copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Global weather is controlled by secret geoengineering programs using chemtrails and ionosphere heating facilities. (Facebook users, 2023-08-07)
Evidence (2022-07-22): Chemtrails conspiracy theorists point to such secret experiments to bolster their cause. But their claims blow the historical record out of all proportion, as they claim we are constantly - and very visibly - being deliberately sprayed with tonnes of dangerous chemicals, for an ever-shifting variety of reasons.
Claim: Global weather is controlled by secret geoengineering programs using chemtrails and ionosphere heating facilities. (Facebook users, 2023-08-07)
Evidence (2023-04-28): Comments posted by Instagram users suggest that many believe the claim that HAARP is manipulating the weather, with some citing it as proof that climate change does not exist. Others refer to a similar baseless conspiracy theory that alleges contrails are biological or chemical agents used covertly by governments to poison or vaccinate populations. [...] "HAARP transmits high power radio waves in the range 3 - 30 MHz [one million hertz] which are absorbed by the ionosphere, causing heating and turbulence in the ionospheric plasma," Professor Dyson said. "The ionosphere extends upwards from about 60 km, well above Earth’s weather systems, so HAARP has no effect on weather systems," he said. "HAARP heats the ionosphere at about 100 km and above depending on the transmitted frequency."
Claim: Global weather is controlled by secret geoengineering programs using chemtrails and ionosphere heating facilities. (Facebook users, 2023-08-07)
Evidence (2024-01-26): In reality, The People’s Voice article refers to an online petition to "…prohibit the continuation of aerosolized spraying" of substances and particulates which "…is extremely harmful to our health and our environment". Chemtrails are not referenced anywhere in the petition text, but it further states that there is a covert military program to control weather whereby "weather modification is frequently used to justify the spraying" of things like "aluminum oxide and other toxic metal compounds". A previous Science Feedback claim review explained that allegations of secret large-scale atmospheric programs using chemtrails lack any supporting evidence (i.e., proof) and foundation (i.e., hypothetical basis)[1]. There are no scientific studies nor any existing data confirming elevated global atmospheric, soil, sediment, or water concentrations of the various chemicals that chemtrails are claimed to spread. [...] This is certainly not the first time government documents, whether hearings, bill proposals, policy agendas, or scientific reports, have been misrepresented as proof of the chemtrail conspiracy. Social media posts in recent years inaccurately claimed the UN is creating climate change using geoengineering and chemtrails, and the chemtrails are a key tool used to control the weather, with climate change being only a cover-up. Last year, the Mexican government announced a ban on solar geoengineering after an American start-up tested atmospheric sulfur injections from balloons over Mexico without any notice or approval. However, this ban was misrepresented on social media as a ban on chemtrails, despite chemtrails being unrelated to the new Mexican law and unsupported by any scientific evidence.
Claim: Global weather is controlled by secret geoengineering programs using chemtrails and ionosphere heating facilities. (Facebook users, 2023-08-07)
Evidence (2024-10-09): He said: "The amount of energy involved in ionospheric heaters such as HAARP is many orders of magnitude smaller than that involved in solar heating of the earth’s surface and is constrained to a minuscule area. To have any effect on the weather there would need to be some physical phenomena that transferred the energy to the lower atmosphere in a highly non-linear fashion (ie magnify it enormously)." Prof Ward said claims that ionospheric heaters such as HAARP can modulate the weather are "being pushed by people who have no understanding whatsoever of the physics involved in atmospheric circulation and weather systems". [...] The claim that the HAARP facility can control the earth’s weather is false. The facility only interacts with particles in the earth’s ionosphere, well above the range where weather formations occur.
Claim: Global weather is controlled by secret geoengineering programs using chemtrails and ionosphere heating facilities. (Facebook users, 2023-08-07)
Evidence (2024-10-09): HAARP is a target of conspiracy theorists, who claim that it is capable of weather manipulation. Commentators and scientists say that advocates of this and other conspiracy theories are wrong,[6] as claims made fall well outside the abilities of the facility, if not the scope of natural science.[7][8] [...] Related facilities [edit]In the United States, there have been two related ionospheric heating facilities: the HIPAS, near Fairbanks, Alaska, which was dismantled in 2009, and one at the Arecibo Observatory[38] in Puerto Rico, which collapsed in 2020. The European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) operates an ionospheric heating facility capable of transmitting over 1 GW effective radiated power (ERP), near Tromsø, Norway.[39] The Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility, in Vasilsursk, Russia, near Nizhniy Novgorod, is capable of transmitting 190 MW ERP. [...] See also [edit]- EISCAT - Geophysical Institute - HIPAS Observatory - Ionospheric reflection - Poker Flat Research Range - Riometer - SuperDARN - Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
Claim: Global weather is controlled by secret geoengineering programs using chemtrails and ionosphere heating facilities. (Facebook users, 2023-08-07)
Evidence (2023-02-28): "I don't know who need (sic) to hear this but #ClimateChange is actually #Geoengineering," the tweet reads. "Those trails you see in the sky aren't water vapor, they're #StratosphericInjections aka #Chemtrails & you can look up the countless patents & protocols for #WeatherModification yourself. Wake up." [...] - USA TODAY, Aug. 16, 2016, Scientists disprove airplane 'chemtrail' theory - USA TODAY, Oct. 28, 2022, Fact check: High-frequency research program studies ionosphere, can't create hurricanes - USA TODAY, Jan. 25, Fact check: False claim ‘chemtrails’ and HAARP are used to manipulate the weather - USA TODAY, Dec. 14, 2022, Fact check: False claim that barrels pictured on planes contain ‘chemtrails’ - Alan Robock, Feb. 20, Email exchange and phone interview with USA TODAY - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, June 2019, Technology Factsheet: Solar Geoengineering - Brittanica, Jan. 11, Cloud-seeding - Charles Konrad, Jan. 20, Phone interview with USA TODAY - David Fahey, Feb. 27, Phone interview with USA TODAY - Environmental Protection Agency, September 2000, Aircraft Contrails Factsheet - NASA, accessed Feb. 28, How Do We Know Climate Change Is Real?
Claim: Global weather is controlled by secret geoengineering programs using chemtrails and ionosphere heating facilities. (Facebook users, 2023-08-07)
Evidence (2018-11-23): The AMS official policy statement regarding this type of geoengineering begins with a warning, "Reflecting sunlight would likely reduce Earth's average temperature but could also change global circulation patterns with potentially serious consequences such as changing storm tracks and precipitation patterns."
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2017-05-04): Current data shows that vaccines are safe and do not cause toxicity or encephalopathy. Vaccines undergo rigorous clinical trials and safety testing before they are used in the general population, and are also subject to continued monitoring even after they are approved for use.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Ingredients in MMR Vaccines This page shows the ingredients in MMR vaccines currently available for use in the U.S.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2022-03-11): Vaccine-Associated Measles Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Child, California, USA [...] CD004407 .PubMedGoogle Scholar - Rowhani-Rahbar A, Fireman B, Lewis E, Nordin J, Naleway A, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Effect of age on the risk of Fever and seizures following immunization with measles-containing vaccines in children. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167:1111–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Berggren KL, Tharp M, Boyer KM. Vaccine-associated "wild-type" measles. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22:130–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Stokke JL, Szymanski LJ, Bankamp B, Pratt F, Martines R, Dien-Bard J, et al. MMR vaccine-associated disseminated measles in an immunocompromised adolescent. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1246–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Bitnun A, Shannon P, Durward A, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Graham C, et al. Measles inclusion-body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:855–61. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Broadhurst MJ, Garamani N, Hahn Z, Jiang B, Weber J, Huang C, et al. Evaluation of a measles virus multiplex, triple-target real-time RT-PCR in three specimen matrices at a U.S. academic medical center. J Clin Virol. 2021;136:
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Acute encephalopathy followed by permanent brain injury or death associated with further attenuated measles vaccines: a review of claims submitted to the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program - PMID: 9481001 - DOI: 10.1542/peds.101.3.383 [...] Objective: To determine if there is evidence for a causal relationship between acute encephalopathy followed by permanent brain injury or death associated with the administration of further attenuated measles vaccines (Attenuvax or Lirugen, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Kansas City, MO), mumps vaccine (Mumpsvax, Merck and Co, Inc, West Point, PA), or rubella vaccines (Meruvax or Meruvax II, Merck and Co, Inc, West Point, PA), combined measles and rubella vaccine (M-R-Vax or M-R-Vax II, Merck and Co, Inc, West Point, PA), or combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (M-M-R or M-M-R II, Merck and Co, Inc, West Point, PA), the lead author reviewed claims submitted to the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. [...] Conclusions: This clustering suggests that a causal relationship between measles vaccine and encephalopathy may exist as a rare complication of measles immunization.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2024-08-07): Very rare neurological complications of vaccination include neuroimmunological conditions such as Guillain–Barré syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and narcolepsy, and neurovascular conditions such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and stroke. [...] Costales, C. et al. Vaccine-associated measles encephalitis in immunocompromised child, California, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis.28, 906–908 (2022). [...] Kornum, B. R. et al. Narcolepsy. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim.3, 16100 (2017).
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2024-08-08): Extremely rarely, a person may have a serious allergic reaction to MMR vaccine. Anyone who has ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to the antibiotic neomycin, or any other component of MMR vaccine, should not get the vaccine. [...] - Measles inclusion body encephalitis, or severe brain swelling caused by the measles virus, is a complication of getting infected with the wild-type measles virus. While rare, this disorder almost always happens in patients with weakened immune systems. The illness usually develops within 1 year after initial measles infection and has a high death rate. There have been three published reports of this complication happening to people who are vaccinated. In these cases, encephalitis developed between 4 and 9 months after MMR vaccination. In one case, the measles vaccine strain was identified as the cause. [...] Because signs of autism may appear around the same time children receive the MMR vaccine, some parents may worry that the vaccine causes autism. Vaccine safety experts, including experts at CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), agree that MMR vaccine is not responsible for recent increases in the number of children with autism. In 2004, a report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) concluded that there is no link between autism and MMR vaccine, and that there is no link between autism and vaccines that contain thimerosal as a preservative.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2019-11-01): Misleading: The claim that the MMR vaccine causes encephalopathy is based on a misinterpretation of the vaccine package insert information. FULL CLAIM: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy In this popular Facebook video, shared more than 300,000 times and viewed more than 18 million times, Del Bigtree claims firstly that vaccines contain several toxic ingredients and that these are the reason for encephalopathy, which he calls a "known side effect of every vaccine we get". The specific ingredients he calls out are mercury, aluminium, propylene glycol and formaldehyde. Secondly, he claims that the safety of vaccines is unknown.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2018-06-15): The - have had a severe or life-threatening allergic reaction to neomycin or another component of the vaccine - have had a serious reaction to a past dose of MMR or MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella) [...] Like many medical treatments, the MMR vaccine can cause side effects. However, according to the
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2016-06-30): Do Vaccines Cause Meningitis or Encephalitis/Encephalopathy? [...] In addition, very rare cases of measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) have occurred following administration of measles-containing vaccines. Natural infections with Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) can cause severe bacterial meningitis. Pneumococcal, Hib, and meningococcal vaccines protect against meningitis caused by these agents. The vaccines that protect against these infections do not cause meningitis; the vaccines are made from only the outer capsule and/or bacterial proteins so they cannot cause infections like the naturally occurring bacteria. [...] Ray, P., et al., Encephalopathy after whole-cell pertussis or measles vaccination: lack of evidence for a causal association in a retrospective case-control study. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2006. 25(9): p. 768–73.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2023-11-09): The 2012 report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 8, now called the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), described three studies with sufficient validity and precision that reported null associations between MMR vaccine and meningitis 9-11. The report also described several studies assessing meningitis, encephalitis or encephalopathy and MMR 9,12,13, DTaP 14,15 or meningococcal 13 vaccines, but these studies did not provide convincing evidence due to a lack of validity and precision. The IOM found no relevant studies of quality in the literature assessing encephalitis or encephalopathy and varicella, influenza or hepatitis B vaccines, since the only applicable studies available either had serious methodological limitations or used passive surveillance systems and therefore lacked an unvaccinated comparison group 8. [...] The IOM also concluded that there was no mechanistic evidence of quality showing an association between encephalitis or encephalopathy and varicella, hepatitis b and meningococcal vaccines, nor for an association between meningitis and measles or rubella vaccines, as the publications reviewed provided no evidence beyond a temporal association 8. The 2012 IOM report described several cases of encephalitis or encephalopathy after MMR 32-34, influenza 35 and DTaP 36 vaccines, and four cases of meningitis after mumps vaccine 32,37,38, but when considering knowledge about the natural infection the IOM concluded this mechanistic evidence was weak 8. However, there is one well documented case of measles vaccine virus isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with encephalitis in Canada 39, as well as documented cases of meningitis following reactivation of vaccine-type varicella zoster virus 40-42.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2012-11-29): Most vaccines contain materials to enhance the immune response to them and aluminium salts are one such material. Aluminium is the third most common element in the earth’s crust, and it can be toxic. People on dialysis who have been exposed to higher than normal aluminium levels in their dialysis fluid over a long period of time show a range of adverse effects, including damage to the brain and nervous system. [...] This is not an exhaustive list but it covers most of the toxins that anti-vaxxers are most concerned about. The remainder of the so-called toxins in vaccines bring up exactly the same issues as highlighted here. The presence of low levels of one of the most common amino acids in our body is apparently now a worry, and I will pass lightly over claims that sodium chloride (common salt) is a toxin in vaccines. There’s really no reason that these compounds should keep people from getting vaccinated.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2022-01-19): All vaccine ingredients are present in very small quantities, and there is no evidence that they cause harm in these amounts. The exception to this is the small number of people who may be severely allergic to a vaccine ingredient, even if it is present only in trace amounts (for example, egg proteins or antibiotics used in vaccine manufacture). If you look up some vaccine ingredients on the internet you may read that they could be harmful, but most of them are present in vaccines in amounts that are completely normal for our bodies. Even common salt (sodium chloride), which is essential for the normal functioning of the body, is harmful in large quantities. [...] In the past, people with an egg allergy were advised not to receive the MMR vaccine. Advice on this changed more than ten years ago. The measles and mumps viruses are grown on a culture which contains chick embryo cells (not on eggs). This means that there is not enough egg protein in the MMR vaccine to cause allergic reactions, so children with severe egg allergies can safely receive the MMR. Doctors have carefully studied this issue and confirmed that there is no increased risk of reactions to the MMR vaccine in children who are allergic to eggs. See the video about this on the MMR vaccine page under 'Ingredients'.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2022-02-24): The paragraph about adjuvants and possible side effects has been amended for clarification. Additional detail about the link between the pertussis vaccine and encephalopathy has also been added for clarity and to correct a statement that the vaccine had been administered for decades without incident.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2024-07-22): A personal or family history of seizures is a precaution for MMRV vaccination; this is because a recent study found an increased risk for febrile seizures in children 12-23 months who receive MMRV compared with MMR and varicella vaccine (36).
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2020-04-07): Ray P, Hayward J, Michelson D, Lewis E, Schwalbe J, et al. Encephalopathy after whole-cell pertussis or measles vaccination: lack of evidence for a causal association in a retrospective case-control study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:768-773. The authors investigated the possible relationship between whole-cell pertussis (DTP) or measles (MMR) vaccination and encephalopathy, encephalitis, and Reye syndrome by evaluating 15 years of health records from four health maintenance organizations in the United States, which encompassed nearly 2.2 million children. DTP and MMR vaccines were not associated with an increased risk of encephalopathy, encephalitis, or Reye syndrome after vaccination. Additionally, a clinically distinctive pertussis vaccine-induced encephalopathy was not detected, which was consistent with other studies. [...] Griffin MR, Ray WA, Mortimer EA, Fenchel GM, Schaffner W. Risk of seizures and encephalopathy after immunization with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. JAMA 1990;263:1641-1645.
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2024-04-16): For the pertussis component: Encephalopathy (eg, coma, decreased level of consciousness, prolonged seizures) that occurred within 7 days of a previous dose of DTaP or Tdap and that is not attributable to another identifiable cause [...] Encephalopathy within 7 days
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2024-07-11): If a vaccine was improperly manufactured, stored, or distributed, leading to contamination, and that contamination caused encephalopathy, it could be considered negligence on the part of the manufacturer or distributor. [...] If you believe that you or a loved one has experienced encephalopathy as a result of a vaccine injury, it’s recommended to consult with medical professionals and, if appropriate, our encephalopathy attorney in Philadelphia. We can help assess the situation, explore potential causes, and provide guidance on the available options. [...] Most vaccines are safe and do not cause encephalopathy. However, there have been historical concerns and reports of encephalopathy associated with a few specific vaccines. Here are some vaccines that have been historically linked, albeit rarely, to encephalopathy:
Claim: Toxic vaccine ingredients in the MMR vaccine cause encephalopathy (Del Bigtree, 2017-05-04)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The MMR vaccine can cause mild to severe adverse reactions. Mild problems include fever, rash, and swelling. However, the vaccines can also cause seizures, severe allergic reactions, pain and stiffness in joints, blood disorders involving low platelet counts such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura, also known as ITP. The MMR vaccine has also been associated with deafness, coma, permanent brain damages, and death. [...] - Encephalopathy or Encephalitis – Encephalopathy and encephalitis are brain diseases that have been linked to the MMR vaccine and various other vaccinations. Initial symptoms include confusion, drowsiness, severe headaches, fever, vomiting and seizures. While most individuals diagnosed with encephalopathy or encephalitis can fully recover, in some cases treatment and physical or occupational therapy may be necessary. [...] The Vaccine Injury Table, part of the law Congress passed to assist in adjudicating vaccine injury cases, specifies certain injuries which are known to be related to MMR vaccine, or any of its components including anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction), anaphylactic shock, encephalopathy (brain damage meeting certain legal definitions) and encephalitis (swelling of the brain). Other injuries can also be compensated if the injured person can demonstrate a causal relationship between the MMR vaccine and injury.