by diplomatic stalemate and the employment of military pressure techniques (such as military occupation of disputed territory) in the advancement of national territorial claims. All except Brunei occupy some of the maritime features. [...] Basis of Brunei's claim [edit]Brunei's claims to the reef are based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).[14][15] Brunei states that the southern part of the Spratly Islands chain is actually a part of its continental shelf, and therefore a part of its territory and resources.[16]
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-01): The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs surrounded by rich fishing grounds -- and potentially by gas and oil deposits. China, Taiwan, and Vietnam all claim the islands in their entirety, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. Around 70 disputed islets and reefs in the Spratly Islands are occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Since 1985, Brunei has claimed a continental shelf that overlaps a southern reef but has not made any formal claim to the reef. Brunei claims an exclusive economic zone over this area. [...] Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Spratly Islands etymology: named after a British whaling captain Richard SPRATLY, who sighted Spratly Island in 1843; the name of the island eventually passed to the entire archipelago
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-01): The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs surrounded by rich fishing grounds - and potentially by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces from China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Since 1985 Brunei has claimed a continental shelf that overlaps a southern reef but has not made any formal claim to the reef. Brunei claims an exclusive economic zone over this area. [...] Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam [...] Disputes - international all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China (including Taiwan) and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Brunei, Malaysia and the Philippines; despite no public territorial claim to Louisa Reef, Brunei implicitly lays claim by including it within the natural prolongation of its continental shelf and basis for a seabed median with Vietnam; claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-07): The other major claimant to the area is the Philippines, which invokes its geographical proximity to the Spratly Islands as the main basis of its claim for part of the grouping. [...] Malaysia and Brunei also lay claim to territory in the South China Sea that they say falls within their economic exclusion zones, as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, or UNCLOS. Brunei does not claim any of the disputed islands, but Malaysia claims a small number of islands in the Spratlys.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-04): As part of the larger South China Sea dispute, the long-standing Spratly Islands dispute is an ongoing territorial dispute regarding ocean areas and the Spratly Islands and the Paracel Islands to the north – two island chains claimed in whole or in part by a number of countries. The Spratly Islands consist of hundreds of islands and reefs. The 750 spits of lands that make up the Spratly Islands are small and largely uninhabited. However it is their strategic location in the middle of several major trade routes, being the home to fishing grounds which supply people across the region, as well as the possibility of their containing natural resources which have made the islands an extremely valuable commodity. It is worth noting that there has been little detailed exploration of the area, so estimates are largely extrapolated from the mineral wealth of neighbouring areas. By mid 2015, China had built at least seven artificial islands in the South China Sea. China has been building runways on its artificial islands for over 12 months and the recent landing of its first plane is said to have raised tension and threaten regional stability. As well as China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Brunei lay claim to some part of the Spratly Islands.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-08-17): For various reasons, China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia (and to a lesser extent, Brunei) have all deemed these scattered islands important enough to lay claim to them. Some have gone as far as to establish a military presence on them, and even attempt colonization of them. All for a set widely flung sandy strips in the middle of the ocean. But why? The Spratly Islands are situated roughly in the middle of the South China Sea, halfway between the Philippines and Vietnam. This geographical position placed them squarely on the ideological fault line during the Cold War. Today, they are little better off, as their position puts them uncomfortably close to some of the world’s busiest waterways, including trade routes connecting East Asia with India, the Middle East and Europe, and through which China, Japan, and Korea get 80 percent of their much-needed oil supply. What’s more, according to preliminary surveys, the Spratlys themselves lie above vast reserves of oil and natural gas. [...] Malaysia also claims a part of the archipelago because the islands lie on an extension of Malaysia’s continental shelf. While tiny Brunei refrained from making any official claims, it established a fishing zone that overlaps with the southern section of the archipelago. At the moment, a permanent solution is not in sight. The PRC, ROC, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia all maintain military presences on the islands.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-15): Brunei, located in Southeast Asia on the north-western coast of the island of Borneo, claims a 200-nautical mile (nm) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) that overlaps with China’s nine-dash line, as well as a 12-nm territorial sea and a continental shelf. Brunei asserts its maritime jurisdiction over these areas. Brunei appears to claim the one land feature within its EEZ, Louisa Reef, though different members of the government have made conflicting claims. Part of the Spratly Islands archipelago, Louisa Reef is also claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Malaysia appears to have rescinded its claim to Louisa Reef. Brunei may also claim part of the area known as Rifleman Bank, which is fully submerged, as part of its extended continental shelf. [...] Furthermore, Brunei has been cautious in asserting its territorial claim to Louisa Reef. The government has ordered that all maps indicating the country’s maritime claims in South China Sea be strictly reserved for official use. As a result, there is little evidence and few official remarks substantiating the conflicting interests between Brunei and China. [...] Brunei has not taken action to assert its territorial claim over Louisa Reef in recent years. After publishing a map in 1988 to announce the extent of its continental shelf claim, Brunei protested Malaysia’s claim to the reef in 1992. That same year, it protested Chinese maritime research in the area.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-11-09): BRUNEI DARUSSALAM is a small, but extremely wealthy, Sultanate situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Oil is at the heart of the Sino-Brunei dispute: "Hydrocarbon resources within its jurisdiction are estimated to run out in about 25 years, and Brunei is therefore keen to expand its sovereignty over oil rich areas." Depending on exactly how the PRC's nine-dashed line map is portrayed, Beijing claims as much as 12,600 nm2 (43,272 km2) of territory in Brunei's EEZ. This overlap includes Louisa Reef and Rifleman Bank in the Spratly islands. [...] Since resolving its problems with Malaysia, Brunei's continuing SCS dispute is principally with the PRC, ROC, and Vietnam. China claims "indisputable sovereignty" over all of the Spratlys, yet to date has not lodged a full submission with the United Nations CLCS, so its exact sovereignty claims remains unclear. This chapter will examine Brunei's claims in the South China Sea first. [...] Contained within Brunei's EEZ and continental shelf claim are two features generally considered to be part of the Spratlys: 1) Louisa Reef (Terumbu Semarang Barat Kecil in Malay and Nan Tong Jiao in Chinese) and 2) Rifleman Bank (Bai Vung May in Vietnamese, Nanwei Tan in Chinese).
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Comprehensive data summaries, comparisons, analysis, and projections integrated across all energy sources. [...] Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. [...] Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-19): - Contested territories - Claimed by Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam - Area 425,000 km² ocean 2 km² land The Spratly Islands are a disputed group of islands, islets, cays and reefs in the South China Sea. The area is claimed by Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam. The islands contain approximately 2 km² of land area, spread over a vast area of more than 425,000 km². Some of the islands have civilian settlements, some of them don’t. All of them are occupied by military forces in an attempt to establish international boundaries.
Claim: Spratly Islands is a territory of Brunei (Spratly Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-12-29): Brunei and Malaysia are the most recent nations to lay claim to parts of the South China Sea. While both countries claim features that fall within their respective EEZ’s as defined by UNCLOS, Brunei claims no islands, whereas Malaysia, whose economy is heavily dependent upon trade with China, claims only a few islands in the Spratlys. Sometimes referred to as a "silent claimant" to the South China Sea, Brunei first asserted rights to a roughly rectangular chunk of the disputed sea shortly after gaining independence from Britain in 1984. Maritime features such as Bombay Castle, Louisa Reef, Owen Shoal, and Rifleman Bank, all fall within Brunei’s Exclusive Economic Zone, but the small oil-rich kingdom claims only Louisa Reef, which lies upon its continental shelf. Because Louisa Reef is part of the Spratly islands, that feature is also claimed by China and Vietnam.