copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): Kazakhstan [edit]After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan became an independent country, and around 2,420 square kilometers of land was disputed with China.[44] A border treaty between the two nations was signed in Almaty on April 26, 1994, and ratified by the Kazakh president on June 15, 1995.[45] China received around 22% of the total disputed territory, and Kazakhstan received the remaining 78%.[44] [...] Tajikistan [edit]China had a longstanding territorial claim on about 28,430 square kilometers (10.977 square miles) of Tajik territory since 1884, which was taken from the then Qing dynasty by unequal treaties.[72][73] [...] - ^ See the text of the "Agreement between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the People's Republic of China on the Kazakhstan-China international border, signed in Almaty on Aprel 26, 1994" in О ратификации Соглашения между Республикой Казахстан и Китайской Народной Республикой о казахстанско-китайской государственной границе. Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 15 июня 1995 г. N 2331 Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. The border shown on Google Maps follows the description in the treaty; specifically, border point 38 described in the text is at the border line's crossing with the Terekty River (铁列克提河; Tiělièkètí Hé) can be seen at 45°37′00″N 82°15′30″E / 45.61667°N 82.25833°E. The 1969-era Soviet claim in the area can be seen on the period's topo maps, e.g. border point No. 40 on this map Archived 2013-10-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-19): Heixiazi, the Chinese half of a divided island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, looks "like Disneyland," according to Akihiro Iwashita, a Japanese scholar who is an expert on Russia’s border issues with China and Japan. [...] Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island has been a source of Chinese-Russian tension dating back to the 1858 Treaty of Aigun, under which Russia vastly expanded its Far Eastern territories at China’s expense. From the Chinese perspective, the Aigun pact is counted among the humiliating "unequal treaties" that the imperial government at the time was compelled to sign, granting technologically superior Western powers, including Britain, the United States, France, and Russia, broad economic and territorial concessions. [...] The extent to which this trust/distrust dichotomy will play out in practice over Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island remains to be seen. The Russian side has already promised to present a detailed roadmap implementation plan at the Eastern Economic Forum in September.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, or Heixiazi Island, is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. It is divided between the People's Republic of China and Russia. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km2 and is bounded closely by Yinlong Island, and over ninety islets. Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-07-21): HEIXIAZI ISLAND, Heilongjiang -- One hundred and fifty Chinese tourists landed on the Chinese part of Heixiazi Island, a Sino-Russian border island in northeast China's Heilongjiang Province, on Wednesday morning. [...] "I'm so lucky to be part of the first group of tourists to visit Heixiazi," said Yu Zaifu, a resident of Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang. [...] "Many people came here simply for the stone. Heixiazi is not only a border island, it is a witness to a history of conflict and friendship between China and Russia," she said.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-01): It’s early winter about 4 pm and the sun is setting on the Dongji outpost on Heixiazi Island, the easternmost point of China. [...] The first ray of sunlight shines on the motherland every morning on Heixiazi Island in the Fuyuan Delta. [...] When the entire Heixiazi Island was flooded in 2013, the soldiers kept rowing out and wading daily to raise the flag of the People's Republic of China.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-02): The Chinese call their side of the island Heixiazi (Black Bear Island), and since 2008 they’ve developed it into what is basically a nature reserve. Russian tourists, as it happens, enjoy only limited access to the territory. Travel vouchers are available only in Fuyuan, and vendors frequently refuse to sell tickets to Russian tourists, says Alexander Leonkin, a member of the Russian Geographical Society and a writer in Khabarovsk. [...] The Chinese media describes Heixiazi Island as an environmentally pristine haven, promoting it as the country’s most eastern territory with the easternmost nine-story pagoda. (On clear days, the structure is visible from Khabarovsk.) The pagoda is surrounded by 56 traditionally decorated pillars — one for each of the ethnic groups that live in China. [...] All these facilities comprise a single tourist complex; there’s been almost no residential housing here at all. The Chinese media’s message here is clear: Heixiazi Island’s habitat must remain undisturbed. The only people permanently residing on China’s side of the island are members of the Hezhe ethnic minority (a community closely related to the Nanai people). Heixiazi Island is hardly a lonely place, however. More than 600,000 tourists from mainland China visited the territory in 2016, and crowds are growing by 20-25 percent every year.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-01): The map touches on multiple territorial disputes, among them Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, which sits at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers that separate Russia and China. The island is known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-31): Border disputes have been a major source of animosity between China and Russia. The two nations have disputed ownership of Bolshoi Ussuriysky (known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese) for years, with both nations coming to an agreement in 2004 on the matter after almost four decades of talks. [...] "Russia has suggested cross-border checkpoints. These would allow eight-seater or smaller cars to travel between Khabarovsk, one of the largest cities in Russia's Far East, and Fuyuan in Heilongjiang province, the most easterly town in China," Zhou Hong, director of the Heixiazi Island Development and Management Committee, said at the time.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-01): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, an outpost on the Amur River in the Far East, was disputed by Russia and China for decades, but it has now been divided almost equally between the neighbors. The Chinese call it Heixiazi Island. Developers have put forward plans to make it an important gateway for trade and travel, but on the Russian side most people live in dilapidated homes with minimal infrastructure.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-10-30): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island (Russian: Большо́й Уссури́йский о́стров, romanized: Bol'shoy Ussuriyskiy Ostrov), or Heixiazi Island (simplified Chinese: 黑瞎子岛; traditional Chinese: 黑瞎子島; pinyin: Hēixiāzi Dǎo; lit. 'black bear island'[lower-alpha 1]), is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. Since the Sino-Russian Border Agreement that was fully implemented in 2008, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island was divided between China and Russia. China was given control over part of the island, and Russia retained the rest. Since then, the issue has been peacefully settled, and China no longer claims the entire island. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km2 and is bounded closely by Yinlong/Tarabarov Island, and over 90 islets.[lower-alpha 2] Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri, and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance. [...] The Government of the Republic of China (ROC) in Taipei has never recognized the sovereignty of the PRC government in Beijing. Therefore, the ROC still formally claims all parts of the Heixiazi Islands, as it does not consider border treaties signed by the PRC with other countries to be valid.[citation needed]
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-01): A large river delta between the Ussuri and Amur rivers (or the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, in Mandarin Chinese) is the site of a series of serious challenges between China and Russia for many centuries. The delta is almost 350 km2 in area and is located very close to Khabarovsk, the capital city of the Russian Far East. It includes two sparsely inhabited islands, called Bolshoi Ussuriiski and a smaller Tarabarov island (as known in Russian) or Heixiazi and Yinlong, respectively (in Mandarin). This remote delta area has been occupied by Russia since 1929, but China has maintained its claims to this territory. Deadlock over the future of this region has proved to be the main obstacle towards the full resolution of Sino-Soviet border disputes for various decades. The dispute led to the Zhenbao/Damanskii military clash in 1969 and drove the two countries to the edge of a nuclear war. Since 2004, a ‘fifty-fifty’ solution has finally been implemented and agreed to by both sides. [...] China Military News. 2010. Heixiazi island to become major joint China—Russian tourist resort. 26 November. http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/heixiaziisland-to-become-major-joint-china-russian-tourist-resort.html [...] Iwashita, A. (2013). Bolshoi Ussuriiski/Heixiazi.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-06): The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) 2023 "standard map" raised familiar protests with its long-invalidated claims to most of the South China Sea as well as the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and other disputed territory. An unexpected assertion of sovereignty over an island at the PRC’s Russian border, however, showed Beijing’s willingness to appropriate territory even from its closest partners. [...] In the days after the PRC’s release of its 2023 map, Russia rejected Beijing’s claim to all of Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, reported Newsweek magazine. The island, known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese, sits at the confluence of two border rivers, the Ussuri and Amur. After more than a century of territorial dispute, Russia ceded roughly half of the island to the PRC in 2008. Moscow also abandoned its army base there and handed over nearby Tarabarov Island. The PRC agreed in return not to claim more territory from Russia, according to Newsweek.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-27): First is border cooperation. Putin visited Harbin, Heilongjiang province, to attend the opening ceremony of the eighth China-Russia Expo and the fourth Russia-China Forum on Interregional Cooperation, reflecting the importance both countries attach to cross-border co-operation. China and Russia will also be engaged in constructive dialogue with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea about Chinese ships sailing through the lower reaches of the Tumen River. They will jointly develop Heixiazi Island, which is bound to further invigorate cooperation between the Russian Far East and China’s Northeast.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1997-01-01): It has been pointed out that the 19th century treaties were not specific about the ownership of the border river islands. They only broadly mentioned that the rivers formed the boundary, but were not very clear about the exact demarcation of the boundary. The persisting dispute regarding the Bear island or Bolshoi Ussurisky in Russian and Heixiazi Dao in Chinese, overlooking Khabarovsk (maps 7 and 8) stalled the progress till 1988. The island has a small permanent population and a number of weekend cottages. The Soviets/Russians fear that the surrender of the island would put at risk the security of Khabarovsk. They claim the ownership of the island on the basis of long period of occupancy and the proximity to Khabarovsk. The Chinese claim the island in pursuance of the thalweg principle. In return they offered to preserve Soviet access and respect the property rights of the Russians owning homes in the island. They also offered to keep the island demilitarised to assuage Russian security concerns. But there was no agreement and both sides agreed to disagree. [...] Bol'shoi Ussuriskii island (Bear island in English and Heixiazi in Chinese) is situated close to Khabarovsk between the main channel of Amur and its Kazakevicheva channel. It is important for the potato- supply of Khabarovsk citizens, who have family gardens there. In the central part of the island is a large summer grazing field. In the northern part, facing the Amur, is a military polygon (firing range). The Russians fear that if the island is in Chinese hands, Khabarovsk can be bombarded from a distance of 2.5 km. Adjacent to Bolshoi Ussuriskii is Tarabarov island.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-02): Outstanding boundary issues between China and Russia were officially settled in the 1991 Sino–Soviet Border Agreement. Article 6 of the 2001 Sino–Russian Treaty of Friendship provides that the contracting parties—the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation—have no territorial claims. As the Republic of China, now based in Taiwan, has never recognized the People's Republic of China nor its border treaties with other countries, some maps published in Taiwan still show the entire Heixiazi Island and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River as Chinese territories. However, these maps show Outer Manchuria, sometimes called "lost territories in the Northeast" (東北失地), to be Russian territory. Some Manchu and Han Chinese regard Outer Manchuria as territory that was unfairly taken away, as in Mao's comments leading up to the Sino–Soviet border conflict.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-15): Russia is one of the few to have resolved its territorial disputes with China but ended up yielding Argun, Amur, and Ussuri rivers, Zhenbao Island (or Damansky Island), Bear Island (also known as as Bolshoi Ussurisky or Heixiazi Dao) and countless other lands.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-05): The inclusion of Heixiazi Island in China’s official maps last August caused a stir, yet Russia responded with restraint. The recent agreement to jointly develop Heixiazi Island while respecting national sovereignty reflects both nations’ willingness to set aside disputes under U.S. pressure. Putin’s support for local cooperation and the negotiation of Chinese ships’ access to the Tumen River is also a response to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine War and U.S. pressure. The trilateral cooperation among China, Russia, and North Korea in the Tumen River Delta region brings economic complementarity benefits, although some believe that this move may potentially undermine the security of the Sea of Japan in the future. With Russia preoccupied with the war in Ukraine, addressing eastern issues remains secondary, and the dispute with Japan over the Northern Territories is unlikely to escalate to armed conflict. Joint air and naval strategic patrols by China and Russia aimed at Japan are primarily a message to the U.S. rather than an immediate military threat. Thus, development in the Tumen River Delta will focus on economic rather than military aspects.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-20): Compared with last year’s joint statement, Russia replaced the country’s recognition that Taiwan is an inalienable part of "China’s territory" with that of Taiwan is an inalienable part of the "People’s Republic of China". [...] Meanwhile, China and Russia have also agreed to jointly develop the Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island or Heixiazi Island, which sits at the confluence of two border rivers — the Ussuri and Amur — and ownership is legally shared between Russia and China. It is expected that China and Russia will build a port here to facilitate Sino-Russian trade and benefit the economic development of northeastern China.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-12-20): Of the two countries, I would argue Japan is the one least experienced in bilateral accommodation. It is a strongly unitary state. It maintains de facto territorial disputes with three separate countries – the other two being with Korea over Dokdo/Takeshima; and with Russia over Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and Habomai in the Southern Kurils. China, in contrast, is a sprawling continental nation that has land borders with 14 countries; and while some remain, many disputes about such borders have been resolved. Notably in the context of the tiff in the East China Sea, China has resolved all land border issues with Russia, including splitting ownership of the sedimentary island of Bolshoi Ussuriiski (to Russia) or Heixiazi (to China), along the Amur River. [...] Examples from history bring up many cases of small islands becoming objects of ‘creative governance’ – and splitting is just one of these ‘solutions’, as with the fissure between the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (leading to the modern-day sovereign states of Kiribati and Tuvalu). There are the additional examples of the shared Caribbean island of St Martin; the alternating periods of sovereignty over Pheasant Island (on the French/Spanish border); the condominium of the New Hebrides (modern-day Vanuatu); and the distinction between sovereignty over and the jurisdiction of Åland (Finland).
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-05): The island is divided in almost equal sections between Russia and China. The Soviet Union occupied the whole of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese) following the so-called Chinese Eastern Railway Incident of 1929, but in an historic agreement between Russia and China signed in 2004, Moscow agreed to return about half of it. The transfer took place in 2008. Since then the island in the Ussuri has become a miniature symbol of the vast Asian regions divided between the two geopolitical giants. [...] What you find out looking at a map is that this statue is placed on China’s easternmost point, the very first place in China meeting the sun every morning. One of the ironies of political geography here is that China, the eastern empire, sits to the west and Russia, a European power, confronts it to the east. A swath of Russian territory cuts China’s Heilongjiang Province off from the Sea of Japan. Look again, more carefully, and you will realize why so many in Beijing regard the Russian far east exclave as the last remnant of European colonialism in Chinese lands. Is this monument a symbol, a proclamation that the East is Chinese?
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-18): In this context, the CCP has expanded its irredentist ambitions. After the discovery of potential oil reserves around the Senkaku Islands, and the United States’ return of the islands to Japan in the 1970s, Beijing drew on its historical record to lay claim to the islands, even though it had previously referred to them as part of the Japanese Ryukyu Islands. Similarly, though Beijing and Moscow settled a dispute over Heixiazi Island, located along China’s northeastern border, in 2004, the 2023 map of China depicted the entire island (ceded, along with vast Pacific territories, by the Qing Dynasty to the Russian Empire in 1860) as part of its domain, much to the ire of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Collin Koh Swee Lean, a senior fellow with the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, argues that the Chinese mapping of Heixiazi Island shows that Beijing holds on to certain core interests and simply waits for the opportune time to assert them.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-20): Liu Guchang, the Chinese ambassador to Russia, announced that the demarcation of borders for the Heixiazi Island (Bol’shoi Ussuriiskiy Island) is complete and the island will be officially returned to the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) jurisdiction by the end of 2008 (China Times, March 10). [...] Liu said that what China intends to do with the island after it is under the PRC’s jurisdiction is something that Beijing is carefully considering, however, China will not heavily garrison the island, nor will either side make any significant arrangements without due considerations for the other party. Liu’s comments were meant to dispel unconfirmed reports that surfaced last year that the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is planning to fortify the area (China Review News, April 13, 2007). There were also reports that China is planning to turn the area into a port for border trade, and there may be a need for border patrols. Feasibility studies to turn the area into a free trade zone were reportedly complete, and Singapore was invited to participate to offer technical advice and development of the area (China Review News, April 13, 2007). Currently, the planning and development of Heixiazi Island is the responsibility of the Jiamusi city government in Heilongjiang province. Liu revealed that China and Russia are currently finalizing mapping and survey data information, and the borders will be officially set up by the end of the year.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-02): Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, or Heixiazi, sits at the confluence of two border rivers, and ownership is legally shared between the two countries. China's official map paints the entire 135-square mile piece of strategic land into its easternmost territory.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-26): This knowledge made Mr. Putin more amenable to serious concessions to China. His state visit to Beijing and the northeastern province of Heilongjiang in May 2024 included repeated expressions of approval for an expanded Chinese role in developing the Far East. That same month, the appointment of economist Andrey Belousov as defense minister highlighted Mr. Putin’s new appreciation that the war in Ukraine could only be won by prioritizing economic and industrial policy. [...] Chinese investment interests are focused on two key areas. One is the junction of the Amur (Heilongjiang) and Ussuri rivers, where Bolshoy Ussuriysky (Heixiazi) Island and the Russian city of Khabarovsk (with its population of 620,000) are located. The other is near the mouth of the Tumen River, not far from Russia’s great Pacific port of Vladivostok (population 600,000), where the Chinese border lies just 15 kilometers away from the Sea of Japan. In both of these strategic locations, Russia intends to harness China’s financial resources and manufacturing savvy to build two gigantic special economic zones.