copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2024-04-03): The concentration of cannabinoids within milk varies with the time postpartum. During early lactation, drugs and proteins move easily from the blood into the milk through gaps between loosely packed epithelial cells. These gaps eventually narrow and utilize facilitated or passive diffusion to transfer molecules. [...] PPARγ expression rises in mammary tissue during lactation, thereby increasing lipid metabolism. The endocannabinoid AEA stimulates CB1R and PPARγ, ultimately increasing lipoprotein lipase activity. Prior research suggests that cannabinoids change human milk composition; however, no in vivo or clinical studies have corroborated this report. [...] Cannabis use leads to the presence of cannabinoids in human milk, which may contribute to their long-term accumulation and inhibit milk production. Cannabis use may also alter breast milk composition through its effects on lipid metabolism.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2022-01-01): Cannabis use and measurement of cannabinoids in plasma and breast milk of breastfeeding mothers.Pediatr Res. 2021 Oct;90(4):861-868. doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-01332-2. Epub 2021 Jan 19. Pediatr Res. 2021. PMID: 33469174 - Human Milk Cannabinoid Concentrations and Associations with Maternal Factors: The Lactation and Cannabis (LAC) Study.Breastfeed Med. 2024 Jul;19(7):515-524. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0021. Epub 2024 May 2. Breastfeed Med. 2024. PMID: 38695182 - Determination of Cannabinoids in Breast Milk Using QuEChERS and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry.J Anal Toxicol. 2019 Oct 17;43(9):746-752. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkz072. J Anal Toxicol. 2019. PMID: 31436289 -
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2019-11-15): This claim in the article "According to the findings of several major scientific studies, human breast milk naturally contains […] the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant, which are vital for proper human development" is patently false. It is true that endocannabinoids such as anandamide (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are found in breast milk[4,5] and do play an important role in development[2,3]. But endocannabinoids are not the "same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant." That would be the functional equivalent of saying that because norepinephrine exhibits many of the same receptor binding profiles as psychomotor stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines, that we all have cocaine in our blood all the time. [...] The article’s main pitfall is in saying that "human breast milk naturally contains […] the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant". This is not correct. Some studies state that human breast milk does indeed contain cannabinoids, but they are endocannabinoids – ‘endo’ means within, meaning made by the body. Cannabinoids in cannabis are what we call phytocannabinoids – ‘phyto’ meaning plant. Endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids have a similar chemical structure, but they are not the same. Phytocannabinoids are not "vital for proper human development". However, the endocannabinoid system in the human body is indeed involved in regulating brain development[2], motor control[3], cognition and emotional responses[7].
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2024-09-15): Twenty women in Oregon who admitted to using a cannabis product while breastfeeding their infants provided milk samples for analysis. The mothers reported using cannabis almost daily. Fifteen women provided milk samples at their infant’s 2-week and 2-month checkup and 5 provided a sample at only one of the visits for a total of 35 milk samples. All but one milk sample contained at least one cannabinoid. None of the mothers reported using a cannabidiol (CBD) product, but 13 had detectable CBD in breastmilk. Median (IQR) concentrations in milk were as follows: THC 27.5 (0.8 to 190.5) mcg/L; 11-OH-THC 1.4 (0.7 to 5.2) mcg/L; THC-COOH 1.9 (0.5-16.6) mcg/L; CBD 1.2 (0.5 to 17) mcg/L. Three patients using edible products had similar cannabinoid levels as those who smoked cannabis. Fourteen mothers reported an increase in use of cannabis between the 2-week and 2-month visit. Median breast milk THC concentrations were 16.7 mcg/L at visit 1 and 54.5 mcg/L at visit 2. The authors estimated that overall the breastfed infants received an average THC dose of 4.12 mcg/kg daily (range 0.52 to 123 mcg/kg daily) in milk.[19] [...] Cannabis use and measurement of cannabinoids in plasma and breast milk of breastfeeding mothers. [...] Human milk cannabinoid concentrations and associations with maternal factors: The Lactation and Cannabis (LAC) study.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2021-07-21): Marijuana in breast milk was first described in 1982, about the same time as the first long-term studies of marijuana use in pregnancy were beginning. Those studies were limited in scope, and marijuana has changed a lot since then. THC was about 4% per joint. Today, it’s more than 20%. [...] "It’s not surprising that we detected THC in the breast milk," Dr. Bunik says, "given that it’s a lipophilic substance and lives in fatty tissue. But it lasts much longer than we thought it would. I think we had hoped to prove a shorter duration of exposure to the psychoactive component." Importantly, THC was more concentrated in breast milk than in plasma or urine, which suggests those testing sources aren’t as reliable a foundation for breastfeeding recommendations. Even more surprising was the range of THC concentration in breast milk. Some participants had very small amounts, and some had 10 to 100 times higher, which is likely related to patterns of marijuana use, a person’s BMI or their metabolism.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2022-11-14): Moss, M. J. et al. Cannabis use and measurement of cannabinoids in plasma and breast milk of breastfeeding mothers. Pediatr. Res.90, 861–868 (2021). Baker, T. et al. Transfer of inhaled cannabis into human breast milk. Obstet. Gynecol.131, 783–788 (2018). Sempio, C. et al. Detection of cannabinoids by LC–MS-MS and ELISA in breast milk. J. Anal. Toxicol.45, 686–692 (2021).
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2022-09-15): Marijuana comes from the cannabis plant and contains many naturally occurring compounds including Tetrahydrocannabinol. THC is the psychoactive chemical that produces impairment and the "high" that marijuana is often known for.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The medicinal and psychoactive properties of marijuana are mediated by compounds called cannabinoids, which are absorbed from the lungs when smoked or from the gastrointestinal tract when ingested. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a small and highly lipophilic molecule that is distributed rapidly to the brain and fat. Metabolized by the liver, the half-life of THC varies from 20–36 hours in occasional users to 4–5 days in heavy users and may require up to 30 days for complete excretion. In animal models, THC crossed the placenta, producing fetal plasma levels that were approximately 10% of maternal levels after acute exposure. Significantly higher fetal concentrations were observed after repetitive exposures 9. Limited human data suggest that THC also appears in breast milk 10. [...] These findings were more pronounced among women who used more marijuana, particularly during the first and second trimesters 34 36 39. The clinical significance of these observations remains uncertain. [...] Effects of Marijuana Use on Lactation
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2023-02-13): THC is one of many cannabinoids, or chemicals found in the cannabis plant. It’s the one that’s primarily responsible for the "high" associated with cannabis. [...] While cannabis seeds essentially contain no cannabinoids, cannabinoids are found in higher concentrations in cannabis flowers, leaves, and stalks. [...] CBD is found in some amount in all cannabis plants. That means it can be derived from either hemp or marijuana.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2021-08-03): Cannabidiol Now Showing Up In Dietary Supplements. Natural Medicines Web site. Available at: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/news/news-items/2015/march/cannabidiol-now-showing-up-in-dietary-supplements.aspx. Accessed: May 31, 2015. [...] FDA Consumer Updates: What You Should Know About Using Cannabis, Including CBD, When Pregnant or Breastfeeding. U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). October 2019. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-should-know-about-using-cannabis-including-cbd-when-pregnant-or-breastfeeding. [...] Ligresti A, Moriello AS, Starowicz K, et al. Antitumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;318(3):1375-87. View abstract.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2020-10-21): Cannabinoids are a class of naturally occurring, biologically active molecules. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, more commonly known as THC, is a psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana – this is not produced in the human body. There are cannabinoids produced by the human body (endogenous cannabinoids) that act on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) to elicit neurological responses by binding to cannabinoid receptor type 1 and 2 (CR-1 & CR-2). The best studied endogenous cannabinoids include 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide). Endocannabinoids are thought to play a role in appetite stimulation, neonatal immunity, and brain development. So, it is not surprising that maternal endocannabinoids are incorporated into human milk.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2019-10-16): While breastfeeding, it is important to know that breastmilk can contain THC for up to six days after use. This THC may affect a newborn’s brain development and result in hyperactivity, poor cognitive function, and other long-term consequences. [...] We especially want to learn more about the effects of CBD during pregnancy and while breastfeeding, including, for example, whether and to what extent the presence of CBD in human milk harms the breastfed baby or the mother’s milk production. [...] - FDA strongly advises that during pregnancy and while breastfeeding, you avoid using CBD, THC, or marijuana in any form.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2017-02-10): Some AZ health care providers and parents have asked questions about whether medical marijuana is safe for use while breastfeeding. The short answer is no, because the active chemical in marijuana is passed to the baby through breast milk. For this reason, most experts, including the American Academy of Pediatrics and the CDC advise moms not to use marijuana (medical or not) while breastfeeding. Tetrahydrocannabinol (the psychoactive ingredient in Cannabis) stays in the body for four to six weeks. It’s found in the urine of breastfeeding babies whose mothers use marijuana. It’s also fat soluble, which means it builds up with chronic use and can be stored in fat tissue for months. We also know that babies are much more vulnerable than adults to illness, infection, chemicals, and so on. That alone is a good reason to avoid marijuana and anything else potentially harmful that can enter your baby’s body through your milk.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2024-07-16): Ingredients that are derived from parts of the cannabis plant that do not contain THC or CBD might fall outside the scope of 301(ll), and therefore might be able to be added to food. For example, as discussed in Question #12, certain hemp seed ingredients can be legally marketed in human food. However, all food ingredients must comply with all applicable laws and regulations. For example, by statute, any substance intentionally added to food is a food additive, and therefore subject to premarket review and approval by FDA, unless the substance is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by qualified experts under the conditions of its intended use, or the use of the substance is otherwise excepted from the definition of a food additive (sections 201(s) and 409 of the FD&C Act [21 U.S.C. §§ 321(s) and 348]). Aside from the three hemp seed ingredients mentioned in Question #12, no other cannabis or cannabis-derived ingredients have been the subject of a food additive petition, an evaluated GRAS notification, or have otherwise been approved for use in food by FDA. [...] [7] ACOG Committee Opinion: Marijuana Use During Pregnancy and Lactation
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2024-05-08): "Breastfeeding parents need to be aware that if they use cannabis, their infants are likely consuming cannabinoids via the milk they produce, and we do not know whether this has any effect on the developing infant," said Courtney Meehan, a WSU biological anthropologist who led the project and is the study’s corresponding author. [...] The researchers then analyzed the milk for cannabinoids. They found that the milk produced by these women always had detectable amounts of THC, even when the mothers had abstained for 12 hours. "Human milk has compounds called lipids, and cannabinoids are lipophilic, meaning they dissolve in those lipids. This may mean that cannabinoids like THC tend to accumulate in milk — and potentially in infants who drink it," said Meehan.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2018-10-12): Lactation: Cannabinoids are excreted in human milk and may be absorbed by the nursing babyReference 1385Reference 1386. Because of potential risks to the child, nursing mothers should not use cannabis. [...] Evidence suggests that cannabinoids accumulate in the breast milk of mothers who smoke cannabis and are transferred to newborns through breastfeedingReference 1385Reference 1515. Indeed, the THC concentration of breast milk in humans may be up to eight-fold higher than that found in maternal bloodReference 1385Reference 1488. In a case-control studyReference 1516, exposure to cannabis from the mother's milk during the first month post-partum appeared to be associated with a decrease in infant motor development at one year of age. [...] Perez-Reyes M, Wall ME. Presence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human milk. N Engl J Med 1982 09/23;307(0028-4793; 13):819-20.
Claim: human breast milk naturally contains the same cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant (Anonymous, 2017-01-15)
Evidence (2023-02-22): Professors of pathology, microbiology and immunology Prakash Nagarkatti and Mitzi Nagarkatti write for The Conversation on endocannabinoids, compounds found in humans that are similar to those found in marijuana. [...] But few people know that the human body naturally produces chemicals that are very similar to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, the psychoactive compound in marijuana, which comes from the Cannabis sativa plant. These substances are called endocannabinoids, and they’re found across all vertebrate species. [...] The cannabis plant contains another compound called cannabidiol, or CBD, which has become popular for its medicinal properties. Unlike THC, CBD doesn’t have psychoactive properties because it does not activate CB1 receptors in the brain. Nor does it activate the CB2 receptors, meaning that its action on immune cells is independent of CB2 receptors.
Claim: Bones “are not made of calcium”; wild yam is a treatment for osteoporosis (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-08)
Evidence (2024-05-08): Calcium is essential for bone health. Insufficient calcium consumption can lead to bone loss and osteoporosis. Compared to men, women are at a greater risk of developing osteoporosis during menopause due to hormonal changes. A healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, as well as physical activity and, in some cases, calcium supplements, can help prevent osteoporosis.
Claim: Bones “are not made of calcium”; wild yam is a treatment for osteoporosis (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-08)
Evidence (2024-08-09): FULL CLAIM: Bones "are not made of calcium"; don’t use calcium supplements to treat osteoporosis; high estrogen is associated with osteoporosis ; wild yam is a treatment for osteoporosis In July 2024, a snippet of a presentation by naturopath Barbara O’Neill circulated on Facebook where she advocated against using calcium supplements to treat osteoporosis. O’Neill justified her statement by claiming that bones "are not made of calcium". Instead, she recommended the use of "Anna’s wild yam cream", which would allegedly "lift the progesterone levels" and foster new bone formation. [...] O’Neill provided an inaccurate explanation of how bones are formed and maintained throughout life. Contrary to her claim, calcium is an essential component of bones. Not consuming enough calcium is one of the risk factors that can jeopardize bone formation and lead to osteoporosis. Contrary to O’Neill’s claim, adopting a diet with more calcium is one of the first steps someone can take to prevent or slow down osteoporosis. Wild yam isn’t a proven treatment for osteoporosis, and there is no evidence that it can cause an increase in progesterone.
Claim: Bones “are not made of calcium”; wild yam is a treatment for osteoporosis (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-08)
Evidence (2022-11-15): Bones are made of living tissue. To keep them strong, a healthy human body breaks down old bone and replaces it with new bone. Osteoporosis develops when more bone is broken down than replaced. [...] Treating osteoporosis means slowing or stopping the bone loss to prevent breaks. If your test results show that you have osteoporosis or bone density below a certain level and you have other risk factors for fractures, your doctor may recommend lifestyle changes and medications to lower your chances of breaking a bone.
Claim: Bones “are not made of calcium”; wild yam is a treatment for osteoporosis (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-08)
Evidence (2024-03-18): The bones begin to naturally lose calcium as you get older. This increases your risk of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and fragile bones. Osteoporosis also increases your risk of fracturing a bone. When your bones are fragile, even a minor fall or bump can cause a break.
Claim: Bones “are not made of calcium”; wild yam is a treatment for osteoporosis (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-08)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Bone is made up of minerals, mainly calcium salts, bound together by strong collagen fibres. Our bones have a thick, hard outer shell (called cortical or compact bone) which is easily seen on x-rays. Inside this, there’s a softer, spongy mesh of bone (trabecular bone) which has a honeycomb-like structure.
Claim: Bones “are not made of calcium”; wild yam is a treatment for osteoporosis (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-08)
Evidence (2008-09-26): For those who are at risk for osteoporosis or already have the disease, treatment may help boost bone mass and prevent (further) bone loss. While calcium by itself does not cure or prevent osteoporosis, getting enough calcium is an essential part of any prevention or treatment program. Making lifestyle choices, such as eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and doing weight-bearing exercises can also enhance bone strength. [...] Eating fruits and vegetables and consuming adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D are crucial in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Keeping bones healthy throughout life depends on getting enough of specific vitamins and minerals, including phosphorous, magnesium, boron, manganese, copper, zinc, folate, and vitamins B12, B6, C, and K. Avoiding sodium, alcohol, and caffeine will also enhance bone health. [...] - Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) contains silicon, believed to strengthen bone - Kelp (Fucus vesiculosus L.) used for musculoskeletal disorders; rich in minerals so may be a complementary treatment for osteoporosis - Oat straw (Avena sativa) boosts hormone levels that stimulate cell growth
Claim: Bones “are not made of calcium”; wild yam is a treatment for osteoporosis (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-08)
Evidence (2024-08-15): Some studies suggest that Wild Yam may have a positive effect on bone health, making it a potential natural remedy for osteoporosis. The plant contains a compound called diosgenin, which has been shown to have estrogen-like properties. Estrogen is a hormone that plays a crucial role in maintaining bone density, and low levels of estrogen are often associated with osteoporosis. By mimicking the effects of estrogen, diosgenin may help to promote bone growth and density, potentially reducing the risk of fractures. [...] While Wild Yam has shown promise in treating Osteoporosis, it’s essential to understand the potential side effects associated with its use. One of the most common side effects reported by patients taking Wild Yam is digestive issues, including stomach upset, nausea, and diarrhea. In some cases, these side effects can be severe enough to warrant discontinuation of treatment. [...] If you’re looking for alternative treatments for osteoporosis, you may have come across Wild Yam as a potential option. Here, we’ll provide an overview of what you can expect from Wild Yam reviews, as well as some general information about osteoporosis and its treatment.
Claim: Bones “are not made of calcium”; wild yam is a treatment for osteoporosis (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-08)
Evidence (2023-07-21): Potential medicinal uses for wild yam include the treatment of menopause symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and muscular cramps. Wild yam is a plant that people have used for centuries in alternative medicine. There are various other names for wild yam, such as colic root, devil’s bones, rheumatism root, or China root. While there are over 600 species of wild yam, only 12 are edible. [...] Wild yam is a natural substance, but this does not mean it is free from side effects. In small doses, wild yam is considered safe for most people. However, large amounts of wild yam can lead to side effects, including:
Claim: Bones “are not made of calcium”; wild yam is a treatment for osteoporosis (Barbara O’Neill, 2024-05-08)
Evidence (2024-01-01): There are several treatments available for osteoporosis and weaker bones, but they may not all be suitable for you. For example, some tablets have to be taken daily, which isn’t ideal for everyone. Some drugs are usually only available if you’ve already tried other drug treatments, or if other medications aren’t suitable for you. And in some areas, local guidance means doctors can only prescribe certain drugs.