copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-17): The relationship between China – Pakistan relations first began in the 1950s. Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize the People’s Republic of China regime and to end diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan). Subsequently, in 1956, Pakistani Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai signed the Treaty of Friendship between them, thus upping bilateral ties. During the Sino – Indian war in 1962, both China and Pakistan combined to counter India and the Soviet Union in their border dispute. In the subsequent year, Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract and ending their border dispute with China.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-10): 1 Excludes all disputed territories. 2 Includes PRC-administered area (Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract, both territories claimed by India), Taiwan is not included.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-12-19): With a documented history of at least 2,500 years, a succession of people and empires have vied for control over all or parts of this territory. The territory came under the rule of the Qing dynasty in the 18th century, which was later replaced by the Republic of China. Since 1949 and the Chinese Civil War, it has been part of the People's Republic of China. In 1954, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) established the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) to strengthen border defense against the Soviet Union and promote the local economy by settling soldiers into the region.[24] In 1955, Xinjiang was administratively changed from a province into an autonomous region. In recent decades, abundant oil and mineral reserves have been found in Xinjiang and it is currently China's largest natural-gas-producing region. [...] Xinjiang is the largest political subdivision of China, accounting for more than one sixth of China's total territory and a quarter of its boundary length. Xinjiang is mostly covered with uninhabitable deserts and dry grasslands, with dotted oases conducive to habitation accounting for 9.7 percent of Xinjiang's total area by 2015[17] at the foot of Tian Shan, Kunlun Mountains and Altai Mountains, respectively.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-22): The People’s Republic of China lies to the north-east (Xinjiang Uygur) and east (Xizang—Tibet), but also administers the Aksai Chin plateau, as well as a length of territory to the west of there, beyond the Karakoram Pass, and another pocket to the south. The border dividing Indian-held territory from the Pakistani zone is known as the Line of Control (LoC)—it starts in the south-west of Jammu and Kashmir territory, just north of the Chenab, eventually curving eastward round the mountains surrounding the Vale of Kashmir, continuing in an easterly direction into Ladakh just to the north of Kargil and then north-easterly, petering out at the Chulung Pass and the massive Siachen Glacier, where India, China and Pakistan all meet. The disputed border dividing India and China is known as the Line of Actual Control. The length of the border facing south-westwards is with the rest of India: in the north with Jammu and Kashmir, and in the south with Himachal Pradesh. The total area of the territory is 166,698 sq km (64,362 sq miles), but, of this, 64,817 sq km is occupied by Pakistan and 42,685 sq km (including the 5,130 sq km of the Trans- Karakoram Tract ceded by Pakistan) by the People’s Republic of China. The figure given for the area of Indian-held Ladakh (for statistical purposes) is 59,146 sq km.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-25): Today, China remains in control of 38,000 sq km of what is legally Indian territory in Aksai Chin. China is also in possession of another 5,300 sq km (Trans Karakoram Tract in the Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, which legally belongs to India), which was ceded to China by Pakistan in I963. The current dispute is another attempt to make further inroads into Indian territory.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-16): Pakistan, however, felt very differently—and was keen to internationalize the issue. The obvious ally was China, with which Pakistan has a long-standing friendly relationship. In 1963, the Sino-Pakistan Agreement, which was meant to address border issues between the two nations, successfully quelled certain disagreements between Islamabad and Beijing—but also drew China even further into the Kashmir question. The agreement resulted in the two nations exchanging territory, and within the parcels given up by Pakistan was the Trans-Karakoram Tract. The tract is famously inhospitable but is also disputed territory, and India argued that Pakistan had no right to give it up to the Chinese because India itself still claims it.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): The region is divided amongst three countries in a territorial dispute: Pakistan controls the northwest portion (Northern Areas and Kashmir), India controls the central and southern portion (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh, and the People's Republic of China controls the northeastern portion (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract). India controls the majority of the Siachen Glacier area, including the Saltoro Ridge passes, whilst Pakistan controls the lower territory just southwest of the Saltoro Ridge. India controls 101,338 km2 (39,127 sq mi) of the disputed territory, Pakistan controls 85,846 km2 (33,145 sq mi), and the People's Republic of China controls the remaining 37,555 km2 (14,500 sq mi). [...] Though these regions are in practice administered by their respective claimants, neither India nor Pakistan has formally recognised the accession of the areas claimed by the other. India claims those areas, including the area "ceded" to China by Pakistan in the Trans-Karakoram Tract in 1963, are a part of its territory, while Pakistan claims the entire region excluding Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. The two countries have fought several declared wars over the territory. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 established the rough boundaries of today, with Pakistan holding roughly one-third of Kashmir, and India one-half, with a dividing line of control established by the United Nations. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 resulted in a stalemate and a UN-negotiated ceasefire. [...] 1963—Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China. - ^ a b c Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-13): As late as 1938-39, the Government of India had once more reasserted its position on the Shaksgam area, after the Mir of Hunza had been advised in 1936 to cease the exchange of gifts with the Chinese and relinquish his rights over Raskam. Hence, in 1947, independent India inherited a boundary which included as Indian territory Hunza as well as the trans-Karakoram tract in Shaksgam, running along the Mustagh-Aghil-Qara Tagh-Kun Lun ranges. This line was compromised by Pakistan in its ‘agreement’ with the Chinese in 1963. By giving in to the Chinese claim to a boundary along the Karakoram Range, Pakistan not only compromised India’s position along the Kun Lun Range to the north-west of Karakoram Pass but, in effect, also gave the Chinese a chance to deny Kun Lun as India’s boundary with China east of the Karakoram Pass and to claim that it ran, instead, along the Karakoram Range. As such, China’s claims in the trans-Karakoram tracts to the west of the Karakoram Pass had absolutely nothing to do with its position to the east of the Pass since it had no historical presence at all in the area of Aksai Chin.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-13): Currently, its endpoint is a mere 30 miles from the Indian position over the Siachen Glacier. The Shaksgam Valley, part of the larger Trans-Karakoram tract, has been a contentious issue since its transfer by Pakistan to the People’s Republic of China (PRC) under the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement. This transfer, regarded by India as illegal, has fueled longstanding territorial disputes in the northern areas of PoK and Ladakh. Today, the Trans-Karakoram tract has become a focal point of geopolitical significance, mainly due to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). [...] Thirdly, China’s activities in the Shaksgam Valley may also be aimed at neutralizing India’s strategic advantage in the Karakoram and Trans-Karakoram tract, particularly due to the uninterrupted Indian presence over the Siachen Glacier since the Kargil conflict of 1999.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-06): The Shaksgam valley, or the Trans Karakoram Tract, is part of the Hunza-Gilgit Region of PoK. [...] In granting China's claim to a border along the Karakoram Range, Pakistan compromised India's traditional frontier along the Kun Lun Range to the north-west of the Karakoram Pass. It also allowed China to extend a claim eastward along the Karakoram in Ladakh. This enabled China to claim all of Aksai-Chin.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-13): The region denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir (subdivided into Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh divisions), the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and Chinese-administered territories of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract. From 1947 to Present Day, it is a disputed territory between India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China. Due to this dispute, several border clashes and troop buildups had occurred in this area. When the Tibetan Unrest escalated in 2016, PLA troops were withdrawn from Aksai Chin to reinforce what security enforcers remained in Tibet. As a result, on September 13, 2016, Indian soldiers moved into the Chinese administered region of Aksai Chin and Tibet. The Chinese Central Government complains and demands India withdraw from Tibet. It is from this that Tibetan rebels allegedly obtained weapons such as MANPADS and more supplies to continue their uprising against the PRC.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-31): The Trans-Karakoram Tract (Chinese: 喀喇昆仑走廊; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng), also known as the Shaksgam Tract (Urdu: شکسگام, romanized: Shaksgām), is an area of approximately 5,200 km2 (2,000 sq mi)[1] north of the Karakoram watershed, including the Shaksgam valley.[2][3] The tract is administered by China as part of its Taxkorgan and Yecheng counties in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Although the Shaksgam tract was originally under the control of India following the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India in 1947, Pakistan took control of the region after the First India-Pakistan War and subsequently ceded it to China in 1963 through the Sino-Pakistan Agreement, and a border based on actual ground positions was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan.[4][5] The Shaksgam Tract, along with the entire Kashmir region, is claimed by India.[6][7] Further, New Delhi has never accepted the China-Pakistan boundary pact, asserting that Islamabad "unlawfully" attempted to cede the area to Beijing.[8] [...] For an idea of the extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract, a view the map (C) from the Joe Schwartzberg's Historical Atlas of South Asia at DSAL in Chicago with the caption, "The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed and proposed by Britain prior to 1947" would show that the geographical and territorial extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract is more or less the territory enclosed between the northernmost line and the innermost lines.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-06): Following the abrogation of Article 370 and reorganisation of the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), a China-Pakistan tandem has emerged to internationalise the issue, including in the UN Security Council . Pakistan has feigned solidarity with the people of Kashmir and continues to train and fund separatists and terrorists. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), the global watchdog that monitors terror financing, has retained Pakistan on its ‘Grey List’ for a good reason. China’s support for Pakistan is motivated by a desire to perpetuate its own territorial grab in the trans-Karakoram Shaksgam Tract of Kashmir. [...] The Shaksgam valley in the trans-Karakoram tract, part of PoK, was handed over on a platter by a supine Pakistan to China through an illegal border agreement on March 2, 1963. However, the continuing Chinese occupation of Kashmir’s territory does not find adequate mention in the contemporary discourse surrounding this issue. [...] The provisional nature of the territorial settlement between China and Pakistan is evident in Article 6 of the 1963 agreement, which clearly states that "the two Parties have agreed that after the settlement of the Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India, the sovereign authority concerned will reopen negotiations with the Government of the People’s Republic of China, on the boundary as described in Article Two of the present Agreement, so as to sign a formal Boundary Treaty to replace the present agreement". In effect, this agreement has established China as a party to the dispute. It has a vested interest in legitimising its illegitimate gains in the trans-Karakoram tract.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1999-02-22): The Trans-Karakoram Tract (Chinese: 喀喇昆仑走廊; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng), also known as the Shaksgam Tract (Urdu: شکسگام, romanized: Shaksgām), is an area of approximately 5,300 km2 (2,050 sq mi) north of the Karakoram watershed, including the Shaksgam valley. The tract is administered by China as part of its Taxkorgan and Yecheng counties in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Although the Shaksgam tract was never under the control of Pakistan since 1947, in the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement, Pakistan recognized Chinese sovereignty over the Shaksgam tract, while China recognized Pakistani sovereignty over the Gilgit Agency, and a border based on actual ground positions was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan. It is claimed by India as part of the Union territory
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-04): The Shaksgam Valley, also known as the Trans-Karakoram Tract, is a region of strategic importance located within the Hunza-Gilgit area of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK). [...] Karakoram Highway ●The boundary agreement between Pakistan and China in 1963 laid the foundation for the construction of the Karakoram Highway, a strategic road link connecting Pakistan and China through the Karakoram mountain range. ●The Karakoram Highway, completed in the 1970s with the collaboration of Chinese and Pakistani engineers, has strategic significance for trade and connectivity between the two countries.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-10): Kashmir - KashmirKashmir is a Himalayan region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. The region is divided among three countries in a territorial dispute : ► Pakistan controls Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir in the northwest portion; ► India controls the central, southern, and eastern portions (Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh ); and the ► People's Republic of China controls the northeastern portion (the Trans-Karakoram tract and Aksai Chin ).
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-03-27): One of the Valleys lying hidden in the inaccessible depths of the Trans Karakorams is the Shaksgam Valley but thats not its real claim to fame. It is purported to be an integral part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir but under Pakistani control and has since been "ceded" to China by Pakistan as per the terms of their Border Settlement Agreement.It is also referred to as the Trans Karakoram Tract and the Tract has an area of almost 7000 sq km. And as soon as it became a part of China access and approach to it became much more complicated and has been out of bounds till the Chinese decided to open the Valley as it serves as a an alternative Basecamp from the North for the K2, the second highest Peak on the Planet. The Valley itself is around the Shaksgam River and as said before its bounded by the Karakorams in the South and the Kun Luns in the North. Its political status notwithstanding the Shaksgam valley is one of the most inhospitable places on the planet.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-09): Pakistan and the People’s Republic of China concluded a boundary agreement in 1963 ceding a substantial territorial part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) to China. Pakistan also believes in the self-determination of the people of J&K, while India denies this and claims that the entire territory of the J&K is an integral part to Indian Territory. However, the 1963 boundary agreement is contrary to the rules of international law related to the right to self-determination as understood and pronounced by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in its recent advisory opinion on the Chagos Archipelago. [...] India asserts that Pakistan concluded a boundary agreement with China in 1963 where Pakistan illegally ceded 5180 sq. km of Indian Territory in PoK (known as Shaksgam Valley) to China. The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. This agreement was condemned and highly objected to by the Government of India. According to India, Pakistan has been in illegal and forcible occupation of approximately 78,000 sq. km of Indian Territory in the state of J&K.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-21): The Trans-Karakoram Tract is an area of approximately 5,300 km² that was transferred by a border agreement from the Pakistani-administered Northern Areas to China in 1963 with the proviso that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute. Pakistan says that it was a no-man's undemarcated border land, hence no question arises of its being transferred. It is claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. [...] The Tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world, with some of the highest mountains including Broad Peak, Gasherbrum and Masherbrum, and is adjacent to the highest battlefield in the world at Siachen Glacier.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-08-29): India has control of 48% of the area of the former State of Jammu & Kashmir (Jammu, Kashmir Valley, Ladakh and Siachen Glacier); Pakistan controls 35% of the region (Gilgit Baltistan and Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir) and China administers and controls 17% (Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract) of the State since 1962. [...] From 1947 to 1970, the government of Pakistan established and administered the ‘Northern Areas’ under the arrangement stated above. In 1970, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto established the ‘Northern Areas Council’ and Gilgit Baltistan was directly administered by the Federal government with nomenclature changed to Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA). On 2 March 1963, Pakistan signed an agreement with China which gave away around 5,180 sq km of the territory of the former state of Hunza to China despite opposition and protests by the Mir of Hunza. This was not only illegal, but also in contravention of the UNSC Resolutions on the Jammu & Kashmir dispute. The agreement ceded a part of Hunza-Gilgit, called Raskam and the Shaksgam Valley of Baltistan region, to China, pending settlement of the dispute over Jammu & Kashmir, which is also known as the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-28): Shaksgam Valley - The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK), and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. - It borders Xinjiang Province of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the north, the Northern Areas of POK to the south and west, and the Siachen Glacier region to the east.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-03): About Shaksgam Valley - The Shaksgam Valley, or Trans Karakoram Tract, is part of the Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK) and is a disputed territoryclaimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. - It borders Xinjiang Provinceof the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the north, the Northern Areas of POK to the south and west, and the Siachen Glacier region to the east. [...] - However, Article 6 ofthe agreement clearly stated that "the two parties have agreed that after the settlement of the Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India, the sovereign authority concernedwill reopen negotiations with the Government of the People's Republic of China, on the boundary as described in Article Two of the present agreement, so as to sign a formal Boundary Treaty to replace the present agreement."
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-20): - The region called Aksai Chin is controlled by China. China also controls a territory it received from Pakistan, called Trans-Karakoram Tract. The legality of this swap is disputed by India. [...] - The Trans-Karakoram Tract is an area Pakistan gave to China in 1963, March 3rd. Pakistan says the area was uninhabited, so there is no problem to this. India claims this area as part of its state Jammu and Kashmir.
Claim: Trans-Karakoram Tracts is a territory of People's Republic of China (Trans-Karakoram Tracts, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-12-27): Mandip Singh replies: The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK), and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Province of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the north, the Northern Areas of POK to the south and west, and the Siachen Glacier region to the east. The Shaksgam Valley was ceded to China by Pakistan in 1963 when both countries signed a boundary agreement to settle their border differences. However, Article 6 clearly stated that "the two Parties have agreed that after the settlement of the Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India, the sovereign authority concerned will reopen negotiations with the Government of the People's Republic of China, on the boundary as described in Article Two of the present Agreement, so as to sign a formal Boundary Treaty to replace the present agreement." The agreement laid the foundation of Karakoram highway which was built jointly by the Chinese and Pakistani engineers in 1970s.