copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2020-03-17): A photo claiming 'GARGLING WITH SALTWATER OR VINEGAR WILL KILL THE CORONA VIRUS' has gone viral. [...] The viral WhatsApp forward is an image with a text which says, "Coronavirus before it reaches the lungs it remains in the throat for four days and at this time the person begins to cough and have throat pains. If he drinks water a lot and gargling with warm water & salt or vinegar eliminates the virus." Gargling With Saltwater Or Vinegar Will Kill The Novel Coronavirus
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2020-03-13): Health experts say no coronavirus remedy has yet emerged. So drinking lots of water, or gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar, won’t eliminate it. [...] Snopes, "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar ‘Eliminate’ the COVID-19 Coronavirus?" March 14, 2020 Rappler, "False: Gargling salt water ‘eliminates’ coronavirus," March 14, 2020
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2021-04-09): A viral image circulating online is falsely advising social media users that gargling water with salt or vinegar "eliminates" the coronavirus. There is currently "no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus," according to the World Health Organization. [...] One of the latest falsehoods concerning the coronavirus to spread widely on Facebook and Instagram tells users, wrongly, that simply gargling water with salt or vinegar "eliminates" the virus. The viral image spreading the claim erroneously purports that, "before it reaches the lungs," the coronavirus "remains in the throat for four days" and that drinking a lot of water "and gargling with warm water & salt or vinegar eliminates the virus."
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2020-03-18): 2. Can drinking a lot of water, gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminate the virus? What about drinking lemon in hot water, or other home remedies? [...] Hot drinks with lemon and honey, vitamin supplements, foods with garlic and ginger, apple cider vinegar, gargling with salt water… none of these things has any impact on your immune response and won’t eliminate the virus. [...] Some have claimed that drinking various beverages will help "flush out" the virus, but the virus does its work inside cells. Again, though, hot water with lemon will help you stay hydrated, so it won’t hurt.
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2020-09-01): The Johns Hopkins University school of public health has listed "[d]rinking a lot of water and gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus," among the debunked COVID-19 treatments. Amesh Adalja, senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, said that while COVID-19 may cause a sore throat, gargling with warm salted water "may make it feel better, [but] has no direct effect on the virus." [...] The trial is a next step after a pilot study with results published in the Journal of Global Health in March. Titled, "Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling should be considered as a treatment option for COVID-19," the pilot study involved 66 adult volunteers infected with two different strains of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2023-11-07): "Between 2020 and 2022, individuals aged 18-65 years with positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 infection were randomly selected to undergo low- or high-dose saline regimens for 14 days," says Sebastian Espinoza, lead author of the study. "The low- and high-saline solutions consisted of 2.13 grams and 6 grams of salt dissolved in 8 ounces of warm water, respectively. Gargling and nasal rinsing was done four times a day for 14 days. Primary outcomes included frequency and duration of symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection; secondary outcomes included hospital or ICU admission, mechanical ventilatory support, or death. Exclusion criteria were chronic hypertension or participation in another interventional study. Those on the low- and high-dose saline solutions, as well as those in the reference population, had similar rates of vaccination." [...] Abstract Title: Double blind randomized controlled trial of saline solution gargling and nasal rinsing in SARS-CoV-2 infection [...] Methods: Between 2020 and 2022, individuals aged 18-65 years with positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 infection were randomly allocated to low- or high-saline regimens for 14 days. Low- and high-saline solutions consisted of 2.13 grams and 6 grams of salt dissolved in 8 ounces of warm water, respectively. Gargling and nasal rinsing was done four times a day for 14 days. Primary outcomes included frequency and duration of symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection; secondary outcomes included hospital or ICU admission, mechanical ventilatory support, or death. Exclusion criteria were: chronic hypertension or participation in other interventional study.
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2020-03-27): There is no evidence to suggest that gargling salt water or vinegar, or partaking in many other home remedies, fight SARS-CoV-2 infection. Upon entering the body, the virus attaches to and enters cells in the airway where it takes over the cells’ machinery, producing more viral particles that spread to other cells. Because the virus hides out in the body’s own cells, it can not be targeted without also killing healthy, uninfected cells. Therefore, fighting viral infections relies on the body’s immune response. [...] The claim that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, can be stopped in its tracks by gargling warm water, salt water, or vinegar went viral on Facebook in March 2020, notably through a widely shared meme, receiving hundreds of thousands to millions of interactions in total. This claim is factually inaccurate and unsupported by scientific evidence. [...] In summary, there is no evidence to suggest that gargling warm water, salt water, or vinegar is effective against SARS-CoV-2 in infected tissues, although gargling salt water might ease symptoms of a sore throat. Furthermore, by the time symptoms appear, localized treatments would be completely ineffective because the virus will have already spread to non-targeted tissues. There is currently no vaccine or cure for COVID-19. The best methods of prevention are frequent handwashing, disinfecting surfaces, and avoiding touching your face.
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2023-11-29): Saltwater gargles are easy and cheap to make. The ADA recommend adding half of a teaspoon (tsp) of salt to 8 ounces of warm water, then mixing until they are combined. [...] Gargling with salt water is considered safe for both children and adults. However, people who have trouble gargling should not use a saltwater gargle. [...] A person can safely gargle with salt water several times a day. There are typically no side effects. However, people with high blood pressure or those who need to limit their sodium intake should speak with a doctor before gargling with salt water.
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2020-08-05): You can use vinegar as a cleaner, but it can’t kill all pathogens, including the virus that causes COVID-19. It’s helpful to clean surfaces before disinfecting them to remove surface debris. [...] Still, vinegar can’t kill all germs. This includes SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. [...] Because of these limitations, vinegar may not be the best choice for adequately disinfecting your home.
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2020-03-19): Fact or Fiction: Gargling warm water or salt and vinegar eliminates the virus from your system. [...] Fact or Fiction: The virus is heat resistant. Martin: Very high heat (think boiling) will kill the virus. Warm weather (think summer) may reduce the virus's spread, but we will have to wait and see.
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2020-03-14): "Corona virus before it reaches the lungs it remains in the throat for four days and at this time the person begins to cough and have throat pains. If he drinks water a lot and gargling with warm water & salt or vinegar eliminates the virus. Spread this information because you can save someone with this information." While gargling some combination of warm water, salt, and vinegar has long been used as a means of relieving symptoms related to colds and flus, such as sore throats, there's no evidence that it can help ward off or drive out infections from the COVID-19 coronavirus disease. And although the virus is said to replicate in the nose and nasal secretions, we've found nothing documenting the notion that the current coronavirus "remains in the throat for four days" and can be effectively expelled at the conclusion of that time period to keep it from reaching the lungs. (The incubation period for this virus, which is the time between when a person is exposed to the virus and when they start showing symptoms, has been estimated at about five days on average.) [...] Drinking sufficient water to stay adequately hydrated is generally good health advice at any time, but gargling with it (whether in plain form or as saline/vinegar) is of doubtful benefit for 'eliminating' the coronavirus once it has already taken
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2024-01-01): A: Vaccines against other diseases do not offer protection against SARS-CoV-2. This is a new virus that will need its own vaccine, and researchers are working on developing a safe and effective one. A: SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted in all areas, including hot/humid and cold climates. A: While gargling with warm saltwater can make a sore throat feel better, it has no effect on SARS-CoV-2.
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2021-08-13): The coronavirus remains in the throat for 4 days, causing sore throat and coughing before it reaches the lungs. Drinking a lot of water and gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus. "While it is true that coronavirus can cause a sore throat and gargling with warm water may make it feel better, it has no direct effect on the virus." [...] You can avoid the virus by drinking warm water every 15 minutes.
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2020-03-20): Does gargling with warm water with salt or vinegar cure COVID-19? A meme circulating on Facebook and other social media platforms claims that gargling with warm water mixed with salt or vinegar can eliminate COVID-19. It claims that after the virus reaches the throat, it remains there for four days and causes coughing and throat pain. While Nepalis have traditionally used the solution as domestic remedy for throat pain and coughing, there’s no evidence that it cures the coronavirus. According to the US-based Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, gargling with warmed water mixed with salt/vinegar helps soothe a sore throat, but there’s no proof that it eliminates coronavirus.
Claim: Gargling with warm water and salt or vinegar eliminates the virus [SARS-CoV-2] (Facebook users, 2020-03-14)
Evidence (2020-04-22): Science Feedback accredited by Poynter’s International Fact-Checking Network
Claim: Published studies show that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cause metabolic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-27)
Evidence (2023-10-27): Studies so far haven’t shown any association between COVID-19 vaccines and mortality risk or sudden death. All medical interventions come with side effects and COVID-19 vaccines are no exception. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are linked to an increased risk of heart inflammation in adolescent and young adult males. However, the risk of heart complications and other health problems associated with COVID-19 is well-documented to be higher than that associated with vaccination. On balance, COVID-19 vaccines offer more benefits than drawbacks.
Claim: Published studies show that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cause metabolic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-27)
Evidence (2023-12-01): Adverse events following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: A systematic review of cardiovascular complication, thrombosis, and thrombocytopenia.Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Mar;11(3):e807. doi: 10.1002/iid3.807. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023. PMID: 36988252 Free PMC article. Review. [...] Cardiac Complications After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination - PCORnet, United States, January 2021-January 2022.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Apr 8;71(14):517-523. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7114e1. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022. PMID: 35389977 Free PMC article. Cardiac complications following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review of case reports and case series.Rev Med Virol. 2022 Jul;32(4):e2318. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2318. Epub 2021 Dec 17. Rev Med Virol. 2022. PMID: 34921468 Review.
Claim: Published studies show that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cause metabolic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-27)
Evidence (2023-02-08): The rapid development and emergency approval of mRNA-based vaccines have proven instrumental in reducing disease severity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The vaccines consist of liposomally protected mRNA transcripts that encode the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein — the protein that mediates entry of the virus into host cells via the receptor ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). In rare cases (about 2 per 100,000), people develop myocarditis after vaccination; the frequency is relatively higher in young male patients. Previous studies have hypothesized that this may be due to an excessive immune response in genetically predisposed participants; the effect of hormones — specifically testosterone — in altering T cell immune response; or potential molecular mimicry between spike protein and endogenous antigens that elicits cardiac-targeted autoantibodies. However, the immunopathological causes of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination remain unclear.
Claim: Published studies show that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cause metabolic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-27)
Evidence (2024-06-28): The association between COVID-19 vaccination and cardiac events using confirmed cases and hospital admissions with diagnoses of myocarditis or pericarditis (in particular) has been assessed in previous studies20,21,22. In addition, in response to concerns regarding associations between thromboembolic outcomes and COVID-19 vaccines12,13,15,23,24, we investigated additional haematological outcomes in this study (see Table S1). [...] Muthukumar, A. et al. In-depth evaluation of a case of presumed myocarditis after the second dose of COVID-19 MRNA vaccine. Circulation144, 487–498 (2021). [...] Le Vu, S. et al. Age and sex-specific risks of myocarditis and pericarditis following Covid-19 messenger RNA vaccines. Nat. Commun.13, 3633 (2022).
Claim: Published studies show that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cause metabolic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-27)
Evidence (2023-05-05): When new COVID-19 vaccines were first administered two years ago, public health officials found an increase in cases of myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle, particularly among young males who had been vaccinated with mRNA vaccines. It was unclear, however, what exactly was causing this reaction. [...] Myocarditis is a generally mild inflammation of heart tissue which can cause scarring but is usually resolved within days. The increased incidence of myocarditis during vaccination was seen primarily in males in their teens or early 20s, who had been vaccinated with mRNA vaccines, which are designed to elicit immune responses specifically to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. [...] Lucas noted that, according to CDC findings, the risk of severe forms of myocarditis is greater in individuals who contract the COVID-19 virus than in those who receive vaccines. She emphasized that vaccination offers the best protection from COVID-19-related disease.
Claim: Published studies show that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cause metabolic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-27)
Evidence (2024-07-31): In this work, we use whole population longitudinal electronic health records from 45.7 million adults in England to quantify associations of first, second, and booster doses of mRNA and non-mRNA COVID-19 vaccine brands with subsequent thrombotic and cardiovascular events. Data were accessed within the NHS England Secure Data Environment (NHSE SDE)7, encompassing primary care, hospital admissions, COVID-19 testing and vaccination data, dispensed medication records in primary care data, and the Office of National Statistics death registrations. We use Cox regression to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) in time intervals since vaccination, adjusted for a wide range of co-morbidities, age, sex, and prior COVID-19. We show that the incidence of thrombotic and cardiovascular complications was generally lower after each dose of each vaccine brand, except for previously recognised rare complications of the ChAdOx1 vaccine and the mRNA vaccines. [...] Clinical Considerations: Myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines | CDC. https://web.archive.org/web/20210528145419/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/myocarditis.html (2021).
Claim: Published studies show that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cause metabolic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-27)
Evidence (2021-07-01): Cardiac complications following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review of case reports and case series - PMID: 34921468 - DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2318 [...] There have been several local and systemic adverse events associated with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Pericarditis, myocarditis and myocardial infarction are examples of cardiac complications related to these vaccines. In this article, we conducted a systematic review of case reports and case series to identify the clinical profile, investigations, and management of reported cardiac complications post-mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as the medRxiv preprint server, with terms including: 'SARS-CoV-2', 'COVID-19', 'messenger RNA vaccine*', 'mRNA-1273 vaccine', 'BNT162 vaccine', 'myocarditis', 'pericarditis', 'stroke' and 'Myocardial Ischemia' up to 25 September 2021. Studies were excluded if they were not case reports or case series, or reported cases from non-mRNA vaccines. Case reports and case series were included that investigated the potential cardiac complications associated with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. The JBI checklist was used to assess quality and data synthesis was conducted using a qualitative methodology called narrative synthesis. Sixty-nine studies, including 43 case reports and 26 case series, were included. Myocarditis/myopericarditis and pericarditis were the most common adverse events among the 243 reported cardiac complications, post mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Males with a median age of 21 years had the highest frequency of myocarditis.
Claim: Published studies show that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cause metabolic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-27)
Evidence (2024-09-30): While the rationale for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is to reduce complications and overall mortality, some cardiovascular complications from the vaccine itself have been demonstrated. Myocarditis and pericarditis are recognized as rare acute adverse events after mRNA vaccines in young males, while evidence regarding other cardiovascular events remains limited and inconsistent. This study assessed the risks of several cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in a Swedish nationwide register-based cohort. [...] Risk of myopericarditis (mRNA vaccines only), extrasystoles, and transient ischaemic attack was transiently increased after COVID-19 vaccination, but full vaccination substantially reduced the risk of several more severe COVID-19-associated cardiovascular outcomes, underscoring the protective benefits of complete vaccination. [...] Myocarditis cases reported after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in the US from December 2020 to August 2021 .
Claim: Published studies show that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cause metabolic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-27)
Evidence (2023-01-01): Results: A total of 81 articles analyzed confirmed cardiovascular complications post-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in 17,636 individuals and reported 284 deaths with any mRNA vaccine. Of 17,636 cardiovascular events with any mRNA vaccine, 17,192 were observed with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine, 444 events with mRNA-1273 (Moderna). Thrombosis was frequently reported with any mRNA vaccine (n = 13,936), followed by stroke (n = 758), myocarditis (n = 511), myocardial infarction (n = 377), pulmonary embolism (n = 301), and arrhythmia (n = 254). Stratifying the results by vaccine type showed that thrombosis (80.8%) was common in the BNT162b2 cohort, while stroke (39.9%) was common with mRNA-1273 for any dose. The time between the vaccination dosage and the first symptom onset averaged 5.6 and 4.8 days with the mRNA-1273 vaccine and BNT162b2, respectively. The mRNA-1273 cohort reported 56 deaths compared to the 228 with BNT162b2, while the rest were discharged or transferred to the ICU. [...] Cardiac complications following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review of case reports and case series.Rev Med Virol. 2022 Jul;32(4):e2318. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2318. Epub 2021 Dec 17. Rev Med Virol. 2022. PMID: 34921468 Review.