copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China This article is about territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China (PRC). A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more political entities. Many of China's territorial disputes result from the historical consequences of colonialism in Asia and the lack of clear historical boundary demarcations. Many of these disputes are almost identical to those that the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei, also known as Taiwan, has with other countries. Therefore, many of the subsequent resolved disputes made by the PRC after 1949 with other governments may not be recognized by the ROC.[1] [...] China's claims to disputed maritime territories date from prior to the founding of the People's Republic of China.[3]: 197
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The territory of China lies between latitudes 18° and 54° N, and longitudes 73° and 135° E. The geographical center of China is marked by the Center of the Country Monument at 35°50′40.9″N 103°27′7.5″E / 35.844694°N 103.452083°E. China's landscapes vary significantly across its vast territory. In the east, along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, there are extensive and densely populated alluvial plains, while on the edges of the Inner Mongolian plateau in the north, broad grasslands predominate. Southern China is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges, while the central-east hosts the deltas of China's two major rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. Other major rivers include the Xi, Mekong, Brahmaputra and Amur. To the west sit major mountain ranges, most notably the Himalayas. High plateaus feature among the more arid landscapes of the north, such as the Taklamakan and the Gobi Desert. The world's highest point, Mount Everest (8,848 m), lies on the Sino-Nepalese border.[129] The country's lowest point, and the world's third-lowest, is the dried lake bed of Ayding Lake (−154 m) in the Turpan Depression.[130] [...] - ^ Laikwan, Pang (2024). One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-5036-3881-5. [...] - ^ Chang, Bi-yu (2015). Place, Identity, and National Imagination in Post-war Taiwan. Routledge. pp. 35–40, 46–60. ISBN 978-1-3176-5812-2.
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-11): Along with Taiwan, this is perhaps the most well-known of China’s territorial disputes.
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): The territory of China lies between latitudes 18° and 54° N, and longitudes 73° and 135° E. China's landscapes vary significantly across its vast width. In the east, along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, there are extensive and densely populated alluvial plains, while on the edges of the Inner Mongolian plateau in the north, broad grasslands predominate. Southern China is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges, while the central-east hosts the deltas of China's two major rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. Other major rivers include the Xi, Mekong, Brahmaputra and Amur. To the west sit major mountain ranges, most notably the Himalayas. High plateaus feature among the more arid landscapes of the north, such as the Taklamakan and the Gobi Desert. The world's highest point, Mount Everest (8,848m), lies on the Sino-Nepalese border. The country's lowest point, and the world's third-lowest, is the dried lake bed of Ayding Lake (−154m) in the Turpan Depression.
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-20): The People’s Republic of China has two distinct territories known as Special Administrative Regions (SARs). These territories are known as Hong Kong and Macau. Both are located along the coast of southern China. In fact, they are just 60 km from each other. Hong Kong is located on the eastern side of the Pearl River Estuary, while Macau is on the western side of it. Both Hong Kong and Macau were formerly European colonies that were returned to Chinese sovereignty. Both SARs also have a certain degree of economic and political autonomy, as opposed to other provinces and autonomous regions of China. Hong Kong is larger and much more populous than Macau. It is also one of the most important centers of economic activity in the world. For its part, Macau does not boast the same level of economic importance as Hong Kong, though it is a popular tourist destination, as well as a mecca for gambling.
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-25): Taiwan has an interesting background within the divisions of China and, like Hong Kong and Macau, China offered it a position as a special administrative region in 1981. The belief is that unifying Taiwan (whose real name is the Republic of China) with China (or the People’s Republic of China) would allow the People’s Republic of China to be the only representative of China. This confusion began in 1949 after the Chinese Civil War. This war, as mentioned, was between Kuomintang (the founder of the Republic of China) and the Communists (now the People’s Republic of China). Since then, two Chinas have existed.
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-05): The People's Republic of China (PRC) (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國) is a one-party state in East Asia governed by the Communist Party of China (CPC). It was founded on 1 October 1949. It currently has more than 1.4 billion people (as of 2017).[3] It covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometers.
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-04): The territory has kept its editorially-dynamic media, in contrast to the rest of China. But media watchdogs have flagged up concerns about growing mainland influence.
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): People's Republic of China's position [edit]The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin. The Chinese Army controls most of the plains,[4] while India controls the western portion of the plains.[5] The dispute remains unresolved.[6] [...] - ^ Chang, I-wei Jennifer (9 February 2017). "China's Kashmir Policies and Crisis Management in South Asia". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Hong Kong[e] is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. With 7.4 million residents of various nationalities[f] in a 1,104-square-kilometre (426 sq mi) territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the world. [...] Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the national government.[91] The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the handover,[68] resulting in an executive-led governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony.[92] Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitution.[93] The regional government is composed of three branches: [...] Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6% of households connected. Connections over fibre-optic infrastructure are increasingly prevalent,[313] contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest).[314] Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous;[315] there are more than 18 million mobile-phone accounts,[316] more than double the territory's population.
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): Xi Jinping pointed out that Taiwan is the sacred territory of China. Blood runs thicker than water, and fellow Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family bound by blood. It is imperative to stay committed to the one-China principle and the 1992 Consensus, deepen cross-Straits economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation, forge closer bonds between people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, and strongly oppose "Taiwan independence" separatist activities. Realizing China's complete reunification is a surging popular trend. It is where the greater national interest lies, and it is what the people desire. The wheel of history will not be stopped by any individual or any force.
Claim: Sang is a territory of Republic of China (Sang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-20): I was elected President in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of China, thus it is my responsibility to safeguard the sovereignty and territory of the Republic of China; regarding problems arising in the East China Sea and South China Sea, we propose setting aside disputes so as to enable joint development.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-28): James Shoal[1][6] is a shoal (bank) in the South China Sea, with a depth of 22 metres (72 ft) below the surface of the sea,[1][7] located about 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) off the Borneo coast of Malaysia. It is claimed by Malaysia, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The reef and its surrounds are administered by Malaysia. [...] Territorial dispute [edit]Malaysia's claim [edit]Malaysia's claim on the reef is based on the continental shelf principle, on the basis that Malaysia is the only country whose continental shelf covers James Shoal. International law defines continental shelf as a natural extension of a country's landmass to a distance of 200 nautical miles (maximum 350 nautical miles). Drawn from the mainland or any of its islands in the South China Sea, the continental shelf of China is well short of James Shoal. Similarly, James Shoal is also not part of the extended continental shelf of Vietnam, the Philippines or Republic of China (Taiwan).[2]
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-04): Territorial disputes [edit]The Luconia shoals are administered by Malaysia, and are claimed by the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China.[citation needed] Malaysia [edit]The shoals are administered by Malaysia,[16] and the Royal Malaysian Navy and Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency maintains a 24/7 presence in the area to monitor the shoals.[17] Malaysia's Fisheries Research Institute has conducted studies on the area since 2004.[18] Malaysia organises an annual International Deep Sea Fishing Tournament on the shoals with participants departing from the Marina Bay in Miri and heading up to the area for 3 days. The participant who catches the biggest fish is proclaimed the winner of the tournament.[19][20]
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-10): KUCHING (Dec 10): Sarawak is currently looking into the idea of exploring James Shoal — an underwater shoal located about 83km northwest of Bintulu — said Chief Minister Datuk Patinggi Abang Johari Tun Openg. [...] James Shoal is located 22 meters underwater in the South China Sea and is within Malaysia’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ). [...] Malaysia has also effectively asserted its jurisdiction over its continental shelf including the areas in and around James Shoal.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-02-05): KUCHING: The ramifications of China’s claim and the recent incursion of its warships into the James Shoal, 80km off the coast of Sarawak, is too serious for Putrajaya to take lightly. [...] If a foreign power were to claim the James Shoal, the state’s territorial boundary could be shrunk to its shorelines and coastal waters, resulting in the loss of all its existing oil and gas resources. [...] Malaysia protested to China in March last year against the incursion by four Chinese warships in the James Shoal, which lies about 1,800 km south of the Chinese mainland.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-01-26): BEIJING - Three Chinese ships on Sunday patrolled the James Shoal, an area also claimed by Malaysia, and soldiers and officers on board swore to safeguard its sovereignty, in the latest sign of Beijing's territorial assertiveness in the South China Sea. [...] Beijing regards the James Shoal as the southernmost part of the country's territory. Last March, Malaysia protested against the incursion of four Chinese ships in James Shoal, about 80 km (50 miles) off Sarawak on Borneo island. Chinese sailors fired guns in the air during the visit to the shoal. In April, a Chinese maritime surveillance ship returned to James Shoal to leave behind steel markers to assert its claim.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-01-26): Three Chinese ships on Sunday patrolled the James Shoal, an area also claimed by Malaysia, and soldiers and officers on board swore to safeguard its sovereignty, in the latest sign of Beijing’s territorial assertiveness in the South China Sea. [...] "During the ceremony held in the Zengmu Reef area, soldiers and officers aboard swore an oath of determination to safeguard the country’s sovereignty and maritime interests," Xinhua said. Zengmu Reef is the Chinese term for James Shoal. [...] Beijing regards the James Shoal as the southernmost part of the country’s territory.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-07-01): Malaysia owns James Shoal, a submerged feature that is within its continental shelf. Being one thousand nautical miles from Hainan, James Shoal is outside the continental shelf of China; it is also outside the continental shelf of Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei and Indonesia. [...] James Shoal is 500 nm from Pagasa Island in the Spratlys that the Philippines has occupied since 1971. The Shoal is more than 400 nm from Itu Aba, an island that Taiwan has occupied since 1956. James Shoal is also outside Brunei’s extended maritime zone which the 2009 Letter of Exchange Brunei had with Malaysia attested to. In 1969, Malaysia and Indonesia signed a Treaty on the continental shelf, off Tanjung Datu, Sarawak, which has placed James Shoal on the Malaysian side. [...] Although the feature is nearer to Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur’s ownership of James Shoal is not premised on geographical contiguity but on customary international law. In the Island of Palmas (or Miangas) (United States v. The Netherlands), Arbitral Award, 1928 Judge Huber stated, "it is impossible to show the existence of a rule of positive international law" on contiguity to "the effect that islands situated outside territorial waters should belong to the state".
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-08-26): James Shoal is a small bank in the South China Sea, lying under the water at a depth of 22 meters (72 feet). It is located about 80 km (50 mi) from the Malaysian coast and about 1,800 km from the Chinese mainland. Both the PRC and ROC officially claim the shoal as the southernmost feature of China. Malaysia also claims the shoal. As the bank is under the water, there is no way to erect a sovereignty stele. On April 20, 2010, however, the Chinese Marine Surveillance Ship-83 came to the water around the shoal. Several officers of the ship threw a sovereignty stele into the water. The stele is a big and heavy marble engraving with the Chinese characters Zhongguo (China). Another report from 2013 tells the story of Chinese naval officers and soldiers participating in an oath-taking ceremony on waters off Zengmu Ansha, pledging to safeguard China’s territorial integrity and marine interests.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-28): CHAPTER 3.14: China’s James Shoal Claim: Malaysia the Undisputed Owner [...] James Shoal and International Law [...] Malaysia’s Extensive Activities on James Shoal
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-05-13): As Beijing has failed to put forth a lawful, coherent maritime claim in the South China Sea, the United States rejects any PRC claim to waters beyond a 12-nautical mile territorial sea derived from islands it claims in the Spratly Islands (without prejudice to other states’ sovereignty claims over such islands). As such, the United States rejects any PRC maritime claim in the waters surrounding Vanguard Bank (off Vietnam), Luconia Shoals (off Malaysia), waters in Brunei’s EEZ, and Natuna Besar (off Indonesia). Any PRC action to harass other states’ fishing or hydrocarbon development in these waters – or to carry out such activities unilaterally – is unlawful. The PRC has no lawful territorial or maritime claim to (or derived from) James Shoal, an entirely submerged feature only 50 nautical miles from Malaysia and some 1,000 nautical miles from China’s coast. James Shoal is often cited in PRC propaganda as the "southernmost territory of China." International law is clear: An underwater feature like James Shoal cannot be claimed by any state and is incapable of generating maritime zones. James Shoal (roughly 20 meters below the surface) is not and never was PRC territory, nor can Beijing assert any lawful maritime rights from it.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-19): Chinese Coast Guard (CCG) vessels maintain a near-constant presence at Luconia Shoals off the coast of Malaysia’s Sarawak State. That uncomfortable fact does not garner much attention, either in the Malaysian or international press, but it speaks to Beijing’s determination to establish administrative control throughout the nine-dash line. The reefs, which are divided into the North and South Luconia Shoals, are located between the hotly contested Spratly Islands to the north and James Shoal, which China often calls its southernmost territory, to the south. Like James Shoal, the Luconia Shoals are underwater at high-tide, meaning they cannot be claimed as territory and constitute part of Malaysia’s continental shelf.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-20): While the June 2 press conference was the first to be held by a member of the cabinet in response to China’s growing presence in areas including South Luconia Shoals, this is not the first time such incursions have been discussed publicly by Malaysian officials. Shahidan has testified before the Malaysian Parliament on several occasions, including on March 20, 2014 where he stated that since 2013 there had been a marked increase in "intrusions" in the area, as well as around James Shoal.23 According to Shahidan, during 2013 alone there had been 7 intrusions by 16 assets of the PLA-Navy (PLAN) and CCG. This increase in Chinese assets was not new, and had been occurring in similar numbers around the Spratly Islands since 2008. According to one Malaysian security analyst, this had included the presence of as many as 35 assets from the CCG as well as the PLAN in that area between 2008 and 2012.24 What was new, beginning in roughly 2012, was that Chinese maritime paramilitary assets had begun operating further away from the Spratlys and much closer to the coast of Sarawak, including in areas such as South Luconia Shoals. In August 2012, two vessels from what was formerly China Marine Surveillance (now part of CCG) "came in contact with Malaysian owned survey vessels operating off James Shoal and North Luconia Shoals."25 By January 2013, similar incidents had occurred "involving Chinese ships and a Shell contracted survey vessel" in areas proximate to South Luconia Shoals.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-03-26): Malaysia claims sovereignty over ten atolls in the Spratlys archipelago, all of which fall within its 200 nautical miles (nm) EEZ. The Malaysian government appears to have ceded its claim to an eleventh feature, Louisa Reef, in a bilateral agreement with Brunei in 2009 which delimited their maritime boundaries. Based on the continental shelf principle, Kuala Lumpur also claims jurisdiction over a submerged feature, James Shoal (45 nm off Sarawak), and a group of submerged and semi-submerged features collectively known as Luconia Shoals (54 nm off Sarawak). [...] Malaysia's claims overlap with those of China (and Taiwan), Vietnam and the Philippines. China claims sovereignty over all the features claimed by Malaysia as they fall inside its expansive nine-dash line which covers more than 80% of the South China Sea. Even though it is underwater, China claims James Shoal as its southernmost "territory". Malaysia claims sovereignty over Vietnamese-occupied Amboyna Cay and Alison Reef, and Philippine-occupied Commodore Reef. Malaysia's principal dispute is with China, though a recent report suggests some friction with Vietnam.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-03-09): Nonetheless, this state of affairs is likely to change in the foreseeable future. Evidence has been mounting in recent years that Beijing is increasingly pursuing a more proactive and confrontational strategy to assert its claims to a major part of the South China Sea, otherwise known as the nine-dash line claim area. The area includes, for example, a vast area that is being contested by Malaysia. Coincidently, this is a vast expansive area wherein lie most of the maritime features and spaces that make up Malaysia's territorial claims and exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Hassan (Reference Hassan2015) noticed that since 2011 incidents of China's assertive behaviours in Malaysian waters have occurred with increasing frequency, the most recent being the removal of Malaysian territorial markers in the Luconia and Erica Reefs (Thayer, Reference Thayer2015), and a series of patrols and military exercises conducted by Chinese Navy and Coastguard vessels in the vicinity of Malaysia's claimed James Shoal (Laeng, Reference Laeng2015; Reuters, 2014).Footnote 10
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-01-26): Three Chinese ships patrolled the James Shoal, that is also claimed by Malaysia, as soldiers and officers on board swore to safeguard its sovereignty, in the latest sign of Beijing's territorial assertiveness in the South China Sea, Reuters reported today. [...] James Shoal is located about 80km from Sarawak, however, Beijing regards it as the southernmost part of the country's territory. [...] "During the ceremony held in the Zengmu Reef area, soldiers and officers aboard swore an oath of determination to safeguard the country's sovereignty and maritime interests," Xinhua said. Zengmu Reef is the Chinese term for James Shoal.
Claim: James Shoal is a territory of Malaysia (James Shoal, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-21): Every Chinese student learns the name "James Shoal," or Zengmu Ansha, a small bank in the South China Sea, lying 72 feet below water. China officially claims the shoal as the southernmost feature of its territory, although Malaysia also claims it, under the UN Convention on the Continental Shelf. [...] "Where is the southernmost point of China’s territory?" is an often-asked question in high school examinations, explains Guan Siqi, 23, who works for an environmental NGO in Beijing. "At first you would wonder what the heck James Shoal was," Guan said. She said the nearness of other islands and countries to the nine-dash line made her wonder as a kid if China was being a bit of a bully, but it wasn’t until she read news about the territory the she learned it was actually disputed. [...] After this week’s court ruling, young Chinese say their belief that China’s territory extends to James Shoal is firmer than ever. No matter how the South China Sea issue plays out, Lin, the student in Australia, said, "I will stand by China."