copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): China lost the first Sino-Japanese War in 1895, forcing it to give up its influence over its vassal state Korea, and resulting in Taiwan being ceded to Japan. In 1898, the British colony of Hong Kong was expanded further to its current size, with the addition of the New Territories on a 99-year lease. Various Western powers and Japan also took pieces of China, called concessions, and administered them. The treaties or leases provided for extraterritoriality; Chinese law did not apply in these areas which were instead administered under the laws set by the controlling power. To Western powers, this was an obvious precaution since they considered the Chinese system horrendously brutal and hopelessly corrupt. To the Chinese government of the day, it was astounding arrogance, but something the "barbarians" had to be allowed to get away with until China was stronger. The period from the First Opium War (1842) to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949) is often called the "Century of Humiliation" in official Chinese historical chronicles.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-05): Guangdong Province has a total population of 126,012,510, an increase of 21,709,378 compared with the sixth national census in 2010. Males accounted for 53.07% and females accounted for 46.93%. [...] Jiangsu Province has a total population of 84,748,016, an increase of 6,088,113 compared with the sixth national census in 2010. Men accounted for 50.78% and women 49.22%. [...] It is Hunan Province, with a total population of 66,444,864. Compared with the data of the sixth national census in 2010, the permanent resident population increased by 761,000. Men accounted for 51.16% and women accounted for 48.84%, down 1.04 percentage points from a decade ago, and the proportion of men and women became more balanced.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-17): Shandong is dominated by two hill masses to the east-northeast of the Grand Canal and to the south-southwest of the present course of the Huang He. These hills are formed mainly of ancient crystalline shales and sedimentary rocks on their flanks and of hard, very ancient rocks with granitic intrusions in their core. Both masses are detached remnants of China’s most ancient geologic core. The easternmost (peninsular) mass is connected to the Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning province) by a submerged ridge that extends northward from the Penglai area of the Shandong Peninsula and emerges periodically between the Bo Hai and Yellow Sea as the Miaodao Archipelago. In fairly recent geologic times, the Shandong hill masses stood as islands in an inland sea that separated them from the Taihang Mountains of Shanxi province to the west. [...] Shandong’s drainage is predominantly radial and subject to the prevailing configuration of the mountains. The only navigable river (other than portions of the Huang He) is the Xiaoqing River, which emerges from a small spring-fed lake in a limestone outcrop zone near Jinan and flows parallel to the Huang He before emptying into Laizhou Bay. The southern hills, in contrast, are drained by several rivers in arable valleys and eventually terminate in the marshy plain east of the Grand Canal in Jiangsu province.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Later on 20 October 1923, at a national conference for youths in Guangzhou, to explain the core idea behind mínguó (民國; 'people's country'), he pithily compared the phrase "Empire of China" (中華帝國; Zhōnghuá Dìguó; 'Chinese Emperor's Country') to "Republic of China" (中華民國; Zhōnghuá Mínguó; 'Chinese People's Country') in the form of a parallelism: an emperor's country is ruled by only one emperor (帝國是以皇帝一人為主), a people's country is ruled by all four hundred million people (民國是以四萬萬人為主).[6] Both the "Beiyang government" (from 1912 to 1928), and the "Nationalist government" (from 1928 to 1949) used the name "Republic of China" as their official name.[7] In Chinese, the official name was often shortened to Zhōngguó (中國; 'Middle Country'), Mínguó (民國; 'People's Country'), or Zhōnghuá (中華; 'Middle Huaxia').[8][9][10] [...] 諸君知中華民國之意義乎？何以不曰「中華共和國」，而必曰「中華民國」？此「民」字之意義，為僕研究十餘年之結果而得之者。歐美之共和國，創建遠在吾國之前。二十世紀之國，當含有創制之精神，不當自謂能效法於十八九世紀成法，而引為自足。共和政體為代表政體，世界各國，隸於此旗幟之下者，如希臘，則有貴族奴隸之堦級，直可稱之曰「專制共和」。如美國則已有十四省，樹直接民權之規模，而瑞士則全乎直接民權制度也。雖吾人今既易專制而成代議政體，然何可故步自封，落於人後。故今後國民當奮振全神於世界，發現一光芒萬丈之奇采，俾更進而底於直接民權之域。代議政體旗幟之下，吾民所享者，祇一種代議權。若底於直接民權，則有創制權、廢止權、退官權。但此種民權，不宜以廣漠之省境施行之，故當以縣為單位。地方財政完全由地方處理之，而分任中央之政費。其餘各種實業，則懲美國托拉斯之弊，而歸諸中央。如是數年，必有一莊嚴燦爛之中華民國發現於東大陸，駕諸世界共和國之上矣。 - ^ a b 黎民. "中華民國國號的來由和意義". 黄花岗杂志. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): The territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the National Assembly. [...] All land within the territory of the Republic of China shall belong to the whole body of citizens. Private ownership of land, acquired by the people in accordance with law, shall be protected and restricted by law. Privately-owned land shall be liable to taxation according to its value, and the Government may buy such land according to its value. [...] Within the territory of the Republic of China, all goods shall be permitted to move freely from place to place.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-02): Pronunciation [edit]Proper noun [edit]Ryanggang - A province of North Korea. Capital: Hyesan. [...] - Hyesan. The capital of the Ryanggang Province. Material was taken in a gorge, about 1000 m a.s.l., by the River Tuman-gang (China boundary) north-east of Hyesan (1 June). [...] - Darlene Tymo, the WFP’s country director in North Korea, said that although official statistics from the North Korean government are not out yet, the main harvest of the year is believed to have been worse than last year and that could mean especially remote and impoverished areas — particularly the mountainous provinces of Chagang and Ryanggang along the border with China — could be looking at a harsher than usual winter ahead.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): After the Qing conquest, maritime trade was banned under the Haijin policies. From 1661 to 1683, the population of most of the area forming present day Hong Kong was cleared under the Great Clearance, turning the region into a wasteland.[43] The Kangxi Emperor lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684.[44] Qing authorities established the Canton System in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of Canton.[45] Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals. To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian opium to China. Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade.[46] [...] Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92.6% of households connected. Connections over fibre-optic infrastructure are increasingly prevalent,[313] contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21.9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest).[314] Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous;[315] there are more than 18 million mobile-phone accounts,[316] more than double the territory's population.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-22): Provinces (Chinese: 省; pinyin: Shěng) are the most numerous type of province-level divisions in the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC and one province that is claimed, but not administered, which is Taiwan, currently administered by the Republic of China (ROC). [...] List of provinces [edit]- ^ Abbreviation in the parentheses is informal - ^ Most of the Fujian is administered by the People's Republic of China, but the Republic of China governs Kinmen County and Lienchiang County under its own Fujian Province. - ^ Most of the Guangdong is administered by the People's Republic of China, but the Republic of China governs Pratas Island as part of the Hainan special administrative region, which is currently administered by Kaohsiung City.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): - Shenyang Yuan-controlled Municipality (1947–1949) [...] Administrative divisions published after 1949 [edit]After its loss of the mainland to the Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War and its retreat to Taiwan in 1949, the Nationalist Party continued to regard the Republic of China as the internationally recognized sole legitimate government of China. The jurisdiction of the Republic was restricted to Taiwan, the Penghu, and a few islands off Fujian, but the Republic of China has never retracted its claim to mainland China. Moreover, the Kuomintang government in Taiwan unilaterally overturned its recognition of Mongolia in 1953. Accordingly, the official first-order divisions of Republic of China remain the historical divisions of China immediately prior to the loss of mainland China and maps of China and the world published in Taiwan sometimes show provincial and national boundaries as they were in 1949, ignoring changes made by the Communist government and including Outer Mongolia (includes Tannu Uriankhai), Jiangxinpo (northern Burma/Kachin State), as part of the Republic. Until 1998, the authorities in Taiwan still published relevant maps.[2] [...] - ^ "Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview". Taipei Times. 2008-10-08.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-10-17): Ryanggang Province (Ryanggangdo; Korean: 량강도; MR: Ryanggang-do, Korean pronunciation: [ɾjaŋ.ɡaŋ.do]) is a province in North Korea. The province is bordered by China (Jilin) to the north, North Hamgyong to the east, South Hamgyong to the south, and Chagang to the west. Ryanggang was formed in 1954, when it was separated from South Hamgyŏng. The provincial capital is Hyesan. In South Korean usage, "Ryanggang" is spelled and pronounced as "Yanggang" Korean: 양강도; RR: Yanggang-do, Korean pronunciation: [jaŋ.ɡaŋ.do]). [...] Although all of North Korea is economically depressed after Soviet dissolution, Ryanggang province, along with neighboring North Hamgyong and South Hamgyong provinces, are the poorest, forming North Korea's "Rust Belt" of industrialized cities with factories now decrepit and failing. The worst hunger of the 1990s famine years occurred in these three provinces, and most refugees into China come from the Rust Belt region.[3] [...] Ryanggang is divided into 2 cities (si) and 10 counties (kun). Each entity is listed below in English, Chosŏn'gŭl, and Hanja.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-26): Since then, both the ROC and the PRC have been claiming to represent all of "China", and both officially claim each other's territory. In the 1992 consensus, both governments agreed that there is only one "China" but each claimed to be the sole representative of the sovereignty of undivided China. The PRC's (China's) official policy is to reunify Taiwan with mainland China under the formula of "one country, two systems" and refuses to renounce the use of military force, especially if Taiwan seeks a declaration of independence. [...] After the revolution of Wuchang Uprising in 10 October 1911, The Republic of China was formally established. From 1912-1949 the central authority of government had to deal with [...] Until 1970 ROC was recognized as the government of China by all the other countries and the United Nations. ROC was one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. In 1971, via UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 China's representation was replaced by the PRC. This changed the world view and now when we say "China" we refer to the People's Republic of China (PRC). The Republic of China (ROC) is considered to be Taiwan.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-28): The site of the Manpo border crossing at the city of Ji’an in the Jilin Province of China. Chagang borders China across the Tumen River. It also borders the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin, a home away from home for many ethnic Koreans in the region. To see Yanbian and the rest of the mysterious territory that is the Sino-Korean borderlands, check out our All Koreas Tour Part 1: North Koreans Borderlands Tour. [...] The capital of this province, Pyongsong, is one of the largest trade hubs outside of Pyongyang, featuring taxis with solar panels and Kim Il Suk Middle School Number 1. This centrally-located province is a feature on most of our tours. Book a spot of Summer Liberation Day, Victory Day and the Grand National Day and Northeast Tour. [...] Ryanggang is the site of the legendary Mount Paektu, a place of marked national and cultural value to the North Koreans. Vast mountain ranges along the border with Jilin Province in China largely define this little-known corner of North Korea. It is said that the industrial towns of this region powered the nation through the 20th century. However, since the hardships endured in the 1990s, they have failed to retain their former productivity. To get the once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to visit Mount Paektu, sign up for our Mount Paektu Summer Tour
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-12): Ryanggang Province is a remote and mysterious region in North Korea, known for its natural beauty and historical sites. Located in the northern part of North Korea, bordering China. [...] Ryanggang Province is a relatively safe region for guided tourists.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-12): A province is an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman provincia, which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-07): The area around Hyesan city (Hyesan-si), the capital of Ryanggang province, has traditionally been a point through which many North Koreans cross or escape into China across the Yalu River. It is the second largest informal trade hub after Sinuiju city, North Pyongan province.69 Hyesan city is connected to Changbai county, Changbai Korean Autonomous County, through the Hyesan-Changbai border crossing. [...] The area around Taehongdan county (Taehongdan-gun) in the northeastern corner of Ryanggang province, is connected to a sparsely inhabited and rural area in Jilin province, China, across the Tumen River through the Samjang border crossing. Taehongdan county is located close to the Mount Paektu and Samjiyon tourist regions of North Korea. It is remote and mountainous, focused on logging and potato farming. The Tumen River has many parts around the area that are narrow, shallow, and easily navigable by North Koreans into China throughout the year. Until the Covid-19 pandemic started, some local residents picked blueberries, pine nuts, pine mushrooms, or medicinal herbs and sold them to Chinese traders or North Korean traders who sold to China.75 [...] [171] Human Rights Watch interviews with two former traders from Ryanggang province, location withheld, in May 2021.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-22): Kim Jong Il was born on February 16, 1941, though official accounts place his birth a year later. Some mystery surrounds when and where Kim Jong Il was born. Official North Korean biographies state that his birth occurred on February 16, 1942, in a secret camp on Mount Paekdu along the Chinese border, in Samjiyon County, Ryanggang Province, in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). Other reports indicate he was born a year later in Vyatskoye in the former Soviet Union.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-15): "Having waited for over four years to make this announcement, Koryo Tours is very excited for the opening of North Korean tourism once again," it said Wednesday on its website. [...] "If it does get completed in time, I can imagine only Russian tourists and possibly Chinese visiting in any real numbers at first," he said. "Unless [the Democratic Republic of Korea] offers direct Samjiyon flights to a neutral connection country like Mongolia." [...] Pyongyang's propaganda says the mountain is where North Korea's founder Kim Il Sung battled Japanese occupation forces and launched the revolution. He is the grandfather of current president Kim Jong Un.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-12-09): Since then, life for many North Koreans outside the capital of Pyongyang has remained an impoverished and isolated existence. Even without a full oil ban, some experts say these people have suffered the most from the sanctions already imposed this year. [...] The loopholes in the current sanctions regime mean that China can keep pumping an estimated 10,000 barrels of crude oil into North Korea annually through the so-called Friendship Pipeline under the Yalu River. [...] "The poorest people that you don't see in Pyongyang, and everyone outside the city, would be short of heating oil this winter. And the reverberations in national agriculture come spring, summer could be devastating."
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-12): Key Findings - A Beyond Parallel study of markets in North Korea found that there are at least 436 officially sanctioned markets located across the country.5 Markets are located in rural and urban areas and appear to be deeply integrated into both the economy and society. There is an average of 48 markets located in each of the nine provinces, including the special cities of Pyongyang, Nampo, and Rason. Less populated provinces such as Chagang and Ryanggang, however, have less markets than the average. [...] Informal markets gave way to regularized, state-sponsored markets over time. Since 2002 and 2003, the regime has tacitly allowed the operation of some markets with formal and informal taxation of vendors. Thriving trade on the border between North Korea and China also supported the growth of these markets, particularly in earlier years when smuggling was highly profitable for goods that were hard to produce or acquire inside the country. The process of marketization over the last 20 years has been full of fits and starts and is arguably far from complete. There have been periods when the process was driven by "bottom-up marketization" and market activity adopted by the North Korean populace for the purposes of human survival.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-09-01): The RFSA found significant differences in regional vulnerability. However, the highest levels of vulnerability were found in the north-eastern region, in particular North Hamgyong Province where a majority of households interviewed had poorer dietary diversity and lower coping strategies compared to other provinces. The region is historically disadvantaged due to remoteness, lack of arable land and gradual decline in industries. Ryanggang Province is also vulnerable due to the absence of a second harvest (in June), low availability of arable land and short growing seasons. [...] The destruction caused by the floods and the poor prospects for the 2007/08 main crop harvest prompted the Government to take measures to mitigate the food crisis. In May 2008, the DPRK and the United States governments concluded a protocol allowing for the distribution of up to 500 000 tonnes of food assistance under improved operating conditions and expanded humanitarian access. The bulk of the food contribution is to be channelled through WFP (up to 400 000 tonnes), while the remainder will be distributed by a consortium of five US NGOs (up to 100 000 tonnes). These developments provided the context for a joint Rapid Food Security Assessment in June/July 2008 and the basis for WFP’s Emergency Operation launched in September 2008. The EMOP provides for food assistance to an estimated 6.2 million beneficiaries in 131 counties/districts in 8 provinces (Ryanggang, North Hamgyong, South Hamgyong, Kangwon, North Hwanghae, South Hwanghae, South Phyongan and Pyongyang).17
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-16): Based on the landscape connectivity analysis, two possible routes were estimated as having a high probability of water deer dispersal from the North Korean populations to the newly occupied region, and at the same time, no barriers could be observed between the two suitable areas in North Korea. The newly colonized region in the lower Tumen area was next to important protected areas, namely the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, the Khasansky provincial nature park and the Land of the Leopard National Park in Russia. In North Korea, protected areas may also play an important role in the dispersal of wildlife, such as the Suryong Mountain Animal Reserve (수룡산동물보후구) located in the Tosan county of North Hwanghae Province, which can connect the two suitable habitat patches region NK2 and region NK3. Along the predicted route B, protected areas such as Daeheung Animal Reserve (대흥동물보호구) and Donggye animal reserve (동계동물보호구) are present in Ryanggang Province, and Gwanmobong nature reserve (관모봉자연보호구) forest area in North Hamyeong province.
Claim: Ryanggang Province is a territory of Republic of China (Ryanggang Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-17): The Baekdu Volcano is located on the border between Jilin Province, China, and Ryanggang Province, North Korea. Its 946 AD eruption had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7, making it among the most massive eruptions in the past 2000 years, a "Millennium eruption". Mount Baekdu may erupt in the near future. To examine the future impact of Mount Baekdu, we generated a synthetic interferogram using a Mogi model equation to produce a simulated surface deformation phase and added simulated orbital error, topographic error, and atmospheric effects phases. We output the simulation results to the program LAHARZ, which can generate a potential hazard zone due to lahar flow. Using LAHARZ, the area affected by a Baekdu lava flow would be 4.575, 14.522, 15.866, 60.351, 404.848, 3,019.298, and 6,001.885 km2 with a VEI scale eruption of 1 to 7, respectively, while the synthetic interferogram showed that the simulated surface deformation at Mount Baekdu would be 0.04 cm, 0.1 cm, 0.7 cm, 10 cm, 1 m, 12 m, and 100 m according to the VEI category. [...] Similar content being viewed by others [...] Received: 13 August 2020