copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-25): 2. Azad or Free Kashmir (or Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, as it is known in India), located in Pakistan’s northeast, with an area of 5,134 square miles and a majority Muslim, mostly Pahari, and Punjabi speaking population of about 3.2 million; its capital is Muzaffarabad. [...] Pakistan and India were born on August 14 and 15, 1947, respectively, amidst violence, confusion, and chaos. The ruler of Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, continued to remain undecided on accession, entertained ideas of independence, and even, for a short time, courted Pakistan, which, unlike India, was promising a continuation of his royal privileges. In the meantime, a revolt against the ruler’s authority had broken out in Poonch, a district in the western part of the state, and by October 1947, with the help of Pakistan, the rebels had declared the formation of "Azad Kashmir." To make matters worse for the ruler, on October 21, 1947, several thousand Pashtun tribesmen from the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan infiltrated the north and northwest region of the princely state, ostensibly to assist their ethnic brethren in Gilgit, who were also engaged in a popular rebellion against Maharaja Hari Singh. Although the Pakistani government claimed that this incursion was not supported by the Pakistani army, there is evidence to suggest that Pakistani regular forces accompanied and equipped the rebels.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-09): Azad Kashmir, area of the Pakistani-administered sector of the Kashmir region, in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. Azad ("Free") Kashmir, established in 1947 after the partition of India, is neither a province nor an agency of Pakistan but has a government of its own that is regarded by Pakistan as "independent," even though it is protected by and economically and administratively linked to Pakistan. It has an area of approximately 650 square miles (1,680 square km) and consists of an arc of territory bordering the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the east, the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the south and southwest and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistani-administered Kashmir to the north. [...] The Jhelum River and its upper tributaries, including the Punch River, have cut deeply incised and terraced valleys through these mountain ranges; the Jhelum also constitutes most of the western boundary of Azad Kashmir. The southern part of the territory consists of a narrow zone of plains country in the Punch region that is characterized by interlocking sandy alluvial fans. Thorn scrub and coarse grass are the dominant forms of vegetation in the south; this scrubland gives way to pine forests at higher elevations in the north. [...] The administration of Azad Kashmir is overseen by Pakistan’s Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and headquartered at Muzaffarabad, which is linked by road with Abbottabad to the southwest. Mirpur is the major town in the southern part of the territory.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2006-09-20): Thus, Azad Kashmir remains for all intents and purposes under Pakistan's strict control, exercising no real sovereignty of its own. From the outset, the institutional set up in the territory was designed to ensure Pakistan's control of the area's affairs. According to the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP)[39] resolutions, Azad Kashmir is neither a sovereign state nor a province of Pakistan, but rather a "local authority" with responsibility over the area assigned to it under the ceasefire agreement.[40] The "local authority" or provisional government of Azad Kashmir as established in October 1947 handed over to Pakistan under the Karachi Agreement of April 28, 1949, matters related to defense, foreign affairs, negotiations with the UNCIP and coordination of all affairs relating to Gilgit and Baltistan (strategically important territories that now comprise Pakistan's "Northern Areas" but are claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir). A former president of Azad Kashmir (who preferred not to be named in this report) described the situation as "[g]overnment of Azad Kashmir, by the Pakistanis, for Pakistan."
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-01): Read MoreIt is the largest province in terms of land area, forming the southwestern region of the country, but is the least populated. Its provincial capital and largest city is Quetta. Read MoreAzad Kashmir is Administrative region of Pakistan situated in Northern part of the country. The northern part of Azad Jammu and Kashmir encompasses the lower part of the Himalayas, including Jamgarh Peak (15,531 feet [4,734 meters]). Read MoreGilgit-Baltistan is admisitrative unit of Pakistan situated in the Northern Part of the country.It is one of the best tourist spots in Pakistan. Gilgit-Baltistan is home to five of the "eight-thousanders" and to more than fifty peaks above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft). Gilgit and Skardu are the two main hubs for expeditions to those mountains.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-02): Azad Jammu & Kashmir is neither an independent state nor a part of the provinces of Pakistan under its 1973 Constitution. Despite this, they are governed and regulated by the Government of Pakistan on a macro as well as micro level from Islamabad directly and via Muzaffarabad through federal bureaucracy, without adequate representation in policy decisions and the legislative and executive bodies of Pakistan. The cabinet division of Pakistan through two successive notifications[11] has directed that "although AJK is not a part of Pakistan within the meaning of Article 1(2)(d) of the Constitution, it should for all practical purposes be treated like any other province of the Federation". It is treated like a province with all provincial obligations and duties, but without the rights, privileges and status of a province. The same is true of Gilgit-Baltistan.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-04-02): Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir comprises two regions: Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Pakistan’s position is that it is administering both regions until a United Nations–sanctioned plebiscite enables the people of Jammu and Kashmir to determine whether their state, in its entirety, will join India or Pakistan. Such a poll is never likely to be held. The UN Security Council is unable to enforce it. Pakistan will not withdraw its forces from Jammu and Kashmir, as the UN resolutions require. Since the mid-1950s, India has been totally uninterested in the UN plebiscite. [...] Seemingly, the Indians’ renewed desire to obtain Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir arises because of India’s "masculine" imposition of its will recently in, and over, (Indian) Jammu and Kashmir. New Delhi abrogated the state’s "special status" then divided it into two union territories. These actions have motivated some Indians to want India to take – not retake – Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir, which India has never physically held since it "lost" this area to Pakistan in 1947. [...] However, attempting to take Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir would be a difficult. People there are pro-Pakistan and/or anti-India. Pakistan will not willingly renounce "its" part of this disputed state, nor is there external pressure on it to do so. Most nations accept that the Kashmir dispute is a bilateral issue for New Delhi and Islamabad to resolve.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-01-01): SUBJECT: INDIAN PRIME MINISTER INDIRA GANDHI'S BRIEFING [text not declassified] ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN WAR [...] 1. ON 10 DECEMBER 1971 INDIAN PRIME MINISTER INDIRA GANDHI TOLD [text not declassified] THAT ACCEPTANCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS CEASEFIRE RESOLUTION AFTER THE LIBERATION OF BANGLADESH MIGHT MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO AVOID FURTHER COMPLICATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES AND MIGHT ALSO RULE OUT THE CURRENT POSSIBILITY OF CHIENSE INTERVENTION IN LADAKH. DEFENCE MINISTER JAGJIVAN RAM AND CERTAIN MILITARY LEADERS, HOWEVER, ARE OPPOSED TO ACCEPTING THE RESOLUTION BEFORE CERTAIN UNSPECIFIED AREAS IN SOUTHERN AZAD KASHMIR ARE LIBERATED AND BEFORE THE WAR MECHANISM OF PAKISTAN IS DESTROYED. MRS. GANDHI ADDED THAT FOR THE MOMENT INDIA WOULD NOT CATEGORICALLY REJECT THE UN CEASEFIRE PROPOSAL; IT WILL ACCEPT THE PROPOSAL AFTER THE AWAMI LEAGUE REGIME IS INSTALLED IN DACCA. [text not declassified] [...] 3. AFTER THE LIBERATION OF BANGLADESH, THE PRIME MINISTER SAID, PAKISTAN MIGHT NOT ACCEPT THE CEASEFIRE RESOLUTION BUT MIGHT DECIDE TO CONTINUE THE WAR IN THE WEST TO AVENGE THE LOSS OF BANGLADESH. PAKISTANI STRATEGY MIGHT BE TO BREAK THROUGH THE CHHAMB AREA, WITH CHINESE SUPPORT IN THE LADAKH REGION, IN A BID TO CUT OFF THE KASHMIR VALLEY.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-23): The first two decades of the twenty-first century have been witness to a number of developments in the outstanding dispute, including the mutual mobilization of more than one-million troops in 2001, the launching of a formal peace process in 2004 that was disrupted by the Mumbai terrorist attack in 2008, an 80-percent increase in ceasefire violations in 2012, exchanges of gunfire in 2014,6 and a terrorist attack on an Indian convoy in 2019 that resulted in an Indian Air Force bombing mission on Pakistani Kashmir territory. This airstrike resulted in heavy skirmishes along the LAC, as well as retaliatory airstrikes by Pakistan. Tensions de-escalated as both sides responded to international calls for restraint, and Pakistan released a captured Indian pilot.7 Nearly all these crises were initiated by militant attacks in India or its territory in Kashmir, for which the New Delhi government then pointed to Pakistan, alleging its covert support. This brief background on the Indo-Pakistani dispute over Kashmir illustrates the entrenched positions the two states have taken over the last half-century and the lengths to which two nuclear states will go to demonstrate their resolve.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): Kashmir (/ˈkæʃmɪər/ KASH-meer or /kæʃˈmɪər/ kash-MEER) is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. The term has since come to encompass a larger area that includes the India-administered territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered territories of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.[1][2][3] [...] Jammu and Azad Kashmir lie south and west of the Pir Panjal range, and are under Indian and Pakistani control respectively. These are populous regions. Gilgit-Baltistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas, is a group of territories in the extreme north, bordered by the Karakoram, the western Himalayas, the Pamir, and the Hindu Kush ranges. With its administrative centre in the town of Gilgit, the Northern Areas cover an area of 72,971 square kilometres (28,174 sq mi) and have an estimated population approaching 1 million (10 lakhs). [...] The population of India-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh combined is 12,541,302;[75] that of Pakistan-administered territory of Azad Kashmir is 4,045,366; and that of Gilgit-Baltistan is 1,492,924.[76][77]
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-05): Pakistani Kashmir is administered as two territories: Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Gilgit-Baltistan (GB). Each has an elected assembly and government with limited autonomy, but they lack the parliamentary representation and other rights of Pakistani provinces, and Pakistani federal institutions have predominant influence over security, the courts, and most important policy matters. Politics within the two territories are carefully managed to promote the idea of Kashmir’s eventual accession to Pakistan. Freedoms of expression and association, and any political activity deemed contrary to Pakistan’s policy on Kashmir, are restricted. [...] The people of AJK and GB have Pakistani national identity cards and passports. They are internationally recognized as Pakistani nationals. However, there are reports of passports being denied or unrenewed for citizens suspected of questioning Pakistani control over the region. The territories’ heavy military presence and the threat of shelling and other violence along the LoC restricts internal movement for civilians.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): The government of Pakistan restricts the travel of U.S. government personnel working in Pakistan. The U.S. government has limited ability to provide services to U.S. citizens in KP, Balochistan, Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, and most areas outside of Islamabad, Lahore, and Karachi as U.S. government personnel must obtain special authorization to travel to those locales. The U.S. Embassy and Consulates require U.S. government personnel to use armed escorts and armored vehicles when traveling in certain parts of the country, both for official and personal travel. Additional restrictions on movements can occur suddenly and at any time, depending on local circumstances and security conditions. U.S. government personnel on assignment in Pakistan are prohibited from attending most large gatherings. [...] Read the country information page for additional information on travel to Pakistan. [...] Do not travel to KP province, which includes the former FATA. Active terrorist and insurgent groups routinely conduct attacks against civilians, non-governmental organizations, government offices, and security forces. These groups historically have targeted both government officials and civilians. Assassination and kidnapping attempts are common, including the targeting of polio eradication teams and Government of Pakistan security service (police and military) personnel.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-09): In 1989, Pakistan capitalized upon a burgeoning resistance movement in Indian-administered Kashmir to undermine Indian control, reigniting tensions and beginning decades of communal violence. Despite a recommitment to the LOC in 1999, Pakistani soldiers crossed the LOC, sparking the Kargil War. Although both countries have maintained a fragile cease-fire since 2003, they regularly exchange fire across the contested border. Both sides accuse the other of violating the cease-fire and claim to be shooting in response to attacks. [...] Meanwhile, violence along the India-Pakistan border continues. In late June 2023, the Pakistani army accused Indian forces of killing two civilians along the LOC, the first such occurrence since both sides agreed to a cease-fire in 2021. A second similar incident occurred less than a month later, according to police in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Most recently, Indian and Pakistani soldiers exchanged gun and mortar fire across the disputed border in November, killing an Indian border guard. Pakistan has also accused India of committing extrajudicial killings on its territory, a statement which the Indian foreign minister labeled as "malicious anti-Indian propaganda." The accusations came after the murder of two Pakistani nationals: Muhammad Riaz, who was shot outside a mosque in Pakistan-administered Kashmir in September for his alleged ties with LeT, and Shahid Latif, a suspected member of JeM and critical figure involved in the Pathankot attack on an Indian airbase in January 2016 who was killed in October in Pakistan’s Punjab region. Around that same time, a bombing killed more than fifty-nine civilians in Pakistan’s Balochistan province, which Pakistan claimed was orchestrated by India’s intelligence agency.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): The Government of Azad Jammu & Kashmir is dedicated to integrating the region into the global digital ecosystem through sustainable ICT infrastructure, an IT-literate workforce, and digital governance solutions for public empowerment. This commitment extends to architecting a digital ecosystem in AJ & K with robust digital access infrastructure, an IT-savvy workforce, and digital governance for public empowerment and facilitation. AJK, with its three rivers, lakes, and snowy peaks, has great potential for hydroelectric power. It could generate over 20,000 megawatts of electricity. Mangla Dam near Mirpur is the world’s largest dam. AJK has around 4,000 megawatts of hydropower projects underway. Once fully utilized, this potential could meet Pakistan’s power needs. AJ&K (Azad Jammu and Kashmir), nestled in the picturesque Himalayas, is a region of breathtaking beauty and rich cultural heritage. Governed by its own president and prime minister, it enjoys semi-autonomous status within Pakistan. Blessed with lush valleys, towering peaks, and serene rivers, it's a heaven for nature enthusiasts and adventurers alike. The diverse population, comprising various ethnicities, contributes to its vibrant tapestry of traditions and customs. AJ&K's economy thrives on agriculture, tourism, and remittances. Despite political complexities, its people exhibit resilience and hospitality, embodying the essence of freedom and resilience in the face of challenges.
Claim: Azad Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-03-04): Politics in ‘Azad Jammu and Kashmir’ dominated by Pakistani national parties as pro-freedom voices struggle to be heard. [...] The government of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, known locally as Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), denied that it was restricting space for pro-freedom parties, while electoral analysts said those parties have historically had marginal support in the territory. [...] "In Azad Kashmir, I can tell you that there is tolerance for dissent. But that tolerance doesn’t brook abusive and seditious language against the state of Pakistan," AJK President Masood Khan told Al Jazeera.
Claim: Gilgit-Baltistan is a territory of India (Gilgit-Baltistan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-04): Gilgit-Baltistan (/ˌɡɪlɡɪt ˌbɔːltɪˈstɑːn, -stæn/; Urdu: گِلْگِت بَلْتِسْتان [12] )[a], formerly known as the Northern Areas,[13] is a region administered by Pakistan as an administrative territory and consists of the northern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 and between India and China since 1959.[1] It borders Azad Kashmir to the south, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan to the north, the Xinjiang region of China to the east and northeast, and the Indian-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the southeast. [...] The territory of present-day Gilgit-Baltistan became a separate administrative unit in 1970 under the name "Northern Areas". It was formed by the amalgamation of the former Gilgit Agency, the Baltistan District of the Ladakh Wazarat and the hill states of Hunza and Nagar. It presently consists of fourteen districts,[10][106] has a population approaching one million and an area of approximately 73,000 square kilometres (28,000 square miles), and shares borders with Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, and India. In 1993, an attempt was made by the High Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir to annexe Gilgit-Baltistan but was quashed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan after protests by the locals of Gilgit-Baltistan, who feared domination by the Kashmiris.[24] [...] - ^ "Gilgit-Baltistan part of Jammu and Kashmir: India". The Times of India. 10 March 2006. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.
Claim: Gilgit-Baltistan is a territory of India (Gilgit-Baltistan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-02-16): It was in the aftermath of the 2009 Governance Order that the region was finally named Gilgit-Baltistan in accordance with the locals’ wishes, having previously been known simply as the "Northern Areas." The Governance Order further allowed GB to have its own legislative assembly for the first time. Gilgit-Baltistan remains an unfinished business of the Indo-Pak Partition, with the region being dragged into the Kashmir dispute between the two states owing to it being a part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947. [...] India has condemned CPEC and questioned its legality given that it passes through a region New Delhi claims as its own, one which remains part of a disputed territory. Meanwhile, separatists in Indian-administered Kashmir have warned Islamabad against the constitutional mainstreaming of Gilgit-Baltistan, saying that such a move would be a "betrayal of Kashmir."
Claim: Gilgit-Baltistan is a territory of India (Gilgit-Baltistan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-27): Gilgit-Baltistan is a region that India considers as part of undivided Jammu and Kashmir but under current administration by Pakistan. The region has been a regular feature of India-Pakistan conflicts involving Kashmir. [...] India’s stance regarding Gilgit Baltistan - India has always considered the continued occupation of Gilgit Baltistan as illegal. In 1994 the Indian parliament had passed resolutions claiming both Gilgit Baltistan and Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, forming an integral part of Indian territory. [...] - Gilgit-Baltistan is still a simmering dispute between India and Pakistan and with the recent Indian-China border clash at the Galwan-Valley, it seems likely that China will bolster troop presence in the region in order to protect its projects there. It remains to be seen how this issue will play out in the coming years
Claim: Gilgit-Baltistan is a territory of India (Gilgit-Baltistan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-26): Following Pakistan’s announcement of holding the legislative election in Gilgit-Baltistan, India reiterated its territorial sovereignty over the region with the Ministry of External Affairs stating that the Pakistani move to change the status of the region will "have no legal basis whatsoever". India has consistently opposed Pakistan’s activities in Gilgit-Baltistan. It also opposed the announcement of the commencement of the Diamer-Bhasha dam in July. There have been local and international concerns as reports suggest priceless Buddhist heritage will be lost once the dam is built. [...] Beginning with the August 5, 2019 decision by India to withdraw the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, a number of developments have taken place on both sides of the Line of Control. Senior leaders like Defence Minister Rajnath Singh declared that the decision will pave the way for reclaiming Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (including Gilgit-Baltistan). India launched a new political map last November, which showed the Gilgit-Baltistan region as part of the new Union Territory of Ladakh. In response, Pakistan laid claim to Ladakh and the whole of Jammu and Kashmir in its map. An election and full statehood for Gilgit-Baltistan will likely infuriate India, which will perceive it as a step to deny reclaiming PoK ever in the future.