copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-29): The border law also mentions that "the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the People’s Republic of China are sacred and inviolable". This is of concern to New Delhi as Chinese maps show parts of Ladakh, the Barahoti Plains in the state of Uttarakhand, and the entirety of Arunachal Pradesh as part of China. This has raised speculation that any Indian territory that China occupies either militarily or through settling civilians within these areas will automatically be considered sovereign Chinese territory. In other words, the border law could legitimise China’s military incursions along the LAC and empower it to continue building villages in disputed areas to support its territorial claims. Indian observes have also pointed out that this provision will make it harder to resolve the ongoing standoff in eastern Ladakh as China is likely to refuse to withdraw any further and remain encamped in its current positions.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-04-29): China now is working to alter the line of control bit-by-bit by employing novel methods—without having to fire a single shot. With India a mute spectator, the People’s Liberation Army has brought pastoralists to Uttarakhand’s Barahoti sector and given them cover to range across the line. Using pastoralists in the vanguard and troops in the rear has also been tried elsewhere to drive Indian herdsmen out of their traditional pasturelands and assert Chinese control over those places.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-11): Indian media reports that China’s new map includes Arunachal Pradesh, the Barahoti Plains in Uttarakhand, and regions in Ladakh. According to its new land border law, these places are now deemed Chinese sovereign territory (The Print, November 11, 2021). Clearly, India’s middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh also faces an imminent threat. In August 2021, more than 100 Chinese troops transgressed into Indian territory through the Barahoti border area, despite India and China having exchanged Line of Actual Control (LAC) maps for the middle sector almost two decades ago (The Economic Times, September 28, 2021; India’s MEA, June 29, 2001). Such renewed land-grabbing attempts negate "the principles of equality, peaceful coexistence, and win-win results" that the MoU is meant to honor and strive to re-balance the status quo in the Himalayan region (China’s MFA, October 15, 2021).
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-07-30): Its provocations have included several military forays into Chumar — a lightening raid on June 17 to smash up surveillance equipment was followed by more incursions on July 16-17, 18 and 20. Depsang was the scene of a 28-kilometre-deep Chinese intrusion on July 12. Border transgressions also occurred this month in Arunchal’s Dichu and Uttarakhand’s Barahoti areas.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-27): Chinese troops first appeared in the Barahoti bowl in 1954. Since this was the grazing ground used by the local Indian shepherds, their presence was challenged. The Chinese left the bowl but continued to visit this area till as late as 2020, with armed soldiers on horse backs for short visits since then. The area remains a prospective conflict/flash point[5]. [...] Though Barahoti came to the fore in 1954 it did not impact extremely friendly relations between India and China. The Indian Prime Minister visited China in 1954 and was all praise for Chinese development. The Chines PM visited India the same year and was greeted by large crowds. It was in this environment of bonhomie that Indian agents reported construction of a road in the Indian territory. Two reconnaissance parties were sent by India in the summer of 1958 to ascertain the facts. One of these parties led by an engineer officer was intercepted by the Chinese at Haji Langer and imprisoned for 40 days and then released with stern warning. Later an Indian Assam Rifle post at Longju was attacked by the Chinese on 26 August 1959. On 20 October 1959 the Chinese ambushed an Indian police patrol 64 kms inside the Indian territory at Kongka killing nine policemen. The mirage of Hindi Chini bhai-bhai finally disappeared. However, the disillusionment of more than a decade had already done massive harm to India’s security[9].
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-22): Let us remember the basics to determine a border, as explained in the Report of the Officials of India and China in 1960/61; the Indian Report says: "In the Middle Sector both sides had referred to the watershed boundary and were clear as to where the watershed lay. In fact, the two alignments coincided for the most part along the main watershed. The Chinese alignment departed from it only at Gyuand Kauirik, Shipki, Nilang-Jadhang, Barahoti, Lapthal and Sangchamalla. All these departures from the watershed were also the points of divergence from the Indian alignment, and were, curiously enough, to the south and west, so as to include Indian territory in Tibet, and in no case the other way round. These isolated and small departures always in one direction were difficult to comprehend and emphasized that the correct traditional boundary lay along the watershed itself." [...] The Report of 1960 further noted: "In this sector the Chinese alignment are conformed for the most part to the traditional Indian alignment. Only in four areas did it diverge from the watershed to include certain pockets of Indian territory in China-the Spiti are (Chuva and Chuje), Shipki pass, the Nilang-Jadhang area (Sang and Tsungsha) and Barahoti (Wu-je) Sangchamalla and Lapthal. In this sector, therefore, it would be sufficient to prove the traditional and customary basis of the Indian alignment in these four areas."
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): 6 Six border passes (specified in the Agreement between China and India on Trade and Intercourse, 1954, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Foreign Policy of India, Text of Documents, 1947-58, p. 87 (1958)) are Shipki, Mana, Niti, Kungri, Bingri, Darma, and Lipu Lekh. Specific places under controversy include: Spiti area (Chuva and Chuji), Shipki Pass, Nilang-Jadhang area (Sang and Tsungsha), Barahoti (Wu-je), Sangchamalla and Lapthal. Report, at CE-39. [...] 41 See note 6 above. India also rests its claims as to the boundary between Tibet and India in the Spiti area on the agreements of 1684 and 1842, which are discussed in connection with the Western Sector, note 15 above. The boundary in the Barahoti area is supported by diplomatic correspondence and exchanges in 1889-1890, and in 1914. Report, at 84.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): Bhutan [edit]Bhutan has long had strong cultural, historical, religious and economic connections to Tibet. Bhutan's border with Tibet has never been officially recognized, much less demarcated. The Republic of China based in Taiwan officially maintains a territorial claim on parts of Bhutan to this day.[4] The territorial claim was maintained by the People's Republic of China after the Chinese Communist Party took control of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War.[4][5][6] [...] On 11 August 2016 Bhutan Foreign Minister Damcho Dorji visited Beijing, capital of China, for the 24th round of boundary talks with Chinese Vice President Li Yuanchao. Both sides made comments to show their readiness to strengthen co-operations in various fields and hope of settling the boundary issues.[16] In 2024, The New York Times reported that, according to satellite imagery, China had constructed villages inside of disputed territory within Bhutan.[17] Chinese individuals, called "border guardians," received annual subsidies to relocate to newly built villages and paid to conduct border patrols.[17] [...] - ^ a b c Bhutan-China relations (5 July 2004). BhutanNewsOnline.com. Accessed 30 May 2008.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-05): In the SARs, the central government is responsible for defense and foreign affairs but not daily operations for 50 years. PRC claims Taiwan as one of its many provinces. However, PRC does not have control of Taiwan. It has an entirely different political system and is officially known as the Republic of China.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-22): Provinces (Chinese: 省; pinyin: Shěng) are the most numerous type of province-level divisions in the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC and one province that is claimed, but not administered, which is Taiwan, currently administered by the Republic of China (ROC). [...] - ^ Most of the Guangdong is administered by the People's Republic of China, but the Republic of China governs Pratas Island as part of the Hainan special administrative region, which is currently administered by Kaohsiung City. [...] TW - ^ The People's Republic of China considers Taiwan to be its 23rd province, but Taiwan is currently administrated by the Republic of China. For more information, see the political status of Taiwan.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-08): China sees self-ruled Taiwan as a breakaway province that will eventually be under Beijing's control - and has not ruled out the use of force to take the island. [...] The Chinese Communist Party points to this history to claim Taiwan. But the Taiwanese point to the same history to argue that they were not part of the modern Chinese state that was first formed after the revolution in 1911 - or the People's Republic of China that was established under Mao in 1949. [...] Taiwan sits in the so-called "first island chain", which includes a list of US-friendly territories that are crucial to Washington's foreign policy in the region.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): The PRC considers Taiwan to be its 23rd province, although Taiwan is governed by the Republic of China, which rejects the PRC's claim.[47] [...] Ever since its establishment after the second Chinese Civil War, the PRC has claimed the territories governed by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity today commonly known as Taiwan, as a part of its territory. It regards the island of Taiwan as its Taiwan Province, Kinmen, and Matsu as a part of Fujian Province and islands the ROC controls in the South China Sea as a part of Hainan Province and Guangdong Province. These claims are controversial because of the complicated Cross-Strait relations, with the PRC treating the One-China policy as one of its most important diplomatic principles.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Taiwan was returned to Nationalist Chinese control in 1945 following Japan’s defeat in World War II. However, in 1949 Chinese communist armies defeated Nationalist forces on the mainland and established the People’s Republic of China there. The Nationalist government and armies fled to Taiwan, again resulting in the separation of Taiwan from China. In the ensuing years the ROC claimed jurisdiction over the Chinese mainland as well as Taiwan, although in the early 1990s Taiwan’s government dropped this claim to China. The Chinese government in Beijing has maintained that it has jurisdiction over Taiwan and has continued to propound a one-China policy—a position that few countries in the world dispute. There has been no agreement, however, on how or when, if ever, the two entities will be reunified. Taiwan, roughly oval in shape, is approximate in area to the Netherlands or to the U.S. states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut combined. It is part of a string of islands off the coast of East and Southeast Asia extending from Japan south through the Philippines to Indonesia. Taiwan is bounded to the north and northeast by the East China Sea, with the Ryukyu Islands (the southernmost part of Japan) to the northeast. To the east is found the great expanse of the Pacific Ocean, and to the south is the Bashi Channel, which separates Taiwan from the Philippines. To the west is the Taiwan (Formosa) Strait, which separates Taiwan from the Chinese mainland.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-18): Many of the CCP’s territorial claims have roots in the 19th and 20th centuries during the late rule of the Qing Dynasty. Following diplomatic pressure and repeated military defeats, the Qing Dynasty was forced to cede territory to several Western colonial powers, as well as the Russian and Japanese empires. These concessions are part of what are known in China as the "unequal treaties," while the 100 years in which the treaties were signed and enforced are known as the "century of humiliation." These territorial losses eventually passed from the dynasty to the Republic of China and then, following the Chinese Civil War, to the CCP. As a result, upon the CCP’s establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the new Chinese state inherited outstanding territorial disputes with most of its neighbors. [...] These details have not prevented the CCP from claiming that Taiwan has been an inalienable part of China since ancient times. Yet more than any other irredentist claim, Xi has made unification with Taiwan a major component of his vision to rejuvenate the Chinese nation. [...] As with the case of Taiwan, the CCP’s historical arguments regarding its claims on island groups and islets in the East and South China Seas are likewise much weaker than many of its land-based claims.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-05): The republican government fled to Taiwan in 1949 after losing a civil war with Mao Zedong's communists who set up the People's Republic of China, which continues to claim the island as its "sacred" territory. [...] Chinese President Xi Jinping, in a speech on the eve of his country's national day, reiterated his government's view that Taiwan was its territory. [...] Last month, Lai said that if China's claims on Taiwan were about territorial integrity then it should also take back land from Russia signed over by the last Chinese dynasty in the 19th century.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): Comparisons [edit]Offer to Taiwan and other ROC-controlled areas [edit]The status of a special administrative region for Taiwan and other areas controlled by the Republic of China (ROC) was first proposed in 1981.[8] The 1981 proposal was put forth by NPC chairman Ye Jianying called "Ye's nine points" (葉九條).[18] A series of different offers have since appeared. On 25 June 1983 Deng Xiaoping appeared at Seton Hall University in the US to propose "Deng's six points" (鄧六條), which called for a "Taiwan Special Administrative Region" (台湾特別行政区).[18] It was envisioned that after Taiwan's unification with the PRC as an SAR, the PRC would become the sole representative of China.[18] Under this proposal, Taiwan would be guaranteed its own military,[18] its own administrative and legislative powers, an independent judiciary and the right of adjudication, although it would not be considered a separate government of China.[18] In 2005 the Anti-Secession Law of the PRC was enacted. It promises the lands currently ruled by the authorities of Taiwan a high degree of autonomy, among other things.[19] The PRC can also employ non-peaceful means and other necessary measures to defend its claims to sovereignty over the ROC's territories in the event of an outright declaration of independence by Taiwan (ROC).[19] [...] - Taiwan would be a special administrative region of China, and part of the PRC. The ROC would no longer exist.[20]
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-26): The People's Republic of China is commonly known as China and the Republic of China is commonly known as Taiwan. These are separate states with a shared history; China claims sovereignty over Taiwan. [...] The government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Its neighbours are People's Republic of China in the west, Japan in the northeast, and the Philippines in the south. [...] The Republic of China (ROC or Taiwan) is also an economic powerhouse with an industrialized, developed economy and high standard of living. The ROC is a member of the WTO and APEC, one of the Four Asian Tigers, and the 26th-largest economy in the world. It is a major manufacturer of electronic goods such as semiconductor chips, phones and computers. The ROC is ranked high in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education and economic freedom.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-01): Course [edit]Jadh Ganga rises north of Mana Pass from the Lambi glacier, where the river is known as Lambi Gad (Lambi River). Though administered by India, this area lies near the Line of Actual Control, the disputed de facto border between India and China, and is also claimed by China as part of Zanda County of Tibet. [...] After this last confluence, the Mendi Gad is known as the Nilapani Gad, which continues another ~5 km west and converges with the northeast-to-southwest flowing Jadhang Gad (Jadhang river) at Naga. Sites along the Jadhang River include Jadhang (Sang), Pulam Sumdo, Jadhang Peak (5290 m), Sonam Peak, (5262 m), Tirpani, Pulam Sumda, Tsangchok, and Sumla near the LAC. [...] Some of the villages in the area are Sang, Jadhang, Nelang and Pulam Sumda, all of which lie in the valley of the Jadh Ganga.[2]
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-11): China shares a contiguous border of 292 miles with Bhutan and territorial disputes have been a source of potential conflict. Since the 1980s, the two governments have conducted regular talks on border and security issues aimed at reducing tensions. [...] Along with Taiwan, this is perhaps the most well-known of China’s territorial disputes. In 1950, China enforced a long-held claim on the Himalayan country and incorporated it with its own territory. Following an unsuccessful uprising in 1959, Tibet’s spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, fled to India, where he set up a government in exile.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-17): The territory of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has frequently been revised since its formation on 1 October 1949. [...] The Republic of China (ROC) government on Taiwan does not recognize the PRC's territorial changes to the 1947 ROC constitution (although amended in 1991 to include the ROC's free area). [...] - 3 September 1954, The People's Republic of China annexed the Yijiangshan Islands and Dachen Islands from the Republic of China during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis (Battle of Yijiangshan) even as the U.S. Seventh Fleet was patrolling nearby.[4]
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-28): The Nilang/Jadhang 'dispute' with Tibet Nilang/Jadhang is the third places ‘disputed’ by China in the Central Sector (going westward). [...] The Report of 1960 further noted: "In this sector the Chinese alignment are conformed for the most part to the traditional Indian alignment. Only in four areas did it diverge from the watershed to include certain pockets of Indian territory in China-the Spiti are (Chuva and Chuje), Shipki pass, the Nilang-Jadhang area (Sang and Tsungsha) and Barahoti (Wu-je) Sangchamalla and Lapthal. In this sector, therefore, it would be sufficient to prove the traditional and customary basis of the Indian alignment in these four areas."
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-04): Jadhang (जादंग) is a small hilly village in Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand, and claimed by Zanda County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet, China. [...] Nelang and Jadhang villages are inhabited by the Char Bhutia tribe who practice Buddhism. During the 1962 Sino-Indian War, India evacuated these villages. The villagers of Nelong-Jadhang villages situated on Indo-China border have a twinge of eviction during Indo-China War of 1962. The elders of the border area say that the Indo-China war went on from October 20 to November 21 in 1962. The next year, when they started going to their villages, the government stopped them. Their Nelong and Jadhang villages were handed over to the army, declaring a threat from China. The villagers of Nelong-Jadhang used to migrate to the traditional pasture camps of Dunda, Tehri, Mussoorie, Rishikesh, and Dehradun with their flocks. The villagers returned from these villages to their winter camps in the month of September before Diwali in 1962. The security of this border was dependent on the police and the Special Task Force. Later ITBP and Army were deployed here.
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): People's Republic of China's position [edit]The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin. The Chinese Army controls most of the plains,[4] while India controls the western portion of the plains.[5] The dispute remains unresolved.[6] Arunachal Pradesh is a state of India created on 20 January 1972, located in the far northeast. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Burma in the east, Bhutan in the west, and China in the north. The majority of the territory is claimed by China, by whom it is called South Tibet. The northern border of Arunachal Pradesh reflects the McMahon Line, a line demarcated by the 1914 Simla Convention between the United Kingdom and the Tibetan government. The Simla Convention was never accepted by the Chinese government, and it was also considered invalid by Tibetans due to unmet conditions specified in the treaty.[7] The boundary was not broadly enforced by the Indian government until 1950. Currently, this territory is administered by India.[8][9]
Claim: Jadhang is a territory of Republic of China (Jadhang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-22): Let us remember the basics to determine a border, as explained in the Report of the Officials of India and China in 1960/61; the Indian Report says: "In the Middle Sector both sides had referred to the watershed boundary and were clear as to where the watershed lay. In fact, the two alignments coincided for the most part along the main watershed. The Chinese alignment departed from it only at Gyuand Kauirik, Shipki, Nilang-Jadhang, Barahoti, Lapthal and Sangchamalla. All these departures from the watershed were also the points of divergence from the Indian alignment, and were, curiously enough, to the south and west, so as to include Indian territory in Tibet, and in no case the other way round. These isolated and small departures always in one direction were difficult to comprehend and emphasized that the correct traditional boundary lay along the watershed itself." [...] The Report of 1960 further noted: "In this sector the Chinese alignment are conformed for the most part to the traditional Indian alignment. Only in four areas did it diverge from the watershed to include certain pockets of Indian territory in China-the Spiti are (Chuva and Chuje), Shipki pass, the Nilang-Jadhang area (Sang and Tsungsha) and Barahoti (Wu-je) Sangchamalla and Lapthal. In this sector, therefore, it would be sufficient to prove the traditional and customary basis of the Indian alignment in these four areas." [...] Now, the Chinese came up with the argument that Pulamsumda in Nilang-Jadhang was Pulang-Sumdo mentioned in the 1954 Agreement.