copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-01-13): The Tajik parliament voted on Wednesday to ratify a 1999 deal handing over 386 square miles (1,000 sq km) of land in the remote Pamir mountain range. The Tajik foreign minister said that this represented 5.5% of the land that Beijing had sought. [...] The Pamir mountain range stretches along the Tajik border with China and Afghanistan.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-01): The Republic of Tajikistan is a landlocked country lying between latitudes 36°40'N to 41°05'N and longitudes 67°31'E to 75°14'E with an area of 143,000 kilometers square (km2). Tajikistan shares borders with Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in the north and west, China to the east, and Afghanistan to the south. Mountains occupy about 93% of the terrain, with altitudes ranging from 300 meters (m) to 7,000 m. Nearly 50% of Tajikistan's territory is at least 3,000 m above sea-level, with approximately 1,300 lakes, and the two principal rivers of Central Asia, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, both flow through the country. Glaciers, snowmelt and permafrost are important sources of water recharging the Aral Sea river basin. Geographically, Tajikistan is divided into four zones: Northern Tajikistan, Southern Tajikistan, Central Tajikistan, and the Pamirs. The western part of the country is occupied by foothills and steppes; lowland areas are found along river valleys in southwestern Tajikistan. The Pamir mountains in the east are sparsely populated, with extremely cold winters, considerable snow cover, and short summers. Tajikistan’s population and agricultural activities are concentrated in the valleys and in the western part of the country. The country has significant natural resources such as water, coal, mercury, gold, silver, salt, limestone, marble, and clay.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-22): Climate mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains Terrain mountainous region dominated by the Alay Mountains in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofirnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest [...] selected World Heritage Site locales: Proto-urban Site of Sarazm (c); Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c); Tugay forests of the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve (n)
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-29): The Pamir Range, sometimes known as the "Roof of the World," is a spectacular mountain range in Central Asia that connects Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and China. This breathtaking scenery is extremely important to the region’s countries, affecting their geopolitics, cultural history, and environmental stability. [...] Tajikistan’s destiny is inextricably linked to the Pamir Mountains. Tajikistan’s economic gains from the region are enormous and an important component of the country’s national identity. It is important for Tajikistan to develop the Pamir Mountains in a sustainable way so that they can continue to benefit the country for many years to come. [...] In the middle of this complex historical backdrop, China’s recent claim to a substantial portion of the Pamir Range has been a source of concern for Tajikistan. China’s claim is based on an old writing, most likely an antique treaty or historical record, which is thought to suggest that the land originally belonged to China. On the other hand, Tajikistan claims that the Pamir Range has been a part of its territory for millennia; therefore, the claim is invalid. The scenario deteriorated into a delicate diplomatic problem, affecting relations between neighboring countries. These claims are based on a number of factors, including:
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-08-10): A mountainous country which is situated at the heart of Central Asia and is neighbored China to the east and the Indian sub-continent to the south. Three major routes of the Silk Roads ran through its present day territory. These ancient routes were mentioned in contemporary Persian, Greek, Chinese and Arabic sources which highlighted Tajik contributions to the commerce and culture of the time, especially between the 5th and 12th centuries. The first route was the Sogdian, or North route between Samarkand and Kashgar; the second one was Karategin route between Termez and Kashgar and the third one was Pamir route linking Balkh and Tashkurgan. Beside its Silk Road sites, Tajikistan boasts the Pamir Mountain range, sometimes called "The Roof of the World". From here spread the three great ranges of Central Asia –the Hindu Kush, the Karakorams, and the Tien Shan.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-23): PAMIR HIGHWAY ROAD TRIP [...] This mountainous land of over 100,000 km² and 230,000 people offers a fascinating mix for the intrepid traveller. Stretching through much of Tajikistan and parts of Kyrgyzstan, the Pamirs are far from a homogenous whole. There is a keenly felt dividing line between the deep river valleys of the west and the high plateaus of the east, but as you travel from one region to the other, each has its own attraction. Although not often pretty, the lands along the Pamir Highway are starkly beautiful. And while not always an easy place to travel, it is a rewarding one. [...] OUR PAMIR HIGHWAY ITINERARY
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-04-10): The territory of Tajikistan, with its phytogeographical complexity, is extremely diverse in terms of climate, landscape and habitat conditions. This has resulted in speciation of many altitudinal and ecological vicariants that occur in many cases in single, isolated valleys or mountain ridges (e.g. within Scutellaria or Asperula genera). According to the ten-volume study of the flora of the former Soviet Tajik Republic11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 supplemented by the works of Zakirov21, Tzvelev22, Ikonnikov23 and more recently by, for example, Nobis et al.24,25 and Nowak & Nobis26, the vascular flora of the Pamir-Alai consists of ca. 4,300 species assigned to 116 families. Approximately 30% of vascular plants species known from Tajikistan are generally accepted as endemics27. [...] Nowak, A., Nowak, S. & Nobis, M. Phytogeography and vegetation in the Pamir-Alai Mountains (Middle Asia: Tajikistan) in Plant biogeography and vegetation of high mountains of Central and South-West Asia (ed. Noroozi, J.) (Springer Verlag, 2020). [...] Breu, T. & Hurni, H. The Tajik Pamirs: Challenges of sustainable development in an isolated mountain region. (Geographica Bernensia and Centre for Development and Environment, 2003).
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2002-01-06): Lake Sarez (top), deep in the Pamir mountains of Tajikistan, was created 90 years ago when a strong earthquake triggered a massive landslide that, in turn, became a huge dam along the Murghob River, now called the Usoi Dam. The resulting lake is perched above surrounding drainages at an elevation greater than 3000m, and is part of the watershed that drains the towering Akademi Nauk Range (see the regional image, lower). The lake is 61 km long and as deep as 500 m, and holds an estimated 17 cubic km of water. The area experiences considerable seismic activity, and scientists fear that part of the right bank may slump into the lake, creating a huge wave that will top over and possibly breach the natural dam. Such a wave would create a catastrophic flood downstream along the Bartang, Panj and Amu Darya Rivers, perhaps reaching all the way to the Aral Sea. Currently, central Asian governments, as well as the World Bank and the UN are monitoring the dam closely, and have proposed gradually lowering the lake level as a preventive measure.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-19): - establishes effective and useful contacts on Scientific, research, training and agitation works with Tajik National Park "Pamir Mountains", reserve Zorkul and other protected areas of Pamirs, with state and non- state institutions in the region and beyond it, nature-oriented organizations, and public organizations involved in the protection of biodiversity, bio culture of environment and traditional culture of the people and other organizations, agencies which deal with issues of nature protection, culture, history, social and economic life of Pamirs, participates in achievement of joint projects with them, lighting historical, economic and cultural role of Pamirs in the Silk Road.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-01-01): Geography Area: 143,100 sq. km. Capital: Dushanbe. Terrain: Pamir and Alay mountains dominate landscape; western Ferghana valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest. Climate: Mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir mountains. [...] GEOGRAPHY At 36'40' northern latitude and 41'14' eastern longitude, Tajikistan is nestled between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to the north and west, China to the east, and Afghanistan to the south. Tajikistan is home to some of the highest mountains in the world, including the Pamir and Alay ranges. Ninety-three percent of Tajikistan is mountainous with altitudes ranging from 1,000 feet to 27,000 feet, with nearly 50% of Tajikistan's territory above 10,000 feet. Earthquakes are of varying degrees and are frequent. The massive mountain ranges are cut by hundreds of canyons and gorges; at the bottom of these run streams which flow into larger river valleys where the majority of the country's population lives and works. The principal rivers of Central Asia, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, both flow through Tajikistan, fed by melting snow from mountains of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Flooding and landslides sometimes occur during the annual spring thaw.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-11): Tajikistan tours will take you to one of the ancient states in the world. It is famous for its Pamir Mountains and lots of opportunities for hiking, mineral springs of Garmchashma and the cleanest lakes of Iskanderkul, Karakul and others. It’s not only the natural beauties of Tajikistan that keep remaining attractive, but also the ancient cities that once had the Great Silk Road passing through it: Khudjand, Panjakent, Istaravshan where travelers would see oldest and grand monuments. Moreover, in Hissar, archaeological and architectural monuments of different epochs comprise the historical-cultural reserve of 86 hectares. The major part of the population occupies the northern even lands of Tajikistan. Two the largest and most developed cities of the country are Dushanbe and Khujand. In the southeastern part of Tajikistan, people who live in arduous mountain settlements strictly follow ancient customs and Zoroastrian rites even now. Moreover, Islamic traditions are also thoroughly applied there. [...] Tajikistan tours are great for those who appreciate active and adventure tourism, eco and ethno-tourism, alpinism, mountain hikes, combined with rafting, paragliding, and wild nature photography.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-03): In an article with the provocative title "Tajikistan Initiated the Transfer to China of Its Land and the Lost Mountains of the Pamir Were Returned to Their True Master," Cho Yao Lu writes that, under pressure from Russia and the United Kingdom, China lost these territories in the 19th century but was able to reclaim a portion in 2010. That year, Dushanbe and Beijing agreed on a new border that required Tajikistan to hand over to China 1,158 square kilometers of territory in the mountainous Pamir region (see EDM, January 24, 2011; see China Brief, July 29, 2011) [...] The Pamirs have long been a murky region, over which outside powers have struggled for control. In the 19th century, they were at the center of the "Great Game" between Britain and Russia. China was a major loser in this geopolitical contest as both London and St. Petersburg largely ignored Chinese claims on that territory and others. Since 1991, the region, almost all of which still lies within Tajikistan, has been a continuing security problem for Dushanbe due to local ethnic challenges as well as incursions by Islamists from Afghanistan (see EDM, April 30, 2020).
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-06-21): Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) [...] Tajik National Park (2,611,674 ha in area) encompasses almost the entire Pamir Mountains, the third highest mountain ecosystem in the world after the Himalaya and Karakorum Mountains. The Pamir Mountains lie at the centre of the ‘Pamir Knot’, the term used by geographers to describe the tangle of the highest mountain ranges on the Eurasian continent. Huge tectonic forces stemming from the collision of the Indian-Australian plate with the Eurasian Plate have progressively thrown up the Himalaya, Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Kunlun and Tien Shan – all radiating out from the Pamir Mountains. Along with the Karakoram Mountains, the Pamir region is one of the most tectonically-active locations in the world. [...] Criterion (viii): The Pamir Mountains are a major centre of glaciation on the Eurasian continent and Tajik National Park illustrates within one protected area an outstanding juxtaposition of many high mountains, valley glaciers, and deep river gorges alongside the cold continental desert environment of the high Pamir Plateau landforms. An outstanding landform feature of the property’s geologically dynamic terrain is Lake Sarez. It was created by an earthquake-generated landslide of an estimated six billion tonnes of material and is possibly the youngest deep water alpine lake in the world. It is of international scientific and geomorphological hazard significance because of the on-going geological processes influencing its stability, and the sort of lacustrine ecosystem which will develop over time. Tajik National Park furthermore offers a unique opportunity for the study of plate tectonics and continental subduction phenomena thereby contributing to our fundamental understanding of earth building processes.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-04-29): During the last century, this long-strategic nexus of Asia, earlier crossed by Scythians, Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Hephtalites, Gokturks, Huns, Arabs and Mongol hordes, became a cul-de-sac at the command of the Russians. In 1929 Stalin’s mapmakers created the Soviet Socialist Republic of Tajikistan, a territory about the same size as New York State, 93 percent mountainous, given shape in the artificial (though politically expedient) manner in which all the Central Asian republics were drawn. A Soviet vision of a model Oriental capital was built around the market village of Dushanbe — pleasant and leafy, if dull, with a wide central avenue, pastel-colored buildings, the standard apartment blocks and some grand monuments meant to be honored from afar. (Make the innocent mistake of approaching one, as I did, and you give an underpaid policeman an excuse to seek a bribe to overlook the offense.)
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): More than nine-tenths of Tajikistan’s territory is mountainous; about half lies 10,000 feet (3,000 metres) or more above sea level. The Trans-Alay range, part of the Tien Shan system, reaches into the north. The massive ranges of the southern Tien Shan—the Turkestan Mountains and the slightly lower Zeravshan and Gissar ranges—define the east-central portion of the country. The ice-clad peaks of the Pamir mountain system occupy the southeast. Some of Central Asia’s highest mountains, notably Ibn Sīnā (23,406 feet [7,134 metres]) and Imeni Ismail Samani (24,590 feet [7,495 metres]) peaks, are found in the northern portion of the Pamirs. The valleys, though important for Tajikistan’s human geography, make up less than one-tenth of the country’s area. The largest are the western portion of the Fergana Valley in the north and the Gissar, Vakhsh, Yavansu, Obikiik, Lower Kofarnihon (Kafirnigan), and Panj (Pyandzh) valleys to the south.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Tajikistan (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-16): The roof of the World – so often translate the name of the Pamir mountain system. Pamir is located on the territory of Tajikistan, China, Afghanistan and Pakistan and closely connected with other highest mountain systems of the world – Tien Shan, Karakorum, Hindu Kush. Himalayas. In the Pamirs, there are several peaks with a height of more than 7000 m a.s.l. The highest point of the Pamirs – Kongur peak (7649 m) located in China (Fig. 1). In Tajikistan, there are such peaks as Ismoili Somoni (7495 m), Lenin (7134 m) and Korzhenevskaya (7105 m). Mountains Pamir is divided into Eastern and Western parts. The Eastern Pamirs in physical and geographical terms is a high plateau located above 3500 m a.s.l. The Western Pamirs is occupied by high mountain ranges separated from each other by deep valleys. The valleys are located at altitudes of 1700–2500 m, and the mountain ranges exceed 5000 m. Glaciers and eternal snow characterize the Western Pamirs. The Pamirs has the largest glaciation with the largest valley glacier Fedchenko (about 70 km). [...] The territory of the Republic of Tajikistan is characterized by four climatic zones. In turn, the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region (GBAO) that covers almost the entire mountain Pamir and is a zone of formation of the Transboundary Pyanj River is characterized by three climatic conditions (Fig. 4).
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): The Pamir Mountains are a range of mountains between Central Asia and South Asia. They are located at a junction with other notable mountains, namely the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, Hindu Kush and the Himalaya mountain ranges. They are among the world's highest mountains. [...] Strategic position [edit]Historically, the Pamir Mountains were considered a strategic trade route between Kashgar and Kokand on the Northern Silk Road, a prehistoric trackway, and have been subject to numerous territorial conquests. The Northern Silk Road (about 2,600 km (1,616 mi) in length) connected the ancient Chinese capital Chang'an with Kashgar over the Pamir Mountains towards the west, and from there continued to ancient Parthia.[19] In the 20th century, these mountains have been the setting for the Tajikistan Civil War, border disputes between China and the Soviet Union, establishment of military bases by the US, Russia, and India,[20] and renewed interest in trade development and resource exploration.[21][22] The Chinese government says it has resolved most of the disputes it had with Central Asian countries.[23]
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-29): In the middle of this complex historical backdrop, China’s recent claim to a substantial portion of the Pamir Range has been a source of concern for Tajikistan. China’s claim is based on an old writing, most likely an antique treaty or historical record, which is thought to suggest that the land originally belonged to China. On the other hand, Tajikistan claims that the Pamir Range has been a part of its territory for millennia; therefore, the claim is invalid. The scenario deteriorated into a delicate diplomatic problem, affecting relations between neighboring countries. These claims are based on a number of factors, including: [...] Geographical claims: China has also claimed that the Pamir Mountains are an extension of the Tian Shan Mountains in China. According to this argument, the Pamirs and the Tian Shan are part of the same mountain system. [...] China and Tajikistan have had many rounds of talks over the Pamir Range since 2002. However, no final agreement has been reached as a result of the negotiations. China’s claim to the Aksai Chin region is the primary impediment to achieving an agreement on the Pamir Range. China claims Aksai Chin to be part of its territory, while Tajikistan considers it to be part of its. The Aksai Chin region is strategically significant because it controls access to vital trade routes and minerals. China refuses to relinquish its claim to Aksai Chin, and Tajikistan refuses to yield the land to China.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-01-13): China and Tajikistan say that they have settled a century-old border dispute, after the Central Asian nation agreed to cede land to China. The Tajik parliament voted on Wednesday to ratify a 1999 deal handing over 386 square miles (1,000 sq km) of land in the remote Pamir mountain range. [...] The Pamir mountain range stretches along the Tajik border with China and Afghanistan.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-15): Until the Soviet period, the territory of what is now Tajikistan was part of the Emirate of Boukhara. In the latter part of the 19th century, because of its geographical location at the confines of the Russian Empire and contiguous to China and British India, the territory of Tajikistan – especially the Pamir region of Gorno-Badakhshan – had considerable strategic importance. [...] See also the interesting story of the Sumantash stone: here and The Tajik Pamirs: historical connections to China – Paper presented to the University of Fudan, Shanghai 24 May 2013 – here. [...] The Pamir region (Gorno-Badakhshan) was incorporated into the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) in 1925. Prior to this it had been de jure under the Emirate of Boukhara but – since the end of the 19th century – de facto under direct Russian rule.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-15): The Pamir Mountains are a unique region with its own culture and historical evolution. The cultural extent of the Pamirs is not limited only to the Gorno-Badakhshan province of Tajikistan, but also stretches out to minor parts of Afghanistan and China, covering altogether the historic region of Badakhshan. The oldest known records of the Badakhshan region go back thousands of years. In antiquity, the region functioned as an important trading center: transport routes of the silk road passed through the Pamirs and lapis lazuli was exported already more than 5000 years ago. Through the years, Badakhshan has been controlled by many different emperors, kings and nobles (‘mirs’ in islamic tradition). [...] Reaching the remote Pamir Mountains is no easy task. Only two decent entry roads connect the outside world to the Pamirs: one coming from Dushanbe and one from Osh in Kyrgyzstan. Other ways out from the Pamirs are highly impassable because they lead through the extremely high and rugged terrain that characterizes the rest of the border area. To China and Afghanistan, there are only a few very rough roads that are very difficult to pass. When landing in Dushanbe, be prepared for a drive by car of more than 500 km that will take at least 16 hours over bad roads to get to the Pamirs.