copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-01): The Southern Patagonian Ice Field: A Glacial Wonderland of Chilean and Argentine Patagonia [...] The Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a remarkable geological entity situated in the southern reaches of the Patagonia region. It is the more significant remnant of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered south Chile during the last glacial period, locally known as the Llanquihue glaciation. Comprising both northern and southern lobes, the modern ice fields, though diminished from their peak around 18,000 years ago, still rank as the southern hemisphere's largest expanse of ice outside Antarctica. [...] An interesting geopolitical aspect of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field involves a 50-kilometer (30-mile) stretch of the Chile-Argentina border between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón, which remains undefined on the ice field. This border section represents the last unresolved border issue between the two nations, highlighting the unique challenges the icy terrain poses.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-03-27): Forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains are all part of the Patagonian landscape, which spans more than a million square kilometers of South America. Toward the western side, expanses of dense, compacted ice—the Patagonian icefields—stretch for hundreds of kilometers atop the Andes mountain range in Chile and Argentina. The northern and southern lobes of the Patagonian icefield are what’s left of a much larger ice sheet that reached its maximum size about 18,000 years ago. Though just a fraction of their previous size, the modern icefields remain the largest expanse of ice in the southern hemisphere outside of Antarctica. But rapid change is ongoing. "They are, in fact, melting away at some of the highest rates on the planet," said Eric Rignot, a glaciologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of California-Irvine. Meltwater from the Patagonian icefield contributes to sea level rise. The contribution is less than what will come from Greenland and Antarctica, but scientists plan to keep studying the region from space, from the air, and from the ground. According to Rignot: "Understanding the evolution of these glaciers helps us understand what glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica may look like in the future in a much warmer climate."
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-07-11): The northern and southern lobes of the Patagonian icefield are what’s left of a much larger ice sheet that reached its maximum size about 18,000 years ago. Though just a fraction of their previous size, the modern icefields remain the largest expanse of ice in the Southern Hemisphere outside of Antarctica. But rapid change is ongoing. "They are, in fact, melting away at some of the highest rates on the planet," said Eric Rignot, a glaciologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of California-Irvine. [...] This astronaut photograph shows the merged outlet of two glaciers within the deep fjords of the Southern Patagonian Icefield. Read more... Outside of Antarctica, the largest contiguous icefield in the Southern Hemisphere is the Southern Patagonian Icefield in the Andes Mountains of Chile and Argentina. Read more...
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-03-02): Southern Patagonia Ice Field This grand panorama of the Southern Patagonia Ice Field was photographed by a crew member aboard the International Space Station (ISS) on a rare clear day in the southern Andes Mountains. With an area of 13,000 square kilometers (5,000 square miles), the ice field is the largest temperate ice sheet in the Southern Hemisphere. Storms that swirl into the region from the southern Pacific Ocean bring rain and snow (between 2 to 11 meters of rainfall per year), resulting in the buildup of the ice sheet. [...] Rignot, E., Rivera, A., Casassa, G. (2003) Contribution of the Patagonia Icefields of South America to Sea Level Rise (PDF). Science 302, 434-437.Astronaut photograph ISS038-E-47324 was acquired on February 13, 2014, with a Nikon D3S digital camera using a 65 millimeter lens, and is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility and the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center. The image was taken by the Expedition 38 crew. It has been cropped and enhanced to improve contrast, and lens artifacts have been removed. The International Space Station Program supports the laboratory as part of the ISS National Lab to help astronauts take pictures of Earth that will be of the greatest value to scientists and the public, and to make those images freely available on the Internet. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA/JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. Caption by M. Justin Wilkinson, Jacobs at NASA-JSC.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-07-11): Glacier Outlet, Southern Patagonian Icefield, Chile [...] Mosaic of the Southern Patagonian Icefield Outside of Antarctica, the largest contiguous icefield in the Southern Hemisphere is the Southern Patagonian Icefield in the Andes Mountains of Chile and Argentina. Read more...
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-06-28): Having spent several field seasons on and around the South Patagonian Icefield, glaciologist Michele Koppes of the University of British Columbia knows first-hand the challenges posed by the elements. "The katabatic winds that drain down the eastern slopes can pick you and your heavy backpack right off your feet and turn you over like a turtle," Koppes said, a phenomenon she experienced a few times while trying to reach glaciers in Torres del Paine and Los Glaciares National Park. "The winds can blow tents right off their stakes and send them tumbling across lakes." [...] Often shrouded in clouds and mist, the entirety of the South Patagonian Icefield is rarely visible from space. This mosaic combines cloud-free images acquired by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 on April 29, May 1, and May 24, 2016. The North and South Patagonian icefields are what’s left of a much more expansive ice sheet that reached its maximum size about 18,000 years ago. The modern icefields are just a fraction of their previous size, though they remain the southern hemisphere’s largest expanses of ice outside of Antarctica. Today, the South Patagonian Icefield spans about 13,000 square kilometers, more than three times larger than the north icefield. Its ice spreads across the border between Chile and Argentina. (The north icefield, in contrast, is entirely in Chile.)
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-22): The three major Patagonian Icefields, which occur south of ~46°S, are the largest expanse of ice in the Southern Hemisphere outside Antarctica(10). While large, today’s icefields are the remnants of a much larger Patagonian Ice Sheet, which formed during the global LGM around 21,000 years ago. [...] The South Patagonian Icefield (SPI) is the largest of the South American icefields. It stretches over 350 km from 48°20’S to 51°30’S, and its current size is estimated at ~12,200 km2 (around three times larger than the NPI8). [...] The Cordillera Darwin Icefield (CDI) is the smallest (~2600 km2), and southernmost of Patagonia’s icefields(13), existing between 54°40’S to 55°00’S. It is also the least studied. Most CDI glaciers descend to sea level, and many flow into the Pacific Ocean(8).
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-16): Southern Patagonian Ice Field dispute facts for kids The South Patagonian ice field dispute is a border dispute between Argentina and Chile over the delineation of the boundary line between the two countries on the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, a large expanse of glaciers located in the Patagonian Andes, which is the largest non-polar continental ice field with land access. It is called continental ice in Argentina and southern ice field in Chile, to differentiate it from the northern ice field. As of 2023, the Argentine-Chilean border in this sector is still pending of demarcation. [...] The Argentine government argued that the boundary should essentially be an orographic boundary along the highest peaks of the Andes Mountains and the Chilean government argued for a continental watershed. The tribunal considered that the language of the 1881 treaty and the 1893 protocol was ambiguous and susceptible to various interpretations, the two positions being irreconcilable.On May 20, 1902 King Edward VII issued the sentence which divided the territories of the four disputed sections within the boundaries defined by the extreme claims on both sides and appointed a British officer to demarcate each section in the summer of 1903. The award did not issue on the ice field, for in its article III it sentenced:
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2001-12-09): The Expedition 3 crew of the International Space Station caught a rare glimpse of the massive ice fields and glaciers of Patagonia early in the afternoon on September 25, 2001. This part of the South American coast sees frequent storms and is often obscured from view by cloud cover. Brüggen Glacier in southern Chile is the largest western outflow from the Southern Patagonian Ice Field and, unlike most glaciers worldwide, advanced significantly since 1945. From 1945 to 1976, Brüggen surged 5 km across the Eyre Fjord, reaching the western shore by 1962 and cutting off Lake Greve from the sea. The glacier continued advancing both northward and southward in the fjord to near its present position before stabilizing. The growth covers a distance of more than 10 km north to south, adding nearly 60 square km of ice. Additional information on this and other Patagonian glaciers may be found from the United State Geological Survey from their information on "Historic Fluctuations of Outlet Glaciers from the Patagonian Ice Fields."
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-15): Crowning the magnificent mountains and towering over the turquoise lakes of the Argentinean town of El Chaltén, lie a wealth of glaciers rich in beauty, history and ecological significance. In the Los Glaciares National Park there are 48 expansive glaciers to discover and over 100 smaller ones. All of them are located within the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. Although they have been in constant decline since the 1970s, today more than ever, it is vital that the role these glaciers play in sustaining life on our planet is more widely understood. Here we provide you with more details. [...] The snowdrifts and glaciers in the El Chaltén area are fed by the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, also known as The Southern Icefields or The Patagonian Continental Icefield. The Andes mountain range in this area of Patagonia is largely submerged beneath this 12,363 km2 expanse of ice, with only the tallest peaks emerging out of it. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field straddles both Argentina and Chile and is considered the third largest area of ice in the world after Antarctica and Greenland. It is the second largest freshwater reserve on the planet. Glaciers, as the geologist Eduardo Malagnino explains, are bodies of snow and ice that were formed thanks to the accumulation, compaction and recrystallization of snow, forming a body of ice that, in the case of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, has been present since the Last Glacial Maximum approximately 20,000 years ago and as part of a glaciation process that dates back to the late Miocene.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-12): As the small jetty of Puerto Natales slips silently out of sight, the only sounds that break the evening quiet are the call of birds and the ship's bow cutting through the calm waters of Chile’s Admiral Montt Gulf. The first of three days aboard the small but rugged Skorpios III cruise ship give very little indication of the splendors that await us in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. [...] Stretching over 217mi (350km) along much of the southern stretch of Chile and Argentina, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field is the world's second-largest outside the polar regions. To celebrate having reached this far, we share a toast of whiskey, poured over 1,000-year-old ice plucked straight from the waters through which we cruise. While Magellanic cormorants and Andean condors wheel through the frigid summer air, we slowly plot a course back towards the starting point of our journey. [...] Though the scenery of the Patagonia region will continue to amaze, very little will compare to the tranquility and wonder of traveling through the rarely visited waters of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. Alongside adventures like the Q circuit at Torres del Paine, Everest Base Camp in Nepal, or the remote Tien-Shan mountains of Central Asia, this experience remains a highlight of my travels to this day. The combination of pristine nature, diversity of landscapes, true remoteness, and surprisingly comfortable travel is one that has been rarely replicated since.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-10-09): The Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI, Fig. 1) is a temperate ice mass (Warren and Sugden, Reference Warren and Sugden1993) that spans the territories of Southern Chile and Argentina, and constitutes most of the land ice stored in South America (Pfeffer and others, Reference Pfeffer2014). This region has become increasingly important due to its global sea level rise contribution (Rignot and others, Reference Rignot, Rivera and Casassa2003; Willis and others, Reference Willis, Melkonian, Pritchard and Rivera2012b; Gardner and others, Reference Gardner2013). Most of the ablation zones of the SPI glaciers are retreating with high thinning rates, resulting in lake/fjord expansions, the growth in the number of proglacial lakes, the increasing occurrence of glacial lake outburst floods, massive calving events and landslides in formerly ice-covered areas (Wilson and others, Reference Wilson, Carrión and Rivera2016, Reference Wilson2018; Harrison and others, Reference Harrison2018; Lenzano and others, Reference Lenzano2018). [...] At San Rafael Glacier (Northern Patagonia Icefield) modelling results show that basal sliding accounts for 98% of the observed surface ice velocity in the fast-flowing part of the glacier (Collao-Barrios and others, Reference Collao-Barrios2018). Following these results, we assume that on Jorge Montt Glacier the vertically averaged ice velocity $\bar {u}_{\rm i}$ equals the measured surface ice velocity v i (Pfeffer, Reference Pfeffer2007). The ice discharge Q i through a fluxgate is calculated by integrating ice velocity $\bar {u}_{\rm i}$ across a transverse profile:
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2002-02-02): The Northern Patagonian Ice Field (NPIF), centered near 47°S, 73.5°W, is the smaller of two remnant ice masses crowning the Andes Mountains of lower South America. The NPIF is a vestige of an extensive ice sheet that covered much of Patagonia just over a million years ago. Today, with its glaciers largely in retreat and only an area of 4,200 sq km, it is still the largest continuous mass of ice outside of the polar regions. Survival is based on its elevation (1,100 to 1,500 m), favorable terrain, and a cool, moist, marine climate. The ice field has 28 exit glaciers, the largest twoSan Quintin and San Rafaelnearly reach sea level to the west at the Pacific Ocean. Smaller exit glaciers, like San Valentin and Nef, feed numerous rivers and glacially carved lakes to the east.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-23): Durand, M., Rivera, A., Geremia-Nievinski, F., Lenzano, M. G., Galera, J. F., Paredes, P., et al. (2019). GPS reflectometry study detecting snow height changes in the Southern Patagonia Icefield. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 166:102840. doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102840 [...] Malz, P., Meier, W., Casassa, G., Jaña, R., Skvarca, P., and Braun, M. H. (2018). Elevation and mass changes of the Southern Patagonia icefield derived from TanDEM-X and SRTM data. Remote Sens. 10:188. doi: 10.3390/rs10020188 [...] Zamora, R. J., Uribe, J., and Rivera, O. A. (2017). "Ice thickness surveys of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field using a low frequency ice penetrating radar system," in Proceedings of the First IEEE International Symposium of Geoscience and Remote Sensing (GRSS-CHILE), Valdivia, doi: 10.1109/GRSS-CHILE.2017.7996003
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Southern Patagonian Ice Field is located in the Andes Cordillera Mountain range, straddling the border between Argentina and Chile. It spans approximately 350 km in length, covering an area of around 16,800 km2 and represents the largest mass of ice in the Southern Hemisphere, excluding Antarctica. Moreover, it ranks as one of the main tourist attractions in the region, standing third in the world after Antarctica and Greenland in terms of extent and amount of stored ice. The resources of the territory are used by both states situated on the eastern and western sides of the Andes, but the majority of the surface area falls under the sovereignty of Chile, which owns more than 85%. [...] The matter of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field is ongoing, despite the efforts of Santiago officials responsible for keeping it "secret." This is not just a technical problem; it affects national security, posing a visible and concrete threat to Chile’s sovereignty over vast freshwater reserves. Therefore, it is an issue that must be addressed in relation to society, which is, in the end, the rightful owner of the national territory. This problem continues to be studied by the Mixed Boundary Commission, and the internal tensions in Chile and the "growing" territorial claims of Argentina prove that it is premature to declare it a "case closed."
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-06): Climate change has also significantly impacted Chilean glaciers. Gonzalo Navarro, a PhD candidate in energy, water, and the environment at Chile’s Universidad de la Serena commented: "Just like all ice bodies in the world, glaciers in Chile have been strongly affected by climate change. However, this impact has shown to be enhanced due to human activities related to [a] decrease in albedo, mainly due to particulate material coming from urban centers and [the] mining industry." He added: "A new law on glacier protection is needed for the preservation of all cryoforms in Chile (glaciers and permafrost)" to ensure their environmental functions as short-term and long-term water reserves. Chilean glaciers cover an area of approximately 23,700 square kilometers, according to a 2017 inventory. This comprises roughly 82% of all the glaciers in South America. The defeat of a constitutional initiative that would have protected them leaves not only Chile, but the entire continent in a more precarious position. However, the strong commitment of those who have worked to conserve glaciers raises hopes for future actions to promote sustainability and to secure robust legal protections for glaciated environments.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-04): The Patagonia region encompasses one of the most remote areas shared between Chile and Argentina, which is home to the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. This study focuses on the Torres del Paine, Bernardo O’Higgins, and Los Glaciares protected areas in southern Patagonia. These three national parks provide an essential connectivity corridor for conservation and include the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, a crucial water resource for both countries with a still unmarked border (Fig. 8.1). While there is no formalized transboundary conservation area, a study has evaluated adaptation strategies in the area’s internationally adjoining protected areas (Solórzano 2016). [...] These challenges of transboundary freshwater resources are evident in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field shared by Chile and Argentina, especially because the delineation of the international border within the Southern Patagonian Ice Field has never been formalized. [...] Participants reflected on how the area’s unique political geography affects the plausibility of effective transboundary conservation. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field border is at the heart of the Patagonia landscape and is a massive freshwater reserve. This area’s full demarcation is still not formalized, as both countries claim a specific section of the border.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-09-05): A little-studied mass of ice in South America is undergoing some big changes: The Southern Patagonian Ice Field lost ice volume at a 50 percent faster rate between 2000-2012 than it did between 1975-2000, according to new analysis of digital elevation models performed by Cornell researchers. [...] Between 2000 and 2012, they said, the ice field, which is about three times the size of Rhode Island and is located in the southern Patagonia Andes of Chile and Argentina, was rapidly losing volume at many of its largest outlet glaciers. In most cases, the thinning extended to the highest elevations of the ice field. Overall, the ice field is showing significant mass loss -- about 1.5 times the loss rate recorded between 1975 and 2000 in previous studies. [...] Though it's not nearly as studied as Greenland and Antarctica, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field is the world's second-largest temperate (not frozen all the way through) ice field. The researchers call Patagonia a "poster child" for rapidly changing glacier systems, so studying them could be key to learning how melting cycles work and how they may be affected by climate change. Pritchard said the next step is ground-based measurements to determine the reasons behind the apparent rapid mass loss.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-04): Patagonia has two major continental ice sheets: the Northern Patagonian Ice Field (1,600 square miles/4,200 square kilometers) and the Southern Patagonian Ice Field (5,000 square miles/13,000 square kilometers). These ice fields were once part of an even more enormous expanse, reaching its peak around 18,000 years ago. Let's delve a bit deeper into the southern region! Most of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field lies within Chilean territory, and approximately 15% is in Argentina. This ice cap is the second-largest after Antarctica and Greenland, stretching 350 kilometers. Among some of the most popular glaciers are: [...] The Southern Patagonian Ice Field presents a varied landscape, encompassing rocky formations, winding rivers, and cascading ice masses. This blend of terrain creates a dynamic environment for exploration and observation.