copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Bhutanese enclaves is a territory of Bhutan (Bhutanese enclaves, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-08): Bhutan shared ancient religious, cultural and economic ties with Tibet. However, with China’s forced annexation of Tibet, the buffer between communist China and Bhutan was gone. The border dispute between the two began in the 1950s when China started claiming Bhutanese territory by issuing new maps. In the 1959 military campaign against Tibetans, China also seized control over eight Bhutanese enclaves in Tibet.[i] Following this, Bhutan severed its Ties with the Chinese controlled Tibet and reoriented its economic routes towards India. Since Bhutan and Tibet had not demarcated their border, after the Chinese annexation of Tibet, this led to severe Chinese incursions into Bhutan, mainly in 1967, 1979, 1983 and 2017.[ii] The disputed areas include the north-western and central Bhutan involving Samtse, Haa, Paro and Wagdue Phodrang districts, respectively, covering 764 sq. km.[iii] The Doklam plateau in north-western Bhutan, near the India-Bhutan-China trijunction, became a flashpoint between the armies of India and China in 2017.
Claim: Bhutanese enclaves is a territory of Bhutan (Bhutanese enclaves, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): The economic core of Bhutan lies in the fertile valleys of the Lesser Himalayas, which are separated from one another by a series of high and complex interconnecting ridges extending across the country from north to south. The political nucleus of Bhutan is centred in the Paro and Thimphu valleys in the Lesser Himalayan region. Its location between the Assam-Bengal Plain of India to the south and the Plateau of Tibet of southwestern China to the north gives the country considerable geopolitical significance. Bhutan’s northern and western boundary with the Tibet Autonomous Region (part of China), although undefined, generally follows the crest of the Great Himalayas. In the Duars Plain to the south of the Himalayan range lies Bhutan’s boundary with the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam. Bhutan borders the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the east and Sikkim to the southwest. [...] Bhutan’s mountainous territory is dissected by numerous rivers. The main rivers from west to east are the Torsa (Amo), Wong (Raidak), Sankosh (Mo), and Manas. All the rivers flow southward from the Great Himalayas and join the Brahmaputra River in India.
Claim: Bhutanese enclaves is a territory of Bhutan (Bhutanese enclaves, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-28): The treaty of 1949 mentioned here was updated in 2007 and yet Bhutan has often been depicted as a protectorate of India, due to a mix of Indian territorial enthusiasm and wider global ignorance. The sources listed for the country in the academic article extract presented above are not scholarly, but media reports about the ‘shangri la caught between the super powers’. [...] Ahsan and Chakma (1993, 1049–1054) detail the activities of the Nepali militants organized into entities with complex ideological and strategic incentives, that were a significant threat to Bhutan and had bases in Indian territory. It is also worth noting that while the use of Bhutanese territory by Indian insurgents received much attention in the 1990s, the use of Indian territory by such groups, as well as the nature of passage for Lhotsampas from Bhutan to Nepal via India, received considerably less attention. [...] Kuensel. ( 2021 ) ‘Bhutan prepares to supply oxygen to India’, Kuensel Newspaper April 27.
Claim: Bhutanese enclaves is a territory of Bhutan (Bhutanese enclaves, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-13): January 1 image of one of the Chinese enclaves shows over 34 buildings in one of the enclaves illegally constructed within Bhutanese territory. High res image here. [...] Geo-strategist and author Brahma Chellaney said, "China's ramping up of construction of militarised border villages, including inside Bhutanese territory, holds two-fold implications for Indian security. Firstly, China's construction is opening a potential military axis against India's so-called chicken-neck from a different direction than the one Indian forces blocked during the 2017 Doklam standoff. Secondly, India is Bhutan's de facto security guarantor, and Chinese construction activity violating Bhutanese territorial sovereignty could be aimed at undermining the Bhutan-India relationship and compelling Thimphu to accede to Chinese demands." Illegally constructed Chinese enclaves within Bhutan likely to be used for both military and civilian purposes. High res image here.
Claim: Bhutanese enclaves is a territory of Bhutan (Bhutanese enclaves, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-02-16): The Treaty also confirmed the delimitation of the Tibet-Ladakh boundary at Demchok. Successive Maharajas of Kashmir continued to abide by these treaty obligations and collected taxes from Menser villages from 1846 until the early 1960s. Similarly, Bhutan also enjoyed legal rights over the Darchen-Labrang enclave consisting of a series of monasteries near Mount Kailash and Gartok. [...] Clearly, the Bhutanese enclaves of Darchen-Labrang in Tibet also met with the same fate under Nehru’s instructions. [...] Although in its 1959 Notes India had sought the restoration of Bhutan’s rightful authority over Bhutanese enclaves in Tibet, it surprisingly did not mention its own sovereign claim over Menser. This, despite the Official Report issued later in 1961 providing a full account of India’s historical, administrative and revenue rights over five villages near Kailash-Manasarovar. The Report also provided a full record of the Maharaja’s jurisdiction on Menser, which was one of the 110 villages that fell under Ladakh Tehsil. The Report is backed by documents including the J&K Revenue Assessment Report of 1902 and Settlement Report of 1908, Census Reports from 1901 to 1937, and Revenue records from 1901 to 1948, among others.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-09): Kangsa Village (Tibetan: གངས་ས་གྲོང་ཚོ།), poetically known as Darchen, Tarchan or Taqin (Tibetan: དར་ཆེན, ZYPY: Tarqên, simplified Chinese: 塔钦; traditional Chinese: 塔欽; pinyin: tǎqīn), is a former Bhutanese enclave,[1] currently held by the People's Republic of China and the seat of the Parga Township, Purang County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Thus, it is commonly referred as Parga although there is another smaller settlement formally named Parga after which the Parga Township was named, located on the east of this settlement. It was also previously known as Lhara and still signposted as such. It was previously an important sheep station for nomads and their flocks and had only two permanent buildings; only one of which survived the Cultural Revolution and is now used to house Tibetan pilgrims.[2] Darchen is situated right in front of the sacred mountain, Mount Kailash. Its altitude is 4,670m (15,321 feet) and it is the starting and ending point for the parikrama/kora of Mount Kailash.[3] [...] History [edit]Darchen was once an enclave of Bhutan, held for almost 300 years and from where Bhutan raised revenue, until the People's Republic of China annexed it in 1959.[1][9]
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-05): The People's Republic of China (PRC) (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國) is a one-party state in East Asia governed by the Communist Party of China (CPC). It was founded on 1 October 1949. It currently has more than 1.4 billion people (as of 2017).[3] It covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometers. [...] Geography [change | change source]The People's Republic of China is the third-[22] or fourth-largest[23] country in the world after Russia, Canada, and (in some sources) the United States and the second-largest by land area.[24] China has every kind of climate in the northern hemisphere except the polar climate. It is also the largest country without any land north of the Arctic Circle. China borders 14 nations, which is more than any other country in the world. It borders Vietnam, Laos, and Burma in Southeast Asia; India, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan[25] in South Asia; Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in Central Asia; a small section of Russian Altai and Mongolia in Inner Asia; and the Russian Far East and North Korea in Northeast Asia.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-20): The People’s Republic of China has two distinct territories known as Special Administrative Regions (SARs). These territories are known as Hong Kong and Macau. Both are located along the coast of southern China. In fact, they are just 60 km from each other. Hong Kong is located on the eastern side of the Pearl River Estuary, while Macau is on the western side of it. Both Hong Kong and Macau were formerly European colonies that were returned to Chinese sovereignty. Both SARs also have a certain degree of economic and political autonomy, as opposed to other provinces and autonomous regions of China. Hong Kong is larger and much more populous than Macau. It is also one of the most important centers of economic activity in the world. For its part, Macau does not boast the same level of economic importance as Hong Kong, though it is a popular tourist destination, as well as a mecca for gambling.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-17): Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China The territory of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has frequently been revised since its formation on 1 October 1949. [...] - 3 September 1954, The People's Republic of China annexed the Yijiangshan Islands and Dachen Islands from the Republic of China during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis (Battle of Yijiangshan) even as the U.S. Seventh Fleet was patrolling nearby.[4]
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially, often called China (Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; literally "Central State"), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country. Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the third or fourth largest country by total area.[16] Governed by the Communist Party of China, the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-06): The pressures toward national political consolidation and the costly struggle in Korea produced significant consequences. In the several provinces of Manchuria (now called the Northeast), there was a growing concentration of industrial and military presence, as well as an increased presence of Soviet economic advisers and key elements of China’s tiny corps of technicians and specialists. This was a natural development in view of the extensive economic infrastructure left behind by the Japanese in that region and its proximity to Korea. Additionally, Northeast China had long been an area of Soviet interest.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-06-21): Over the years, the issue of Diaoyu Dao has attracted attention from Hong Kong and Macao compatriots, Taiwan compatriots and overseas Chinese. Diaoyu Dao has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times. This is the common position of the entire Chinese nation. The Chinese nation has the strong resolve to uphold state sovereignty and territorial integrity. The compatriots across the Taiwan Straits stand firmly together on matters of principle to the nation and in the efforts to uphold national interests and dignity. The compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and the overseas Chinese have all carried out various forms of activities to safeguard China’s territorial sovereignty over Diaoyu Dao, strongly expressing the just position of the Chinese nation, and displaying to the rest of the world that the peace-loving Chinese nation has the determination and the will to uphold China’s state sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-18): - ^ "中华人民共和国民族区域自治法 – Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy". www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2005-12-10. Retrieved 2021-07-07. 各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分 – Each and every ethnic autonomous region is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Manchuria was a vast area with a population of 40 million, the greatest concentration of heavy industry and railways in China, and enormous reserves of coal, iron, and many other minerals. The Soviet Union had promised the Nationalist government that it would withdraw its occupying armies within 90 days of Japan’s surrender and return the region to China. The government was determined to control Manchuria, which was vital to China’s future as a world power. However, Lin Biao’s army attempted to block the entry of Nationalist troops by destroying rail lines and seizing areas around ports of entry. Soon the two sides were locked in a fierce struggle for the corridors into Manchuria, although negotiations were under way in Chongqing between Mao Zedong and Chiang for a peaceful settlement. The Soviet army avoided direct involvement in the struggle, but it dismantled much industrial machinery and shipped it to the Soviet Union together with hundreds of thousands of Japanese prisoners of war. By the end of 1945 the Nationalists had positioned some of their best U.S.-trained armies in southern Manchuria as far north as Mukden (present-day Shenyang), a strategic rail center to which Nationalist troops were transported by air.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2010-07-01): Kangsa Village (Tibetan: གངས་ས་གྲོང་ཚོ།), poetically known as Darchen, Tarchan or Taqin (Tibetan: དར་ཆེན, ZYPY: Tarqên, simplified Chinese: 塔钦; traditional Chinese: 塔欽; pinyin: tǎqīn), is a former Bhutanese enclave,[1] currently held by the People's Republic of China and the seat of the Parga Township, Purang County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Thus, it is commonly referred as Parga although there is another smaller settlement formally named Parga after which the Parga Township was named, located on the east of this settlement. It was also previously known as Lhara and still signposted as such. It was previously an important sheep station for nomads and their flocks and had only two permanent buildings; only one of which survived the Cultural Revolution and is now used to house Tibetan pilgrims.[2] Darchen is situated right in front of the sacred mountain, Mount Kailash. Its altitude is 4,670m (15,321 feet) and it is the starting and ending point for the parikrama/kora of Mount Kailash.[3] [...] Darchen was once an enclave of Bhutan, held for almost 300 years and from where Bhutan raised revenue, until the People's Republic of China annexed it in 1959.[1][9]
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-11): Along with Taiwan, this is perhaps the most well-known of China’s territorial disputes. In 1950, China enforced a long-held claim on the Himalayan country and incorporated it with its own territory. Following an unsuccessful uprising in 1959, Tibet’s spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, fled to India, where he set up a government in exile.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Darchen, Tarchan, or Taqin(塔钦) is a small village in Purang County of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Darchen is situated right in front of the sacred mountain, Mount Kailash. Its altitude is 4,575 meters and is the starting point for pilgrimages in the region. [...] Darchen is a completely Tibetan town though there are now more and more Chinese settling down opening hotels and restaurants. It contains a couple of restaurants and hotels or guesthouses. Mountain Horse Kee Restaurant by the main road is favored by travelers for its bright environment and its attention to health. There are several good accommodations for travelers to choose, such as Kailash Hotel, Mount Kailash Hotel, Gangdise Guesthouse, Zhusu Guesthouse next door and Gandise Hotel where Public Security Bureau PSB officers are stationed from spring until October, and where pilgrims must get their travel permit stamped, and buy a "ticket" if they wish to circumambulate Mt. Kailash.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): The special administrative regions (SAR) of the People's Republic of China are one of four types of province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China directly under the control of its Central People's Government (State Council), being integral areas of the country. As a region, they possess the highest degree of autonomy from China's central government. However, despite the relative autonomy that the Central People's Government offers the special administrative regions, the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee remains capable of enforcing laws for the special administrative regions.[3] [...] - ^ Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国行政区划; Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Xíngzhèng Qūhuà), 15 June 2005, archived from the original on 23 July 2010, retrieved 5 June 2010 - ^ Chapter II: Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Article 12, archived from the original on 29 July 2010, retrieved 5 June 2010 - ^ Chapter II Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Macau Special Administrative Region, Article 12, archived from the original on 5 February 2012, retrieved 5 June 2010 - ^ Lauterpacht, Elihu. Greenwood, C. J. [1999] (1999). International Law Reports Volume 114 of International Law Reports Set Complete set. Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0521642442, 9780521642446. p 394.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-26): Darchen is a small town, but it is an important gateway to Mount Kailash. Although you cannot see the majestic Kailash from Darchen (only a part of its peak), the town is a starting point of the pilgrimage around the mountain. For a long time, Darchen was a small settlement with mostly nomads passing by this area. Don’t be surprised to see many domestic animals walking the streets of Darchen. [...] Since Darchen is located in the Western part of Tibet, the rules of visiting Darchen you need to comply with the requirements of visiting Tibet.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-21): Darchen is a small village with an altitude of about 4,700 meters, in the south of Kailash monutain, is where the starting point of the Kailash Cora. It is only a one-day bus drive approxiamtely 340 kilometers from Ali (Shiquanhe) the capital town of Ngari prefecture. Darchen is also called as "Tarchen" in Tibetan, Or "Taqin" in chinese Pingyin. [...] Distance from Darchen to - Ali (Shiquanhe): 250 kilometers, about 4-5 hours drive - Guge Kingdom: 270 kilometers, about 4.5 hours drive - KunSha (Gunsa) Airport : 200 kilometers, about 3-4 hours drive - Shigatse City : 940 kilometers, about 15 hours drive - Lhasa City : 1,211 kilometers, about 19 – 20 hours drive
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-26): The border between PRC and ROC is located in territorial waters. The PRC exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly administered municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two highly autonomous special administrative regions (SARs) – Hong Kong and Macau. It borders with 14 Nations Vietnam, Laos, Burma, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and North Korea.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China This article is about territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China (PRC). A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more political entities. Many of China's territorial disputes result from the historical consequences of colonialism in Asia and the lack of clear historical boundary demarcations. Many of these disputes are almost identical to those that the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei, also known as Taiwan, has with other countries. Therefore, many of the subsequent resolved disputes made by the PRC after 1949 with other governments may not be recognized by the ROC.[1] [...] The 1959 Tibetan Rebellion and the 14th Dalai Lama's arrival in neighboring India made the security of Bhutan's border with China a necessity for Bhutan.[4][7] An estimated 6,000 Tibetans fled to Bhutan and were granted asylum, although Bhutan subsequently closed its border to China, fearing more refugees to come.[4][7] In July 1959, along with the occupation of Tibet, the Chinese People's Liberation Army occupied several Bhutanese exclaves in western Tibet which were under Bhutanese administration for more than 300 years and had been given to Bhutan by Ngawang Namgyal in the 17th century.[8] These included Darchen, Labrang Monastery, Gartok and several smaller monasteries and villages near Mount Kailas.[9][10][11][12]
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-02-16): The Treaty also confirmed the delimitation of the Tibet-Ladakh boundary at Demchok. Successive Maharajas of Kashmir continued to abide by these treaty obligations and collected taxes from Menser villages from 1846 until the early 1960s. Similarly, Bhutan also enjoyed legal rights over the Darchen-Labrang enclave consisting of a series of monasteries near Mount Kailash and Gartok. Both Menser and Darchen-Labrang served as key outposts for Indian and Bhutanese traders and pilgrims for over 300 years. They exercised full administrative jurisdiction and collected annual tribute from their respective enclaves until the 1960s. [...] Clearly, the Bhutanese enclaves of Darchen-Labrang in Tibet also met with the same fate under Nehru’s instructions.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-11): Arpi says Nehru’s instructions to Indian negotiators on the Panchsheel accord signed in Beijing were as follows: ‘Regarding the village of Minsar in Western Tibet, which has belonged to the Kashmir State, it is clear that we shall have to give it up, if this question is raised. We need not raise it. If it is raised, we should say that we recognise the strength of the Chinese contention and we are prepared to consider it and recommend it.’ At the same time, however, Nehru added, ‘We should not come to a final agreement without gaining the formal assent of the Kashmir government.’ Clearly, the Bhutanese enclaves of Darchen-Labrang in Tibet also met with the same fate.
Claim: Darchen is a territory of People's Republic of China (Darchen, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-12): Day 05: Driving from Mansarovar to Darchen [4,564 meters/ 14,975 feet] [...] Day 06: 1st Day of Parikrama: Manasarovar to Darchen [4,564 meters/ 14,975 feet] to Yama Dwar Drive and trek to Dira-Puk [5,000 meters/ 16,404 feet] [...] This is the first day of your Kailash Kora journey. During the first part of the day, you will drive from Mansarovar to Darchen, which will take about an hour [35 km/ 21 miles]. Then, you will head toward the Yama Dwar [8 km/ 4.9 miles], the starting point of Kailash Kora.