copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: COVID-19 RNA vaccines weren’t made with messenger RNA; vaccine RNA cannot be broken down in the body (Klaus Steger, 2023-07-08)
Evidence (2020-09-22): "We were making RNA within a week or so" of the SARS-CoV-2 sequence being published, said Drew Weissman, MD, PhD, who researches mRNA vaccines at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. That speed propelled development: according to Weissman, both groups currently testing nucleic acid-based vaccines in phase 3 trials licensed his team’s mRNA formulation from the university. [...] The first 4 COVID-19 vaccine developers with published clinical trial data all used either a non–replicating adenovirus or mRNA platform. The US government is betting on some of these new technologies. Under the auspices of its Operation Warp Speed vaccine development initiative, it has already purchased hundreds of millions of doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and an investigational non–replicating viral vector vaccine in early trials from Johnson & Johnson–owned Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, as well as other candidates. Doses should be standing by if or when any of these are approved. [...] Speaking at the July 27 media briefing, Collins addressed concerns: "Yes, we’re going fast. But, no, we are not going to compromise safety or efficacy." Experts say several factors argue for mRNA vaccines’ safety. For one, mRNA can’t cause an infection. It also doesn’t enter the cell’s nucleus, so the chance of its integration into human DNA is believed to be very low. In addition, the body breaks down mRNA and its lipid carrier within a matter of hours, assuaging some concerns about long-term risks.
Claim: COVID-19 RNA vaccines weren’t made with messenger RNA; vaccine RNA cannot be broken down in the body (Klaus Steger, 2023-07-08)
Evidence (2021-08-03): Also, while the COVID-19 vaccines may be new, the mRNA technology used to create them has been used for decades in treatments for cancer, influenza, Zika and rabies. This experience has informed us that unknown, delayed side effects show up within two months of receiving the vaccine. These vaccines have been in use for many months, since the first vaccine trials were conducted over a year ago. There are no long-term side effects to worry about. [...] 7. Myth: The COVID-19 vaccines will alter your DNA. This is FALSE. "The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines use messenger RNA (mRNA) to protect us from COVID-19, and I think that is where this rumor comes from," says Dr. Cunningham. "mRNA gives our cells the blueprints for the factories that will build the protein to protect us from COVID-19. People get scared that mRNA will cause the virus to go into our DNA and mutate us, but it does not even go into the center part of the cell where we have our DNA. It doesn’t affect DNA at all."
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2018-01-28): Human-induced warming at the poles has caused a reduction in sea ice extent, notably in the Arctic, and a continuous shrinking of glaciers on land. President Trump has probably been misled by inaccurate articles like this one published by Forbes.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2018-01-29): President Donald Trump suggested to Piers Morgan in an interview that aired in full on Sunday that the polar ice caps are actually doing well, despite concerns about climate change, though it’s not clear how Trump came to that conclusion. [...] He then launched into a baseless claim about ice caps. [...] Despite Trump’s suggestion that the ice caps are not melting as quickly as expected, NASA reported in March that the polar ice caps had reached record lows.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2018-01-29): MORGAN: Do you believe in climate change? Do you believe it exists?TRUMP: There is a cooling, and there is a heating, and I mean, look — it used to not be climate change. It used to be global warming. Right?MORGAN: Right.TRUMP: That wasn’t working too well, because it was getting too cold all over the place. The ice caps were going to melt, they were going to be gone by now, but now they’re setting records, so okay, they’re at a record level. There were so many things happening, Piers. I’ll tell you what I believe in. I believe in clear air. I believe in crystal clear beautiful water. I believe in just having good cleanliness in all. [...] - This is evidenced by the fact that the ice caps are "setting records" in their extent. [...] But here’s the really remarkable thing about Trump’s rhetoric on climate change. In October 2014, Antarctic sea ice hit a record high (with records going back to 1979). The discovery attracted a lot of attention, particularly among those interested in undercutting the idea that the world was warming.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2018-01-30): Why Donald Trump's view that the polar ice caps are 'setting records' is baffling climate scientists [...] Scientists puzzled on Monday over US President Donald Trump’s assertion that ice caps are "setting records" when much of the world’s ice from the Alps to the Andes is melting amid global warming. [...] "Glaciers and ice caps are globally continuing to melt at extreme rate," said Michael Zemp, director of the World Glacier Monitoring Service, which tracks hundreds of glaciers.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2024-02-20): It’s normal for Arctic ice to melt and break off from glaciers in a process called calving, but the rate at which both are occurring is outpacing the production of new snow and ice, Mathieu Morlighem, a glaciologist and associate professor of Earth system science at UC Irvine, tells Inverse. The first thing to do, though, is to stop panicking, because it will take longer than a century for the polar ice caps to melt completely. But what if we sped things up just a little? Inverse spoke to Morlighem about how the ice caps melting could hypothetically transform the Earth by 2121. His response has been edited and condensed: [...] One other interesting effect is if you melt the ice, that will affect the Earth’s rotation. It may actually change how long a day is. The ice sheets are close to the axis of rotation of the Earth — they are around the poles. You melt this ice, and where this water will go is around the Earth, so further away from the axis of rotation. So the Earth is going to spin at a slower rate. It’s hard to quantify, but probably 10, 20 seconds longer for a day."
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2018-02-02): Trump said in the ITV interview that the polar ice caps were supposed to be "gone by now," but instead they’re "setting records." They’re at a record level." [...] Now the polar ice caps are breaking records — for melting. And last year NASA reported that sea ice in both the Arctic and the Antarctic was at a record low, again due to melting.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2022-09-15): In the late 2000s, Al Gore made a series of high-profile statements suggesting the possibility that Arctic sea ice could be completely gone during the summer by around 2013 or 2014. [...] Last September 21, as the Northern Hemisphere tilted away from the sun, scientists reported with unprecedented distress that the North Polar ice cap is "falling off a cliff." One study estimated that it could be completely gone during summer in less than 22 years. Another new study, to be presented by U.S. Navy researchers later this week, warns it could happen in as little as 7 years. [...] Arctic sea ice is without question on a declining trend, but Gore definitely erred in his use of preliminary projections and misrepresentations of research. Because Gore himself did not claim to have made these predictions, however, and because his statements applied specifically to summer sea ice in the Arctic, we rate the claim that Gore "predicted the ice caps will melt by 2014" as a mixture.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2018-01-28): They’re at a record level." [...] The Arctic set a record for the lowest amount of sea ice in the winter, when sea ice usually grows to its maximum levels, in March 2017. In 2012, the Arctic set a record for lowest sea ice levels. [...] "Both of the large ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica are losing hundreds of billions of tons of ice per year. Sea ice continues to decline significantly in the Arctic decade by decade, and the thickness of Arctic ice is now less than 50 percent of what it was 40 years ago," National Snow and Ice Data Center scientist Ted Scambos said in an email.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2018-01-28): They're at a record level." — ITV interview. [...] While a small number of experts a decade ago had predicted that Arctic would be free of summer sea ice by now, most mainstream scientists and the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change did not; instead they said Arctic sea ice would shrink, which it has, said Pennsylvania State University ice scientist Richard Alley. Most scientists, including the director of the National Snow and Ice Data Center, are predicting that the Arctic will be free of summer sea ice sometime around the 2040s. The Arctic set a record for the lowest amount of sea ice in the winter, when sea ice usually grows to its maximum levels, in March 2017. In 2012, the Arctic set a record for lowest sea ice levels. Sea ice recovered slightly from that record and in 2017 in September, the annual low was only the eighth lowest on record, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center. But the 10 lowest years of sea ice have been all in the last 11 years. Arctic sea ice is declining at a rate of 13.2 percent per decade, according to NASA.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2023-03-21): There’s little sign that the melting of the ice caps will slow any time soon. If anything, it’s going to get exponentially faster, scientists say. Like the glaciers themselves, it’s a process that begins slowly but carries with it a terrifying momentum. The ice caps store 99 percent of all the freshwater on Earth. It is a staggering amount of water, and the significance is readily apparent if you’ve ever stood on the shore of one of North America’s Great Lakes and gazed outward to the watery horizon. All that water, enough that it appears to be an inland sea, is but a fraction of what’s carried within the solid bulk of Antarctica. [...] So, while the ice caps aren’t going to disappear, that’s largely beside the point. There’s so much water locked in ice on Earth that releasing even a small portion of it can cause big changes. We need only look back in time to see what we might be in for. During the last interglacial period, a bit over 100,000 years ago, global temperatures were around 3 degrees hotter than today. That’s about as warm as the planet is projected to be in 2100, if we’re lucky. Despite that relatively small change in temperature, sea levels may have been 10 feet higher than they are today. Is it a glimpse of our future? Only time will tell.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2019-06-27): This claim is misleading in the extreme—the ice caps are indeed setting records, but not in the way President Trump is implying. The USA’s own National Snow and Ice Data Center shows that December 2017 was the second lowest December extent on record for Arctic sea ice extent (see below), and the Greenland ice sheet continues to set record lows (see below). Antarctica is also losing land ice, and at an accelerating rate*. [...] President Trumps comments that "The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now" may be the result of predictions made a few years ago by an overly enthusiastic Arctic scientist who I choose not to name here. At the time the climate science community rejected such extreme predictions, however the headlines stuck and return here to the detriment of the community and the planet.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2019-01-09): In a January interview with ITV, President Trump claimed that the ice caps are not melting but are setting records: "The ice caps were going to melt. They’re at a record level." [...] This claim is misleading in the extreme—the ice caps are indeed setting records, but not in the way President Trump is implying. The USA’s own National Snow and Ice Data Center shows that December 2017 was the second lowest December extent on record for Arctic sea ice extent (see below), and the Greenland ice sheet continues to set record lows (see below). Antarctica is also losing land ice, and at an accelerating rate*. [...] President Trumps comments that "The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now" may be the result of predictions made a few years ago by an overly enthusiastic Arctic scientist who I choose not to name here. At the time the climate science community rejected such extreme predictions, however the headlines stuck and return here to the detriment of the community and the planet.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2024-03-16): They are drilling a hole in the sea-ice that naturally forms in winter, and pumping around 1,000 litres of seawater per minute across the surface. [...] The Arctic Ocean is likely to be effectively free of sea-ice by the end of summer at least once by 2050, and possibly even sooner. As the graph below shows, it's already experienced steep declines since the 1980s. [...] "We have to reduce emissions, but even if we do them as quickly as possible, the Arctic is still going to melt."
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2023-05-05): The planet’s massive ice sheets are melting as temperatures rise. Scientists are finding that melt is having surprising and far-reaching effects. [...] Most people live far from the glaciers and ice caps that hold it. But as the climate gets hotter, the ice is melting. [...] As Greenland’s massive ice sheet melts, fresh water is pouring into the Atlantic Ocean.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2018-08-10): In a recent interview with the British station ITV, President Donald Trump falsely implied the globe’s ice caps are at "record" high levels. But ice caps generally have been declining worldwide. [...] Trump: That wasn’t working too well, because it was getting too cold all over the place. The ice caps were going to melt, they were going to be gone by now, but now they’re setting records, so OK, they’re at a record level. [...] Still, ice caps around the world are far from hitting record high levels, as Trump implied. The trend points downward.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2018-01-29): Trump responded by arguing that climate change is cyclical, but added, "The ice caps were going to melt, they were going to be gone by now, but they’re setting records, OK? They’re at a record level." [...] Ice caps setting record lows, NASA says The records that the ice caps are setting are for record lows, not highs.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2023-12-05): He appears to be implying that global warming can't be happening because the ice caps are growing to record levels. [...] Arctic sea ice is setting record levels. But no, it's not getting bigger. It's declining at record levels. Arctic sea ice reaches its minimum each September. The 10 lowest ice minimums have all been recorded since 2007. [...] We don't know of any credible source claiming the ice caps would have disappeared by now. We doubt Donald does either.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2018-01-29): They’re at a record level." – ITV interview. [...] The Arctic set a record for the lowest amount of sea ice in the winter, when sea ice usually grows to its maximum levels, in March 2017. In 2012, the Arctic set a record for lowest sea ice levels. Sea ice recovered slightly from that record and in 2017 in September, the annual low was only the eighth lowest on record, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center. But the 10 lowest years of sea ice have been all in the last 11 years. Arctic sea ice is declining at a rate of 13.2 percent per decade, according to NASA. Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said the Antarctic sea ice pack, less directly influenced by global climate change, varies from year to year. Antarctica hit a record low for sea ice in March 2017, the same month the Arctic hit a record winter low. Antarctic sea ice also reached a record high in 2014.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2023-05-11): Glaciers and ice sheets, large land-based formations of ice, are melting as global temperatures rise. That meltwater drains into the sea, increasing the ocean's water volume and global sea level. Melting ice has caused about two-thirds of the rise in sea level to date, one-third from land ice in Greenland and Antarctica and one third from melting ice on mountains. [...] There are other small contributions to sea level rise. Some ice sheets are so massive that they alter the Earth's gravitational pull. As ice caps melt, both the gravitation pull on Earth and the planet's rotational spin will change, affecting local sea level in complicated ways. Sea levels may rise in some places, and drop in others. Greenland's ice sheets currently pull on the surrounding ocean, creating a slight bump in the ocean in that area of the world. When the ice on Greenland melts and that pull is lost the sea level in places like Iceland and Norway will actually drop. But that water will have to go somewhere. The ocean water will redistribute so that across the globe by Japan and Hawaii sea level will rise more than the global average.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2009-01-01): 1968 - Scientist predicts melting ice caps [...] What they found was alarming. The Greenland ice sheet, parts of the Antarctic ice sheet, and Arctic sea ice are melting at rates that are unprecedented in the last 10,000 years. [...] The Greenland ice sheet is also melting at an accelerating rate, and could add a further seven metres to sea levels. Models show that the Greenland ice sheet will collapse when the Earth warms to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, which could happen as soon as 2030.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2014-09-16): I WILL prove them wrong!!! [...] It has completely devastated us all. [...] This happened ten years ago.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2023-08-22): - Ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet increased seven-fold from 34 billion tons per year between 1992-2001 to 247 billion tons per year between 2012 and 2016. - Antarctic ice loss nearly quadrupled from 51 billion tons per year between 1992 and 2001 to 199 billion tons per year from 2012-2016. [...] As global temperatures continue to warm, additional sea level rise is inevitable. How much and by when depends mostly on the future rate of greenhouse gas emissions. But another source of uncertainty is whether big ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland will melt in a steady, predictable way as the Earth gets warmer, or whether they will reach a tipping point and rapidly collapse.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2024-03-18): Records broken for ocean heat, sea level rise, Antarctic sea ice loss and glacier retreat [...] A new report from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) shows that records were once again broken, and in some cases smashed, for greenhouse gas levels, surface temperatures, ocean heat and acidification, sea level rise, Antarctic sea ice cover and glacier retreat. [...] Ice sheets: There are two principal ice sheets, the Greenland Ice Sheet and the Antarctic ice Sheet. Combining the two ice sheets, the seven highest melt years on record are all since 2010, and average rates of mass loss increased from 105 Gigatonnes per year from 1992–1996 to 372 Gigatonnes per year from 2016–2020. This is equivalent to about 1 mm per year of global sea level rise attributed to the ice sheets in the latter period.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2016-09-30): All of this happened on Dec. 6th 2019.
Claim: The ice caps were going to melt. They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records (Donald Trump, 2018-01-28)
Evidence (2024-10-03): The Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else on the planet, and as a result, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean is decreasing. Sea ice loss has far-reaching effects on the planet because the ice helps regulate Earth’s climate, influences global weather patterns, and affects ocean circulations. Sea Ice Today began as a way to make sea ice science and analysis more relevant and accessible. In combination, NASA data and NSIDC expertise provide easy-to-use resources and tools to increase our understanding of climate change in the Arctic. Since 2007, this site has been a go-to source for blog-like insights, analysis, and data visualization tools that communicate how sea ice has been changing from year to year. We receive over two million page visits a year and our content is used by a wide range of users including journalists, the general public, academics, and scientists alike. Our analyses focus primarily on sea ice extent, which is a measurement of the area of ocean where there is at least some sea ice. In the Arctic, the annual minimum sea ice extent occurs in September and the annual sea ice maximum extent occurs in March. In the Antarctic, the minimum extent occurs in February and the maximum occurs in September. When compared with previous years and decadal averages, these periods when the annal extremes occur are particularly important indicators of how much ice is being lost over time.