copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-03-04): On March 25, 1963, Senator Lorenzo Sumulong delivered a privileged speech berating the Philippines claim to North Borneo (Sabah), which had been filed by President Diosdado Macapagal on June 22, 1962. Five days later, Senator Jovito R. Salonga delivered a point-by-point rebuttal to Sumulong’s speech. [...] Why was the Philippine claim of sovereignty to North Borneo so tardily presented in the United Nations? The answer is that North Borneo is not a part of the national territory of the Philippines as defined and delimited in our Constitution. When the United Nations was organized in 1945, the claimants to North Borneo was not the Philippines but the heirs of the late Sultan Jamalul Kiram who died in 1936. If the said heirs had any claims to sovereignty over North Borneo — as distinguished from their proprietary claims — they could have filed a petition or a reservation to the United Nations protesting against British rule and administration over North Borneo, but they did not file any such petition or reservation. It was only in February of last year (1962) that the said heirs informed our Department of Foreign Affairs that they were claiming sovereignty to North Borneo and they offered to turn over such claim of sovereignty to the Republic of the Philippines, reserving however to themselves their proprietary claims.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-23): In its process of decolonization beginning in 1946, Great Britain included Sabah in the newly formed Federation of Malaysia. The Philippines, which had already achieved its independence from the United States, protested the formation of Malaysia and filed claims for the whole territory of Northern Borneo under the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal. However, during a meeting to plan Maphilindo, the Philippine government stated that it had no objection to the formation of Malaysia, but claimed that the Sultan of Sulu wanted payment from the British government.[6] The first Malaysian Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, said he would return to Kuala Lumpur to protest the Philippines' claim.[6]
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): The Philippines claims much of eastern Sabah.[49][65][164] It claims that the territory is connected with the Sultanate of Sulu and was only leased to the North Borneo Chartered Company in 1878 with the Sultanate's sovereignty never being relinquished.[113] Malaysia however, considers this dispute as a "non-issue", as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of cession and that it deems that the residents of Sabah had exercised their right to self-determination when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963.[165] A group of 200 armed Filipinos identifying themselves as the Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo landed in the district of Lahad Datu and took control of the Tanduo village in 2013, with the objective of reinforcing the Philippine claim over the eastern region of Sabah.[166] This Lahad Datu incident resulted in the deaths of 52 members of the Sulu group and eight Malaysian police officers.[167] [...] - ^ a b c d e Mohammad Al-Mahdi Tan Kho; Hurng-yu Chen (July 2014). "Malaysia-Philippines Territorial Dispute: The Sabah Case" (PDF). National Chengchi University. NCCU Institutional Repository. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-02-02): Sabah, located in the northern half of the island of Borneo has been at the centre of a diplomatic row between Malaysia and the Philippines – which claims much of its eastern half – since the early 1960s. Currently, Sabah remains under the sovereignty of Malaysia and the matter has laid dormant for many years. [...] The recent question of Sabah’s sovereignty comes in light of a proposed shift to a federal system of government by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte’s administration. The shift which was largely to avoid Manila-centric politics requires the nation to be domestically separated into states with Manila serving as the "federal capital." In drawing up proposals for this new model, member of the consultative committee, Aquilino Pimentel, included Sabah as part of Philippine territory. Pimentel’s proposals included 12 states and he suggested that Sabah be added on as the nation’s 13th state.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-08): Sabah is located at the north-eastern tip of Borneo and lies about 500 kilometres from the Philippines. Although Malaysia controls the territory, the Philippines has laid claim over Sabah since 1961. The first official attempt by the Philippines to claim Sabah was on 22 June, 1962, when the Philippines filed a claim over Sabah against the United Kingdom (UK), which has possession of the territory at that time. [...] The Philippines maintains its territorial claim over Sabah based on the 1878 "Lease Treaty" and based on the historical account that Sabah is a gift from the Sultan of Brunei to the Sultan of Sulu, which is now a region and part of the sovereign territory of the Philippines. The Philippines stands firm that the 1878 Treaty was a Lease and not a "Deed of Cessation" as opposed to the claim and contention of Overbeck and Dent on 22 January, 1878, where the British North Borneo Company presented the said treaty in London saying that the Sultan of Sulu ceded North Borneo to them under their translations and interpretations of the contents of the 1878 Treaty.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-02-26): The leader of the rebel unit is the brother of Jamalul Kiram III, one of the two main claimants to the title of Sultan of Sulu. Back in the 17th century, before the Philippines existed in its present form, the two principle sultanates in the region were Sulu and Brunei. In 1658, the Sultan of Brunei for some reason gave Sabah to the Sultanate of Sulu, which today is considered part of the Philippines. However, the picture is further complicated by an 1878 deal between the Sultanate of Sulu and the British North Borneo Company, in which Sabah was leased to the Europeans on a rolling contract. To this day, the Malaysian government pays a token sum, equivalent to around $1,500, to the Philippines every year in recognition of this continuing arrangement. The Royal Army of Sulu interprets this deal as a lease that can be canceled, while Malaysia believes that it represents the permanent transfer of the territory.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-03-05): Malaysian soldiers launched an attack on Tuesday against an armed clan in the Philippines, part of a continued effort to end a three-week long standoff in Sabah after violence in recent days that already killed at least 27 people, a Malaysian government official said. [...] The ongoing violence has already displaced many native Filipinos living in Sabah. There are an estimated 800,000 Filipinos living there. [...] Members of a Muslim royal clan, who call themselves the Royal Sulu Army and hail from the southern Philippines, landed in a coastal village in Sabah on February 9 to claim the territory as their own, citing ownership documents from the late 1800s.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Although there is evidence of Chinese trade from the 7th century onward, Sabah’s contacts were confined to the Philippines for centuries. It was known to the Sulu pirates as the "Land Below the Wind" because of its position below the typhoon belt. European influence intensified after the Scottish voyager Alexander Dalrymple reached the Sulu Sea (1759). Although the British were active in the area throughout the 19th century, notably on the offshore island of Labuan, which became a crown colony in 1848, the mainland was not occupied until 1877, when a private syndicate (chartered in 1881 as the British North Borneo Company) obtained land grants from the sultans of Brunei and Sulu. The territory acquired its boundaries in 1898. After Japanese occupation during World War II, British crown colony status was granted (1946), and Sabah joined Malaysia in 1963. In the early 1960s the Philippines unsuccessfully revived its long-standing claim to the territory. [...] The Malay, Kadazan, Chinese, Bajau, and Murut are the main ethnic groups. Unlike other Bornean territories, Sabah has only one river—the Kinabatangan—that is navigable far inland. Rivers remain the only means of communication in some districts, but travel is predominantly overland by four-wheel-drive vehicle, pony, or buffalo. There are small road networks and usually airports at the main port towns. A major road extends from Kota Kinabalu to Kudat, and Sabah’s railway stretches for 116 miles (187 km) from the capital to Tenom. Area 28,425 square miles (73,619 square km). Pop. (2000) 2,603,485.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-04-15): On February 9, 2013, Raja Mudah Agbimuddin Kiram, a brother of the self-claimed Sultan of Sulu, Jamalul Kiram III, with about 1000 of his followers, including 300 armed men of the Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo (or Royal Army of Sulu; RAS), took ‘a journey back home’ to Sabah on small boats. The ocean borders between Sabah and the Philippines are quite porous, and in Sabah, the Government of the Philippines (GPH) estimates 600,000 Filipino are quietly living and working by crossing the Sulu Sea. Malaysian authorities gave a deadline to the Sultan Jamalul Kiram III to order his followers to return by February 22. Malaysian security forces put the RAS in a standoff. President Aquino ordered his administration to study the legal validity of Jamalul Kiram III’s claim to Sabah, and prepared to dispatch a humanitarian ship (but with no permission from Malaysia to enter Sabah). The Filipino media was in favor of saving the lives of Filipino-Sabah residents where the Philippines claim as their territory. [...] The MILF peace negotiators commented: "the Sabah issue is a security problem, not political…" and, "should be addressed at the proper international form (over the territorial dispute between the Philippines and Malaysia) for a peaceful and amicable resolution." The United States’ position is that the territory dispute between two governments could be settled through talks.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-23): Eastern Area of Sabah State – Level 2: Exercise Increased Caution [...] Sabah and Sarawak: The eastern states of Sabah and Sarawak (on the island of Borneo) maintain semi-autonomous immigration controls and may have additional have special entry requirements. You must have your passport to enter or exit Sabah or Sarawak, even when arriving from peninsular Malaysia on domestic flights. [...] Use caution in eastern Sabah because of the threat of kidnappings-for-ransom and violence from both terrorist and criminal groups, including the Philippines-based Abu Sayyaf Group (see the Philippines Travel Advisory for more information). In addition to targeting coastal or resort islands themselves, criminal or terrorist groups may attempt to intercept boats ferrying tourists from the mainland to resort islands.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-03-29): Few people will have heard of it and it has barely hit the global headlines, compared to key waterways such as the Malacca Strait, but the Sulu-Celebes Sea, encompassing the waters around Indonesia, Malaysia's eastern Sabah state and the Philippines, has become an area of growing concern. [...] Successive joint statements continued to agree to explore measures such as co-ordinated patrols and a safe vessel transit corridor through the Sulu-Celebes Sea. [...] However, successfully carrying out this trilateral maritime security framework will require all three governments to sustain their commitments, including the need to put aside political concerns - such as the question of sovereignty between Kuala Lumpur and Manila over Sabah, since Mr Duterte has insisted that his administration "will stick to our claim".
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-15): Senator Robinhood Padilla talked about the Philippines’s claim over the Malaysian state of Sabah, during his first privilege speech on August 9. [...] "Since the Republic of the Philippines is confident enough that we can defend, sustain, and prove the ownership of the Sultanate of Sulu over this territory called Sabah or North Borneo, then we can challenge our friend, Malaysia, our neighbor Malaysia, if they are also confident enough…then we should, with our consent, both countries consenting, submit the issue before the international courts of justice for final settlement." Padilla may have chosen a complex topic for his first speech but it is far from being divisive. No Philippine politician or party will dare dispute the country’s claim over Sabah. He succeeded in popularizing news coverage of the issue. Few took notice of the French court of arbitration ruling in March because public attention was focused on the presidential election. There was also no significant public reaction when it was reported in July that heirs of the Sulu Sultanate have begun seizing assets owned by Malaysian state companies in Luxembourg.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-03): Who is right in the territorial dispute between the Philippines and Malaysia over Sabah is a question best not asked. In answer, each side will reaffirm their absolute sovereign claim to Sabah, on the northern part of the island of Borneo, and mutual recriminations will result. [...] During the 2016 Philippine presidential campaign, one prominent candidate, Jejomar Binay (who ended up losing badly) promised to pursue the Philippine claim to Sabah. As expected, Kuala Lumpur was far from pleased. [...] Last weekend, the Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly criticised repeated comments by "Nene" Pimentel Jr that Sabah should be recognised as a federal state of the Philippines. Pimentel is a senior member of the consultative committee in the Philippines appointed by Duterte that wrote the draft federal constitution now tabled in Congress, and founder of the ruling PDP-Laban party. Duterte is the party chairman.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-08): Advertisement ‘Indisputable sovereignty’: Philippines’ UN filing reignites Sabah dispute with Malaysia - Malaysia ‘categorically’ rejects Philippines’ UN filing to extend continental shelf from Sabah as analysts say Marcos Jnr may not push issue [...] A recent Philippine submission to the United Nations over claims to seabed territory has sparked vigorous protests from Malaysia, reviving a long-standing territorial dispute over Sabah in northern Borneo. [...] Malaysia said it "categorically" rejected the Philippines’ filing on the basis that the extended continental margin in the submission "was projected from the baselines of the Malaysian state of Sabah".
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-29): TOKYO -- A 60-year-old dispute over the sovereignty of Sabah, Malaysia's second largest state, has recently reignited, creating tensions between Kuala Lumpur and Manila and adding a further complication to the many sovereignty issues in the South China Sea. It began as a diplomatic spat on Twitter. "Sabah is not in Malaysia," Philippine Foreign Secretary Teodoro Locsin, Jr. tweeted in July, replying to a message by the U.S. Embassy in Manila about donations to Filipinos repatriated from Sabah.
Claim: Sabah is a territory of Philippines (Sabah, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-17): KUALA LUMPUR -- The chief minister in Malaysia's eastern state of Sabah flatly rejected any Philippine rights to the territory in an interview, suggesting the government in Kuala Lumpur should take the intensifying dispute to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Shafie Apdal, briefly endorsed by veteran statesman Mahathir Mohamad as the opposition's choice to replace Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin, joined Sabah leaders from across the political spectrum in blasting recent Philippine efforts to assert a claim that dates back about 60 years.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Philippines (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): On 12 September 1962, during President Diosdado Macapagal's administration, a distant cousin of the Sulu Sultan, the Philippine government claimed the territory of North Borneo, and full sovereignty, title and dominion over it were "ceded" by the heirs of the sultan of Sulu, Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the Philippines.[46] The Philippines broke off diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the federation was formed with Sabah in 1963, but probably resumed relations unofficially through the Manila Accord, in which the Philippines made it clear that its position on the inclusion of North Borneo in the Federation of Malaysia was subject to the outcome of the Philippine claim to North Borneo.[45] The representatives of Indonesia and the Federation of Malaya seconded that the inclusion of North Borneo into the aforementioned Federation "would not prejudice either the claim or any right thereunder".[47] It was revealed later in 1968 that President Ferdinand Marcos was training a team of militants on Corregidor known as Operation Merdeka for infiltration into Sabah.[48] The plan failed as a result of the Jabidah massacre.[49][50] [...] - ^ "Cession and transfer of the territory of North Borneo by His Highness, Sultan Mohammad Esmail Kiram, Sultan of Sulu, acting with the consent and approval of the Ruma Bechara, in council assembled, to the Republic of the Philippines". gov.ph. Government of the Philippines. 24 April 1962. Retrieved 7 February 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Philippines (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-03-04): Why was the Philippine claim of sovereignty to North Borneo so tardily presented in the United Nations? The answer is that North Borneo is not a part of the national territory of the Philippines as defined and delimited in our Constitution. When the United Nations was organized in 1945, the claimants to North Borneo was not the Philippines but the heirs of the late Sultan Jamalul Kiram who died in 1936. If the said heirs had any claims to sovereignty over North Borneo — as distinguished from their proprietary claims — they could have filed a petition or a reservation to the United Nations protesting against British rule and administration over North Borneo, but they did not file any such petition or reservation. It was only in February of last year (1962) that the said heirs informed our Department of Foreign Affairs that they were claiming sovereignty to North Borneo and they offered to turn over such claim of sovereignty to the Republic of the Philippines, reserving however to themselves their proprietary claims.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Philippines (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-22): The issue of Sabah or North Borneo, as it was known till 19631, was brushed under a legal carpet of convenience ever since the Malaysian Federation was formed. Sabah lies on the island of Borneo, the world’s third largest island astride the maritime routes of ASEAN. 73% of the island is the territory of five Indonesian provinces. It proposes to have its new capital in the resource rich island which it calls Kalimantan.2 The small country of Brunei is located on Borneo and the remainder is the territory of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia. [...] When Malaysia was being formed, Philippines President Diosdado Macapagal's position was that North Borneo was their territory.5 It ruptured diplomatic relations when Malaysia incorporated Sabah. These were quietly resumed withthe Manila Accord of June 1963 between the two and Indonesia.6 At this time Philippines accommodated Malaysia by leaving the Sabah issue to a future determination.7 In 1968, President Marcos attempted a military strike through specially trained forces, which was aborted but not without causing concern.8 [...] In 2002, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) took up a case between Malaysia and Indonesia on the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan. Philippines sought to be impleaded as a claimant to the North Borneo as successor to the State of Sulu but the ICJ declined their request as it did not see these islands, despite proximity to North Borneo, as linked issues.9 The Islands were awarded to Malaysia. The issue has laid there like a sleeping dragon.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Philippines (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-02): Opinion | Why the Philippines has no justifiable claim to Sabah and never had - Manila’s move derives from the defunct Sulu sultanate’s disputed earlier claim to North Borneo when it was still part of the Brunei Empire - As the ruling against China in the South China Sea shows, international law does not recognise claims based just on historical interpretation [...] Besides, the dates given for Sulu’s supposed annexation of North Borneo are either 1658 or 1704, two years before or more than three decades after Brunei’s civil war. The Brunei sultans in both 1658 and 1704 were not among the three who reigned over the war period. Brunei denies North Borneo coming under Sulu rule. Historical records suggest this outpost of Brunei was undeveloped, underpopulated and inhospitable at the time, especially the northeastern portion Sulu claims, and that the Sulu sultanate never occupied or administered it.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Philippines (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): Researchers reconstructed the ancient Pontus plate, estimating it covered an area roughly one-quarter the size of the Pacific Ocean. Formed during the supercontinent Pangaea, Pontus lay beneath the vast ocean separating Eurasia and Australia 160 million years ago. As Pangaea broke apart, the Pontus plate was gradually subducted or swallowed by neighbouring plates. This geological process carried countries like the Philippines and Borneo to their present-day locations.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Philippines (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-19): North Borneo (usually known as British North Borneo, also known as the State of North Borneo)[2] was a British protectorate in the northern part of the island of Borneo, (present-day Sabah). The territory of North Borneo was originally established by concessions of the Sultanates of Brunei and Sulu in 1877 and 1878 to a German-born representative of Austria-Hungary, businessman and diplomat, Gustav Overbeck. [...] At the early stage of the administration, there was a claim in northern Borneo by the Spanish authorities in the Philippines, and an attempt to raise the Spanish flag over Sandakan was met with interference by a British warship.[18] To prevent further conflict and to end the Spanish claim to northern Borneo, in 1885 an agreement known as the Madrid Protocol was signed in Madrid between the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain, recognising the Spanish presence in the Philippine archipelago.[27][35] As the company did not wish to be involved in further foreign affairs issues,[31] North Borneo was made a British Protectorate on 12 May 1888.[36][37] In 1890, the Crown Colony of Labuan was incorporated into the administration of North Borneo, before returning to direct British rule in 1904.[38] There were several local insurrections from 1894 to 1900 by Mat Salleh and by Antanum in 1915.[39] The First World War did not greatly affect the territory, and logging business grew during the interwar period.[40]