copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2021-11-26): Health benefits and harms of mammography screening in older women (75+ years)—a systematic review [...] Duffy SW, Tabar L, Yen AM, Dean PB, Smith RA, Jonsson H, et al. Mammography screening reduces rates of advanced and fatal breast cancers: Results in 549,091 women. 2020;126:2971–9. [...] Goel A, Littenberg B, Burack RC. The association between the pre-diagnosis mammography screening interval and advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;102:339–45.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2023-12-09): And studies have shown that routine screening mammography does reduce breast cancer deaths in women aged 40 to 75. [...] The new study’s results highlight the need for conversations between older women and their health care providers about the potential benefits and harms of continuing screening mammography. [...] When cancer, even a very small one, is found on a screening mammogram, "most of these women have surgeries, some will have radiation therapy, a smaller percentage will have chemotherapy," explained Dr. Richman. "Even after something like a [lumpectomy], older women risk functional decline. It can set them back in terms of how much they’re able to do for themselves."
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2021-12-16): For information on other known and possible breast cancer risk factors, see: [...] A woman with cancer in one breast has a higher risk of developing a new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. (This is different from a recurrence or return of the first cancer.) Although this risk is low overall, it's even higher for younger women with breast cancer. [...] Breasts are made up of fatty tissue, fibrous tissue, and glandular tissue. Breasts appear denser on a mammogram when they have more glandular and fibrous tissue and less fatty tissue. Women with dense breasts on mammogram have a higher risk of breast cancer than women with average breast density. Unfortunately, dense breast tissue can also make it harder to see cancers on mammograms.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-05-31): However, naturopath Barbara O’Neill claimed that mammograms actually contribute to cancer rather than prevent it. In an interview posted on TikTok in May 2024, O’Neill was asked about mammograms and stated that "it’s pushed to prevent and it does not prevent". She further added that repeated mammograms contribute to breast cancer because of the radiation sent through the breast and because of breast tissue damage that allegedly occurs during the test. This video generated 1.6 million views on TikTok at the time of writing. It was also posted on Facebook. [...] O’Neill’s claim that mammograms don’t prevent cancer is also inaccurate. Indeed, regular screening allows early detection of cancer, and early diagnosis is associated with an increased chance of survival. According to Cancer Research UK, all women diagnosed at an early cancer stage will survive for at least five years. This statistic falls to three out of ten women if the diagnosis is made at a late cancer stage. [...] Periodic mammography screening doesn’t cause nor contribute to cancer growth, contrary to Barbara O’Neill’s claim. In fact, regular mammograms do the opposite. By allowing for early detection of cancer, mammograms improve the success of cancer treatment and increase the chance of survival.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-04-30): In its most recent guidelines for mammography screening, issued in April 2024, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended biennial screening mammography for women ages 40 to 74. (It concluded that current evidence is insufficient to assess the benefits and harms of providing mammography screening for women 75 and older, and made the same conclusion around breast ultrasonography or MRI supplemental screening for women identified to have dense breasts on an otherwise negative screening mammogram.) [...] "While a majority of breast cancers that are found during annual breast cancer screening mammograms are in women over 50, women under 40 are generally too young to begin screening unless they have a mutation, a genetic reason or have physical symptoms, such as a mass or other breast changes," explains breast oncologist Andrea Silber, MD. [...] "Breast awareness entails knowing your family history of breast and other cancers," says Dr. Andrejeva-Wright, "It also means knowing any behavioral factors that may increase your risk of developing breast cancer, such as weight gain and alcohol consumption (more than one alcoholic drink per day), and doing something about it."
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-07-30): The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends regular breast cancer screenings — called mammograms — to help detect and treat breast cancer as early as possible. [...] Mammograms are one of the best tools doctors have to find breast cancer early. Early detection means that breast cancer is not only easier to treat, but also that it’s not yet big enough to be felt, or to cause significant problems. Routine screening reduces patients’ risk of dying from breast cancer. [...] We are not yet able to prevent breast cancer completely. By keeping up with regular mammogram screening appointments, health care providers can detect and treat breast cancer much earlier. This can lead to better outcomes and increased survival rates.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2021-08-01): A mammogram is an imaging test to check for signs of breast cancer. Many women worry about how the results may affect their future health. At Mays Cancer Center, home to UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, we don’t keep you waiting. [...] What you need to know about mammograms - If you’ve had a normal mammogram (no signs of cancer), it’s important to keep up with routine screening. Doing so allows us to detect small changes that could be a sign of cancer. [...] - Most insurance plans cover mammograms, often at no cost to you as part of your preventive care. If you don’t have insurance, our team has specialists who can help you explore other coverage options.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Breast cancer testing and prevention [...] A mammogram is an X-ray picture of the breast that can find cancers, even when they are too small for you or your doctor to feel or see. [...] Mammograms are not perfect tests. Some cancers may also develop in the time between tests. It’s important to talk to your doctor or nurse practitioner about the benefits and limitations of testing for breast cancer.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2021-11-18): "Breast calcifications are pretty common, but most people don’t know they have them unless they have been mentioned on prior mammogram reports," says Mark Dryden, M.D. [...] The best way to be aware of them is to schedule regular screening mammograms based on your individual risk. Women at average risk of developing breast cancer should get a mammogram every year starting at age 40. "Talk to your doctor about your individual risk to get the recommended screening schedule for you," Dryden says.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-03-04): It is important to remember that screening will not prevent you from getting breast cancer but aims to find early breast cancers. [...] Your risk of breast cancer is generally very low. Mammograms are more difficult to read in younger women because their breast tissue is denser. So the patterns on the mammogram don't show up as well. There is little evidence to show that regular mammograms for women below the screening age would reduce deaths from breast cancer. [...] Even if you are having mammograms every 3 years it is important to make sure that you know how your breasts normally look and feel. Cancers can develop between mammograms. This is known as an interval cancer. Mammograms can also miss some cancers.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-02-10): If you find a lump or other change in your breast, make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional. Don't wait for your next mammogram to see if the change you found is breast cancer. Report any changes in your breasts even if a recent mammogram showed there was no breast cancer. [...] Factors that may increase the risk of breast cancer include: [...] Breast awareness can't prevent breast cancer. But it may help you to better understand the look and feel of your breasts. This might make it more likely that you'll notice if something changes.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2019-08-29): Screening mammography is the only proven tool for detecting breast cancer in its early stages, yet many women from underserved communities do not adequately use mammograms (5,6). For example, African American mammographic screening rates are 19% lower than rates for non-Hispanic white women, and women living in high-poverty areas are 50% less likely than women living in higher-income areas to have received a mammogram in the previous 2 years (7,8). Multiple factors contribute to the lower screening rates of underserved women, ranging from socioeconomic and cultural factors to health system barriers (9,10). [...] Examining mammography use by breast cancer risk, race, nativity, and socioeconomic status. J Immigr Minor Health 2018;20(1):59–65. CrossRef PubMed
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-05-01): Breast calcifications are calcium deposits that develop in breast tissue. They’re common and often show up on a routine mammogram. While they’re usually benign (noncancerous), breast calcifications can be a sign that you’re at risk for developing breast cancer. Routine mammograms can detect precancerous changes so that treatment can begin early. [...] You can’t prevent breast calcifications, but early detection through a mammogram is important in identifying any possible cancer that could develop. [...] The good news is that once a mammogram detects calcifications, they become part of your medical record. The radiologist who reviews future X-rays can note any differences that may indicate precancerous changes so that you can receive further testing and treatment as needed. Early detection can prevent breast cancer.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2012-06-15): Persistent lower mammography use among certain minority populations will continue to result in patients receiving a diagnosis of breast cancer at later stages and a potentially slower decrease in breast cancer death rates. One study addressing preventable deaths in the United States has estimated that a 5% increase in mammography use could prevent 560 deaths from breast cancer each year (16). Therefore, increasing mammography use among women, especially those with low use prevalence, might decrease breast cancer mortality substantially . More research is needed to help understand why these disparities exist and provide appropriate interventions that reduce or eliminate them.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-04-11): One fact remains clear: Mammography is still the best tool available to screen for breast cancer, with research showing it has lowered the number of breast cancer deaths by 40% since 1990. Myth #6: Mammograms don’t reduce deaths from breast cancer. [...] But one fact remains clear: Mammography is still the best tool available to screen for breast cancer, with research showing it has lowered the number of breast cancer deaths by 40% since 1990.
Claim: Mammograms don’t prevent cancer; mammograms contribute to cancer development (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-04-30): Women who are at average risk for breast cancer should start mammogram screening at age 40 and get one every two years until age 74. That’s the latest recommendation from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), an independent, volunteer panel of national experts that makes recommendations focused on disease prevention. Previously, the USPSTF said that women should start mammograms—X-ray examinations of the breast used to detect cancer and other breast diseases—at age 50. The new advice does not apply to women considered high risk, including those who have had breast cancer, carry genetic mutations that increase cancer risk, have had high-risk breast lesions on previous biopsies, or have experienced high-dose chest radiation before age 30. Women in this category should continue to follow their doctor’s advice on screening age and frequency. [...] "Studies have not consistently shown a benefit in women between the ages of 40 and 50 receiving mammograms," says Dr. Winer. "And there are false positives, which can lead to more invasive testing and over-treatment, particularly for early cancers that may never progress."
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. (Rick Perry, 2017-06-19)
Evidence (2017-06-19): The best scientific understanding of modern climate change is better summarized by the title of a 2010 study published in the journal Science: “Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperature”.
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. (Rick Perry, 2017-06-19)
Evidence (2017-06-19): "No. Most likely the primary control knob is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in," Perry said in the June 19 interview. [...] Perry misidentified climate change’s main "control knob," but he’s not the first Trump administration department head to fudge the facts on our warming planet. [...] Energy Secretary Rick Perry said, "Most likely the primary control knob (for the earth’s temperature) is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in."
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. (Rick Perry, 2017-06-19)
Evidence (2024-06-21): Our ocean is changing. With 70 percent of the planet covered in water, the seas are important drivers of the global climate. Yet increasing greenhouse gases from human activities are altering the ocean before our eyes. NASA and its partners are on a mission to find out more. [...] El Niño occurs when the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean become warmer than normal. This periodic ocean warming can add to the long-term global warming that has already accumulated, making a hot year even hotter. That’s because ocean temperatures are major drivers of global temperatures, as seen in 2023. [...] The ocean covers about 70% of Earth’s surface. So, it’s not surprising that it plays a large part in Earth’s environment. As Earth warms, water in the ocean soaks up energy (heat) and distributes it more evenly across the planet. The ocean also absorbs carbon dioxide from Earth’s atmosphere. The additional heat and carbon dioxide in the ocean can change the environment for the many plants and animals that live there.
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. (Rick Perry, 2017-06-19)
Evidence (2019-09-25): The ocean generates 50 percent of the oxygen we need, absorbs 25 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions and captures 90 percent of the excess heat generated by these emissions. It is not just ‘the lungs of the planet’ but also its largest ‘carbon sink’ – a vital buffer against the impacts of climate change. The ocean is central to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and stabilizing the Earth’s climate. [...] Here are a few reasons we need to safeguard the ocean as our best ally for climate solutions.
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. (Rick Perry, 2017-06-19)
Evidence (2024-03-22): Controls of the increasing CO2 sink of the coastal ocean
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. (Rick Perry, 2017-06-19)
Evidence (2019-09-25): But the ocean’s buffering influence has come at a cost, with a fingerprint that is becoming ever clearer to scientists and anyone else paying attention to the natural world. [...] Hotter oceans fuel stronger hurricanes and rainier storms. But warming also has influences less obvious to humans. As the surface of the water warms, it gets lighter, making it harder to mix it with cold, nutrient-rich water below. So the top part of the ocean stagnates slightly, holding less oxygen and less of the critical nutrients that support marine life. And the carbon dioxide bleeding into the ocean is causing it to become more acidic, stressing out any organism that builds its shells out of acid-sensitive calcium carbonate, from tiny plankton to oysters to massive reef-building corals. [...] Changes in Earth’s ice also affect people who live far from the high mountains or the poles. Since the early 1900s, average sea levels around the world have risen by about 16 centimeters (just over 6 inches). Now, the report says, melt from Greenland and Antarctica, the planet’s great storehouses of ice, is the primary driver of rising sea levels around the world. Melt from those ice sheets is now responsible for over half of the sea level rise happening today—about 1.8 millimeters each year.
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. (Rick Perry, 2017-06-19)
Evidence (2022-02-08): Climate change is a major threat to ocean health globally, and one that adds to other ongoing anthropogenic threats – in other words, environmental changes caused by human activity. We are starting to understand these impacts better and learning more about the extent and scope of the problem. First, climate change is causing some serious changes in oceans, including temperature increase, sea level rise, and acidification. Significant changes in ocean current patterns are also occurring. All these factors impact ocean health and marine species. For instance, coral reefs, which are critical marine ecosystems, are threatened by a trifecta of acidification, increasing sea temperatures and sea level rise. But acidification is also a much broader issue since it disrupts carbon sequestration by other species including mollusks and crustaceans. Changing ocean current patterns threaten recruitment of fish stocks – the number of fish born in a given time frame that reach the juvenile stage – with very real and direct impacts on coastal communities that depend on these resources. The impacts of climate change on oceans are therefore myriad, complex, and interrelated. What role do oceans play in mitigating climate change?
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. (Rick Perry, 2017-06-19)
Evidence (2019-06-27): Lacks specifics : It is unclear what climatic factors are or are not included in the phrase "and this environment that we live in". [...] At first impression, this is actually a not-quite-straight-forward question to answer. It is understandable that someone gives an answer like: "No, most likely the primary control knob is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in." [...] Because we humans as aggregate emit CO2 at a rapid rate, largely due to fossil fuel consumption, CO2 can be considered as a "primary control knob" in the sense that it is the most obvious and available knob for us to turn to influence the climate. Although we cannot directly influence other knobs such as the ocean heat pump mentioned above, we can in effect through the CO2 knob—keep in mind the background noise, i.e., natural variability, still operates. That is not saying that there are no other knobs that we can turn. Land-use is one factor that is also important, as land-use changes can affect climate. Land-use changes also affect atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration (e.g. think of all the smoke coming from burning forests for agriculture). In essence, CO2 is humans’ primary climate control knob.
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. (Rick Perry, 2017-06-19)
Evidence (2017-06-20): In an interview with CNBC on Monday, US Energy Secretary Rick Perry said that carbon dioxide emissions from human activities aren't the primary driver of climate change. Instead, the former Texas governor responded that "most likely the primary control knob is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in." It’s unclear how Perry envisions this "control knob" and how it works; a generous analysis of his answer would be that he misunderstood the question. Ocean waters absorb carbon dioxide and are changing, much like climate, because of it. And the oceans have short-term cycles that influence equally short-term temperature trends. But those cycles can't drive the ever-upward trend in temperature.
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. (Rick Perry, 2017-06-19)
Evidence (2021-09-01): The ocean has long taken the brunt of the impacts of human-made global warming, says UN Climate Change. As the planet’s greatest carbon sink, the ocean absorbs excess heat and energy released from rising greenhouse gas emissions trapped in the Earth’s system. Today, the ocean has absorbed about 90 percent of the heat generated by rising emissions. [...] The ocean – the world’s greatest ally against climate change The ocean is central to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. Here are a few reasons we need to safeguard the ocean as our best ally for climate solutions.