copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Wearing face masks can cause carbon dioxide toxicity; can weaken immune system (Facebook users, 2020-05-13)
Evidence (2020-05-13): In summary, it is extremely unlikely that wearing a mask could lead to an increase in carbon dioxide within the area between the mask and face to the extent of causing hypercapnia. While face masks can keep out infectious aerosols, they are porous enough to allow oxygen intake and allow the escape of carbon dioxide. The idea that wearing face masks weakens the immune system is not supported by scientific evidence. This article published on The Conversation illustrates how wearing even a cloth face covering can help to limit the spread of COVID-19 by blocking infectious droplets, which is the main mode of disease transmission. [...] In this unprecedented time, as SARS-CoV-2 has brought the world to a standstill and strained healthcare systems worldwide, Facebook posts claiming that wearing a face mask can cause carbon dioxide toxicity and weaken the immune system, are spreading, let’s say, as fast as the virus. Posts that make statements such as: "Masks inhibit oxygen intake and increase CO2 intake, lowering efficiency of the human immune system, and do not stop viruses" or "Hypercapnia can be caused by rebreathing your own exhaled CO2 by wearing a mask continuously" can be found more and more on the Web.
Claim: Wearing face masks can cause carbon dioxide toxicity; can weaken immune system (Facebook users, 2020-05-13)
Evidence (2023-10-04): During the COVID-19 pandemic, some people had concerns that wearing a face mask could lead to hypercapnia. However, there is very little evidence to support this. Face masks are not airtight. The materials allow air, including carbon dioxide, to circulate rather than build up. Even with medical-grade masks, it
Claim: Wearing face masks can cause carbon dioxide toxicity; can weaken immune system (Facebook users, 2020-05-13)
Evidence (2023-11-04): Masking suggestions are a bit different for people at higher risk of serious illness. This includes people with risk factors such as older age. It also includes people with weakened immune systems and those who live with or care for someone with these risk factors. [...] Wearing a medical mask doesn't increase the level of carbon dioxide in the air you breathe. [...] Wearing a mask doesn't increase the level of carbon dioxide in the air you breathe.
Claim: Wearing face masks can cause carbon dioxide toxicity; can weaken immune system (Facebook users, 2020-05-13)
Evidence (2020-07-21): MYTH: Wearing a mask causes you to inhale too much carbon dioxide, which can make you sick. FACT: Wearing a cloth mask will not cause dizziness, lightheadedness, and headaches (also known as hypercapnia or carbon dioxide toxicity). Carbon dioxide passes through the mask, it does not build up inside the mask. If you feel dizzy or get a headache, you may be dehydrated since wearing a mask doesn’t make it as easy to drink water. We recommend keeping yourself very hydrated. [...] FACT: This is not true. Wearing a face mask does greatly reduce the spread of infectious droplets from entering your mouth or nose when you’re around individuals who may be sick, but it doesn’t prevent all microbes from entering your body. If surgeons had weakened immune systems after wearing masks for hours, none of them would live past 50.
Claim: Wearing face masks can cause carbon dioxide toxicity; can weaken immune system (Facebook users, 2020-05-13)
Evidence (2021-03-30): Face masks do not cause carbon dioxide poisoning—During the COVID-19 pandemic, some individuals suggested that wearing face masks could cause health risks, especially for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of diseases that cause breathing problems. In 2020, researchers at the Miami VA Healthcare System and the University of Miami studied 30 people, 15 with lung conditions and 15 without, to determine whether wearing a surgical face mask would change levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide saturation in the blood. For both groups they found there were no significant changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements after a walking test, even in subjects with severe lung impairments. [...] Effect of face masks on gas exchange in healthy persons and patients with COPD. Samannan R, Holt G, Calderon-Candelario R, Mirsaeidi M, Campos M. The effects of wearing face masks on gas exchange are minimal at most even in people with very severe lung impairment. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021 Mar;18(3):541-544.
Claim: Wearing face masks can cause carbon dioxide toxicity; can weaken immune system (Facebook users, 2020-05-13)
Evidence (2020-07-24): Research has found that wearing a mask (with at least two layers of fabric) is one of the most effective methods Americans can take to slow the spread of the coronavirus. Yet health myths about masks flood social media — people worry that wearing masks will lower oxygen levels or cause carbon dioxide poisoning. Others fear they’ll develop bacterial infections from moist, sweaty masks or weaken their immune system’s ability to fight off colds. [...] As for whether masks might compromise one’s immune system, Schaffner said "that’s malarkey." [...] "I can pretty much guarantee to you that wearing a mask intermittently throughout the day or even all day long is not going to weaken your immune system," he said.
Claim: Wearing face masks can cause carbon dioxide toxicity; can weaken immune system (Facebook users, 2020-05-13)
Evidence (2024-05-16): No. Children can safely wear masks all day. There’s a myth that wearing masks for long hours could mean breathing in too much carbon dioxide (CO2), which could lead to hypercapnia -- CO2 poisoning. But that’s not true. Evidence shows that CO2 molecules are small enough to pass through the pores in your mask, so it’s not possible for children to get CO2 poisoning by wearing masks at school. [...] Not at all. Wearing masks won’t compromise your child’s immunity or increase their risk of catching COVID or other infections. In fact, because face masks cover your nose and mouth, they stop your child from constantly touching their face. [...] Fact: Carbon dioxide can linger behind an N95 mask if you wear it for several hours, causing mild problems such as a headache, dizziness, or fatigue. But this risk is low with cloth and surgical masks.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2017-05-17): The rapid loss of glacial ice and Arctic sea ice cover is consistent with and most likely due to human impact on the climate system.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2024-02-09): Melting of polar ice shifting Earth itself, not just sea levels [...] The melting of polar ice is not only shifting the levels of our oceans, it is changing the planet Earth itself. Newly minted Ph.D. Sophie Coulson and her colleagues explained in a recent paper in Geophysical Research Letters that, as glacial ice from Greenland, Antarctica, and the Arctic Islands melts, Earth’s crust beneath these land masses warps, an impact that can be measured hundreds and perhaps thousands of miles away. [...] The current melting is only the most recent movement researchers are observing. "The Arctic is an interesting region because, as well as the modern-day ice sheets, we also have a lasting signal from the last ice age," Coulson explained. An ice sheet once covered what is now Northern Europe and Scandinavia during the Pleistocene Epoch, the ice age that started about 2.6 million years ago and lasted until roughly 11,000 years ago. "The Earth is actually still rebounding from that ice melting."
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2022-09-13): Enhanced Arctic sea ice melting controlled by larger heat discharge of mid-Holocene rivers [...] Arctic sea ice retreat is linked to extrapolar thermal energy import, while the potential impact of pan-Arctic river heat discharge on sea-ice loss has been unresolved. We reconstructed the Holocene history of Arctic sea ice and Russian pan-Arctic river heat discharge, combining ice-rafted debris records and sedimentation rates from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf with a compilation of published paleoclimate and observational data. In the mid-Holocene, the early summer (June–July) solar insolation was higher than that during the late Holocene, which led to a larger heat discharge of the Russian pan-Arctic rivers and contributed to more Arctic sea ice retreat. This intensified decline of early-summer sea ice accelerated the melting of sea ice throughout the summertime by lowering regional albedos. Our findings highlight the important impact of the larger heat discharge of pan-Arctic rivers, which can reinforce Arctic sea-ice loss in the summer in the context of global warming. [...] Arctic sea ice has dramatically declined under global warming, with feedback accelerating ongoing warming conditions1,2,3,4. However, future climate trends in association with sea ice melting remain elusive due to an insufficient understanding of the mechanism of retreat or even the absence of summer Arctic sea ice in the future. By referring to the Arctic climate of warmer intervals in the past, paleoclimate studies can provide clues for the future; e.g., the mid-Holocene (MH) was the most recent warmer climate interval relative to modern conditions.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2023-05-05): Most people live far from the glaciers and ice caps that hold it. But as the climate gets hotter, the ice is melting. [...] Sea ice is disappearing in the Arctic Ocean. [...] And humans still have the power to slow the pace of the melt.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2023-01-01): Sea ice is frozen water that forms, expands, and melts in the ocean. It is different from icebergs, glaciers, ice sheets, and ice shelves, which originate on land. For the most part, sea ice expands during winter months and melts during summer months, but in certain regions, some sea ice remains year-round. About 15 percent of the world's oceans are covered by sea ice during part of the year. [...] When warming temperatures gradually melt sea ice over time, fewer bright surfaces are available to reflect sunlight back into the atmosphere. More solar energy is absorbed at the surface and ocean temperatures rise. This begins a cycle of warming and melting. Warmer water temperatures delay ice growth in the fall and winter, and the ice melts faster the following spring, exposing dark ocean waters for a longer period the following summer. Changes in the amount of sea ice can disrupt normal ocean circulation, thereby leading to changes in global climate. Even a small increase in temperature can lead to greater warming over time, making the polar regions the most sensitive areas to climate change on Earth.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2018-01-02): Because of melting sea ice, it is likely that more polar bears will soon starve, warns a new study that discovered the large carnivores need to eat 60 percent more than anyone had realized. Turns out they are high-energy beasts, burning through 12,325 calories a day—despite sitting around most of the time, according to a unique metabolic analysis of wild bears published Thursday in Science. [...] "They’re far more successful doing this than any other method of hunting," Pagano said. That’s why the melting of the Arctic sea ice threatens polar bear survival. [...] Climate change is heating up the Arctic faster than anywhere else, and sea ice is shrinking 14 percent per decade. Even today, in the middle of the bitter cold Arctic winter, satellites show there is about 770,000 square miles less sea ice than the 1981 to 2010 median (That's an area larger than Alaska and California combined). In the late spring, the ice is breaking up sooner and forming later in the fall, forcing bears to burn huge amounts of energy walking or swimming long distances to get to any remaining ice. Or they stay on land longer, spending the summer and, increasingly, the fall fasting, living off their fat from the seals they caught in the spring.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2024-03-27): One day in the next couple of years, everyone in the world will lose a second of their time. Exactly when that will happen is being influenced by humans, according to a new study, as melting polar ice alters the Earth’s rotation and changes time itself. [...] Changes in Earth’s rotation over the long term have been dominated by the friction of the tides on the ocean floor — which has slowed down its rotation. Recently, the impacts of melting polar ice, driven by humans burning planet-heating fossil fuels, have become a significant factor, Agnew said. As the ice melts into the ocean, meltwater moves from the poles toward the equator, which further slows the speed of the Earth’s rotation. [...] Polar ice melt "has been large enough to noticeably affect the rotation of the entire Earth in a way that is unprecedented," Agnew said. "To me, the fact that human beings have caused the rotation of the Earth to change is kind of amazing."
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2023-12-07): Melting sea ice is acidifying the Arctic Ocean A warmer climate has caused significant amounts of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean to melt over the past few decades. Without an ice barrier between seawater and air, the ocean can rapidly absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. As WEI-JUN CAI and ZHANGXIAN OUYANG explain, this process lowers the pH of the ocean’s surface water—and it is unfolding three to four times more quickly in the Arctic Ocean than in other oceans, threatening all forms of life. Once perennially ice-covered, increasingly large areas of the Arctic Ocean are now ice-free for longer periods. With the loss of its "ice cap," the ocean’s fresh and carbon-deficient surface water is exposed to increasing atmospheric CO2, which it absorbs.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2024-03-16): But it's still far too early to say whether their approach can actually make a difference to the rapid decline in Arctic sea-ice. [...] The Arctic Ocean is likely to be effectively free of sea-ice by the end of summer at least once by 2050, and possibly even sooner. As the graph below shows, it's already experienced steep declines since the 1980s. [...] "We have to reduce emissions, but even if we do them as quickly as possible, the Arctic is still going to melt."
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2019-02-06): Hutchings, J. K. & Perovich, D. K. Preconditioning of the 2007 sea-ice melt in the eastern Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean. Ann. Glaciol. 56, 94–98 (2015). [...] Noël, B. et al. A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland’s glaciers and ice caps. Nat. Commun. 8, 14730 (2017). [...] Wilson, N. J., Straneo, F. & Heimbach, P. Satellite-derived submarine melt rates and mass balance (2011–2015) for Greenland’s largest remaining ice tongues. Cryosphere11, 2773–2782 (2017).
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2024-05-10): J. C. Comiso, A. C. Bliss, R. Gersten, C. L. Parkinson, and T. Markus Background The sea ice cover is one of the key components of the polar climate system. It has been a focus of attention in recent years, largely because of a strong decrease in the Arctic sea ice cover and modeling results that indicate that global warming is amplified in the Arctic on account of ice-albedo feedback. This results from the high reflectivity (albedo) of the sea ice compared to ice-free waters. A satellite-based data record starting in late 1978 shows that indeed rapid changes have been occurring in the Arctic, where the ice coverage has been declining at a substantial rate. In contrast, in the Antarctic the sea ice coverage has been increasing although at a lesser rate than the decreases in the Arctic. Shown below are up-to-date satellite observations of the sea ice covers of both the Arctic and the Antarctic, along with comparisons with the historical satellite record of more than 4 decades.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2024-05-31): It’s not just rising air and water temperatures influencing the decades-long decline of Arctic sea ice. Clouds, aerosols, even the bumps and dips on the ice itself can play a role. To explore how these factors interact and impact sea ice melting, NASA is flying two aircraft equipped with scientific instruments over the Arctic Ocean north of Greenland this summer. The first flights of the field campaign, called ARCSIX (Arctic Radiation Cloud Aerosol Surface Interaction Experiment), successfully began taking measurements on May 28. "The ARCSIX mission aims to measure the evolution of the sea ice pack over the course of an entire summer," said Patrick Taylor, deputy science lead with the campaign from NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. "There are many different factors that influence the sea ice. We’re measuring them to determine which were most important to melting ice this summer." On a completely clear day over smooth sea ice, most sunlight would reflect back into the atmosphere, which is one way that sea ice cools the planet. But when the ice has ridges or darker melt ponds — or is dotted with pollutants — it can change the equation, increasing the amount of ice melt. In the atmosphere, cloudy conditions and drifting aerosols also impact the rate of melt.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2020-10-27): Under ongoing global warming, further ice loss is to be expected for all of the four cryosphere components considered here; however, the corresponding time scales differ by several orders of magnitude. While substantial ice loss from Greenland or Antarctica might be triggered by anthropogenic climate change within the current century, these changes would manifest over several centuries to millennia15. Ice-free Arctic summers on the other side might already occur in the next decades1,7,9. Therefore, we also consider the regional warming caused solely by the loss of the Arctic summer sea ice (Fig. 1b). The additional warming in the Arctic region on a yearly average accounts for more than 1.5 °C regionally and for 0.19 °C globally. The meltdown of the Arctic sea ice and its regional warming effect is also simulated by CMIP-5 runs dependent on the future anthropogenic CO2 forcing scenarios, the RCP scenarios6,9. [...] Fig. 4: Additional warming due to meltdown of Arctic summer sea ice. [...] Notz, D. & Stroeve, J. Observed arctic sea-ice loss directly follows anthropogenic CO2 emission. Science354, 747–750 (2016).
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2019-09-25): Ice everywhere—from the high mountains to the polar ice caps—is also changing, and fast. Some impacts of melting ice are felt very directly by communities that live nearby. In the high mountains, like the Andes or the Himalaya, glaciers are retreating at unprecedented rates some 30 percent higher than a few decades ago, the report says. [...] If all countries held themselves to their most ambitious goals, the polar ice sheets would add somewhere between 5 to 23 centimeters to the world’s oceans by 2100 (the mountain glaciers and the expansion of warmer ocean waters would add more). But if we continue on a path similar to today’s, by the end of the century the ice sheet could add much more melt to the oceans: between 11 to 55 centimeters.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2021-04-28): The world's glaciers are melting at an accelerating rate, according to a comprehensive new study. [...] The researchers found them to have lost almost 270 billion tonnes of ice a year over the opening two decades of the 21st Century. [...] Leeds professor Andy Shepherd told BBC News: "Glacier melting accounts for a quarter of Earth's ice loss over the satellite era, and the changes taking place are disrupting water supplies for billions of people downstream - especially in years of drought when meltwater becomes a critical source.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2024-02-20): And the Arctic has other frozen land areas—mountain glaciers and ice caps—in places like Iceland, the Canadian and Russian Arctic, Alaska and Norway’s Svalbard Islands. These hold nowhere near as much water as the Greenland Ice Sheet but are still a significant part of the sea level equation. Together with glaciers and ice caps in the Southern Hemisphere (excluding the Antarctic Ice Sheet),their complete meltdown could potentially raise oceans nearly half a meter, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. But the northern areas have many more icy features than southern ones, Rignot notes. "Melting glaciers and ice caps in Patagonia and the other southern places don’t contribute as much as those in the Arctic," he says.