copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Crisis Phase (April 10, 1932-January 5, 1946): A Buddhist rebellion broke out against the communist government in northwest Mongolia on April 10-11, 1932. Prime Minister Tsengeltiin Jigjidjav resigned on July 2, 1932, and Peljidiin Genden was appointed as prime minister. Mongolian government troops, supported by Soviet troops, suppressed the Buddhist rebellion in northwest Mongolia in October 1932. More than 1,500 individuals, including several hundred rebels who were executed by the government, were killed during the rebellion. The Japanese government claimed that Outer Mongolia was part of Manchukua (Manchuria) on December 27, 1933. Former General-Secretary of the Central Committee of the MPRP, Jambyn Lkhümbe, was found guilty of treason on June 25, 1934, and he was executed on June 30, 1934. The government of the Soviet Union agreed to provide military assistance to the Mongolian government on November 27, 1934. Soviet Union troops re-entered Mongolia in January 1935. Mongolian and Soviet Union troops clashed with Japanese troops on December 19, 1935. Representatives of the Soviet Union and Mongolian government signed a mutual assistance agreement on March 12, 1936, and the Chinese government protested the agreement on April 7, 1936.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-04): 1691 - The Qing empire offers protection to the northern Mongols, creating Outer Mongolia. [...] 1911 - The Qing dynasty falls and Outer Mongolia declares its independence. Russia and the Republic of China recognise its autonomy. 1919 - The Chinese army occupies Outer Mongolia.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Mongol court returned to its native land, however, centuries of internal conflict, expansion and contraction brought them fall into Manchu Qing dynasty. They conquered Inner Mongolia in 1636. Outer Mongolia was submitted in 1691. For the next two hundred years Mongolia was ruled by the Qing Dynasty until 1911. Mongolia declared its independence in 1911 under the Bogd Khan, the spiritual leader of Mongolia’s Tibetan Buddhism. However, the Chinese government still considered "Outer Mongolia" as part of it and invaded the country in 1919. [...] Mongolia is the world’s second largest landlocked country and occupies a territory of 1.56 million square kilometers. Mongolia is located in Northern Asia, bordered by Russia in the north and China in the south, east and west. Mongolia is the world’s least densely populated country, with a population of more than 3.1 million people living in a vast area of 1.56 million square kilometers. Ulaanbaatar is Mongolia’s capital and largest city and home to approximately 45% of the country’s population.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-23): International Travel > Learn About Your Destination > Mongolia International Travel Information [...] Read the country information page for additional information on travel to Mongolia. [...] Travelers are urged to review the Mongolia Travel Advisory, which provides information about safety and security concerns affecting the country.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-06-24): More information about Mongolia is available on the Mongolia country page and from other Department of State publications and other sources listed at the end of this fact sheet. [...] Mongolia and the United States belong to many of the same international organizations, including the United Nations, the ASEAN Regional Forum, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the World Trade Organization. Mongolia also is a participating state in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and is a NATO Partner Nation. From 2011 to 2013, Mongolia was the president of the Community of Democracies, a group of democratic nations focused on strengthening democratic institutions globally, and it agreed to remain on the group’s executive committee from 2015 to 2017. In 2015, Mongolia chaired the Freedom Online Coalition. Mongolia was elected to a seat on the UN Human Rights Council from 2016 to 2018. Mongolia is also an observer at the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. [...] More information about Mongolia is available from the Department of State and other sources, some of which are listed here:
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-26): In 1925, after negotiations between Sun Yat-sen and the Soviet representative, A. A. Joffe, a pact was signed by China and Soviet Russia. The latter therein declared: "The Government of the U.S.S.R. recognizes that Outer Mongolia is a part of the Chinese Republic and honors the sovereign rights of China. The Government of the U.S.S.R. declares that as soon as the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Outer Mongolia . . . is practical . . . all troops of the U.S.S.R. will be withdrawn. . . ." [...] Let us now recapitulate. Until the signature of the Soviet-Chinese Treaty on August 14 of this year, China's position was that the territory of Outer Mongolia, as comprised by the boundaries that existed before the Mongolian revolution, was, at any rate technically, part of China. Millions of Chinese waited only the lifting of boundary barriers to flow into the country, to farm its fertile plateaus and sloping hills and to exploit the wealth hidden in its earth.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Russia took over its Siberian branch, while Outer and Inner Mongolia were now part of the Qing Dynasty. To keep promoting division among Mongols, the Manchus introduced the name Outer Mongolia to distinguish northern Mongolia from Inner Mongolia. [...] Today, Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of China, while its brother, Outer Mongolia, is an internationally recognized state. This status quo represents both achievements and frustrations from the perspective of Inner Mongolian nationalism. During the Cultural Revolution of China, at least 22,000 Mongols were killed, and Buddhism, their predominant religion, was crushed. In the last two decades, due to the poor economic conditions and lack of employment opportunities in rural areas, Mongols in China were pushed to urban areas, while Han Chinese miners moved into the grasslands to dig out the rich resources that lie underneath. What we do not hear on the news as much as we should is the fact that the new language program is pushing traditional Mongolian script towards the brink of the abyss. Currently used only in Inner Mongolia, it is the only script written vertically and left to right. The independent country of Mongolia had tried multiple times to reintroduce the traditional script, but it failed. The Buryats and Tuvans will probably never even try to readopt the Mongol script, as most of them are already abandoning their respective spoken languages in favor of Russian.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-16): Outer Mongolia[a] was the name of a territory in the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China from 1691 to 1911. It corresponds to the modern-day independent state of Mongolia[b] and the Russian republic of Tuva. The historical region gained de facto independence from Qing China during the Xinhai Revolution. [...] Names [edit]The name "Outer Mongolia" is contrasted with Inner Mongolia,[1] which corresponds to the region of Inner Mongolia in China. Inner Mongolia was given its name because it was more directly administered by the Qing court; Outer Mongolia (which is further from the capital Beijing) had a greater degree of autonomy within the Qing empire.[12] [...] - ^ "有關外蒙古是否為中華民國領土問題說明新聞參考資料" [Reference materials about the territory of the Republic of China excluding Outer Mongolia] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Mainland Affairs Council. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-04-14): He decided instead on a more low-key approach. Elbegdorj, Xi and their wives enjoyed a meal of Mongolian staples—grilled meat, cheese, dumplings—at the president’s residence in a southern part of the capital Ulaanbaatar. In these quiet surroundings, Elbegdorj says the two leaders broached several sensitive issues. They discussed the potential for ethnic Mongolians to freely travel between Mongolia and the Chinese territory of Inner Mongolia. They also spoke of nationalist Chinese calls for Mongolia to be absorbed into the People’s Republic, and even discussed Tibet’s spiritual leader the Dalai Lama, who is venerated by Mongolian Buddhists yet reviled by Beijing as a dangerous seditionary. [...] Yet Elbegdorj today has become one of China’s harshest critics in a region where few in power dare speak out. This stems not least from Beijing’s recent aggressive efforts to curb Mongolian language and culture in Inner Mongolia, which lies to Mongolia’s south. [...] "Our location is strategic because Mongolia sits on the backbone of China, while punching the underbelly of Russia," says Elbegdorj with a chuckle.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Mongolia, or Outer Mongolia, Country, north-central Asia, between Russia and China. Area: 603,953 sq mi (1,564,241 sq km). Population: (2024 est.) 3,530,000. Capital: Ulaanbaatar (Ulan Bator). Some four-fifths of the population are Mongols; minorities consist of Kazakhs, Russians, and Chinese. Languages: Khalkha Mongolian, Turkic languages, Russian, Chinese. Religions: traditional beliefs, Buddhism, Islam. Currency: tugrik (Tug). Mongolia has an average elevation of about 5,200 ft (1,580 m) above sea level. Three mountain ranges stretch across the north and west: the Altai, the Hangayn (Khangai), and the Hentiyn (Khentei). The south and east are occupied by the Gobi Desert. Livestock raising, especially sheepherding, accounts for nearly three-fourths of the total value of agricultural production; wheat is the major crop. Mongolia’s rich mineral resources include coal, iron ore, and copper. Mongolia is a unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house; its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. In Neolithic times it was inhabited by small groups of hunters and nomads. During the 3rd century bce it became the centre of the Xiongnu tribal league. Turkic-speaking peoples held sway in the 4th–10th centuries ce. [...] Mongol, member of a Central Asian ethnographic group of closely related tribal peoples who live mainly on the Mongolian Plateau and share a common language and nomadic tradition. Their homeland is now divided into the independent country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia) and the Inner Mongolia
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-05): Outer Mongolia[lower-alpha 1] was the name of a territory in the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China from 1691 to 1911. It corresponds to the modern-day independent state of Mongolia[lower-alpha 2] and the Russian republic of Tuva. The historical region gained de facto independence from Qing China during the Xinhai Revolution. [...] The name "Outer Mongolia" is contrasted with Inner Mongolia,[1] which corresponds to the region of Inner Mongolia in China. Inner Mongolia was given its name because it was more directly administered by the Qing court; Outer Mongolia (which is further from the capital Beijing) had a greater degree of autonomy within the Qing empire.[12] [...] Today, "Outer Mongolia" is sometimes still informally used to refer to the independent state of Mongolia. To avoid confusion between Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia, Chinese sources generally refer to the former as the "State of Mongolia" (Chinese: 蒙古国; pinyin: Měnggǔ Guó); that is, the translation of the official name in Mongolian, Монгол Улс/Mongol Uls, instead of just "Mongolia" (Chinese: 蒙古; pinyin: Měnggǔ), which could refer to the entire Mongolian region.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-31): Elevation highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m mean elevation: 1,528 m [...] Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia, Mongolian People's Republic etymology: the name means "Land of the Mongols" in Latin; the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-12-01): From this time, the political separation between Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia was more clear. Roughly speaking, Inner Mongolia included Eastern Mongolian tribes, while Outer Mongolia included Khalkha Mongol khanates as well as Oirat territories. Other Mongol entities also existed in Hulunbuir, Huh Nuur and Alasha. [...] In 1921, Mongolian People’s Republic was established mostly on the basis of Bogd Khanate Mongolia thus incorporating Khalkh territories plus Hobd, Dariganga and Khuvsgul. On the other hand, Inner Mongolia saw rather different developments: since in the last years of Qing dynasty, policies of the weakening government made eastern Inner Mongolia and Manchuria made targets for large Chinese immigration, Republic of China decided to divide Inner Mongolia into Chinese provinces. This resulted in independence movements and Mongol support for Mengjiang puppet state. During Chinese Civil War, Inner Mongolian communist activists gained autonomy of Inner Mongolia which was more attractive than being separately colonized provinces in a foreign country.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-26): In 1925, after negotiations between Sun Yat-sen and the Soviet representative, A. A. Joffe, a pact was signed by China and Soviet Russia. The latter therein declared: "The Government of the U.S.S.R. recognizes that Outer Mongolia is a part of the Chinese Republic and honors the sovereign rights of China. The Government of the U.S.S.R. declares that as soon as the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Outer Mongolia . . . is practical . . . all troops of the U.S.S.R. will be withdrawn. . . ." [...] Let us now recapitulate. Until the signature of the Soviet-Chinese Treaty on August 14 of this year, China's position was that the territory of Outer Mongolia, as comprised by the boundaries that existed before the Mongolian revolution, was, at any rate technically, part of China. Millions of Chinese waited only the lifting of boundary barriers to flow into the country, to farm its fertile plateaus and sloping hills and to exploit the wealth hidden in its earth.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): Background [edit]In December 1911 during the Xinhai Revolution, Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty in the Mongolian Revolution of 1911. Mongolia became a de facto absolute theocratic monarchy led by the Bogd Khan. However, the newly established Republic of China claimed inheritance of all territories held by the Qing dynasty and considered Outer Mongolia as part of its territory.[4] This claim was provided for in the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor signed by the Empress Dowager Longyu on behalf of the six-year-old Xuantong Emperor: "[...] the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the five races, Manchu, Han, Mongol, Hui, and Tibetan into one great Republic of China" ([...] 仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土，為一大中華民國).[5][6][7] The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China adopted in 1912 specifically established frontier regions of the new republic, including Outer Mongolia, as integral parts of the state.[8] [...] - ^ "有關外蒙古是否為中華民國領土問題說明新聞參考資料" [Reference materials about the territory of the Republic of China excluding Outer Mongolia] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Mainland Affairs Council. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): It's important to note that the terms "Outer" and "Inner" Mongolia historically referred to the geographical locations relative to China, with "Outer" being farther from the Chinese heartland and "Inner" being closer. Today, these terms are primarily used to distinguish between the independent country of Mongolia and the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region within China. [...] Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region in northern China, bordering Mongolia to the north and west. Although it shares some cultural similarities with Mongolia, Inner Mongolia has its own unique history and attractions. [...] Lastly, Inner Mongolia has a population of around 25 million people with a territory of 1.18 million square kilometers (457,000 square miles), which is roughly equivalent to the size of South Africa or three times the size of Japan.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): Bogd Khanate in Outer Mongolia declared its independence in 1911 after more than 200 years of Qing rule.[2] The Republic of China was established in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty. During this period, the Beiyang government of the Republic of China, as the successor to the Qing, claimed Outer Mongolia as Chinese territory. This claim was provided for in the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor signed by the Empress Dowager Longyu on behalf of the six-year-old Xuantong Emperor: "[...] the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the five races, Manchu, Han, Mongol, Hui, and Tibetan into one great Republic of China" ([...] 仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土，為一大中華民國).[3][4][5] However, the Chinese government lacked any stable control over the region due to massive civil wars in the south and the rise of regional warlords in the Warlord Era. Consequently, Outer Mongolia sought Russian support to claim its independence. In 1919, Chinese general Xu Shuzheng advanced into Outer Mongolia and annulled its independence. [...] Following the end of World War II, the Republic of China, led by the Kuomintang, was forced to formally accept Outer Mongolian independence under Soviet pressure. Recognition of Mongolian independence was stipulated in the Sino-Soviet agreement of August 14, 1945. The Chinese government officially recognized Mongolian independence in January 1946.[7] In 1949, the Communists won the Chinese Civil War and maintained the policy of recognizing Mongolia's independent status.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): With the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia under the Bogd Khaan declared its independence. But the newly established Republic of China considered Mongolia to be part of its own territory. Yuan Shikai, the President of the Republic of China, considered the new republic to be the successor of the Qing. Bogd Khaan said that both Mongolia and China had been administered by the Manchu during the Qing, and after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the contract of Mongolian submission to the Manchu had become invalid.[32] [...] After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on 6 October 1949. However, the Republic of China used its Security Council veto in 1955, to stop the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia —including Outer Mongolia— as part of China. This was the only time the Republic of China ever used its veto. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of Mauritania (and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.[41][42][43] (see China and the United Nations)
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-16): The Mongols constitute one of the principal ethnographic divisions of Asian peoples. Their traditional homeland is centred in Mongolia—a vast plateau in Central Asia now divided politically into an autonomous region of China (Inner Mongolia) and the independent country Mongolia (historically called Outer Mongolia)—which lies at the eastern end of what was throughout history a great corridor of migration between northeastern China (historically called Manchuria) and Hungary. Physical anthropologists in the 19th century introduced the terms Mongol and Mongolian as descriptive of "racial type" even though the Mongols exhibited a wide range of physical characteristics. Today the Mongols are recognized as a group of peoples bound together by a common language and a common nomadic tradition.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): Mongolia, historically Outer Mongolia, landlocked country located in north-central Asia. It is roughly oval in shape, measuring 1,486 miles (2,392 km) from west to east and, at its maximum, 782 miles (1,259 km) from north to south. Mongolia’s land area is roughly equivalent to that of the countries of western and central Europe, and it lies in a similar latitude range. The national capital, Ulaanbaatar (Mongolian: Ulan Bator), is in the north-central part of the country. Landlocked Mongolia is located between Russia to the north and China to the south, deep within the interior of eastern Asia far from any ocean. The country has a marked continental climate, with long cold winters and short cool-to-hot summers. Its remarkable variety of scenery consists largely of upland steppes, semideserts, and deserts, although in the west and north forested high mountain ranges alternate with lake-dotted basins. Mongolia is largely a plateau, with an average elevation of about 5,180 feet (1,580 metres) above sea level. The highest peaks are in the Mongolian Altai Mountains (Mongol Altain Nuruu) in the southwest, a branch of the Altai Mountains system.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-14): According to report, Outer Mongolia is to be declared a republic. After the Chinese revolution of 1912, Outer Mongolia (about half the size of continental U. S.) declared its independence from China and proclaimed as Emperor the Hutuktu (Living Buddha). The Hutuktu, spiritual and temporal head of the State, ruled autocratically in much the same way as the Popes used to rule the Papal States. [...] In 1921, however, Baron Ungern von Sternberg, leader of an anti-Bolshevik force, forced the Hutuktu again to declare the independence of Outer Mongolia. In the Spring of the same year von Sternberg was defeated and executed ; Mongolia fell under the influence of the Soviet Government at Moscow, thus leaving China’s position with regard to Mongolia obscure.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Republic of China (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-04): 1691 - The Qing empire offers protection to the northern Mongols, creating Outer Mongolia. [...] 1911 - The Qing dynasty falls and Outer Mongolia declares its independence. Russia and the Republic of China recognise its autonomy. 1919 - The Chinese army occupies Outer Mongolia.