copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2024-04-29): The Efficacy of Multivitamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D Supplements in the Prevention and Management of COVID-19 and Long-COVID: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials - PMID: 38732592 - PMCID: PMC11085542 - DOI: 10.3390/nu16091345 [...] Better-designed studies are needed to clarify these vitamins' potential effects against SARS-CoV-2. [...] Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 31;13:1023903. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023903. eCollection 2022. Front Immunol. 2022. PMID: 36389703 Free PMC article.
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2024-01-09): How times have changed. After having defamatory lies published about me, vitamins C and D are now (finally) being adopted in the conventional treatment of novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. [...] Vitamin C Treatment Implemented for Coronavirus Infection [...] My claim that vitamin D can cut infection risk was publicly vindicated March 24, 2020, when former U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention chief Dr. Tom Frieden published an opinion piece on Fox News stating that "Coronavirus infection risk may be reduced by vitamin D."12 In it, Frieden writes:
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2022-07-22): Vitamin D belongs to a group of fat-soluble vitamins with vitamin D3 being the major form in humans. The primary source is via cutaneous synthesis in response to sunlight, but it can also be ingested in the diet. The active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), induces innate antiviral effector mechanisms and regulates inflammation in response to infection with rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses (Fig. 1). The relevance of these actions for the host response to SARS-CoV-2 is supported by two lines of evidence. First, the vitamin D-inducible antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37 has been shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 attachment to host cells by blocking both the receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of the viral spike protein and the ligand-binding domain of the host-expressed viral entry receptor ACE2 (ref.1). Second, a study in transgenic mice expressing human ACE2 has shown that SARS-CoV-2 induces the expression of CYP27B1, which encodes the 1α-hydroxylase enzyme that catalyses the conversion of the major circulating metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to 1,25(OH)2D (ref.2). Prophylactic administration of high-dose vitamin D3 increased the expression of IFNB and reduced inflammation in the lungs after SARS-CoV-2 infection, although this was not associated with a survival benefit2.
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2022-11-12): We found that the associated reduction in COVID-19 infection risk was inversely proportional to vitamin D serum levels (0–19 ng/ml: HR = 0.70, [95% CI 0.64, 0.76] versus 20–39 ng/ml: HR = 0.81, [95% CI 0.77, 0.85] versus 40 + ng/ml: HR = 0.86, [95% CI 0.80, 0.92]); see Table 3. The overall treatment by vitamin D serum level interaction was significant (HR = 1.12, [95% CI 1.06, 1.18]) reflecting a 12% increase in the hazard ratio (smaller treatment related effect) with each increase in serum level category. [...] Chiodini, I. et al. Vitamin D status and SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Front. Public Health.9, 736665. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.736665 (2021). [...] Stroehlein, J. K. et al. Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID-19: A living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.5, CD015043. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015043 (2021).
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2022-06-07): Vitamin D and SARS-CoV2 infection, severity and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMID: 35793346 - PMCID: PMC9258852 - DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268396 Vitamin D and SARS-CoV2 infection, severity and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis To assess the evidence on SARS-CoV2 infection and Covid-19 in relation to deficiency and supplementation of vitamin D, we conducted a systematic review up to April 2021. We summarised data from 38 eligible studies, which presented risk estimates for at least one endpoint, including two RCT and 27 cohort-studies: 205565 patients with information on 25OHD status and 2022 taking vitamin D supplementation with a total of 1197 admitted to the ICU or who needed invasive mechanical ventilation or intubation and hospital stay, and more than 910 Covid-19 deaths. Primary outcomes were severity and mortality and the main aim was to evaluate the association with vitamin D supplementation. Random effects models showed that supplementation was associated with a significant lower risk of both Covid-19 severe disease (SRR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20-0.72, 6 studies) and mortality (SRR 0.35, 95% CI 0.17-0.70, 8 studies). There were no statistically significant dose differences between studies: summary estimates with regular doses remain statistically significant, suggesting that higher doses are not necessary. For patients on vitamin D supplementation, a greater reduction in mortality risk emerged in older individuals and at higher latitudes.
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2020-12-07): Finally, another important characteristic of the disease is its pathophysiology. SARS-CoV-2 infection starts with the interaction of the virus with the enzyme ACE2, reducing its activity. Importantly, ACE2 has a key role in counteracting ARDS and acute lung injury. Xu et al. (157) demonstrated that calcitriol is able to upregulate ACE2 and downregulate renin and angiotensin II in the lung tissue of rats exposed to lipopolysaccharide as a model of ARDS (157). In this scenario, recent literature have suggested that vitamin D can act by targeting ACE2 down-regulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, which could be a potential therapeutic approach to COVID-19 and induced ARDS (158–161). However, further studies must be performed to understand the impact of ACE2 modulation for COVID-19 (17, 24, 158–162).
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2021-02-07): Vitamin C and D supplementation and the severity of COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis - PMID: 34190164 - PMCID: PMC8257872 - DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000026427 Vitamin C and D supplementation and the severity of COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis [...] Preventive Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk for COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients. 2024 Feb 28;16(5):679. doi: 10.3390/nu16050679. Nutrients. 2024. PMID: 38474807 Free PMC article. Review.
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2020-05-02): The claim: Vitamins C and D have been adopted as treatment for coronavirus [...] An April 7 article on the website of the Organic Consumers Association by Joseph Mercola headlined "Vitamins C and D finally adopted as coronavirus treatment" claims that "vitamins C and D are now (finally) being adopted in the conventional treatment of novel coronavirus." [...] - Vitamins C and D finally adopted as coronavirus treatment - New York hospitals treating coronavirus patients with vitamin C - FDA warns doctor: Stop touting camera as disease screening tool - Dr. Mercola: Visionary or Quack?
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2022-02-06): Multi-Level Immune Support by Vitamins C and D during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic [...] Carr, A.C.; Gombart, A.F. Multi-Level Immune Support by Vitamins C and D during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Nutrients 2022, 14, 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030689 Carr AC, Gombart AF. Multi-Level Immune Support by Vitamins C and D during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Nutrients. 2022; 14(3):689. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030689
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2022-07-15): Vitamins C and D and COVID-19 Susceptibility, Severity and Progression: An Evidence Based Systematic Review - PMID: 35888660 - PMCID: PMC9318801 - DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070941 Vitamins C and D and COVID-19 Susceptibility, Severity and Progression: An Evidence Based Systematic Review [...] Multi-Level Immune Support by Vitamins C and D during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.Nutrients. 2022 Feb 6;14(3):689. doi: 10.3390/nu14030689. Nutrients. 2022. PMID: 35277048 Free PMC article. Review.
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2021-04-03): From your article titled "Vitamin C and D Finally Adopted as Coronavirus Treatment" (https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2020/04/07/coronavirus-treatment.aspx): [...] - "[V]itamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, effectively inactivating viruses." - "While high-dose vitamin C is new for COVID-19 treatment, it’s been used as a treatment for sepsis since about 2017. The vitamin C-based sepsis treatment was developed by Dr. Paul Marik …. In the interview above, Marik explains how the COVID-19 critical care protocol grew out of his sepsis treatment, as he and other doctors noticed there were many similarities between sepsis and severe COVID-19 infection …."
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2020-04-22): Science Feedback accredited by Poynter’s International Fact-Checking Network Science Feedback has received accreditation from the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) at The Poynter Institute. Previously accredited based on its…
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2023-06-02): Good luck everyone. Rachel x [...] Thank you for sharing this vital informati [...] Let me know if this info helps you.
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2024-10-03): Get more resources at VeteransCrisisLine.net. [...] (BMC Health Care Services, May 29, 2018) [...] (Health Services Research, Jan. 23, 2018)
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2019-01-19): For the past several decades, intravenous vitamin C has been used as a treatment for multiple types of viral infections.[92] Intravenous vitamin C's effectiveness as an antiviral treatment is likely due to its immune system-enhancing capabilities. In addition, some studies have observed that in critically ill patients such as those with viral infections, sepsis, or accidental injury, plasma levels of vitamin C might be less than 25 percent of those observed in healthy people.[93] [94] [95] [...] Vitamin C also interferes with the replication of viral particles. One in vitro study showed that human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells that were incubated for four days with 150 micrograms per milliliter of vitamin C decreased reverse transcriptase activity by 99 percent and p24 antigen levels by 13 percent (parameters of virus production) compared to untreated cells.[171] Another in vitro study demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of vitamin C to kill influenza viruses, with a vitamin C concentration of 2.5 millimoles per liter eliminating 90 percent of the virus present and a concentration of 20 millimoles per liter fully impeding viral replication.[107]
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2023-06-23): Roughly 900 million people lived in low-lying coastal cities and settlements in 2020; a figure that is projected to reach 1 billion by 2050. Is there anything we can do now to reduce sea-level rise and its impacts? Our past actions will already impact sea-levels for thousands of years. But not everything is set in stone. We possess the power to reduce sea-level rise and its impacts over the next century and beyond with our current actions. Some advocate to mitigate the causes, and others to adapt to the consequences. But what do experts say?
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2020-08-26): Traber MG, Atkinson J. Vitamin E antioxidant and nothing more. Free Radic Biol Med. (2007) 43:4–15. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.024 130. Niu ZY, Liu FZ, Yan QL, Li WC. Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers chickens under heat stress. Poult Sci. (2009) 88:2101–7. doi: 10.3382/ps.2009-00220 131. Gorman S, Buckley AG, Ling KM, Berry LJ, Fear VS, Stick SM, et al. Vitamin D supplementation of initially vitamin D-deficient mice diminishes lung inflammation with limited effects on pulmonary epithelial integrity. Physiol Rep. (2017) 15:e13371. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13371 132. Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Yitbarek A, Cuperus T, Echeverry H, van Dijk A. The immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D in chickens is dose-dependent and influenced by calcium and phosphorus levels. Poult Sci. (2016) 95:2547–56. doi: 10.3382/ps/pew186 133. Manolagas SC, Provvedini DM, Tsoukas CD. Interactions of 1, 25-dihydroxy VD3 and the immune system. Mol Cell Endocrinol. (1985) 43:113–22. doi: 10.1016/0303-7207(85)90074-7 134. Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. (2020) 12:988. doi: 10.3390/nu12040988 135. Verma VK, Yadav SK, Haldar C. Influence of environmental factors on avian immunity: an overview.
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2018-06-18): A meta-analysis of findings from 25 randomized controlled trials found daily or weekly vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of acute respiratory infections, and the effect was stronger in those with low baseline vitamin D levels. Daily doses between 800 and 2,000 IU appeared to be most effective. The analysis further showed treatment regimens that included large boluses (30,000 IU vitamin D or more) did not reduce infection risk.184 Nevertheless, a controlled trial in nursing home residents found monthly 100,000 IU boluses of vitamin D, in addition to standard daily doses of 400–1,000 IU, resulted in greater respiratory infection prevention than standard daily dosing alone, but was associated with a higher risk of falling (a known adverse side effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation).185 [...] Siddiqui M, Manansala JS, Abdulrahman HA, et al. Immune Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D on Viral Infections. Nutrients. Sep 21 2020;12(9)doi:10.3390/nu12092879 [...] Hemilä H. Vitamin C and Infections. Nutrients. Mar 29 2017;9(4)doi:10.3390/nu9040339
Claim: Vitamins C and D are now finally being adopted in the conventional treatment of SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin C at extremely high doses acts as an antiviral drug, actually killing viruses; vitamin D helps the body fight SARS-CoV-2 infection and can cut infection risk. (Joseph Mercola, 2020-04-02)
Evidence (2023-02-08): Nabi-Afjadi M, Karami H, Goudarzi K, Alipourfard I, Bahreini E. The effect of vitamin D, magnesium and zinc supplements on interferon signaling pathways and their relationship to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Mol Allergy. 2021;19(1):1–10. [...] Ebadi M, Montano-Loza AJ. Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;74(6):856–9. [...] Zhang J, Rao X, Li Y, Zhu Y, Liu F, Guo G, et al. Pilot trial of high-dose vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):1–12.
Claim: “5G plays a part in this ‘plandemic’” ... The cases of COVID-19 are “directly related to electromagnetic radiation exposure by 5G” (Dee McLachlan, 2020-05-04)
Evidence (2020-05-04): The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. There is no data demonstrating a causal link between 5G rollout in the world and the global COVID-19 pandemic. For example, 5G is not available in the hardest hit regions of France and Italy.
Claim: “5G plays a part in this ‘plandemic’” ... The cases of COVID-19 are “directly related to electromagnetic radiation exposure by 5G” (Dee McLachlan, 2020-05-04)
Evidence (2020-07-04): The people who think coronavirus is caused by 5G The idea that 5G could have health implications isn't new. But conspiracy theories linking 5G with Covid-19 went viral during lockdown. [...] Major health organisations have said that 5G is safe and that there's no link between it and coronavirus. But while most of the UK was isolating at home, anti-5G protesters took to the streets.
Claim: “5G plays a part in this ‘plandemic’” ... The cases of COVID-19 are “directly related to electromagnetic radiation exposure by 5G” (Dee McLachlan, 2020-05-04)
Evidence (2020-05-11): The coronavirus pandemic has given conspiracy theorists plenty to work with. QAnon obsessives are now blaming the outbreak on 5G, the latest upgrade for cellphone networks. Trump administration officials and other Republicans are alleging that the virus was deliberately created in a lab in China, and then scrambling to find evidence to back up that claim. And a new conspiracy theory has taken off on social media, thanks in part to a nearly half-hour-long documentary titled Plandemic. [...] What is the "plan" of "plandemic"? [...] Rumors about a "plandemic" have been circulating online since at least March, when anti-vax activist Larry Cook took to Facebook to call the outbreak an opportunity for governments to "usher in mandatory testing, tracking, and vaccination," urging his followers to "#ResistThePlan." In addition, a number of lifestyle anti-vaxxers started making plandemic posts (there are currently 24,000 posts under that hashtag), like Australian Taylor Winterstein, who, on April 6, posted to her 49,300 followers that the "PLANdemic" is part of "THE GLOBAL 'BILL GATES' AGENDA," as well as more meme-focused accounts like The Truth About Vaccines, which recently posted a photo of an N95 mask labeled "THIS IS A MIND CONTROL DEVICE."
Claim: “5G plays a part in this ‘plandemic’” ... The cases of COVID-19 are “directly related to electromagnetic radiation exposure by 5G” (Dee McLachlan, 2020-05-04)
Evidence (2020-04-23): What does 5G have to do with coronavirus? [...] What does 5G have to do with COVID19? [...] One version of the theory falsely claims the symptoms of coronavirus are a result of radiation from the 5G network, another claims the virus is a natural infection made worse by 5G, and yet another that the entire pandemic is a hoax designed to distract people from the installation of the 5G network.
Claim: “5G plays a part in this ‘plandemic’” ... The cases of COVID-19 are “directly related to electromagnetic radiation exposure by 5G” (Dee McLachlan, 2020-05-04)
Evidence (2020-06-11): One of the first versions of the theory claimed that it was no coincidence that 5G technology was trialled in Wuhan, where the pandemic began (this is incorrect, as 5G was already being rolled out in number of locations). Some claim that the coronavirus crisis was deliberately created in order to keep people at home while 5G engineers install the technology everywhere. Others insist that 5G radiation weakens people’s immune systems, making them more vulnerable to infection by COVID-19. Another mutation of the 5G conspiracy theory asserts that 5G directly transmits the virus. These different 5G stories are often combined together with other COVID-19 conspiracy theories into a toxic cocktail of misinformation. [...] Polling data in various countries including the UK, the US, France, Austria and Germany has shown that the most popular coronavirus conspiracy theory is that the virus was man-made – 62% of respondents in the UK think that this theory is true to some degree. In that UK poll, 21% agreed, to varying extents, that coronavirus is caused by 5G and is a form of radiation poisoning transmitted through radiowaves. In comparison, 19% agreed that Jews have created the virus to collapse the economy for financial gain. [...] But 32% denounced the theory or mocked it. For instance, one user noted: "5G is not harming or killing a single person! COVID-19 #5Gcoronavirus".