copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-16): Questions have been raised over Putrajaya's denial that its recent maritime agreements with Indonesia included the Ambalat block, a 15,000 sq km area at the heart of a territorial dispute off the coast of Sabah which is said to contain one of the biggest crude oil deposits in the world. [...] The tussle over Ambalat, which Malaysia refers to as Block ND6 and Block ND7, has seen minor clashes between Malaysia and Indonesia, with the issue often included during anti-Malaysian protests in Indonesia. [...] Indonesia has claimed ownership of the area by citing the Indonesia-Malaysia Continental Boundary Treaty signed in 1969 in Kuala Lumpur, despite the Ambalat block's location which borders directly with Malaysia. Malaysia later issued an official map which placed the Ambalat block in its territory.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-11-02): On 2 November 1998, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia jointly notified the Court of a Special Agreement between the two States, signed at Kuala Lumpur on 31 May 1997 and having entered into force on 14 May 1998. In accordance with that Special Agreement, they requested the Court to determine, on the basis of the treaties, agreements and any other evidence furnished by them, to which of the two States sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan belonged. [...] Having rejected that argument by Indonesia, the Court turned to consideration of the other titles on which Indonesia and Malaysia claimed to found their sovereignty over the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan. The Court sought to determine whether Indonesia or Malaysia obtained a title to the islands by succession. In that connection, it did not accept Indonesia’s contention that it retained title to the islands as successor to the Netherlands, which had allegedly acquired it through contracts concluded with the Sultan of Bulungan, the original title-holder. Nor did the Court accept Malaysia’s contention that it had acquired sovereignty over the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan following a series of alleged transfers of the title originally held by the former sovereign, the Sultan of Sulu, that title having allegedly passed in turn to Spain, to the United States, to Great Britain on behalf of the State of North Borneo, to the United Kingdom and finally to Malaysia.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-18): Ambalat is a sea block in the Celebes sea located off the east coast of Borneo. It lies to the east of the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan and to the south-east of the Malaysian state of Sabah, and it is the subject of a territorial dispute between the two nations. Malaysia refers to part of the Ambalat block as Block ND6 (formerly Block Y) and part of East Ambalat Block as Block ND7 (formerly Block Z). The deep sea blocks contain an estimated 62,000,000 barrels (9,900,000 m3) of oil and 348 million cubic meters of natural gas. Other estimates place it substantially higher: 764,000,000 barrels (121,500,000 m3) of oil and 3.96 × 1010 cubic meters (1.4 trillion cubic feet) of gas, in only one of nine points in Ambalat.[1] Sovereignty dispute [edit]Territorial claims [edit]Malaysia [edit]The dispute over the Ambalat stretch of the Celebes Sea began with the publication of a map produced by Malaysia in 1979 showing its territorial waters and continental shelf. The map drew Malaysia's maritime boundary running in a southeast direction in the Celebes Sea from the eastmost point of the Indonesia-Malaysia land border on the eastern shore of Sebatik island, thus including the Ambalat blocks, or at least a large portion of it, within Malaysian territorial waters. Indonesia has, like the other neighbours of Malaysia, objected to the map. [...] Indonesia claims the Ambalat region pursuant to the 1982 UN Common Law of the Sea, under Articles 76 and 77.[5]
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-28): In 1967, both countries, together with the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, founded ASEAN to ensure peace and stability in the region. Since the 1970s, under the Suharto and Mahathir administrations, both countries enjoy a relatively cordial and close relationship, stemmed from both proximity and serumpun (kinship) spirit. However, some diplomatic spats have occurred that at times put tensions on bilateral relations. These range from territorial disputes, treatment of migrant workers to accusations of cultural theft. [...] Currently, both nations are in a territorial dispute over the oil-rich islands of Ambalat. Previously, they were over territorial disputes over the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan, which were won by Malaysia.[10] [...] See also [edit]- Indonesia–Malaysia border - Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation - East ASEAN Growth Area - Sijori Growth Triangle - Greater Indonesia - Maphilindo - Malaysians of Indonesian descent
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-06): In a discussion between a writer and international legal experts from the Faculty of Sharia and Law at the Islamic Science University of Malaysia, Dr. Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli, intensive negotiations have been ongoing since 2005 when the Ambalat Block dispute arose. This means that it took no less than 18 years for both countries to reach a maritime boundary agreement. [...] Read also: Indonesia-Malaysia Agree on Maritime Boundaries After 18 Years of Negotiations [...] From year to year, we are often presented with news related to incidents in the maritime border area between Indonesia and Malaysia. The dispute over the Ambalat Block that exploded in 2005 and 2009 is one real example.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-01-27): Today’s Ambalat: Neglecting the Basepoints of Sipadan and Ligitan Islands for Maintaining the Equidistance Principle in the Disputed Area [...] The "Sipadan and Ligitan" dispute was settled by the ICJ (2002), but its impact on basepoint for baseline and maritime delimitation on the Ambalat remains a contentious issue until now. Since the islands are used as basepoints by Malaysia that results in controversy between Indonesia and Malaysia. This essay will investigate the current situation over Ambalat regarding two basepoints islands for maintaining Equidistance Line in Disputed Area. It will discuss why Malaysia has no right to use the straight baseline or straight archipelagic baseline to connect the basepoints of Sipadan and Ligitan at Sabah and suggest measures to maintain equidistance line in Ambalat. [...] Hendrapati, M. et al. (2022). Today’s Ambalat: Neglecting the Basepoints of Sipadan and Ligitan Islands for Maintaining the Equidistance Principle in the Disputed Area.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-06-14): Ambalat is a sea block in the Celebes sea located off the east coast of Borneo. It lies to the east of the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan and to the south-east of the Malaysian state of Sabah, and it is the subject of a territorial dispute between the two nations. Malaysia refers to part of the Ambalat block as Block ND6 (formerly Block Y) and part of East Ambalat Block as Block ND7 (formerly Block Z). The deep sea blocks contain an estimated 62,000,000 barrels (9,900,000 m3) of oil and 348 million cubic meters of natural gas. Other estimates place it substantially higher: 764,000,000 barrels (121,500,000 m3) of oil and 3.96 × 1010 cubic meters (1.4 trillion cubic feet) of gas, in only one of nine points in Ambalat.[1] The dispute over the Ambalat stretch of the Celebes Sea began with the publication of a map produced by Malaysia in 1979 showing its territorial waters and continental shelf. The map drew Malaysia's maritime boundary running in a southeast direction in the Celebes Sea from the eastmost point of the Indonesia-Malaysia land border on the eastern shore of Sebatik island, thus including the Ambalat blocks, or at least a large portion of it, within Malaysian territorial waters. Indonesia has, like the other neighbours of Malaysia, objected to the map. [...] Indonesia claims the Ambalat region pursuant to the 1982 UN Common Law of the Sea, under Articles 76 and 77.[5]
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-01): The Ambalat block dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia has been the most controversial issue between the two countries since konfrontasi came to an end in 1966. The dispute arose from the two country’s overlapping claims to sovereign rights in the oil rich Ambalat region and intensified in the first decade of the twenty-first century when a naval stand-off between the two sides threatened to escalate the dispute into a military conflict. However, numerous measures, practices and approaches were used to manage, although not resolve, the dispute peacefully. The chapter provides a comprehensive background to the origins and development of the dispute, the factors driving its escalation and subsequent de-escalation, and discusses the various short, medium and long-term management conflict mechanisms employed by the two sides that have mitigated their incompatibilities and successfully circumvented conflict. [...] In relation to UNCLOS 1982, sovereignty only comes into force in territorial seas which extend no more than 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state (Article 2). Thus while the Ambalat block may come under Indonesia’s jurisdiction as part of its EEZ this relates to sovereign rights and not sovereignty. See Arsana (2010). [...] Mattangkilang, T. (2013, June 17). Ambalat Border dispute ignored for joint Indonesia/Malaysia exploration efforts. Jakarta Globe. http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/border-dispute-ignored-for-joint-exploration-efforts-2. Accessed June 06, 2015.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-13): I Made Andi Arsana, Ambalat: A Spatial Perspective, GEOPOLITICAL BOUNDARIES, Apr. 9, 2005, available athttps://geoboundaries.wordpress.com/2005/04/09/ambalat-a-spatial-perspective1 (last visited on May, 10, 2015). See also I Made Andi Arsana, Ambalat Dispute Settlement with Maritime Delimitation: Geospatial Study and Jurisprudence [Penyelesaian Sengketa Ambalat dengan Delimitasi Maritim: Kajian Geospasial dan Yuridis] < available only in Indonesian > 1 JURNAL ILIMIAH FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK 45–58 (2010). [...] R. HALLER-TROST, THE TERRITORIAL DISPUTE BETWEEN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA OVER PULAU SIPADAN AND PULAU LIGITAN IN THE CELEBES SEA: A STUDY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 23 (1995). See also Arsana, supra note 1, at 50; supra note 2, at 6; M. Thomas, Jurisprudential Perspective on Maritime Delimitation Dispute Settlement (Case Study on Ambalat Dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia [Tinjauan Yuridis Penyelesaian Sengketa tentang Penetapan Batas Wilayah Laut Negara (Studi Kasus Sengketa Wilayah Ambalat antara Indonesia dengan Malaysia)],1 LEX ET SOCIETATIS 161 (2013) < available only in Indonesian > ; Asri Salleh et al., Malaysia’s Policy towards Its 1963–2008 Territorial Disputes, J. L. & CONFLICT RESOL 108 (2009); supra note 8, at 83; Mohamad Rodzi et al., Reconciliation of Malaysia-Indonesia Relationship in the South East Asia Regional Context, [Rekonsiliasi Hubungan Malaysia-Indonesia dalam Konteks Regionalisme Asia Tenggara],40 Jebat: MALAYSIAN J. HISTORY, POL. & STRATEGY 183–4 (2013). < available only in Malay >
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-02-14): Maritime boundary issues have become a constraint in the relations between Indonesia and its neighboring countries, including Malaysia. One of the pending issues regarding the overlapping maritime boundary which is not yet to be resolved is the Ambalat area. The primary purpose of this research is to suggest possible senarios to resolve the maritime delimitation dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia around Ambalt peacefully under international law. This article is prepared to explore all available ways for the peaceful settlement on Ambalat issue. The author will examine the diplomatic channel, ASEAN Way dispute settlement mechanism, adjudication process (litigation and arbitration), and dispute settlement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. He will also epropose other innovative approach, such like Joint Development Zone. The result of such examination can be used as considerations for the way forward. [...] Djoko Harmantyo, Ambalat Issues: a Preliminary Study on the Problem of Indonesian Territorial Boundaries, 38 INDONESIAN J. GEO (2006). [...] Id. See also C. Schofield & IMA Arsana, Ambalat Revised: The Way Forward, JAKARTA POST, June 5, 2005, available athttps://geoboundaries.wordpress.com/2005/06/10/the-jakarta-posts-ambalat-revised-the-way-forward (last visited on May 7, 2015).
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): The border in the Celebes Sea is disputed between the two countries. Part of the dispute was settled by the judgement of the International Court of Justice in the Ligitan and Sipadan Case in 2002 and is now awaiting delimitation between the two countries. However, the two countries still have overlapping claims over the continental shelf, which Indonesia refers to as Ambalat. [...] Ambalat [edit]Ambalat is an area of the seabed or continental shelf in the Celebes Sea off the east coast of Borneo which is claimed by Indonesia and Malaysia. The seabed is believed to be rich in crude oil. Contrary to popular belief, the International Court of Justice decision over the sovereignty of Sipadan and Ligitan did not solve the dispute over Ambalat as it did not include issues concerning the demarcation of the territorial sea and continental shelf boundaries of the two countries in the area.[23] The dispute started with Malaysia issuing a map in 1979 of its territorial sea and continental shelf which included the Ambalat block. The map drew Malaysia's maritime boundary in a southeast direction into the Celebes Sea after it leaves the eastmost point on land on Sebatik island. This would include the Ambalat block, or a large part of it, within the Malaysian continental shelf. Indonesia has, like the other neighbours of Malaysia, objected to the map. Indonesia has never officially announced the exact locations of its maritime boundaries but claimed during its arguments in the Sipadan Case that it continued in a straight line along the 4° 10' North latitude after it leaves Sebatik.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-09): Late last week, Malaysian and Indonesian sources reported that the two countries would appoint special envoys to begin holding "exploratory" negotiations over still-outstanding territorial disputes. The decision to appoint the special envoys came at the conclusion of a meeting between Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak and Indonesian President Joko Widodo in Putrajaya, Malaysia last week during a three-day bilateral summit. Although the appointment of special envoys sends a positive signal about the intents of the two governments to address the dispute, there was little public discussion of how the leaders plan on arriving at any agreement. Indonesia and Malaysia maintain competing claims over the Ambalat sea block and their maritime border in the Celebes sea off the eastern coast of Borneo. "We agreed to appoint special envoys, so issues on maritime borders can be settled as they have remained unresolved for too long," Widodo told reporters after the conclusion of his meeting with Najib. The mutual agreement on a special envoy mechanism suggests optimism in both countries that the dispute can be resolved via bilateral means. In the past, Indonesia and Malaysia have resorted to international arbitration to help adjudicate territorial disputes. For example, in 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled in favor of Malaysia in a territorial dispute concerning the islands of Sipadan and Ligitan. Those two islands are also in the Celebes Sea. The ICJ justified that ruling based on "effective" ownership and administration of the islands by the United Kingdom, Malaysia’s former colonizer. In the absence of a stronger Indonesian claim, Malaysia came out on top.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-13): The Ambalat Block is a sea block covering an area of 15,235 square kilometres. It is located in the Sulawesi Sea or Makassar Strait and borders Malaysian waters. [...] The border issue in Ambalat arose because of the overlapping territorial waters of the EEZ and the continental shelf between the two countries, whose measurement refers to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). [...] The dispute between the two countries in the Ambalat Block heated up in 1979 when Malaysia violated the Continental Shelf Boundary agreement of October 27, 1969. Under that agreement, the two countries had agreed that the Ambalat Block was a part of Indonesian territory. — Bernama-Antara
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-06-06): Witnessing the latest "border spat" between Indonesia and Malaysia over the Ambalat territory, one may immediately question: Is this really necessary? Another question would be: Is the dispute truly happening? In response to the first question, many - perhaps most - of the both Indonesian and Malaysian citizens, would certainly say the oil-rich territory is worth fighting for itnessing the latest "border spat" between Indonesia and Malaysia over the Ambalat territory, one may immediately question: Is this really necessary? Another question would be: Is the dispute truly happening? [...] Ambalat is a 15,235 square kilometer maritime area located off the coast of east Kalimantan, which both Indonesia and Malaysia claim to be theirs. Geologist Andang Bachtiar estimates that just one of the Ambalat blocks could hold as much as 764 million barrels of oil and 1.4 trillion cubic feet of gas. [...] It would thus come as no surprise if Indonesia and Malaysia struggled to secure the Ambalat territory. It would be na*ve to say that neither country needs new sources of oil, including the reserves in Ambalat, especially since no reliable energy source has been discovered that could replace the world's depleting oil reserves.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-23): Located 16 kilometres south-east of the floating production unit in Jangkrik, it is a valuable accomplishment in the country following the start of production at Merakes. The field, located in the deep waters of the Makassar Strait, consists of five subsea wells that will produce 13 million m³ of gas per day.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-16): Questions have been raised over Putrajaya's denial that its recent maritime agreements with Indonesia included the Ambalat block, a 15,000 sq km area at the heart of a territorial dispute off the coast of Sabah which is said to contain one of the biggest crude oil deposits in the world. [...] The tussle over Ambalat, which Malaysia refers to as Block ND6 and Block ND7, has seen minor clashes between Malaysia and Indonesia, with the issue often included during anti-Malaysian protests in Indonesia. [...] Indonesia has claimed ownership of the area by citing the Indonesia-Malaysia Continental Boundary Treaty signed in 1969 in Kuala Lumpur, despite the Ambalat block's location which borders directly with Malaysia. Malaysia later issued an official map which placed the Ambalat block in its territory.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-12): Indonesia, an archipelago of more than 17,000 islands, has decades-long land and maritime boundary disagreements with its neighbours. [...] Indonesia views itself as a non-claimant state in the dispute that Beijing, Taipei and four Southeast Asian states have over the resource-rich waters. However, an area between peninsula Malaysia to the west and the island of Borneo to the east that Indonesia claims as part of its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) does fall within Beijing’s nine-dash line. Fishing vessels from both China and Vietnam frequently visit the waters around Indonesia’s Natuna islands. [...] In 2022, Indonesia will focus on four maritime boundary issues it has with neighbouring countries, Retno said.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-21): Sabah Perikatan Nasional chairman Ronald Kiandee has urged the government to declassify a maritime agreement signed with Indonesia in June, in order to put to rest concern following Putrajaya's denial that the pact included the Ambalat block off the coast of Sabah. [...] "The Ambalat block, an area measuring 15,000 sq km in the centre of the disputed territory off the coast of Sabah, contains the biggest crude oil deposits in the world and has long been defended by Malaysia, meaning that it cannot be compromised at all," he said. [...] Alamin said the recent maritime agreements, hailed by both leaders as ending an 18-year dispute, had nothing to do with the Ambalat block or any other area more than 200 nautical miles from the EEZ.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Indonesia is a maritime country with potential natural resources . One is Ambalat Island. Ambalat is a sea block with an area covering 15,235 square kilometers located in the Sulawesi Sea and the Makassar Strait or near the extension of land between Malaysia Sabah and East Kalimantan, Indonesia. One point Ambalat keep mine in the potential reserves 764 million barrels of oil and 1.4 trillion cubic feet of gas . But the problem that occurs is increasingly rapine of natural quarry . Additionally, when Malaysia had initially claimed that Indonesian waters 70 miles from the border Sipadan island beach and Ligitan , Malaysia to expand its territory as far as 2 miles. Thereby reducing area of Indonesia. It happened due to the lack of maintenance of the maritime territory of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), especially in border areas like Ambalat Island. Based on this,it is necessary technology innovations especially warship design that could be a solution as alusista ( main instrument of defense systems ) Indonesian Navy in maintaining maritime Homeland.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-10-09): Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia Terhadap Malaysia Dalam Mempertahankan Kepemilikan Terhadap Blok Ambalat Pasca Konflik Pulau Sipadan Dan Ligitan Tahun 2012-2105 [...] This research describes the foreign politics of Indonesia toward Malaysia in conflict of bloc Ambalat after Sipadan and Ligitan Conflict in 2012-2015. Ambalats are sea territory between Indonesia and Malaysia in Kalimantan teritory. Ambalat have potencial in natural resources likes oil and gas. In 2005 Malaysia give a exploration right for Shell Company and its make increase of conflict with Indonesia cause based on UNCLOS 1982 Ambalat sea are Indonesia territory with the Archipelago State status.The research method used was a qualitative with descriptive as a technic of the research. Writer collects data from books, encyclopedia, journal, mass media and websites to analyze the foreign politics of Indonesia toward Malaysia in conflict of bloc Ambalat after Sipadan and Ligitan Conflict. The theories applied in this research are realism perspective with decision making theory by Richard Snyder.The conclusion of this research that foreign politics of Indonesia toward Malaysia in conflict of bloc Ambalat after Sipadan and Ligitan Conflict are diplomacy ways. The foreign politics are Indonesia government held a daily patroll in Ambalat sea to anticipation of claim and criminall act, Indonesia government sent a diplomatic note to Malaysia as protess about Malaysia claims, Indonesia built a military based in Ambalat sea (Karang Unarang) and Indonesia government gives a exploration rights for ENI E&P Company.