copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2021-07-08): Ten thousand years later, with seas now rising because of global warming, scientists are combing through an array of data and building increasingly detailed models to understand the processes that drive regional and local changes in sea level. The goal is to project when, where, and how much seas are likely to rise in the coming decades and centuries. It's an incredibly complicated set of interdependent calculations. [...] That growing knowledge base is why scientific organizations like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are publishing sea level rise projections with increasing levels of confidence. In its 2019 report, the IPCC projected (chart above) 0.6 to 1.1 meters (1 to 3 feet) of global sea level rise by 2100 (or about 15 millimeters per year) if greenhouse gas emissions remain at high rates (RCP8.5). By 2300, seas could stand as much as 5 meters higher under the worst-case scenario. If countries do cut their emissions significantly (RCP2.6), the IPCC expects 0.3 to 0.6 meters of sea level rise by 2100. [...] "The reason people within the scientific community are working so hard on regional sea level rise projections is that if we can get them right, it will give cities and nations a chance to prepare," said Hamlington. "Even if some of the more distant projections are inexact, they still provide critical constraints that could end up being the difference between places that successfully adapt to rising seas and those that experience the most damaging consequences."
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2022-07-20): This timeline is based on interviews with a dozen climate experts and a review of several dozen scientific studies. The projections assume an average sea level rise of six feet by 2100—a little more in some places, and less in others—and the business-as-usual emissions scenario, which assumes that we will continue to pollute and use fossil fuels at our current rate. [...] On top of the heat, Houston is expected to have seen close to six feet of sea level rise by 2100. Waters encroach on the east side of town near the water, where oil refineries and chemical plants could continue to service our catastrophic addiction to oil and gas. Routine flooding of these facilities may cause dangerous explosions and potentially release toxic chemicals into the air. [...] Editor’s note: This story is based on RCP 8.5, the so-called "business-as-usual" emissions scenario that assumes that Earth will continue to heavily rely on fossil fuels as the global economy grows. Per Nexus Media, "As we are currently doing virtually nothing to stop climate change, RCP 8.5 is a pretty good predictor of what’s going to happen over the next couple of decades. Part of that is because it will take a while for the climate to reach a new equilibrium, so even if we stopped polluting now, the planet would continue to warm for decades." It looks at a sea level rise of six feet, on average, globally, based on the findings of this widely-cited 2014 study.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2023-10-09): The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) forecasts that by 2100, sea levels could be as much as 1.1 metres higher than they are today and no amount of emissions reduction can stop the near and mid-term impacts of this phenomenon. According to sea level rise projections, nearly one billion people will be exposed to much greater risks of flooding by mid-century. We take a look at the top 10 cities in the world most at risk of sea level rise flooding impact, according to the 2050 Climate Change City Index. [...] As global temperatures rise, sea levels are estimated to rise by more than one metre and nearly 20% of Ho Chi Minh City’s area will be flooded by 2100. According to Earth.Org’s sea level rise projections, this would result in the displacement of nearly 7 million people, a majority of which live in the Can Gio coastal district. [...] According to a recent report, sea levels in Louisiana could rise, on average, by about one foot (0.3 metres) by 2050 and up to two feet (0.6 metres) by the end of the century. Under a more extreme scenario – which takes into account of other weather events that are likely to worsen in the coming years due to climate change – sea level rise could see 97% of the population in New Orleans displaced, which is by far the state’s most affected area.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2015-07-09): Global mean sea level rose rapidly following the last ice age approximately 20,000 years ago. However, the rate of sea level rise slowed and has been nearly stable over the last few thousand years. Since around 1900, global average sea level has risen by about 7-8 inches (Hayhoe et al. 2018, NCA4) and the rate of sea level rise has been accelerating in recent decades as ocean temperatures warm. Nearly half of this rise in sea levels has occurred since 1993, and the rate of global mean level rise since 1993 has been approximately 3.4 mm per year. It is virtually certain that global mean sea levels will continue to rise throughout the 21st century and beyond. [...] Projections in the relative sea level rise along the contiguous U.S. coastline range from 1.96 – 7.22 ft (0.6–2.2 m) by the year 2100 and 2.62 – 12.8 ft (0.8–3.9 m) by the year 2150, relative to sea levels in 2000. However, not all areas will experience the same amount, or rate, of sea level rise due to changes in local land and ocean heights.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2010-01-14): The message for the world’s leaders and decision makers is that sea level rise is real and is only going to get worse. Indeed, we make the case in our recent book, The Rising Sea, that governments and coastal managers should assume the inevitability of a seven-foot rise in sea level. This number is not a prediction. But we believe that seven feet is the most prudent, conservative long-term planning guideline for coastal cities and communities, especially for the siting of major infrastructure; a number of academic studies examining recent ice sheet dynamics have suggested that an increase of seven feet or more is not only possible, but likely. Certainly, no one should be expecting less than a three-foot rise in sea level this century. [...] Seeking to correct the IPCC’s failure to come up with a comprehensive forecast for sea level increase, a number of state panels and government committees have produced sea level rise predictions that include an examination of melting ice sheets. For example, sea level rise panels in Rhode Island and Miami-Dade County have concluded that a minimum of a three- to five-foot sea level rise should be anticipated by 2100. A California report assumes a possible 4.6-foot rise by 2100, while the Dutch assume a 2.5-foot rise by 2050 in the design of their tidal gates.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): COASTAL RESILIENCE PROJECTS are how we're responding to sea level rise affecting our public coasts. Sea level rise is a symptom of global warming, which is being caused by burning fossil fuels. Rising water levels could reach 2 to 5 feet by the year 2100, with huge impacts to communities and ecosystems if no action is taken. [...] Information about the pins on the map (below) can be found in the numbered sections of this page. [...] Download Stinson Beach & Bolinas Lagoon Coastal Resilience Projects Factsheet (PDF) - published in March 2024.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2016-09-01): Warming temperatures contribute to sea level rise by: expanding ocean water; melting mountain glaciers and ice caps; and causing portions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to melt or flow into the ocean.Since 1870, global sea level has risen by about 7.5 inches.[2] Estimates of future sea level rise vary for different regions, but global sea level for the next century is expected to rise at a greater rate than during the past 50 years.[2] Studies project global sea level to rise by another 1 to 4 feet by 2100, with an uncertainty range of 0.66 to 6.6 feet.[1] The contribution of thermal expansion, ice caps, and small glaciers to sea level rise is relatively well studied, but the impacts of climate change on ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are less understood and represent an active area of research. Changes in ice sheets are currently expected to account for 1.2 to 8 inches of sea level rise by the end of this century.[3] Regional and local factors will influence future relative sea level rise for specific coastlines around the world. For example, relative sea level rise depends on land elevation changes that occur as a result of subsidence (sinking) or uplift (rising). Assuming that these historical geological forces continue, a 2-foot rise in global sea level by 2100 would result in the following relative sea level rise:- 2.3 feet at New York City - 2.9 feet at Hampton Roads, Virginia - 3.5 feet at Galveston, Texas - 1 foot at Neah Bay in Washington state
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2023-08-22): Sea level rise could drastically erode California beaches by the end of the century [...] Using nearly four decades of satellite images, models of predicted sea level rise and global wave patterns, the researchers estimate 24 to 75% of California's beaches "may become completely eroded" by 2100. [...] The California Ocean Protection Council, a cabinet-level state agency, anticipates sea levels in California may rise anywhere from two to seven feet, between now and 2100. Some researchers warn of up to 10 feet in worst case scenarios.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2020-08-10): Seas Will Rise in Coming Decades. Climate scientists have developed a consensus that one of the effects of a warming planet is that global sea levels will rise. The degree and timing of SLR, however, still is uncertain, and depends in part upon how much global greenhouse gas emissions and temperatures continue to increase. Figure 1 displays recent scientific estimates compiled by the state for how sea levels might rise along the coast of California in the coming decades. (The figure displays data for the San Diego region, but estimates are similar for other areas of the California coast.) As shown, the magnitude of SLR is projected to be about half of one foot in 2030 and as much as seven feet by 2100. These estimates represent the range between how sea levels might rise under two different climate change scenarios. As shown, the range between potential scenarios is greater in 2100, reflecting the increased level of uncertainty about the degree of climate change impacts the planet will experience further in the future.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2022-01-01): Local Scenarios and Marsh Tutorials updated to include the 2022 Interagency Sea Level Rise Technical Report scenarios. New sea level rise scenarios from the 2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report are available under the Local Scenarios tab. [...] All locations – Photo simulations now have images for 7-10ft.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2023-05-11): The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the international United Nations group tasked with summarizing climate change research every few years. Their 2013 report projected that sea level will rise by 2 to 3 feet by 2100 if we do not slow our carbon dioxide emissions by using less energy or using renewable energy. That is enough to threaten coastal cities and flood island nations. Even if we reduce our emissions, the report predicts that by 2100 sea level will rise by 1-2 feet, which is enough to cause much coastal flooding and erosion. Some scientists consider these estimates to be conservative, and expect greater sea level rise. The U.S. National Climate Assessment, for example, estimates that sea level will rise between 2 and 6 feet by 2100.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2020-10-12): But that increase is projected to be 0.33 feet (0.1 meters) lower at 1.5 degrees Celsius warming than at 2 degrees. If warming reaches 2 degrees Celsius, more than 70 percent of Earth’s coastlines will see sea-level rise greater than 0.66 feet (0.2 meters), resulting in increased coastal flooding, beach erosion, salinization of water supplies and other impacts on humans and ecological systems. About 10.4 million fewer people would be exposed to these risks by 2100 at the 1.5-degree Celsius threshold, assuming humans don’t adapt. Risks are projected to be highest in South and Southeast Asia, but sea level rise will significantly impact areas all around the world to varying degrees. [...] Polar Ice Sheets — The report states, with medium confidence, that at an increased level of warming between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius, instabilities in the Antarctic ice sheet and/or the irreversible loss of the Greenland ice sheet could lead to multi-meter (greater than 6 feet) sea level rise over a time scale of hundreds to thousands of years.
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The Sea Level Rise Technical Report provides the most up-to-date sea level rise scenarios available for all U.S. states and territories; decision-makers will look to it for information. This multi-agency effort, representing the first update since 2017, offers sea level scenarios out to the year 2150 and information to help communities assess potential changes in average tide heights and height-specific threshold frequencies as they strive to adapt to sea level rise. U.S. Global Change Research Program
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Justin Gillis, 2016-06-09)
Evidence (2024-02-02): What temperature we reach depends on our choices regarding greenhouse gases now. Here are six ways climate change is predicted to affect our everyday lives throughout the U.S. by 2100, with more severe consequences if emissions remain unchecked. [...] By 2100, hot days reaching dangerous conditions are expected to be three to ten times more frequent in the U.S. even if current emissions are limited to meet global climate goals set in Paris in 2015. [...] Continually rising sea levels mean flooding will likely happen more often. Some models project average sea level to rise along U.S. coasts by two feet by 2100 because of emissions to date, but more extreme scenarios show it could rise up to seven feet if we fail to curb future emissions. A sea level rise of just three feet would threaten the homes of 4.2 million people, according to one study. The researchers found the Southeastern U.S. will be most affected by rising sea levels: Florida is severely at risk, and Georgia, South Carolina and Louisiana would have over 10 percent of their population at risk by 2100 under some flood models.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccines cause leprosy (Social media user, 2024-01-04)
Evidence (2024-01-04): Leprosy is a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. Most of the population is already immune to this infection due to natural immunity. It is a slowly progressing disease, with a low risk of transmission, that is curable with a six to twelve months multidrug therapies.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccines cause leprosy (Social media user, 2024-01-04)
Evidence (2024-02-29): COVID-19 vaccines — like all vaccines and other medical products — come with side effects, including serious side effects in rare cases. The vaccines were rolled out to protect people from a novel virus that has killed millions of people globally and would likely have killed millions more without the arrival of the vaccines. There is a broad consensus from experts and governmental health agencies that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the risks. [...] Steinbuch, Yaron. "COVID vaccines linked to slight increases in heart, brain, blood disorders: study." New York Post. 20 Feb 2024. [...] Marc Veldhoen (@Marc_Veld). "COVID-19 vaccines and adverse events of special interest: A multinational Global Vaccine Data Network (GVDN) cohort study of 99 million vaccinated individuals Anything in those anti-vax stories about large scale damage and deaths due to vaccines? No. …" X. 19 Feb 2024.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccines cause leprosy (Social media user, 2024-01-04)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Social media posts claim pharmaceutical and biotechnology company Moderna has "confirmed" mRNA COVID-19 vaccines cause cancer, citing an article with a headline to that effect. [...] According to the National Cancer Institute, there is no evidence COVID-19 vaccines cause cancer, lead to recurrence, or contribute to disease progression. The institute also notes that COVID-19 vaccines don't change DNA or genetic codes. [...] The American Cancer Society also says there is no information suggesting COVID-19 vaccines cause cancer and no evidence the vaccines can cause cancer to grow or recur.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccines cause leprosy (Social media user, 2024-01-04)
Evidence (2023-08-17): Many of the people posting about this shared an article from The Epoch Times, which The New York Times has called a "leading purveyor of right-wing misinformation." The headline on the article read, "Growing number of leprosy cases reported after COVID-19 vaccination," and the newspaper reported that researchers in the U.K. said two cases of leprosy could have been caused by the vaccine. Additionally, the article said, "At least 14 other cases of leprosy or a leprosy reaction within 14 days of COVID-19 vaccination have been reported in the literature, including eight in India." Under X’s new policy that allows readers to challenge controversial claims, a follow-up post was added that said, "COVID vaccines do not cause leprosy. The study does NOT show that COVID-19 vaccination causes leprosy, or reduces a person’s immunity and makes it easier to get leprosy. Study participants already had been infected with leprosy months or years before COVID-19 vaccinations." [...] It’s easy to see how people skimming headlines could make that association. Conduct an internet search for "leprosy" and "COVID vaccines" and you’ll find studies that have been published about how the vaccine could affect people who already have Hansen’s disease.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccines cause leprosy (Social media user, 2024-01-04)
Evidence (2014-11-01): A spectrum of leprosy reactions triggered by Covid-19 vaccination: a series of four cases - PMID: 35766884 - PMCID: PMC9350223 - DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18339 [...] Reactions in leprosy patients triggered by COVID-19 vaccination - a cross-sectional study from a tertiary care centre in India.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 Dec;36(12):e971-e972. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18390. Epub 2022 Jul 10. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022. PMID: 35771128 Free PMC article. No abstract available. [...] COVID-19 vaccination and leprosy-A UK hospital-based retrospective cohort study.PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023 Aug 4;17(8):e0011493. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011493. eCollection 2023 Aug. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023. PMID: 37540711 Free PMC article.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccines cause leprosy (Social media user, 2024-01-04)
Evidence (2023-08-16): COVID-19 vaccination and leprosy–A UK hospital-based retrospective cohort study 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011493 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011493 2023-08-16 false 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011493 www.plosntds.org 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011493 2023-08-16 false www.plosntds.org endstream endobj 2 0 obj <>
Claim: COVID-19 vaccines cause leprosy (Social media user, 2024-01-04)
Evidence (2023-02-07): Adverse reactions after Covid-19 vaccination in persons affected by leprosy: A scoping review - PMID: 38024943 - PMCID: PMC10657070 - DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_635_23 Adverse reactions after Covid-19 vaccination in persons affected by leprosy: A scoping review [...] Objective: To achieve deep insight into the subject of adverse reactions acquired after Covid vaccinations in persons affected by leprosy through a literature review.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccines cause leprosy (Social media user, 2024-01-04)
Evidence (2023-04-08): COVID-19 vaccination and leprosy-A UK hospital-based retrospective cohort study - PMID: 37540711 - PMCID: PMC10431605 - DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011493 COVID-19 vaccination and leprosy-A UK hospital-based retrospective cohort study Background: Individuals with leprosy are at risk of leprosy reactions, T-cell mediated immunological complications, which lead to nerve function impairment. Leprosy reactions require systemic immunosuppression which is a risk factor for severe COVID-19. Vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 infection is recommended in the UK and became widely available in 2021 with individuals at increased risk of severe disease, including the immunosuppressed, prioritised. Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 may provoke a T cell response. The latter poses a theoretical risk of provoking an immunological response to latent Mycobacterium leprae infection leading to clinical disease or in those with clinical disease triggering a leprosy reaction. BCG vaccination is associated with the development of leprosy in a small proportion of healthy contacts of people with leprosy within twelve weeks of administration. BCG causes a Th1 immune response.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccines cause leprosy (Social media user, 2024-01-04)
Evidence (2022-02-21): We are also contributing to longer-term, systemic improvements through initiatives on equity and reducing stigma and publishing research to inform program and policy improvements. We are adapting vital health programs that have been halted or reduced because of the pandemic, such as polio and leprosy, to mitigate the impact of the disruption, as well as positioning existing programs to help with long-term response, like using influenza vaccine systems for the distribution of a COVID-19 vaccine once available. In addition, we are bringing our global health expertise home and helping the community in our backyard respond to this and future public health crises. [...] Leprosy – COVID-19 has strongly impacted leprosy control and prevention, and in response, The Task Force’s Global Partnership for Zero Leprosy has established three working groups to address the leprosy community’s key challenges during the global health crisis, and spearhead emergency response.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccines cause leprosy (Social media user, 2024-01-04)
Evidence (2022-03-03): There are fewer published data about the clinical impact of COVID-19 in people with leprosy. However, limiting health service access in PHC and competing for priority of hospitalization due to COVID-19 may increase the challenge of leprosy complication management such as leprosy reaction (type 1, type 2, and ENL) and DHS. Leprosy reactions are immune-mediated episodes of inflammation that are often self-limiting but may also be severe and prolonged (15). Leprosy reactions are the underlying cause of most disabilities in leprosy and, thus, many of the psychosocial consequences that may follow (16). DHS is a severe idiosyncratic drug reaction characterized by the clinical triad of fever, rash, and systemic involvement (most commonly of the liver and the hematologic system), which can cause severe organ dysfunction and manifest 4 to 6 weeks after the initiation of therapy (17). It is a rare life-threatening reaction globally with a range of incidence of 2% to 12% with a fatality rate of 9.9% (18). Due to the dominant HLA-B*13:01 carrier in Papuan ethnic groups, the incidence rate of DHS is highly reported among leprosy patients (11%) treated by dapsone as the significant component in MDT (19).