copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-08): Advertisement ‘Indisputable sovereignty’: Philippines’ UN filing reignites Sabah dispute with Malaysia - Malaysia ‘categorically’ rejects Philippines’ UN filing to extend continental shelf from Sabah as analysts say Marcos Jnr may not push issue [...] A recent Philippine submission to the United Nations over claims to seabed territory has sparked vigorous protests from Malaysia, reviving a long-standing territorial dispute over Sabah in northern Borneo. [...] Advertisement "This clearly disregards Malaysia’s indisputable sovereignty over the state of Sabah," the diplomatic note said.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-05-30): Sabah, a state in Malaysian Borneo, is weighing a proposal to produce only palm oil certified under the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), an eco-certification initiative, by 2025. The move, if approved, would represent the first time a sub-national or state entity has committed to 100% certified palm oil production. Sabah currently produces 12 percent of the world’s palm oil, making it one of biggest global players. Production comes from a wide range of actors, from smallholders to some of the biggest palm oil companies. That diversity however, makes a state-wide certification approach challenging, since smallholders typically cannot afford the cost of certification. [...] "Research shows that productivity of producers, especially smallholders, can increase dramatically after certification, allowing Sabah to gain in yield while also making conservation gains," noted Cynthia Ong, Director of Forever Sabah, an initiative that aims to fundamentally shift Sabah’s economy from resource extraction to sustainable enterprises.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-30): - Philippine foreign secretary’s ‘Sabah is not in Malaysia’ tweet has prompted criticism from Kuala Lumpur and now both sides have summoned each other’s ambassadors - The decades-long row takes place even as both countries are working together to stamp out Islamic militancy in their shared waters Philippine Foreign Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jnr said on Twitter that "Sabah is not in Malaysia if you want to have anything to do with the Philippines", reacting to a US embassy item describing the area straddling both nations as part of Malaysia. "This is an irresponsible statement that affects bilateral ties," Hishammuddin said. "Sabah is, and will always be, part of Malaysia."
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-11-09): The jurisdictional approach is a more structured approach from previous efforts to establish wider commitments to sustainable practices in this sector. With the local Sabah State Government agreeing to RSPO certification guidelines, this will ensure that everyone, from large multinational plantation owners to smallholders, will comply with the program. This move by the Sabah State Government also has a great potential to inspire other regions to follow suit. Using a structured, jurisdictional approach is an effective way to maximise the positive impacts of sustainably produced palm oil. To date, Kalimantan and other Indonesian provinces as well as officials in Africa and Latin America are working towards similar commitments. This jurisdictional program adopted by Sabah will now set a new wave of change in the palm oil industry, paving the way for a future where sustainable practices will become the industry standard. This approach will now provide others with a valuable roadmap toward sustainable change. [...] The RSPO congratulates the Sabah State Government and Cabinet once again on this decision to adopt the ten-year jurisdictional approach to sustainable palm oil certification across the state.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-17): KUALA LUMPUR -- The chief minister in Malaysia's eastern state of Sabah flatly rejected any Philippine rights to the territory in an interview, suggesting the government in Kuala Lumpur should take the intensifying dispute to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Shafie Apdal, briefly endorsed by veteran statesman Mahathir Mohamad as the opposition's choice to replace Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin, joined Sabah leaders from across the political spectrum in blasting recent Philippine efforts to assert a claim that dates back about 60 years.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-08-03): About 200 armed Filipinos, followers of Jamalul Kiram III, the self-proclaimed Sultan of Sulu, entered a town in Lahad Datu district of Malaysia’s Sabah state on February 11, sparking an ongoing conflict with Malaysian security forces that has tensions running high on both sides of Sulu Sea. The men, led by the sultan’s brother, are pressing their ancestral claim to an area of northern Borneo that has been disputed by Malaysia and the Philippines since independence. Both the Filipino and Malaysian publics have been critical of their respective governments’ handling of the conflict and disapprove of the escalating violence. There are concerns in some quarters that Prime Minister Najib Razak of Malaysia will postpone the date of its highly anticipated general elections because of the volatile environment in Sabah. The province, with its large immigrant population and diverse demographics, is one of the most politically contested areas in Malaysia. So far, it appears that the conflict will not affect ongoing peace talks between Manila and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), which Malaysia is mediating. [...] A1: About 200 armed men from the Sulu archipelago in the southern Philippines arrived in Sabah by motorboat and occupied a town in Lahad Datu on February 11, catching the Malaysian and Philippine governments by surprise. Both governments urged the gunmen to leave peacefully, and Malaysia gave the group a series of deadlines to comply, the last of which ended at midnight on February 27.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): The 3 federal territories were formed for different purposes: Kuala Lumpur is the national capital, Putrajaya is the administrative centre of the federal government, and Labuan serves as an offshore financial centre. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya were carved out of Selangor, while Labuan was ceded by Sabah. The territories fall under the purview of the Ministry of the Federal Territories, and the Parliament of Malaysia legislates on all matters concerning the territories. Each federal territory elects representatives from single-member constituencies drawn based on population to the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) of the Parliament. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints senators to represent the territories in the Dewan Negara; Kuala Lumpur has two senators, while Putrajaya and Labuan each has one.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Sabah, state of East Malaysia, forming the northern part of the great island of Borneo, and bordered by Sarawak (southwest) and Kalimantan, or Indonesian Borneo (south). Sabah has an 800–900-mile- (1,290–1,450-km-) long, heavily indented coastline that is washed by the South China, Sulu, and Celebes seas. It was known as North Borneo during the British colonial period (until 1963). Its land area is dominated by Mount Kinabalu (13,455 feet [4,101 metres]). A great tangle of ranges—the Crocker, Terus Madi, and Witti—serrate the interior and include many peaks between 4,000 and 6,000 feet (1,200 and 1,800 metres). Between the Crocker Range and the sea on the west coast is an extensive, well-populated coastal plain; other plains (the Tenom, Tambunan, and Keningau) lie inland between the mountain massifs, while the eastern lowlands are partly dissected peneplains.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-08): "This is an irresponsible statement that affects bilateral ties," Hishammuddin said. "Sabah is, and will always be, part of Malaysia." [...] Sabah is located at the north-eastern tip of Borneo and lies about 500 kilometres from the Philippines. Although Malaysia controls the territory, the Philippines has laid claim over Sabah since 1961. [...] Furthermore, S Jayaratnam, the vice dean of the Faculty of Law, University of Singapore defended Malaysia by averring that the Philippines’ claim was weak because neither the Philippines nor the heirs of the Sultan have exercised sovereignty or been in effective occupation of Sabah since 1878. Also, Malaysia contends that Sabah has been recognised by the UN and by other countries worldwide as a Malaysian territory thus justifying their claim.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Federal-State Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The Berjaya Administration, 1976-85 [...] This book is a study of the political development of the Malaysian state of Sabah under the administration of Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah (Berjaya Sabah Peoples United Party), which controlled the state legislature between 1976 and 1985. It attempts to disentangle the three dominant themes within social scientific studies of Sabah: the issues of federalism, the politics of ethnicity, and the political economy of development. The book argues that the emergence of a developmental discourse under the Berjaya regime in Sabah can largely be traced to its failure to reconcile the localized ethnic politics of Sabah with the demands of a strong central state and thus the need to find an alternative strategy of political support and control. While this strategy proved effective when developmental growth was high during the first Berjaya administration (1976-81), the relative collapse of the state economy from 1982 onwards exposed its ethnic predilections and prefigured declining support for the regime, particularly among the non-Muslim bumiputera groups. Despite the consolidation of federal support for Berjaya under the Mahathir administration, the unravelling of the Berjaya project was by this stage unstoppable. [...] Federal-State Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The Berjaya Administration, 1976-85 [Whole Publication, ISBN: 9789812308139] -
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Malaysia (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-12): African swine fever in backyard pigs of Sabah state, East Malaysia, 2021 - PMID: 35001917 - DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.4.095 African swine fever in backyard pigs of Sabah state, East Malaysia, 2021 African swine fever (ASF) is a transboundary haemorrhagic viral disease that affected domestic and wild pigs of all ages. The disease is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) and was introduced to China in 2018 before spreading rapidly to neighbouring Asian countries. As such, putting countries free from ASF like Malaysia at risk. ASF is highly lethal with no vaccine or treatment available. In February 2021, we confirmed backyard pigs from various locations in Sabah were infected with ASF using real time polymerase chain reaction (real- time PCR). Further characterization of the Sabah ASFVs indicated that they were of p72 genotype II with intergenic region (IGR) variant II that displayed an addition tandem repeat sequence (TRS) insertion, similar to ASFV from Indonesia, V ietnam and China. These results indicate and support the transboundary expansion of a homogenotypic ASFV (p72 genotype II and IGR variant II) in the Europe and Asia-Pacific, emphasizing the need for a holistic international collaboration in control and preventing further spreading of the current ASF pandemic. Importantly, our results informed the first detection and characterization of ASF, a disease previously not detected in Malaysia. This information is crucial for further mitigation and preventive measures.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-30): - Philippine foreign secretary’s ‘Sabah is not in Malaysia’ tweet has prompted criticism from Kuala Lumpur and now both sides have summoned each other’s ambassadors - The decades-long row takes place even as both countries are working together to stamp out Islamic militancy in their shared waters Philippine Foreign Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jnr said on Twitter that "Sabah is not in Malaysia if you want to have anything to do with the Philippines", reacting to a US embassy item describing the area straddling both nations as part of Malaysia. "This is an irresponsible statement that affects bilateral ties," Hishammuddin said. "Sabah is, and will always be, part of Malaysia."
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-15): Sabah, known for its resource-rich lands, is a territory occupied by Malaysia but claimed by the Philippines as part of Mindanao. [...] Although the Philippines has never relinquished its claim of sovereignty over Sabah, it has for the most part kept that claim dormant to maintain harmonious ties with Malaysia. [...] "They must be Filipino because Sabah is ours! That’s all there is to it. If Malaysia doesn’t like it, that’s too goddamned bad for them. This question of ASEAN amity – that won’t get in the way of my assertion of what is ours," he said.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The Philippine claim to the territory of North Borneo, or as it is now called, Sabah, is not of recent origin. Rather it is based on an older claim to the area by the Sultans of Sulu. But the Sulu claim itself is suspect. A look at the background and an analysis of the status of North Borneo is therefore essential to understanding the nature of the dispute. [...] 61 Philippine Claim to North Borneo, Bureau of Printing, Manila 1964, Vol. 1, p. 13.Google Scholar 62 Vidal, J. Montero y, Historia de la pirateria malaya-mahometania en Mindanao, Jolo, y Borneo, Madrid, 1888Google Scholar; de la Concepcion, Historia general de Philippinas, v. XII, Manila 1788–1792Google Scholar; Ortiz, op. cit.; and H. de la Costa, op. cit., and Cesar Adib Majul, "Political and Historical Notes on the Old Sulu Sultanate," paper before the International Conference on Asian History, University of Hong Kong, September 1964.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-18): Paul Cohen, the lead co-counsel of the Sulu heirs in the French arbitration case, clarifies that the case involves a purely contractual matter. Nonetheless, the Philippine government took notice of the arbitration award, with the government counsel reportedly looking into the impact of the award on the country’s sovereignty claim over Sabah. The claim has long been in the back burner while taking its silent toll on otherwise warm relations with our Asean neighbor, Malaysia. Article continues after this advertisementCohen’s clarification highlights the dichotomous aspects of the Sabah claim; one is proprietary from the perspective of the Sulu heirs, and the other, political from the perspective of the Philippine government. The heirs’ proprietary claim is governed by private law, while the claim of sovereignty is governed by public international law. The claims are, in a way, mutually exclusive because the heirs do not claim sovereignty, while the Philippines does not claim proprietary right. [...] The Philippine claim over Sabah solely hinges on the purported transfer of sovereignty rights by the sultan’s heirs to the Philippine government in April 1962. Then Acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs Salvador P. Lopez accepted on behalf of the Republic the cession and transfer of territory of North Borneo. The transfer of sovereignty is uncertain, given the fact that in 1962, the Sulu sultanate does not exist as a sovereign entity. Sovereignty is an attribute of statehood, thus only states may transfer territorial sovereignty.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-03-02): Constancio B. Maglana, a member of the House of Representatives published Sabah is Philippines (1969), and in a privilege speech, apart from laying the basis for the Philippine claim, also advocated the prosecution of the claim. [106] [...] Congress approves Senate Bill No. 954 that delinates the baselines of the Philippines and provides that "the territory of Sabah, situated in North Borneo, over which the Republic of the Philippines has acquired dominion and sovereignty." [...] [89] Philippine Claim to Sabah (North Borneo) Vol. II [90] Original Document: Agreement relating to Malaysia, 1963 [91] Original Document: Manila Accord sign on July 31, 1963 by President Soekarno, President Macapagal, and Prime Minister Tunku.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-30): Sabah joined the neighbouring state of Sarawak, and the states of the Malay peninsula to form the Federation of Malaysia in 1963. But the territory was once part of the centuries-old sultanate of Sulu, and Filipino politicians have sometimes used that history to suggest Sabah should be part of the modern-day Philippines. [...] "I am summoning the Malaysian ambassador" to the Department of Foreign Affairs, he added in another post, in response to former Philippine Senator JV Ejercito’s Twitter post that Sabah "historically belongs rightfully to the Philippines". [...] This is an irresponsible statement that affects bilateral ties. @MalaysiaMFA will summon the Philippines Ambassador on Monday to explain. Sabah is, and will always be, part of Malaysia. https://t.co/KcUnDxOySl — Hishammuddin Hussein 🇲🇾 (@HishammuddinH2O) July 29, 2020
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-02): Opinion | Why the Philippines has no justifiable claim to Sabah and never had - Manila’s move derives from the defunct Sulu sultanate’s disputed earlier claim to North Borneo when it was still part of the Brunei Empire - As the ruling against China in the South China Sea shows, international law does not recognise claims based just on historical interpretation The main narrative in the Philippines is that Brunei granted the territory to Sulu in gratitude for Sulu’s military assistance during the 1660-73 Brunei Civil War. The narrative in Brunei is that no assistance was given, so no transfer of property occurred. Besides, the dates given for Sulu’s supposed annexation of North Borneo are either 1658 or 1704, two years before or more than three decades after Brunei’s civil war. The Brunei sultans in both 1658 and 1704 were not among the three who reigned over the war period.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-10-25): A draft framework for the envisioned federal constitution proposes the inclusion in Philippine territory of Sabah, specifically that part which belongs to the Sultanate of Sulu — a thalassocracy founded in 1405. Sabah’s inclusion is being pushed based on historical fact. But the history of Sabah in the Philippine context might not be on our side sovereignty-wise. [...] The cession of claim over Sabah by the Sultan’s heirs in 1962 to the Philippine government amounted only to a transfer of proprietary claim. The heirs could not transfer sovereignty or territorial claim over Sabah. Thus, Philippine territory under a federal constitution cannot be greater than that acquired under the Treaty of Paris. The Sabah claim can perhaps be best understood if it is bifurcated in separate issues — territorial or sovereignty on one hand, and proprietary on the other. The first is tenuous; the second is formidable. A strong lobby before the British Crown would be equally important to rectify the injustice wrought upon the Sultan of Sulu by the Cession Order of 1946. After all, the greatness of a king lies not in his power but in his capacity to be the fountainhead of justice.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2010-12-09): 4 - The Claim to Sabah [...] On 22 January 1878, Sultan Jamalul Alam of Sulu executed a document, "with the expressed desire of all Datus in common agreement", leasing (according to the English translation from the Malay in Arabic script used by the Philippines, but "grant and cede" according to the translation employed by the British) "to Gustavus Baron de Overbeck of Hong Kong, and to Alfred Dent … of London, … as representatives of a British Company, together with their heirs, associates, successors and assigns forever and until the end of time, all rights and powers which we possess over all territories and lands tributary to us on the mainland of the Island of Borneo, … together with all the islands which lie within nine miles of the coast", defining the metes and bounds of the territory in question in terms of natural features and administrative subdivisions. In return, Overbeck and Dent were to pay the Sultan and "his heirs or successors" five thousand Malayan dollars (increased in 1903 to five thousand three hundred), "to be paid each and every year". W. H. Treacher, Britain's Acting Consul General in Borneo, witnessed the Sultan's seal and signature on the document. [...] In December 1878, Dent and Overbeck recounted the grant of Borneo territories by the Sultan of Sulu and four previous grants by the Sultan of Brunei to a private association formed by Dent "for the purpose of acquiring territorial grants in North Borneo and developing its resources".
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Republic Act No. 5446 of the Philippines, passed by the legislature on 26 August 1968 and signed by Marcos on 18 September, regards Sabah as a territory "over which the Republic of the Philippines has acquired dominion and sovereignty".[51][52] The Malaysian government responded by suspending diplomatic relations and ceasing cooperation regarding smuggling. Perceived British support for Malaysia led to the British Embassy in Manila being broken into by a crowd.[citation needed] Philippine Foreign Secretary Narciso Ramos gave a speech at the UN General Assembly on 15 October, calling for the dispute to be settled in international courts.[52] [...] Sabah Chief Minister Shafie Apdal rejected the Philippine claim, suggesting that the issues "should be resolved once and for all" with both the governments of Malaysia and the Philippines to officially have a "government-to-government talk" through the ASEAN platform.[98][99] He earlier stated that the proposal by the central government of the Philippines to include Sabah territory as part of the Philippines territory in their passports was nothing short of provocation and that the federal government of Malaysia had to make an immediate response.[100] Shafie added that Sabah was a "sovereign state" and that this had been settled a long time ago where the residents of Sabah had been assured by the Malaysian federal government of "full security and protection" when it formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963.[101]