copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-13): Michael was born in the United States and had lived in New York for a long time, before moving to Barcelona in 2020. Over the past ten years, he worked as an Uber driver. Then he became one of those rare foreigners to repeatedly undertake trips to one of Russia’s most remote and unique corners - the Tuva Republic, on the border with Mongolia. [...] The capital city of Tuva, Kyzyl, is some 4,658 kilometers east of Moscow. There are no major megapolises there and no business hubs or active tourism, either. Around 80 percent of the republic is taken up by mountains, with the remainder of the area being predominantly steppes. The territory is four times the size of Switzerland, yet it is only inhabited by some 332,500 people. [...] At the same time, Kyzyl - and Tuva in general - as well as their inhabitants, don’t come across as decidedly Russian or Asiatic, Michael believes: "The Tuvan people, in my opinion, are neither Asian or Russian. They have Mongolian features, but are their own distinct race, much different than the Mongolians. There’s only approximately 300,000 Tuvans on the planet. They are a very small group of people, which I believe makes them incredibly unique."
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-29): Tuva (/ˈtuːvə/; Russian: Тува [tʊˈva]) or Tyva (/ˈtɪvə/; Tuvan: Тыва [tʰɤˈʋɐ]), officially the Republic of Tuva,[lower-alpha 1] is a republic of Russia.[13] Tuva lies at the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the federal subjects of the Altai Republic, Buryatia, Irkutsk Oblast, Khakassia, and Krasnoyarsk Krai, and shares an international border with Mongolia to the south. Tuva has a population of 336,651 (2021 census).[14] Its capital city is Kyzyl, in which more than a third of the population reside. [...] Tuva was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament), but without a referendum on the issue. It became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, after the Soviet victory in World War II.[26] Salchak Toka, leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973.[27] The territory became the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 10 October 1961.[26] [...] Tuva was one of the Russian regions with the highest number of military casualties during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[33]
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-02): In all honesty, Tuva enjoys a dismal reputation. It closes, by far, the overall ranking of Russian regions for its socio-economic situation, with the worst rates of crime, poverty, life quality and expectancy and one of the worst in terms of unemployment and alcoholism. The birth rates, interestingly, are the highest in Russia, though. [...] Tuva has a troubled history. Formerly dominated by Mongolian nomads, placed under Chinese imperial aegis from 1758 to 1912, and later integrated into the Russian Empire, it also experienced independence, under the name of Tannu Tuva (1921-1944), before becoming part of the USSR and then, the Russian Federation. [...] Tuva is also home to stunning landscapes, marked by a pronounced relief and steppe immensity. Only 10 minutes away from the center of Kyzyl, hikers can admire an ocean of hills and mountains that seem to melt under the merciless sun.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-08-10): Tuva is an almost uninhabited region of nature reserves. Source: Alexandr Matyushenko / RG The population of the Tuva Republic is 300,000, the majority of which live in Kyzyl, the Republic’s capital. The rest are scattered randomly around its territory. A journey from one population centre to another can take up to five hours - this is an uninhabited region comprised almost completely of nature reserves, the majority of which don’t even have roads. [...] Tuva was the very last of the republics to come under the Soviet Union. Taiwan still lays claim to Tuvan territory and Tuva remains in a state of war with Germany. The history of Tuva is meandering and complicated, so Tuvans relate to everyone around them in a unique way.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-09): Tuva or Tyva (Russian and Tuvan: Тыва́ tyh-VAH) is a region in Eastern Siberia, bordering Altai to the west, Khakassia to the northwest, Krasnoyarsk (region) to the north, Irkutsk Oblast to the northeast, Buryatia to the east, and Mongolia to the south. [...] Tuva has a distinctive culture that sets it apart from the rest of Russia; Tuvans don't have Russianized surnames, most Tuvans are adherents of Buddhism, and Tuvan and Mongolian culture share a number of similarities and commonalities. [...] People [edit]Tuva is one of the least populated federal subjects of the Russian Federation.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-14): Known originally as Tannu Uriankhai, what is now Tuva was a recognised entity within the Chinese Empire as part of Mongolia under the Qing dynasty from 1759 until 1911. Revolution in Mongolia forced the creation of two new independent states, Mongolia itself and the Uryankhay Republic. [...] Tuva immediately "gave" its gold reserves to Moscow and sent its paltry air force to help defend Russia. More pertinently, thousands of troops joined the Red Army and fought in many major battles. Stalin "hinted" that as a reward, he would allow the independent nation to become part of the USSR, and Toka had already negotiated with him. So it was that on November 1, 1944, the votes of the parliament and the party’s plenary session took effect and Tuva became an autonomous region of the USSR, with Toka staying in charge. The Tuva Republic of the Russian Federation is the successor nation. Professor Tomasz Kamusella, reader in modern central and Eastern European history at the University of St Andrews, wrote: "Neither western leaders nor the western public noticed the vanishing of an entire country in the middle of Asia.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-01): The article discusses the research issues related to Tuva, the region with a unique Asian culture. It has been a Soviet-Russian territory since 1944. The "maternal" ethnic group of the Tuvans, the majority of the Republic’s population lives here. In Tuvan studies, the difference of research views and scholars’ affiliation to different traditions of the world’s schools of thought is very clearly noted. Researchers from different countries consider its legal status as a territory of Russia in different ways. One point of view is that the incorporation of Tuva into the USSR should be regarded as an annexation (it is a viewpoint shared by many researchers from Western Europe and the USA; after the 1990s some authors from the former territories of the USSR started to share it as well). The second point of view is common among Russian and Tuvan historians: the integration of Tuva was a natural result of the rapprochement of the Tuvan and Russian peoples. Researchers into the history of Asian countries, including China and Mongolia, express the third point of view: Tuva was a part of the Outer Mongolia and was taken away by Russia, but it must be returned.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-02-19): The Republic of Tuva is the youngest subject of the Russian Federation, which became part of the country in 1944. It is part of the Siberian Federal district, in the South and South – East it borders with the Mongolian people's Republic, in the North-East-Irkutsk region, in the North – West-the Republic of Khakassia, in the East – the Republic of Buryatia, in the West – the Republic of Altai, in the North – Krasnoyarsk region (Figure 1). The length of the territory from North to South is 420km, from West to East – 630km. In the course of our work, we used comparative geographical, analytical and geoinformation methods and the method of an integrated approach, which showed that Tuva is attractive and rich in water resources. All rivers and lakes within the Republic of Tyva belong to the upper part of the Yenisei basin and a much smaller part – to the basins of the drainage basins of Central Asia with lakes Ubsa-Nur, Ureg-Nur and Achit-Nur (Figure 2). In the extreme South-East, it includes a small section of the Selenga river basin, which flows into lake Baikal. The largest of the rivers reach the small lake, after leaving the mountains on the foothill plains, disappear in the loose soil, spending their reserves on filtration and evaporation.1,2 [...] Tuva district is located in the mountain forest zone of the Republic; these include: the Small and Large Yenisei, Khemchik (without a section of its lower course) and other watercourses.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-08): Tuva Republic is one of 85 federal subjects of Russia. Another way to spell its name is Tyva. It is in south Siberia. It is grouped and governed as part of Siberian Federal District. The Siberian Federal District contains nine other federal subjects too. Tuva also shares an international border with Mongolia. History [change | change source]During the Chinese Qing Dynasty, Tuva was part of the province of Mongolia. From 1921 to 1944, Tuva was a separate country called Tannu-Tuva. In 1944, it joined the Soviet Union. In 1991, it continued to be part of Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union. [...] Language [change | change source]Tuvans speak their own language, which is called Tuvan. It is a Turkic language. And it is related to Turkish. Before Tuva joined the Soviet Union, the Tuvan language used the Roman alphabet, which is the same alphabet that English uses. Since Tuva joined the Soviet Union, they have used the Cyrillic alphabet, which is the same alphabet that Russian uses. Because Tuva is part of Russia, Tuvans also learn to speak Russian.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-02-17): The republic of Tuva, a remote territory in southern Russia located on the border with Mongolia, is perhaps best known for its vast mountainous geography and the unique cultural practice of "throat singing". These singers simultaneously create two different pitches: a low-pitched drone, along with a hovering whistle above it. This practice has deep cultural roots and has now been shared more broadly via world music performances and the 1999 documentary Genghis Blues. Despite many scientists being fascinated by throat singing, it was unclear precisely how throat singers could create two unique pitches. Singing and speaking in general involves making sounds by vibrating the vocal cords found deep in the throat, and then shaping those sounds with the tongue, teeth and lips as they move up the vocal tract and out of the body. Previous studies using static images taken with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested how Tuvan singers might produce the two pitches, but a mechanistic understanding of throat singing was far from complete. Now, Bergevin et al. have better pinpointed how throat singers can produce their unique sound.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-09): - In 1914, the Russian Empire designated Tuva its protectorate and permitted Russians to settle there, greatly offending the Tuvans who assaulted them from time to time. - The new communist government in Russia declared in 1921 that the protectorate established earlier by the Russian monarchy was invalid, thus establishing Tuva as an independent state. In reality, the so-called "Tannu-Tuva People’s Republic" that governed from 1921 until 1944 was Soviet puppetry. [...] - The Tuvan ethnic group has increased its demographic dominance in Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union, from two-thirds to three-quarters of the republic’s population. Tuva, nevertheless, remains one of Russia’s poorest regions and is highly reliant on federal subsidies.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-23): Turning to the geography of the region and the historical context, it should be noted that the Republic of Tuva is a subject of RF, a republic within it. Tuva is a part of the Siberian Federal District. It is located in the upper reaches of the Yenisei River, in the geographical centre of Asia. Mountains occupy 82% of the territory, while in the centre is the flat Tuva depression. Tuva borders Mongolia to the south, as well as five constituent entities of RF: the Republic of Altai, the Republic of Khakassia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Irkutsk Region, and the Republic of Buryatia. From 1758–1911, Tuva was a province of China and from 1912–1918 under a protectorate of RF. On June 18, 1918, the independent state of Tannu-Tuva was proclaimed; after the revolution on June 18, 1921, it became an independent Tuvan People’s Republic—the first socialist state after Soviet Russia. On October 13, 1944, the Tuva People’s Republic voluntarily became part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic as an autonomous region (Weinstein 1991; Official portal of the Republic of Tuva 2021).
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-03-20): In 2012 Sergei Shoigu was nominated as Russia’s Minister of Defence. In the neo-imperial reality spawned by the ideology of Russkii Mir, the actual name of this position should be ‘Minister of War.’ Indeed, the war on Ukraine and the entailed massive land grabs took place on Shoigu’s watch. He is an ethnic Tuvan and was born in the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. "Where is that?" a flabbergasted reader may ask. Known as the Republic of Tyva since 1992, it is part of Russia, squeezed between Mongolia, the Altai Republic and the southern tip of the huge Krasnoiarsk Krai. Few people have heard about Tuva outside Russia and Mongolia. The United States theoretical physicist and renowned prankster, Richard Feynman, challenged his friend Ralph Leighton to go on a trip to the forgotten country of Tuva. The latter thought that Feynman was playing a prank on him. But when Leighton found out that Tuva did exist, the absurdities of late Soviet bureaucracy prevented the physicist, then dying of cancer, from experiencing his last big adventure. What remains from this infatuation interrupted is Leighton’s 1991 book Tuva or Bust!.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-20): Tuva is a sparsely populated autonomous republic in southern Siberia. The republic, which is about 170,000 square kilometers—about the same as Wisconsin or Florida—borders northwestern Mongolia and has a little more than 300,000 people. Tuva is quite isolated not only from the rest of the world but also from the rest of Russia, with which it does not even have a rail link. Due to its remoteness from the rest of Russia and its proximity to Mongolia, Tuva has retained its nomadic culture like no other territory in the Russian Federation. Much of the Tuvan economy is self-sustainable and does not depend on Russia, so the republic has acted quite independent of Moscow’s policies. Another reason for Tuva’s high level of political autonomy is that it officially became part of the Soviet Union only in 1944 and was influenced by Russia less than other territories that were part of Russia for a longer time. The Russian Empire established a protectorate over Tuva only at the start of the 20th century. Tuvan is a Turkic tongue with significant Mongolian language influences. Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu is perhaps the most famous ethnic Tuvan in Russia today.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-01): Authorities in Russia’s Siberian and Far East republics of Tyva and Sakha (Yakutia) have declared states of emergency due to summer wildfires raging across the regions. [...] In Tyva, regional leader Vladislav Khovalyg said 23 active wildfires spanning 1,700 hectares prompted his administration to declare a state of emergency.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-23): The Tuvan People's Republic (TPR),[a][b] known simply as Tannu Tuva,[c] was a partially recognized socialist republic that existed between 1921 and 1944.[10] The former country was located in the same territory as the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia, known as Uriankhai Krai, northwest of Mongolia, and now corresponds to the Tuva Republic within the Russian Federation. [...] History [edit]Establishment [edit]Since 1759, Tuva (then called Tannu Uriankhai) had been part of Mongolia, which in turn was a part of the territory of the Manchu Qing dynasty. As the Qing dynasty fell in the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, revolutions in Mongolia were also occurring, leading to the independence of both Mongolia and the Tuvan Uryankhay Republic.[13] After a period of political uncertainty, the new republic became a protectorate of the Russian Empire in April 1914, known as Uryankhay Krai.[14][15] After the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 and the establishment of the Russian Republic, both it and Uryankhay Krai reaffirmed its status as a Russian protectorate.[15][16] [...] On 10 October 1961, the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast became the Tuvan ASSR, still within the Russian SFSR, and remained so until 1992. The area that was the Tuvan People's Republic is now known as the Tuva Republic within the Russian Federation.[15][16][17]
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-10-23): The Tuvinian depression province (the archaeologically richest area of Tuva) and the Ubsunur depression account for 52 and 21% of the sites, respectively. The mountain landscapes were colonized to a considerably lesser extent; the largest number of sites are located in the Western-Tuva mountain province. In the Scythian time, the cores of development of the Tuva territory were represented by the intermontane depressions (Tuvinian and Ubsunur), the connections between which were provided by a small number of large valleys and mountain passes. [...] Geomorphological Map of the Tuva ASSR. Sc 1:1000 000, B.A. Borisov, Ed., Moscow: Aerogeologiya, 1977, Sh. N-47 (46) [in Russian]. [...] Mandel’shtam, A.M., Early Nomads of the Scythian Period on the Territory of Tuva, in Archaeology of the USSR, Vol. 10: The Steppe Belt of the Asian part of the USSR in the Scythian-Sarmatian Time, M.G. Moshkova, Ed., Moscow: Nauka, 1992, pp. 178–196 [in Russian].
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-10-19): Located in the deep south of Siberia, the Tuva Republic is one of Russia’s most isolated and culturally unique regions. Nominally independent between the two world wars, Tuva was one of the last territories added to the Soviet Union. Today, Tuva is a land of contradictions: famed for its throat singing and shamanism around the world, the region remains among the most disconnected inside Russia. No railroad line reaches the republic, and flights to Kyzyl, Tuva’s capital, are few and far between. The quickest way in is a five-hour taxi ride through the Sayan mountains and across the vast Siberian steppe. Perhaps because of its isolation, Tuva remains culturally vibrant. Ethnic Tuvans make up around 80 percent of the population (a rarity in Russia’s "ethnic republics"), and Tuvan cultural practices — folk music, khuresh wrestling, and nomadism — capture the imagination of "friends of Tuva" around the world.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Russia (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-11-30): The territory of the "Valley of the Kings of Tuva" is located on the Turan-Uyuk mountain steppe basin in the Piy-Khem district of the Republic of Tuva of the Russian Federation. The total area of the TuranUyuk Valley is approximately 130,000 hectares. Here, in the vast valley of the Uyuk River, there are a thousand large earthen or stone-built mounds. Some of them reach more than a hundred meters in diameter at a height of up to 6 meters. Usually the mounds form chains, which probably means the blood relationship of the people buried in it. Mounds are especially numerous in the depths of the valley, where the ridges - Kurtushibinsky in the north and Uyuksky in the south - converge. Locals call this territory the "Valley of the Kings" (tuv. Khaannar shynaazy). Here the archaeological sites belong to the I millennium BC - the Bronze and Iron eras.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Republic of China (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-11-03): The length of the territory of Tuva from north to south is 420 km, from west to east - 630 km. In the south and southeast, the republic borders Mongolia. Kyzyl with a population of about 114,000 people is the only city in the republic. [...] Yenisei (Ulug-Khem), one of the largest rivers in the world, originates in Tuva. There are thousands of lakes on the territory of the republic, most of which are of glacial origin. There are 13 salty mud lakes and more than 50 healing springs, the waters of which are successfully used for treatment of various diseases. Tuva is also rich in underground and mineral waters. Tuva is an earthquake-prone region. It has a unique and diverse flora and fauna. Most of the territory of the republic is occupied by forests (about 83%). About 3 million hectares are covered with cedar forests, which makes up 11% of all cedar forests in Russia.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Republic of China (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-01): The population of Tuva from the 13th-18th centuries CE were subjects of the empires of Genghis Khan, the Altyn Khans, and Dzungaria, however from the 14th-16th centuries the Tuvan tribes were dependent on no one and were ruled by local princes. In 1757 the Dzungars were defeated in battle with the Manchurian dynasty of China and акщьfrom the following year until the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing (Manchurian) dynasty ruled in Tuva. The beginning of the 20th century brought about revolutions in China and Russia and nationalist movements in Tuva and Mongolia. These events brought about the downfall of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of protectorate by Russia over the "Uryankhai territory" in 1914. In 1921 the Tuvan People’s Republic (TPR) – the first independent state in the history of the Tuvan people, which existed until 1944. In the years of World War II the TPR contributed to the historic victory over the fascist invaders. Residents of the TPR helped in this struggle with all their power, both on the battlefront and behind the lines. In 1944 Tuva entered the USSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast’, later becoming the Tuva ASSR. Today the Republic of Tuva is a subject of the Russian Federation, celebrating in 2014 one hundred years of union with Russia.
Claim: Tuva is a territory of Republic of China (Tuva, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-13): The capital city of Tuva, Kyzyl, is some 4,658 kilometers east of Moscow. There are no major megapolises there and no business hubs or active tourism, either. Around 80 percent of the republic is taken up by mountains, with the remainder of the area being predominantly steppes. The territory is four times the size of Switzerland, yet it is only inhabited by some 332,500 people. [...] Kyzyl is one of the great geographical centers of the Asian continent - a fact that is marked by a tall obelisk on the capital’s embankment. It is the most densely populated city in the republic - and the first to surpass visitors’ expectations: "Once arriving in the capital city, I was surprised to see that it wasn’t all yurts and men on horseback. I’m joking about this, but a small part of me still believed that they lived in the past, like no internet and everyone only wore traditional clothing. Kyzyl is a fairly modern city. I actually had better cell service throughout Tuva than I had in parts of the United States." [...] Speaking of Tuva, he expresses certainty that this isn’t a place for everyone. The people that travel there are usually interested in throat singing and shamanism - the two things are considered to be the region’s biggest draw, he believes.