copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2018-01-02): From animal migrations to human communications, a reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles could seriously mess with life as we know it. Many facets of our lives depend on the Earth’s magnetic field, anchored by the North and South poles, from the electrical grid that powers our computers to the satellites that let us watch TV. Turtles and other creatures navigate with it. But as Alanna Mitchell shows in her new book, The Spinning Magnet, it wasn’t always that way. Indeed, as little—in geologic time, anyway—as 780,000 years ago, the poles reversed. It may be about to happen again, some scientists believe, with potentially disastrous results for life on Earth. (Why it's not time to panic yet about the magnetic field flip.)
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2024-02-20): "The dipole part of the field is usually aligned fairly closely with the Earth's rotation axis; in other words, the magnetic poles are usually fairly close to the geographic poles, which is why a compass works. Occasionally, however, the dipole part of the field reverses, causing the locations of the north and south magnetic poles to switch. This reversal process can be seen in the paleomagnetic record, locked into rocks of the ocean floor and in some lava flows. The reversal process is not literally 'periodic' as it is on the sun, whose magnetic field reverses every 11 years. The time between magnetic reversals on the Earth is sometimes as short as 10,000 years and sometimes as long as 25 million years; the time it takes to reverse is only about 5,000 years. [...] For more detailed explanations of the geodynamo, the simulated magnetic reversals and the super-rotation of the Earth's inner core, Glatzmaier recommends the following papers: [...] "Because we cannot get down into the liquid core to observe what actually is happening, we have to make inferences based on measurements made on or above the earth's surface. Therefore our knowledge of the core is quite incomplete. We simply don't know enough about the core to predict when pole reversals will occur in the future or how long it takes to complete such a reversal or what upsets the delicate balance of the factors that produce the core current. But we do have convincing information obtained from magnetized mineral grains in rocks that tells us that geomagnetic polarity reversals have occurred a great many times in the history of the earth.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2023-06-13): Unsupported: There is no evidence that magnetic reversals have any impact on climate nor is there scientific basis for the claim that the planet flips on itself within six days. Misunderstanding of science: Speculation on the imminent possibility of the next magnetic poles' reversal happening is based on confusing averages with a normal. Scientists estimate that the probability of the Earth’s magnetic field reversing within the next 20 000 years is extremely low. [...] In a recent podcast episode, Comedian and Ultimate Fighting Championship commentator Joe Rogan and YouTuber Jimmy Corsetti talked about the so-called "Adam and Eve" theory. Even though this theory has no support in science, as we will show below, Corsetti and Rogan discussed it as if it were credible. Corsetti appears to believe that when magnetic poles reverse, the Earth flips over itself and stops rotating for six days. Corsetti also claimed that the next reversal should happen in a very near future, and that it would be cataclysmic. A clip from this interview was viewed over twenty millions times on TikTok, and several other clips were widely shared on social media. [...] The "Adam and Eve" theory laid out in the interview suggests that magnetic poles’ reversal includes the Earth doing a "flip", involving North and South poles physically changing positions. In reality, no scientific evidence indicates that the Earth ever performed such flips. This claim is extremely implausible, as there is hardly anything that could flip the Earth in such a way, apart from a collision with planets or other astronomical bodies.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2017-02-09): Magnetic poles reversals are not cataclysmic events as claimed in the ‘Adam and Eve’ theory discussed on Joe Rogan podcast
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2014-07-15): - Magnetic field reversals may cause the ionosphere to contact the surface of the Earth during the reversal period. [...] - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Richard B. Stothers (31 July 1986). "Periodicity of the Earth's magnetic reversals". Nature 322 (6078): 444-6. doi:10.1038/322444a0. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v322/n6078/abs/322444a0.html. Retrieved 2015-06-17. [...] - ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Norbert R. Nowaczyk and Helge Arz (16 October 2012). Ice age polarity reversal was global event: Extremely brief reversal of geomagnetic field, climate variability, and super volcano. ScienceDaily: Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121016084936.htm. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The main part of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, the site of a dynamo process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it is, approximately, a dipole. The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface is 3.05×10−5 T, with a magnetic dipole moment of 7.79×1022 Am2 at epoch 2000, decreasing nearly 6% per century (although it still remains stronger than its long time average).[145] The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This causes secular variation of the main field and field reversals at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.[146][147]
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2023-12-03): Unlike the geographic poles, Earth’s magnetic poles are not fixed and tend to wander over time. British polar explorer James Clark Ross first identified the Magnetic North Pole on the Boothis Peninsula in Canada’s Nunavut territory in 1831, according to the Antarctic travel site Antarctic Logistics. Since its discovery, the magnetic north pole moves about 25 miles (40 kilometers) a year in a northwest direction according to the Royal Museums Greenwich. What is more, Earth’s magnetic poles have also ‘flipped’ whereby north becomes south and south becomes north. These magnetic reversals occur at irregular intervals every 200000 years or so. [...] According to Science Daily, in the last 200 million years alone, Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed hundreds of times in a process where north becomes south and south becomes north. The magnetic poles flip approximately every 200,000 to 300,000 years according to NASA, though it has been more than twice that long since the last reversal. Earth’s most recent magnetic reversal occurred approximately 790,000 years ago so we are rather overdue for another. But don’t worry, the magnetic poles won’t just switch overnight, it can take hundreds or even thousands of years for the poles to flip.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2016-05-16): Further results are expected to yield a better understanding as why the field is weakening in some places, and globally. We know that over millions of years, magnetic poles can actually flip with north becoming south and south north. It’s possible that the current speed up in the weakening of the global field might mean it’s ready to flip.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2017-10-01): The acidity of the upper ocean has increased by about 30% (meaning its pH has dropped about 0.1 units) over the past century due to human emissions of CO2.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2019-02-06): Seawater has a pH of 8.2 on average because it contains naturally occurring alkaline ions that come primarily from weathering of continental rocks. When seawater absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, carbonic acid is produced (see Box 1), reducing the water’s pH. Since the dawn of industrialization, average surface ocean pH has decreased to about 8.1. [...] Ocean acidification is occurring at a rate 30 to100 times faster than at any time during the last several million years driven by the rapid growth rate atmospheric CO2 that is almost unprecedented over geologic history. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), economic and population scenarios predict that atmospheric CO2 levels could reach 500 ppm by 2050 and 800 ppm or more by the end of the century. This will not only lead to significant temperature increases in the atmosphere and ocean, but will further acidify ocean water, reducing the pH an estimated 0.3 to 0.4 units by 2100, a 150 percent increase in acidity over preindustrial times. Assuming a "business-as-usual" IPCC CO2 emission scenario, predictive models of ocean biogeochemistry project that surface waters of the Arctic and Southern Oceans will become undersaturated with aragonite (a more soluble form of calcium carbonate) within a few decades, meaning that these waters will become highly corrosive to the shells and skeletons of aragonite-producing marine calcifiers like planktonic marine snails known as pteropods.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2023-12-08): Ocean physical and biogeochemical conditions are rapidly changing over time. Forty years of observations from 1983 to 2023 collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site near Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean shows continuing trends of surface warming, increase in salinity, loss of dissolved oxygen (DO), increase in carbon dioxide (CO2), and ocean acidification (OA) effects. Over this period, the ocean has warmed by about +1°C, increased in salinity by +0.136, and lost DO by 12.5 µmol kg−1 or ~6%. Since the 1980s, ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), a tracer of anthropogenic CO2 (CTrOCA), and fugacities/partial pressures of CO2 (i.e., fCO2 and pCO2) have continued to increase substantially, with no evidence of a reduction in the rates of change over time. Contemporaneously, ocean pH has decreased by ~0.1 pH units [with ocean acidity (i.e., H+) increasing by >30%], and the saturation states of calcium carbonate minerals (Ωcalcite and Ωaragonite) have decreased. These OA indicators show that the chemical conditions for calcification have become less favorable over the past 40 years.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2024-02-20): That careful balance has survived over time because of a near equilibrium among the acids emitted by volcanoes and the bases liberated by the weathering of rock. The pH of seawater has remained steady for millions of years. Before the industrial era began, the average pH at the ocean surface was about 8.2 (slightly basic; 7.0 is neutral). Today it is about 8.1. Although the change may seem small, similar natural shifts have taken 5,000 to 10,000 years. We have done it in 50 to 80 years. Ocean life survived the long, gradual change, but the current speed of acidification is very worrisome. Emissions could reduce surface pH by another 0.4 unit in this century alone and by as much as 0.7 unit beyond 2100. We are hurtling toward an ocean different than the earth has known for more than 25 million years. [...] We are now carrying out an extraordinary chemical experiment on a global scale. Our fossil-fuel emissions raise the dissolved CO2 levels in the ocean, which reduces carbonate ion concentrations and lowers pH. The ocean’s sunlit surface layer (the top 100 yards or so) could easily lose 50 percent of its carbonate ion by the end of this century unless we reduce emissions dramatically. Marine animals will find it harder to build skeletons, construct reefs, or simply to grow and breathe. Compared with past geologic events, the speed and scale of this conversion is astonishing.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2024-01-01): CO2 dissolves in water to form a weak acid, and the oceans have absorbed about a third of the CO2 resulting from human activities, leading to a steady decrease in ocean pH levels. With increasing atmospheric CO2, this chemical balance will change even more during the next century. Laboratory and other experiments show that under high CO2 and in more acidic waters, some marine species have misshapen shells and lower growth rates, although the effect varies among species. Acidification also alters the cycling of nutrients and many other elements and compounds in the ocean, and it is likely to shift the competitive advantage among species, with as-yet-to-be-determined impacts on marine ecosystems and the food web. Figure 7. As CO2 in the air has increased, there has been an increase in the CO2 content of the surface ocean (upper box), and a decrease in the seawater pH (lower box). Source: adapted from Dore et al. (2009) and Bates et al. (2012)
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2022-05-19): The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that "there is very high confidence that open ocean surface pH is now the lowest it has been for at least 26,000 years and current rates of pH change are unprecedented since at least that time."
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2017-11-27): Oceans worldwide are undergoing acidification due to the penetration of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere1,2,3,4. The rate of acidification generally diminishes with increasing depth. Yet, slowing down of the thermohaline circulation due to global warming could reduce the pH in the deep oceans, as more organic material would decompose with a longer residence time. To elucidate this process, a time-series study at a climatically sensitive region with sufficient duration and resolution is needed. Here we show that deep waters in the Sea of Japan are undergoing reduced ventilation, reducing the pH of seawater. As a result, the acidification rate near the bottom of the Sea of Japan is 27% higher than the rate at the surface, which is the same as that predicted assuming an air–sea CO2 equilibrium. This reduced ventilation may be due to global warming and, as an oceanic microcosm with its own deep- and bottom-water formations, the Sea of Japan provides an insight into how future warming might alter the deep-ocean acidification.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2021-11-18): Ocean acidification (OA) is caused by excess CO₂ in seawater. Atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ have now reached 414ppm (from about 280ppm in 1750) and the oceans are a major sink, having absorbed nearly half of all anthropogenic emissions since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution some two centuries ago. But rising levels of CO₂ in the oceans change the acidity of seawater, measured as pH. Ocean acidity has remained remarkably stable for more than 800,000 years, but has increased by about 30% in the last 200 years.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2019-12-09): Over a decade of CO2 emissions since 2005 show that the Representative Concentrations Pathway (RCP2.6) scenario is unlikely to adequately represent the future atmospheric CO2 level. Consequently, here we focus discussion instead on the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, as these are now the plausible low-end and high-end concentration pathways. Under the RCP 8.5 "business-as-usual" scenario, surface ocean pHT changes at about –0.02 units decade−1 (~6% [H+] decade−1) at the beginning of this century, close to what was observed by Lauvset et al.27, and gradually accelerates to an average of about −0.04 units decade−1 (~10% [H+] decade−1) towards the end of the century (Fig. 5). From 2000 to 2100, the globally and annually-averaged surface ocean pHT decreases by an average of about ~0.33 ± 0.04 (spatial variability) units (Figs. 5a, 6, and Supplementary Fig. S5), consistent with research based on ensembles of Earth System Models20,21. This is equivalent to an average hydrogen ion increase of ~114% (Figs. 5b, 7, and Supplementary Fig. S6), and slightly greater than the entire modern surface ocean pH range (Fig. 1a). The globally and annually-averaged Revelle Factor increases by 3.7 ± 0.9 (~34%) under the RCP8.5 scenario over the same period (Figs.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2018-06-29): Increasing atmospheric CO2 from man-made climate change is reducing surface ocean pH. Due to limited instrumental measurements and historical pH records in the world’s oceans, seawater pH variability at the decadal and centennial scale remains largely unknown and requires documentation. Here we present evidence of striking secular trends of decreasing pH since the late nineteenth century with pronounced interannual to decadal–interdecadal pH variability in the South Pacific Ocean from 1689 to 2011 CE. High-amplitude oceanic pH changes, likely related to atmospheric CO2 uptake and seawater dissolved inorganic carbon fluctuations, reveal a coupled relationship to sea surface temperature variations and highlight the marked influence of El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. We suggest changing surface winds strength and zonal advection processes as the main drivers responsible for regional pH variability up to 1881 CE, followed by the prominent role of anthropogenic CO2 in accelerating the process of ocean acidification.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2019-06-27): This is plain wrong. Oceanic pH levels decreased by 0.1 units compared to pre-industrial levels. This corresponds to a 30% increase in acidity. For a primer on pH, see this NOAA explainer. [...] This statement just flies in both the face of observational facts and a basic understanding of chemistry. I would love to hear a cogent explanation of how atmospheric CO2 levels could rise over the course of a century without producing a decrease in ocean pH. Observations near Hawaii and several other open ocean environments show clear decreasing trends in ocean pH. See, for example this report from the European Environment Agency.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2019-10-21): "For years, people suggested there would have been a decrease in ocean pH because the meteor impact hit sulphur-rich rocks and caused the raining-out of sulphuric acid, but until now no one had any direct evidence to show this happened," said lead author Michael Henehan, a former Yale scientist who is now at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. [...] The new study also may have settled a question regarding ocean pH levels leading up to K-Pg. Some researchers have theorized that volcanic eruptions starting hundreds of thousands of years before K-Pg had progressively made Earth more prone to a mass extinction event. This should be reflected in a steady decline in ocean pH levels up until the extinction. "What we can show is that there is no real signal of gradual pH decline in the ocean in the lead-up to K-Pg," Henehan said. "Our results do not support any major role for volcanic activity in priming the world for extinction."
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2018-07-23): Lauvset, S. K. et al. Trends and drivers in global surface ocean pH over the past 3 decades. Biogeosciences12, 1285–1298 (2015). [...] Hurd, C. L. et al. Metabolically-induced pH fluctuations by some coastal calcifiers exceed projected 22nd century ocean acidification: a mechanism for differential susceptibility? Glob. Change Biol.17, 2488–2497 (2011).
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2020-11-25): The State of the Climate report showed that the average pH of surface waters around Australia has decreased by about 0.12 between the periods 1880–1889 and 2010–2019. Being a logarithmic scale, a decrease in the pH of one unit translates to a 10-fold increase in acidity. Therefore, acidity of surface waters around Australia has increased more than 30 per cent over the past 140 years. The cause of this drop in pH is rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. When carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are higher than those of ocean surface waters, the water absorbs carbon dioxide. At high latitudes, these carbon dioxide-laden surface waters become cold and salty enough to sink to the deep sea. Deeper water is then pushed up to replace the sinking surface water. This new surface water absorbs more carbon dioxide and so the cycle starts again. It is this connection between surface and deep waters in seas at higher latitudes that is the main pathway enabling uptake of carbon dioxide emissions by our oceans. [...] The State of the Climate report is clear on what the future holds for Australia’s climate. The amount of climate change expected in the next decade is similar under all plausible global emissions scenarios. However, by the mid-21st century, higher ongoing emissions of greenhouse gases will lead to greater ocean acidification and warming - with all their associated impacts. Reducing emissions will lead to less ocean acidification and warming, and fewer impacts.