copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-26): Beijing has also been alarmed by certain shifts in Indian domestic policy. In August 2019, the Indian Parliament repealed Article 370 of the country’s constitution, which had guaranteed the autonomy of the northern state of Jammu and Kashmir. Fulfilling a campaign pledge, the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi cleaved the state into two federally administered union territories to be ruled directly from New Delhi. One of these new territories, Ladakh, nominally includes both Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin and some Pakistani-administered areas of Kashmir. In remarks in Parliament in August 2019, Indian Minister of Home Affairs Amit Shah described Aksai Chin as "occupied" and underscored that "we will sacrifice our lives for it."
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-30): On June 15, 2020, with the world distracted by the COVID-19 pandemic, China and India entered into a new confrontational phase of the tense standoff along their undefined 2,100 mile (3,380 km) border, known as the line of control (LOC). There were twenty Indian casualties from hand-to-hand combat in the Galwan Valley in Ladakh, the first deaths in a confrontation between the two neighbors since 1975. The Chinese Foreign Ministry admitted to some limited casualties but declined to report their number. The two countries fought a brief border war in 1962, after which China acquired Aksai Chin, the locus of the June clashes, which India claims as a part of Jammu and Kashmir. [...] Territory: China claims 35,000 square miles (90,000 square kilometers) of Indian territory including Arunachal Pradesh, while India claims 15,000 square miles (38,000 square km) of Chinese territory, including Aksai Chin. In August 2019 India incorporated Jammu and Kashmir into the Union Territory of Ladakh, a move which Chinese officials cricitized as a unilateral change in Kashmir's status.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-10): Aksai Chin is a region administered by China partly in Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang[2] and partly in Rutog County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet and constituting the easternmost portion of the larger Kashmir region that has been the subject of a dispute between India and China since 1959.[1] It is claimed by India as part of its Leh District, Ladakh Union Territory. [...] Aksai Chin is one of the two large disputed border areas between India and China. India claims Aksai Chin as the easternmost part of the union territory of Ladakh. China claims that Aksai Chin is part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Tibet Autonomous Region. The line that separates Indian-administered areas of Ladakh from Aksai Chin is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and is concurrent with the Chinese Aksai Chin claim line. [...] Aksai Chin covers an area of approximately 38,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi).[55] The area is largely a vast high-altitude desert with a low point (on the Karakash River) at about 4,300 m (14,100 ft) above sea level. In the southwest, mountains up to 7,000 m (23,000 ft) extending southeast from the Depsang Plains form the de facto border (Line of Actual Control) between Aksai Chin and Indian-controlled Kashmir.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): The first of the territories, Aksai Chin, is administered by China and claimed by India; it is mostly uninhabited high-altitude wasteland but with some significant pasture lands at the margins.[1] It lies at the intersection of Kashmir, Tibet and Xinjiang, and is crossed by China's Xinjiang-Tibet Highway; the other disputed territory is south of the McMahon Line, in the area formerly known as the North-East Frontier Agency and now a state called Arunachal Pradesh. It is administered by India and claimed by China. The McMahon Line was signed between British India and Tibet to form part of the 1914 Simla Convention, but the latter was never ratified by China.[2] China disowns the McMahon Line agreement, stating that Tibet was not independent when it signed the Simla Convention. [...] Aksai Chin [edit]From the area's lowest point on the Karakash River at about 14,000 feet (4,300 m) to the glaciated peaks up to 22,500 feet (6,900 m) above sea level, Aksai Chin is a desolate, largely uninhabited area. It covers an area of about 37,244 square kilometres (14,380 sq mi). The desolation of this area meant that it had no significant human importance other than ancient trade routes crossing it, providing brief passage during summer for caravans of yaks from Xinjiang and Tibet.[9]
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-30): In light of Beijing's unveiling of the 2023 "standard map of China," portraying Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh as its territory, this development has emerged. [...] The development comes at a time when Beijing has released the 2023 edition of its so-called "standard map of China" depicting Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh as part of the country’s territory. The map was issued by China’s natural resources ministry on Monday as part of the annual "National Surveying and Mapping Promotion Day". [...] The new map issued on Monday shows Aksai Chin, which China occupied during the 1962 war, and Arunachal Pradesh, which Beijing claims as south Tibet, within the country’s borders. The map also incorporates Taiwan, which China claims is part of its territory, and a large swathe of the South China Sea, where the Chinese side is involved in multiple territorial disputes.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): A Historical Note on the Sino-Indian Dispute over the Aksai Chin [...] The Sino-Indian conversations that followed the border clashes of late 1959 were undertaken partly for the purpose of examining in detail the historical evidence with which both sides supported their border claims. It is always difficult, however, to use historical evidence to bolster claims to areas which have for centuries been removed from the main stream of human existence. The Aksai Chin, in the extreme north-east of Ladakh, upon which much of the negotiations centred, is such a region; a bleak uninhabited highland which in the past was visited only by the inhabitants of adjacent territories in quest of salt and by occasional hunters. In 1717, however, the Aksai Chin was traversed by the Tsungar invaders of Tibet and 233 years later it was used for the same purpose by the Chinese. The success of this second venture led to the construction of a major road link between Sinkiang and Tibet, the existence of which precipitated the hostilities of 1959 and the discussions of 1960. [...] 7. People's Republic of China, The Sino-Indian Boundary Question (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1962), p. 55.Google Scholar - 1 - Cited by
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-17): First, it is no coincidence that the May 2020 clash happened after India’s construction of a feeder road in the Galwan Valley, which provides India access into Aksai Chin. Indeed, as Fravel wrote shortly after the incident, the construction of the road "helped provoke the standoff that began in May."[38] This is because, as he notes, Chinese officials viewed the Galwan Valley "as a backdoor into Aksai Chin."[39] Wang Dehua, a Chinese expert on South Asian issues at the Shanghai Institute of International Studies, corroborated this analysis. He not only argued that Aksai Chin has remained an "important issue" for the Chinese government but clarified that its significance rests, as in 1962, in the fact that it contains a transportation route that is "currently the only direct highway between Xinjiang and Tibet," which thereby gives China an invaluable access point to the region.[40] The need for access via the highway remains intimately connected with regime security concerns. As Chinese analyst Yun Sun put it, Aksai Chin is "vital to Chinese control of its ‘ethnic frontiers’ in Tibet and Xinjiang."[41]
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): List of locations in Aksai Chin This is a list of basins, camping grounds, lakes, mountains, mountain passes, outposts, plains, rivers, ruins, settlements, streams, valleys, villages, and other geographical features located in (or partially included in) the sparsely populated Aksai Chin region administered by China . (Originally a part of India but occupied by China). The alternate language names of locations in the Aksai Chin area are included for reference. [...] In the Aksai Chin region he constructed a number of stone shelters (langar), and one of these was Haji Langar on the Karakash.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-24): Remember the 1950s when China started building a road in Aksai Chin, and India kept silent? The work had started in 1953/54, and the ‘highway’ was opened with fanfare in July 1957. However, Delhi only recorded a weak protest…more than a year later, on 18 October 1958. The then Foreign Secretary, Subimal Dutt, wrote to the Chinese ambassador in Delhi: "It had come to the Government of India’s notice that a road had been constructed by the People’s Republic of China across the eastern part of the Ladakh region of J&K State, which is part of India…the completion of which was announced in September 1957 [in fact in July]." The Indian note added: "It is a matter of surprise and regret that the Chinese Government should have constructed a road through indisputably Indian territory without first obtaining the permission of the Government of India and without even informing the Government of India." That was it. In other words, a green light was given to Mao to continue developing the area. [...] The question remains: will Delhi protest against the construction of infrastructure, mainly the new railway, on what India considers its territory, or will it adopt a wait-and-watch game? The successful construction of the proposed rail and air infrastructure by China in Tibet will further strengthen the Chinese control of Aksai Chin.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-30): Aksai Chin is a region located in the junction of Peoples Republic of China, Pakistan and India. It is claimed by India but is under the administration of China. Aksai Chin is also one of the major border dispute between China and India. Aksai Chin (which is in Uyghur language and it literally means ‘Chins desert of white stones’ Chin refers to Qing dynasty of China) is a very high altitude desert of salt. Aksai Chin is also referred to as soda plain. There is no inhabitation in the region. Because of the presence of the Himalayas and other mountains the region sees little precipitation and also soaks up the Indian monsoon. [...] Pakistan claim on Kashmir also implies a claim to the Aksai Chin. In 1963 there was a border agreement between PRC and Pakistan in which Trans-Karakoram Tract was transferred and other border agreements of 1987 suggest that Pakistan may recognize claims on the areas. Till know no Pakistani government has officially claimed this region and governments all have given tactic approval of PRC considering this area as part of China.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-28): China’s government on August 28 released the "2023 edition of the standard map of China", which continues to show the entire State of Arunachal Pradesh and the Aksai Chin region within China’s borders. The 2023 map was released by the Ministry of Natural Resources. The territorial claims on China’s western borders, as also the so-called nine-dash line covering the entire South China Sea, are shown on the map as in previous editions. Also as in previous maps, a "tenth dash" is placed east of Taiwan, underlining Beijing’s claims over the island. [...] Following the release of the standard map for public use, the Ministry of Natural Resources will also release "digital maps and navigation and positioning" for use in various fields including "location-based services, precision agriculture, platform economy and intelligent connected vehicles," the report said.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-30): Indian media have reported that the map shows the north-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh and the disputed Aksai Chin plateau as China's territory. [...] "China has even in the past put out maps which claim the territories which are not China's, which belong to other countries. This is an old habit of theirs," he told TV channel NDTV on Tuesday. [...] China says it considers the whole of Arunachal Pradesh its territory, calling it "South Tibet" - a claim India firmly rejects. India claims the Aksai Chin plateau in the Himalayas, which is controlled by China.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Geographically, Aksai Chin is a southwestward extension of the Plateau of Tibet. The territory administered by China is situated largely in the southernmost part of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, China, with a small portion on the southeast and south sides lying within the extreme western limit of the Tibet Autonomous Region. With an average elevation of some 17,000 feet (5,180 metres), Aksai Chin consists largely of a high, isolated, inhospitable, and mostly uninhabitable plain bordered to the west and southwest by the Karakoram Range and to the north and northeast by the Kunlun Mountains. Its terrain is more rugged to the northwest, and there is internal drainage into small alkaline lakes in the east. The climate is cold and dry, with most of the little precipitation the region receives falling in the summer months of July and August. Because of its remoteness and isolation, Aksai Chin was long an ignored corner of the subcontinent, but the Chinese built a military road through it in the 1950s in order to connect Tibet with Xinjiang. The Indian discovery of the road and objection to the Chinese presence in the sector was one of the factors leading to sharp border clashes between the two countries in 1962. At the conclusion of the conflict, China retained control of about 14,700 square miles (38,000 square km) of territory in Aksai Chin. The area remained a point of contention between the two countries.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-17): At least 20 Indian soldiers were killed in a bloody brawl with Chinese troops on Monday in the Galwan Valley, close to Aksai Chin, an area controlled by China but claimed by both countries. It is unclear if or how many Chinese soldiers died. Both sides have accused the other of overstepping the de facto border, the Line of Actual Control (LAC) that runs along the western sector of the valley. The details of the encounter remain confused, however, and may never be fully clear. [...] Aksai Chin,the area in contention, is claimed as part of Xinjiang by China and Ladakh by India. It is cold and inhospitable, draped in snow with temperatures around freezing, even in summer. Located high in the Himalayas, the average altitude is 14,000 feet (4,200 meters), almost double the height where altitude sickness kicks in, meaning any humans in the area have to undergo tedious, gradual acclimatisation or suffer crippling headaches, nausea and fatigue. [...] Aksai Chin is part of greater Kashmir, and after the bloody war between Pakistan and India in 1947 resulted in the partition of that region, the border between China and India was left ill-defined.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-29): China needs Aksai Chin in order to connect Tibet to its Xinjiang province. [...] A piece in India Today says Beijing lays claim to Aksai China as part of China’s medieval empire. [...] India Today quoted historian Ramchandra Guha as writing in his book India After Gandhi, "No official Chinese maps showed Aksai Chin as part of China before the 1920s, and a Sinkiang (Xinjiang) map of the 1930s showed the Kunlun (the mountains) rather than the Karakoram (range) to have been the customary boundary - which had been the Indian claim all along."
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-22): No Chinese map showed Aksai Chin as its territory before 1920s. But through 1950s, China captured Aksai Chin and consolidated its position in 1962 war. In Short - No Chinese map showed Aksai Chin as its territory before 1920s - Aksai Chin was historically part of Ladakh, and British India since mid-19th century - China militarily captured Aksai Chin through 1950s and during 1962 war Aksai Chin is almost the size of Bhutan and little smaller than Switzerland. Most of it is in occupation of China, which captured the region during 1950s and consolidated its military grip over the area during the 1962 India-China war, rejecting all Indian attempts to settle border disputes peacefully.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-31): - China lays claims to several parts of Jammu and Kashmir, including Buddhist Ladakh - Beijing controls the disputed territories of Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Tract - Aksai Chin is a vital piece of land for Beijing because it connects Tibet and Xinjiang [...] China seized Aksai Chin when it defeated India in the 1962 war, but Aksai Chin isn't the only part of the Jammu and Kashmir that's under Chinese control. [...] "China continues to control Aksai Chin and India continues to claim Aksai Chin — whether it is part of Jammu and Kashmir or [a] union territory, I don't think it makes any real difference," he said.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-11): Raking through the worn-out pages of history, India Today’s OSINT team pulls out via maps and facts the truth behind China’s claim over the disputed land of Aksai Chin. [...] Quoting Bertil Lintner from his book ‘China’s India War’, "The Chinese never recognised the Ardagh-Johnson Line, and in 1892, one of their patrols erected some border markers at the Karakoram Pass, where there was ancient caravan route between Xinjiang and Ladakh. Since then, the Chinese have continued to claim that the greater part of Ladakh’s Aksai Chin region should be inside the territory claimed by them." "The British did not pay much attention to the Chinese moves in this remote and inhospitable area, and, in order to create yet another buffer zone between the expanding Russian empire and Tibet, a new boundary was drawn in 1893. It became known as the Macartney-MacDonald Line and placed most of Aksai Chin on the Chinese side of the territory."
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-06): China and India have a disputed border territory known as Aksai Chin. It is primarily part of Hotan County, located in the southwestern section of Hotan Prefecture in China’s Xinjiang Autonomous Region, with a tiny portion on the southeast & south sides falling into the Tibet Autonomous Region. [...] The territory of Aksai Chin is situated at the crossroads of the People’s Republic of China, Pakistan, and India. Although India disputes it, it is administered by China. One of the vital boundary disputes between India and China is the Aksai Chin. Aksai Chin is a salt desert at a significantly higher altitude, and soda plain is another name for Aksai Chin. The area is devoid of human settlement. Because of the Himalayas or other mountains, the region receives minimal precipitation but absorbs the Indian monsoon. [...] In the above topic, we have read about the importance of the Aksai Chin. China administers the Aksai Chin region, including Hotan County in Xinjiang’s Hotan Prefecture and Rutog County in Tibet’s Ngari Prefecture. India declares it as part of the Ladakh Union Territory’s Leh District. It is located in the eastern section of Kashmir and has been a source of contention between China and India since the late 1950s. Go through the complete notes to better understand the geographical location, Indian disputes, and history of the Aksai chin.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-13): Aksai Chin (Urdu: اکسای چن, Chinese: 阿克赛钦, Ākèsàiqīn) is a region 37,555 km² (16,481 sq mi) which lies at the juncture of China, Pakistan, and India. It consists of about one fifth of Kashmir and one of the driest place and true desert in the world that receive less rain than the Polar desert. It is ruled by China but claimed by the Republic of India. Aksai Chin is one of the two main border disputes between India and China. The other is the dispute over Arunachal Pradesh. Aksai Chin (the name literally means "Chin's desert of white stones") is a very large high-altitude hot desert of salt with sand dunes and yareta (a type of cushioned plants) that reaches heights up to 4,500 metres. It covers an area of 37,555 km² (16,481 sq mi) of the disputed territory. Geographically part of the Tibetan Plateau, Aksai Chin itself is a plateau and it is often called the "Soda Plain". The region is almost uninhabited, has no permanent settlements, and receives no rain or snow as the Himalayan and other mountains block the rains from the Indian monsoon. Pakistan recognizes it as part of China, however India has objected to this and claims all the territory. In boundary talks in 1960 Chinese officials shown a map drawn by General Staff of the Chinese Army in 1918 shows the territory as part of China. [...] True Map of Aksai Chin as per Indian claim
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-06): China’s false claims regarding Aksai Chin as being "a part of China" is not unique as China also falsely claims East Turkistan, Tibet, South Mongolia, Manchuria, and parts of other surrounding countries as being "part of China." However, in the case of Aksai Chin (Eastern Ladakh), the Chinese have pushed a false narrative claiming that the term ‘Aksai Chin’ is a Chinese term and that the "Chin" in ‘Aksai Chin’ refers to China. [...] The term ‘Aksai Chin’ is a Uyghur / Turkic term and not a Chinese term. When breaking the down the term ‘Aksai Chin’ in the Uyghur language we can see the following: Ak = white, Sai = ravine / gorge, Chin = actual, true or real. The meaning of ‘Aksai Chin’ in the Uyghur / Turkic language would translate into English as ‘the real white gorge’ or ‘the true white ravine.’ Aside from Aksai Chin near the Chinese occupied East Turkistan and Indian border, there are villages, towns, and regions named Aksai in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and even Russia. [...] Aksai Chin (Eastern Ladakh) was annexed into Chinese occupied East Turkistan, or what China calls "Xinjiang" following the Sino-India War of 1962. Looking at historical data and maps pre-1962, including maps created by the British, Chinese, East Turkistan, Indian, Russian, and United States governments, we can see that since at least 1865 Aksai Chin (Eastern Ladakh) was exclusively marked as being a part of India.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of People's Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-16): 5. The island of Taiwan, for example, remains the territory of the "Republic of China" that lost the Chinese Civil War in 1950. 6. The ROC government fled to Taiwan, leaving the rival "People’s Republic of China" in control of the mainland and several other islands. [...] 8. China also disputes two large territories with India. These are Aksai Chin, near Kashmir, with an area of 37,244 sq km, as well as Arunachal Pradesh ("South Tibet"), with 90,000 sq km.