copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-06): THE CONTEXT: India has vehemently condemned China’s attempts to include the Shaksgam valley in its territory. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) spokesperson expressed India’s rejection of China’s actions and registered a strong protest against what India perceives as illegal attempts to alter the territorial status quo. [...] Historical Context of the Shaksgam Valley - The Shaksgam valley was illegally ceded by Pakistan to China in a controversial 1963 boundary agreement. [...] Escalation of Tensions - China’s incursions into the Shaksgam valley represent a continuation of its assertive behavior in territorial disputes.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-13): Currently, its endpoint is a mere 30 miles from the Indian position over the Siachen Glacier. The Shaksgam Valley, part of the larger Trans-Karakoram tract, has been a contentious issue since its transfer by Pakistan to the People’s Republic of China (PRC) under the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement. This transfer, regarded by India as illegal, has fueled longstanding territorial disputes in the northern areas of PoK and Ladakh. [...] Secondly, China’s actions in the Shaksgam Valley can be interpreted as a move to assert its permanent claim over the territory. India has long contested the transfer of the Shaksgam Valley from Pakistan to China in 1963; the recent infrastructure development in the region serves to solidify China’s presence and signals to India that the transfer of the Shaksgam Valley was not merely symbolic. [...] India must remain vigilant and proactive in countering these threats, both diplomatically and militarily, to safeguard its interests and prevent further encroachments on its territory. In conclusion, China’s actions in the Shaksgam Valley are part of a broader pattern of expansionism and strategic maneuvering in the region.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-15): On the night of June 15, a violent clash occurred in the Galwan Valley between soldiers of the Indian Army and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), which resulted in the death of 20 Indian soldiers and an undisclosed number of Chinese troops (India Today, June 17; Jamestown Foundation, June 29). In a first sign of efforts to de-escalate tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC)—the de facto border between Indian and Chinese-controlled territories—India and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have begun pulling back their troops from recent sites of confrontation in Ladakh. [...] The entire India-China border is disputed. Not only do the two countries disagree on where the LAC runs, but they also claim chunks of territory under the other’s control. In the eastern sector, China claims 90,000 square kilometers of territory, which is roughly coterminous with the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. In the western sector—which is the focus of the current tensions—India claims 38,000 square kilometers of land in Aksai Chin, which is under Chinese control. India also disputes China’s possession of another 5,180 square kilometers of territory in the Shaksgam Valley that Pakistan ceded to China in 1963.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-09): Except the Indian maps do not show Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin and Shaksgam. None of these four regions is under India’s actual control. For India, they simply don’t exist. The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir goes to the Pakistan border to include what would comprise Azad Kashmir; Ladakh extends to include the other three areas. Terms such as "Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir", "China-Occupied Kashmir", or "Line of Control" also don’t appear on the Indian maps. [...] On the Ladakh map, the term "People’s Republic of China" appears once, while on the Political Map of India released concurrently, it appears twice. In the Ladakh map, "People’s Republic of China" is written where Xinjiang would be, although this region is not specifically named, while Xizang is labelled "Tibet Autonomous Region" but with no obvious reference to it being part of the "People’s Republic of China". Are the Indians trying to subtly tell the Chinese that the status of Tibet may be uncertain?
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-31): The Trans-Karakoram Tract (Chinese: 喀喇昆仑走廊; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng), also known as the Shaksgam Tract (Urdu: شکسگام, romanized: Shaksgām), is an area of approximately 5,200 km2 (2,000 sq mi)[1] north of the Karakoram watershed, including the Shaksgam valley.[2][3] The tract is administered by China as part of its Taxkorgan and Yecheng counties in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Although the Shaksgam tract was originally under the control of India following the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India in 1947, Pakistan took control of the region after the First India-Pakistan War and subsequently ceded it to China in 1963 through the Sino-Pakistan Agreement, and a border based on actual ground positions was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan.[4][5] The Shaksgam Tract, along with the entire Kashmir region, is claimed by India.[6][7] Further, New Delhi has never accepted the China-Pakistan boundary pact, asserting that Islamabad "unlawfully" attempted to cede the area to Beijing.[8] [...] The Shaksgam Valley was never part of Kashmir and the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir were undefined - ^ a b "Signing with the Red Chinese". Time (magazine). 15 March 1963. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2019. [...] - ^ "India lodges protest with China over its infra development in Shaksgam valley". The Indian Express. 2024-05-02. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-06): The Shaksgam valley in the trans-Karakoram tract, part of PoK, was handed over on a platter by a supine Pakistan to China through an illegal border agreement on March 2, 1963. However, the continuing Chinese occupation of Kashmir’s territory does not find adequate mention in the contemporary discourse surrounding this issue. China occupies 5,180 square kilometres in the Shaksgam Valley in addition to approximately 38,000 square kilometres in Aksai Chin. China and Pakistan have colluded to obfuscate these facts, even as they brazenly promote the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which runs through parts of Indian territory under their respective occupation.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-02): NEW DELHI: Amidst reports of China making roads and developing infrastructure in the Shaksgam Valley, India has reaffirmed that the area is part of its territory. India has also raised a protest with China over the construction. "The Shaksgam Valley is a part of the Indian territory. We have never accepted the so-called China Pakistan Boundary Agreement of 1963 through which Pakistan has unlawfully attempted to cede the area to China. We have registered our protest with the Chinese side against illegal attempts to alter facts on the ground," said Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal. [...] The Shaksgam tract (which includes the Shaksgam Valley) is an area of 5,200 sq km north of the Karakoram watershed that has been illegally occupied by China since 1963. It was earlier occupied by Pakistan since 1947.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-04): The Shaksgam Valley, also known as the Trans-Karakoram Tract, is a territory of about 5,200 square kilometres (2,000 sq mi) located north of the Karakoram watershed in the Kashmir region. It is currently administered by China as part of its Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The Shaksgam Valley is a source of contention between India, Pakistan, and China. India claims the entire Kashmir region, including the Shaksgam Valley. Pakistan controls a portion of Kashmir known as Gilgit-Baltistan, which includes the Shaksgam Valley. In 1963, Pakistan ceded control of the Shaksgam Valley to China as part of a boundary agreement. India has never accepted this agreement and continues to claim the Shaksgam Valley as its territory. [...] The Shaksgam Valley has some strategic importance due to its location on the border between China and Pakistan. The valley provides a potential route for a road connecting China to Pakistan. China has been investing in infrastructure development in the Shaksgam Valley in recent years, including the construction of roads and bridges. This development has raised concerns in India about China’s growing influence in the region.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-10): With its new map of 4 August 2020, Islamabad underlined its position on the Kashmir issue. Pakistan’s national borders encompass the whole of Kashmir, which confirms the political claim to the territory. Pakistan had ceded the Shaksgam Valley in its part of Kashmir to the People’s Republic in 1963 as part of its political rapprochement with China (see Map 3, p. 6). The Aksai Chin region claimed by China is marked as "frontier undefined". This corresponded to the position agreed by the two states in the 1963 treaty. Earlier maps, on the other hand, often graphically separated Kashmir – including the GB and AJK regions – from Pakistani territory to indicate that Kashmir is a disputed territory as defined by UN resolutions. [...] At the end of September 2020, representatives of the Chinese government surprisingly declared that China’s territorial claims included the territories of the former LAC of 1959. This was China’s first move away from the 1993 agreement that established the current LAC, whose course was never clearly defined. Despite numerous rounds of talks in the past, both sides have never exchanged official maps of the critical areas, including the Ladakh/Aksai Chin region. Therefore, mutual territorial claims have remained vague. With its new position, China resorted to its old one from 1959, which had not been recognised by the Indian government at the time.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-28): - With China-Pakistan 1963 agreement, Pakistan handed over the Shaksgam Valley of Aksai Chin to China. [...] Shaksgam Valley - The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK), and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. [...] - The Shaksgam Valley was ceded to China by Pakistan in 1963 when both countries signed a boundary agreement to settle their border differences.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Context: India raised a strong protest to China over construction activity in the Shaksgam Valley, supporting its ownership of the region and rejecting the 1963 China-Pakistan boundary deal, which attempted to transfer the area to Beijing.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-03): New Delhi: The Indian Army will be studying the military implications of China building a road in Shaksgam Valley as Beijing’s physical occupation could potentially threaten Indian defences in Siachen Glacier. The 5180 square kilometer of Indian territory in Shaksgam Valley was illegally ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963. [...] India has been raising the issue of Shaksgam Valley in the Special Representative Dialogue on Boundary Resolution, the last meeting of which was held in December 2019. Even though Indian Special representative Ajit Doval has met his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi on the sidelines in BRICS in South Africa on July 24, 2023, the SR dialogue has virtually been put on the back burner after Chinese PLA threw all the bilateral agreements out of the window and transgressed in East Ladakh in May 2020. The loss of Colonel Santosh Babu and his 19 troopers in a clash with PLA at Galwan on June 15, 2020 has further hardened positions on both sides as India has no intentions in allowing Beijing to unilaterally impose the 1959 line on East Ladakh. [...] By lodging at least two protests in the past two years on road construction in Shaksgam Valley, India has made it clear to China that it is right to protect its territory and will take measures to ensure that road construction is halted in the illegally occupied territory.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-03): The construction of this road is a matter of serious concern for India. If China extends the road to the Upper Shaksgam Valley, it would pose a dual threat to Indian positions on the Siachen Glacier from both Pakistan in the South and China in the North. It is logical to assume that the Indian Army will need to plan long-term defenses to address Chinese expansion in the Occupied Shaksgam Valley. While the current road construction is a patch between two potential alignments in the long term, it is evident that China aims to connect Lower and Upper Shaksgam Valley through roads and military outposts. This move is seen as an attempt to pressure Indian Army positions on the Siachen Glacier and Saltoro Ridge. However, the area is largely glaciated, with high mountains on all sides, and is dominated by the K2 peak and the Concordia complex. India has raised the issue of the Shaksgam Valley in the Special Representative Dialogue on Boundary Resolution. The last meeting was held in December 2019. Despite Indian Special Representative Ajit Doval's meeting with his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi on the sidelines of BRICS in South Africa on July 24, 2023, the SR dialogue has been largely inactive since the Chinese PLA transgressed in East Ladakh in May 2020, disregarding all bilateral agreements. The clash between Indian troops, led by Colonel Santosh Babu, and the PLA at Galwan on June 15, 2020, further strained relations between the two countries.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-07): Understanding the Shaksgam Valley: - Location and Status: The Shaksgam Valley, also known as the Trans Karakoram Tract, lies within the Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK). It is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. [...] - History of Cession: In 1963, Pakistan ceded the Shaksgam Valley to China as part of a boundary agreement aimed at resolving border disputes between the two nations.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-03): Shaksgam Valley 03-05-2024 10:32 AM [...] About Shaksgam Valley - The Shaksgam Valley, or Trans Karakoram Tract, is part of the Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK) and is a disputed territoryclaimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. [...] Located at a height of around 20,000 feet in the Karakoram Mountain range, the Siachen Glacier is known as the highest militarized zone around the world. It is located so strategically that while it dominates Shaksgam Valley (ceded to China by Pakistan in 1963) in the north, controls the routes coming from Gilgit Baltistan to Leh from the west, and at the same time, it dominates the ancient Karakoram Pass in the eastern side too. Further, towards the west, it observes nearly the entirety of Gilgit Baltistan, which too is an Indian territory illegally occupied by Pakistan in 1948.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): It resulted in both countries ceding over 1,942 square kilometres (750 sq mi)[clarification needed] to the other. Pakistan recognized Chinese sovereignty over land in Northern Areas of Kashmir and Ladakh.[4][5] However, Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction, Pakistan surrendered approximately 5,300 km2 (2,050 sq mi) of territory to China.[6][7] India claims the agreement is invalid, and claims sovereignty over part of the land. In addition to increasing tensions with India, the agreement shifted the balance of the Cold War by bringing Pakistan and China closer together while loosening ties between Pakistan and the United States. [...] The agreement resulted in China and Pakistan each withdrawing from about 1,900 square kilometres (750 square miles) of territory, and a boundary on the basis of the 1899 British Note to China as modified by Lord Curzon in 1905. Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction, Pakistan surrendered approximately 5,300 km2 (2,050 sq mi) of territory to China (to which they believe it had no right in the first place).[7] The claim given up by Pakistan was the area north of the Uprang Jilga River which also included the Raksam Plots where the Mir of Hunza had enjoyed taxing and grazing rights throughout much of the late 19th Century as part of agreements with Chinese authorities in Sinkiang. Despite this, sovereignty over area was never challenged by the Mir of Hunza, the British or the State of Jammu and Kashmir. [6]
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-10): New Chinese Road in Shaksgam Valley: A Brief Historical Background [...] The spokesperson of the Indian Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) immediately asserted: "Shaksgam Valley is a part of the territory of India. We have never accepted the so-called China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement of 1963, through which Pakistan unlawfully attempted to cede the area to China. We have registered our protest with the Chinese side against illegal attempts to alter facts on the ground. We further reserve the right to take necessary measures to safeguard our interests." [...] This is a slightly modified version of the article, originally published as Claude Arpi. 2024. ‘As PoK rises in revolt against Pakistan, China continues infra-building in Shaksgam Valley'. FirstPost. 19 May.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): New satellite images from the European Space Agency reveal a Chinese road has been built through the Aghil Pass and now stretches into the lower Shaksgam Valley. The Indian government has consistently claimed the Shaksgam Valley, which is currently controlled by China, as part of its territory. This includes the region of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK)…. writes Dr. Anjali Sehrawat [...] The Indian government has consistently claimed the Shaksgam Valley, which is currently controlled by China, as part of its territory. This includes the region of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). In a 2019 speech, Home Minister Amit Shah reaffirmed this position, stating that the Indian constitution defines Jammu and Kashmir to include both Pok and Aksai Chin (another disputed territory with China). However, the situation is complex. A 1963 agreement between China and Pakistan grants China temporary control of the Shaksgam Valley until the Kashmir issue is resolved. India has not signed any similar agreement with China regarding the valley. Despite China’s control, India has actively protested Chinese actions in the region. These protests include objecting to Chinese infrastructure projects and the portrayal of Aksai Chin as Chinese territory.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-12-27): Mandip Singh replies: The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK), and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Province of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the north, the Northern Areas of POK to the south and west, and the Siachen Glacier region to the east. The Shaksgam Valley was ceded to China by Pakistan in 1963 when both countries signed a boundary agreement to settle their border differences. However, Article 6 clearly stated that "the two Parties have agreed that after the settlement of the Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India, the sovereign authority concerned will reopen negotiations with the Government of the People's Republic of China, on the boundary as described in Article Two of the present Agreement, so as to sign a formal Boundary Treaty to replace the present agreement."
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-10): In 1963, Pakistan illegally gifted the Shaksgam valley to China under the China-Pakistan Agreement 1963 ("China-Pakistan Agreement") whereby Gen. Ayub Khan of Pakistan handed over parts of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir to China. The agreement purportedly establishes the formal boundary line between China's Xinjiang region and PoK by delineating the boundary alignment along mountain ridges and rivers. The said concession of territory to China was illegal from the start as the Shaksgam valley was rightfully an Indian territory that was under the illegal occupation of Pakistan. As such, as per the legal maxim nemo dat quod non habet (No one gives what he does), Pakistan could not have gifted what was not rightfully its territory in the first place. [...] The Shaksgam Valley dispute is a notable example of China's repeated attempts to unilaterally usurp the territorial sovereignty of other nations, reflecting its broader strategy to monitor and manage India's regional activities. As evidenced in Bhutan and Nepal, China aims to surveil India in addition to containing India within the subcontinent, thereby expanding its maritime presence. India's keen awareness of the recent construction activities in this contested area underscores its vigilance. India has firmly asserted its right to protect its territorial boundaries and undertake any measure to safeguard its sovereign integrity. This enduring dispute highlights the persistent tensions and complexities inherent in Sino-Indian relations and throws light on the Chinese policy of disrespect towards sovereign boundaries weather on land or at sea.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-09): Except the Indian maps do not show Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin and Shaksgam. None of these four regions is under India’s actual control. For India, they simply don’t exist. The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir goes to the Pakistan border to include what would comprise Azad Kashmir; Ladakh extends to include the other three areas. Terms such as "Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir", "China-Occupied Kashmir", or "Line of Control" also don’t appear on the Indian maps. [...] On the Ladakh map, the term "People’s Republic of China" appears once, while on the Political Map of India released concurrently, it appears twice. In the Ladakh map, "People’s Republic of China" is written where Xinjiang would be, although this region is not specifically named, while Xizang is labelled "Tibet Autonomous Region" but with no obvious reference to it being part of the "People’s Republic of China". Are the Indians trying to subtly tell the Chinese that the status of Tibet may be uncertain?