copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-29): The Southern Patagonian Ice Field (Spanish: Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur), located at the Southern Patagonic Andes between Chile and Argentina, is the world's second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field.[1] It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period, locally called the Llanquihue glaciation. Geography [edit]The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48° 15′ S to 51° 30′ S for approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi), and has an approximate area of 16,480 km2 (6,360 sq mi), of which 14,200 km2 belong to Chile and 2,600 km2 belong to Argentina.[a] [...] The Southern Patagonian Ice Field section of the border is the last remaining border issue between Chile and Argentina. On August 1, 1991, the governments of Chile and Argentina agreed on a borderline, but the agreement was never ratified by the Argentine legislature. Later, in 1998, both governments agreed to redraw the borderline between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón[12][13]
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-03-03): This grand panorama of the Southern Patagonia Ice Field was photographed by a crew member aboard the International Space Station (ISS) on a rare clear day in the southern Andes Mountains. With an area of 13,000 square kilometers (5,000 square miles), the ice field is the largest temperate ice sheet in the Southern Hemisphere. Storms that swirl into the region from the southern Pacific Ocean bring rain and snow (between 2 to 11 meters of rainfall per year), resulting in the buildup of the ice sheet. During the ice ages, these glaciers were far larger. Geologists now know that ice tongues extended far onto the plains in the foreground, completely filling the great Patagonian lakes on repeated occasions. Similarly, ice tongues extended into the dense network of fjords on the Pacific side of the ice field. Ice tongues today appear tiny compared what an "ice age" astronaut would have seen.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-04-05): The South Patagonian Ice Field remains one of the least-explored mountain areas in the world, and for good reason; it is a brutal and unforgiving environment which attracts only the hardiest of adventurers. The landscape is dominated by a central desolate icy tundra, becoming more mountainous around its perimeter, where glaciers have carved away the landmass. Climatic conditions on the ice field generate some of the strongest and coldest winds in all of Patagonia, influencing weather patterns along the length of the Andes. [...] The South Patagonian Ice Field traverse is widely regarded as the pinnacle of all trekking routes in Patagonia. Along the way, you will explore varied landscapes including the white horizons of the ice field itself, gigantic glacial moraines, mesmerising ice formations, dense lenga forests, turquoise lagoons and towering granite rock faces. It is hard to find a trekking experience that offers such visual intensity anywhere else in the world. [...] The main airports closest to the Southern Ice Field are in El Calafate on the Argentinian side, and Punta Arenas on the Chilean side. You can fly direct from Santiago to Punta Arenas (approximately 3.5 hours) or from Buenos Aires to El Calafate (approximately 3 hours, 15 minutes).
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-28): The Southern Patagonian Ice Field (Spanish: Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur), located at the Southern Patagonic Andes between Chile and Argentina, is the world's second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field.[1] It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period, locally called the Llanquihue glaciation. The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48° 15′ S to 51° 30′ S for approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi), and has an approximate area of 16,480 km2 (6,360 sq mi), of which 14,200 km2 belong to Chile and 2,600 km2 belong to Argentina.[lower-alpha 1] [...] The Southern Patagonian Ice Field section of the border is the last remaining border issue between Chile and Argentina. On August 1, 1991, the governments of Chile and Argentina agreed on a borderline, but the agreement was never ratified by the Argentine legislature. Later, in 1998, both governments agreed to redraw the borderline between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón[12][13]
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The South Patagonian Ice Field is one of the most extreme and beautiful environments on the planet, and challenging yourself on a traverse across its frozen expanses is one of the biggest adventures you can take in Patagonia. From the steep ascent up the wind-scoured Marconi Pass to ice camping at Circo de Los Altares, this is an adventure like no other. [...] South Patagonian Ice Field Expedition guide trips scored 3.7/5 from 9 reviews [...] The South Patagonian Ice Field expedition is not a beginner's trek. It is an extremely challenging route that requires a level of fitness that should not be underestimated. Those signing up should have remote trekking experience and ideally some technical mountaineering/climbing experience.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-20): The Patagonian Ice Fields are a glacier system located in the southern region of Patagonia, shared between Argentina and Chile. This vast ice field, the third largest in the world after Antarctica and Greenland, is a natural treasure that attracts thousands of visitors each year. [...] The Grey Glacier, one of the glaciers that make up the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, a formation shared by Argentina and Chile. [...] The Patagonian Ice Fields are a glacier system located in Patagonia, a region shared between Argentina and Chile. This ice field covers an area of approximately 16,800 square kilometers and extends from Mount Fitz Roy in Argentina to Torres del Paine National Park in Chile.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): South Patagonian Ice Field Expedition - 8 Days - $3,550 [...] Once on the plateau you'll see the vast expanse of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field before you and mountain ranges that are only visible from here. You'll make our way carefully across the cracks and crevasses of the ice field to reach the Chilean hut at the base of Cerro Gorra Blanca, from where the views are truly stunning. [...] South Patagonian Ice Field Expedition trips scored 4.1/5 from 7 reviews
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-06-28): Having spent several field seasons on and around the South Patagonian Icefield, glaciologist Michele Koppes of the University of British Columbia knows first-hand the challenges posed by the elements. "The katabatic winds that drain down the eastern slopes can pick you and your heavy backpack right off your feet and turn you over like a turtle," Koppes said, a phenomenon she experienced a few times while trying to reach glaciers in Torres del Paine and Los Glaciares National Park. "The winds can blow tents right off their stakes and send them tumbling across lakes." [...] Often shrouded in clouds and mist, the entirety of the South Patagonian Icefield is rarely visible from space. This mosaic combines cloud-free images acquired by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 on April 29, May 1, and May 24, 2016. The North and South Patagonian icefields are what’s left of a much more expansive ice sheet that reached its maximum size about 18,000 years ago. The modern icefields are just a fraction of their previous size, though they remain the southern hemisphere’s largest expanses of ice outside of Antarctica. Today, the South Patagonian Icefield spans about 13,000 square kilometers, more than three times larger than the north icefield. Its ice spreads across the border between Chile and Argentina. (The north icefield, in contrast, is entirely in Chile.)
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1996-01-01): Río Pascua, the 50-km-long outlet of Lago San Martín/O'Higgins (see northeast corner of fig. 29), has no name on ONC T-18, in spite of its important discharge (510 m3 s-1). South of Lago San Martín/O'Higgins and Fiordo Calén (top center of fig. 29), the Southern Patagonian Ice Field (SPIF or, in Spanish, Hielo Patagónico Sur) extends more than 330 km between the watersheds of Lagos San Martín/O'Higgins, Viedma, and Argentino (fig. 30) on the east and the fjords of the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its total area (including 1,500 km2 of contiguous glaciers) was 13,500 km2 in 1945, reduced to about 13,000 km2 in 1986. The ice divides between its outlet glaciers, and the equilibrium lines in 1986 have been determined from Landsat TM images by Aniya and others (1996). The number of outlet glaciers in successive ranges of areas is given below. A description of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field and its outlet glaciers from north to south is as follows (see figs. 29-39).
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-26): The Southern Patagonian ice field dispute is a border dispute between Argentina and Chile over the delineation of the boundary line between the two countries on the Southern Patagonian Ice Field,[1][2][3] a large expanse of glaciers located in the Patagonian Andes, which is the largest non-polar continental ice field with land access. It is called continental ice in Argentina and southern ice field in Chile, to differentiate it from the northern ice field. As of 2022[update],[4][5][6] the Argentine–Chilean border in this sector is still pending of definition according to the 1998 agreement signed by both countries.[7] The original border was defined 100 years prior on 1 October 1898 by experts from both countries.[8][9][10] [...] References [edit]- ^ Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (2015). "Southern Patagonian ice field: positional boundary line dispute between Argentina and Chile, from the initial boundary settlement of 1881 to contemporary issues/challenges". Border Disputes: A Global Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: A Global Encyclopedia (2 ed.). California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610690249.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-25): It’s one of the largest non-polar glaciers on Earth Straddling the border of Chile and Argentina, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field is one of the largest non-polar glaciers on Earth – but now it’s thinning out at an alarming rate.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-03-27): Forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains are all part of the Patagonian landscape, which spans more than a million square kilometers of South America. Toward the western side, expanses of dense, compacted ice—the Patagonian icefields—stretch for hundreds of kilometers atop the Andes mountain range in Chile and Argentina. The northern and southern lobes of the Patagonian icefield are what’s left of a much larger ice sheet that reached its maximum size about 18,000 years ago. Though just a fraction of their previous size, the modern icefields remain the largest expanse of ice in the southern hemisphere outside of Antarctica. But rapid change is ongoing. "They are, in fact, melting away at some of the highest rates on the planet," said Eric Rignot, a glaciologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of California-Irvine. Meltwater from the Patagonian icefield contributes to sea level rise. The contribution is less than what will come from Greenland and Antarctica, but scientists plan to keep studying the region from space, from the air, and from the ground. According to Rignot: "Understanding the evolution of these glaciers helps us understand what glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica may look like in the future in a much warmer climate."
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-01): The Southern Patagonian Ice Field: A Glacial Wonderland of Chilean and Argentine Patagonia Stretching across Chile and Argentina, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field stands as an immense testament to the glacial history of this region. Holding the distinction of being the world's second-largest contiguous extrapolar ice field, it constitutes the more significant remnant of the Patagonian Ice Sheet. [...] The Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a remarkable geological entity situated in the southern reaches of the Patagonia region. It is the more significant remnant of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered south Chile during the last glacial period, locally known as the Llanquihue glaciation. Comprising both northern and southern lobes, the modern ice fields, though diminished from their peak around 18,000 years ago, still rank as the southern hemisphere's largest expanse of ice outside Antarctica.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-07-11): Upsala Glacier in the Southern Patagonian Icefield calves icebergs into Lake Argentina in this astronaut photo from October 25, 2009. Read more... This astronaut photograph shows the merged outlet of two glaciers within the deep fjords of the Southern Patagonian Icefield. Read more... Outside of Antarctica, the largest contiguous icefield in the Southern Hemisphere is the Southern Patagonian Icefield in the Andes Mountains of Chile and Argentina. Read more...
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-03-02): Southern Patagonia Ice Field This grand panorama of the Southern Patagonia Ice Field was photographed by a crew member aboard the International Space Station (ISS) on a rare clear day in the southern Andes Mountains. With an area of 13,000 square kilometers (5,000 square miles), the ice field is the largest temperate ice sheet in the Southern Hemisphere. Storms that swirl into the region from the southern Pacific Ocean bring rain and snow (between 2 to 11 meters of rainfall per year), resulting in the buildup of the ice sheet. [...] Rignot, E., Rivera, A., Casassa, G. (2003) Contribution of the Patagonia Icefields of South America to Sea Level Rise (PDF). Science 302, 434-437.Astronaut photograph ISS038-E-47324 was acquired on February 13, 2014, with a Nikon D3S digital camera using a 65 millimeter lens, and is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility and the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center. The image was taken by the Expedition 38 crew. It has been cropped and enhanced to improve contrast, and lens artifacts have been removed. The International Space Station Program supports the laboratory as part of the ISS National Lab to help astronauts take pictures of Earth that will be of the greatest value to scientists and the public, and to make those images freely available on the Internet. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA/JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. Caption by M. Justin Wilkinson, Jacobs at NASA-JSC.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-22): Disregarding glaciers and ice caps at the ice-sheet peripheries, the Southern Hemisphere accommodates about 6% of the global glacier-ice volume1,2. This fraction has the potential to raise global mean sea-level by about 15 mm. It is remarkable that 80% of this volume is stored in only two ice bodies in the Southern Andes - the Patagonian icefields (PIs). The Southern Patagonian Icefield (SPI) is about three times larger than the Northern Patagonian Icefield (NPI). In 2000, the combined ice masses of the PIs covered a surface comparable to the metropolitan area of Paris (~16,000 km2)3,4, and showed average thickness values that exceed 250 m. This implies that PI glaciers are typically five times thicker than their European counterparts. In total, they store forty times more ice volume than glaciers in the European Alps. The Patagonian climate is characterised by westerly winds impinging on the Andean Cordillera resulting in a unique atmospheric gradient from super-humid conditions in the west to arid conditions in the east5. Prolific moisture transport results in inimitable amounts of annual precipitation6,7,8,9,10. High mass turn-over of glacier ice is the consequence, with maximum flow speeds reaching several kilometres a year11. [...] Bown, F. et al. Recent ice dynamics and mass balance of Jorge Montt Glacier, Southern Patagonia Icefield. J. Glaciol.65, 732–744 (2019). [...] Malz, P. et al. Elevation and mass changes of the Southern Patagonia icefield derived from TanDEM-X and SRTM data. Remote Sensing10, 188 (2018).
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2002-02-17): Outside of Antarctica, the largest contiguous ice field in the Southern Hemisphere is the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in the Andes Mountains of Chile and Argentina. It has an area of about 13,000 square kilometers, a length of approximately 360 kilometers (over three degrees of latitude), and an average width of about 40 kilometers. To the west of the ice field, nearly fifty significant outlet glaciers reach sea level in rugged fiords on the Pacific coast. The largest of these, Brüggen, was featured in a previous image on Earth Observatory. East of the ice field, several of the larger glaciers on the eastern flank form large piedmont lakes (such as Lago Argentina). Whether taken on the ground or by remote sensing satellites, scientific measurements of the ice field and its glaciers are difficult to obtain due to the rugged terrain and harsh, stormy climate of the region. The estimated loss of ice mass of this large system is an important indicator of climate variability on both a local and global scale. Additional information on this and other Patagonian glaciers may be found at the following link: USGS ? Historic Fluctuations of Outlet Glaciers from the Patagonian Ice Fields.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-03-03): ISS038-E-047324 (13 Feb. 2014) — This grand panorama of the Southern Patagonia Icefield (center) was imaged by an Expedition 38 crew member on the International Space Station on one of the rare clear days in the southern Andes Mountains. With an area of 13,000 square kilometers, the icefield is the largest temperate ice sheet in the Southern Hemisphere. Storms that swirl into the region from the southern Pacific Ocean (top) bring rain and snow (equivalent to a total of 2-11 meters of rainfall per year) resulting in the buildup of the ice sheet shown here (center). During the ice ages the glaciers were far larger. Geologists now know that ice tongues extended far onto the plains in the foreground, completely filling the great Patagonian lakes on repeated occasions. Similarly, ice tongues extended into the dense network of fjords (arms of the sea) on the Pacific side of the icefield. Ice tongues today appear tiny compared to the view that an "ice age" astronaut would have seen. A study of the surface topography of sixty-three glaciers, based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, compared data from 2000 to data from studies going back about 30 years (1968-1975).
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-22): The three major Patagonian Icefields, which occur south of ~46°S, are the largest expanse of ice in the Southern Hemisphere outside Antarctica(10). While large, today’s icefields are the remnants of a much larger Patagonian Ice Sheet, which formed during the global LGM around 21,000 years ago. [...] The South Patagonian Icefield (SPI) is the largest of the South American icefields. It stretches over 350 km from 48°20’S to 51°30’S, and its current size is estimated at ~12,200 km2 (around three times larger than the NPI8). [...] The Cordillera Darwin Icefield (CDI) is the smallest (~2600 km2), and southernmost of Patagonia’s icefields(13), existing between 54°40’S to 55°00’S. It is also the least studied. Most CDI glaciers descend to sea level, and many flow into the Pacific Ocean(8).
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-04): Patagonia has two major continental ice sheets: the Northern Patagonian Ice Field (1,600 square miles/4,200 square kilometers) and the Southern Patagonian Ice Field (5,000 square miles/13,000 square kilometers). These ice fields were once part of an even more enormous expanse, reaching its peak around 18,000 years ago. Let's delve a bit deeper into the southern region! Most of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field lies within Chilean territory, and approximately 15% is in Argentina. This ice cap is the second-largest after Antarctica and Greenland, stretching 350 kilometers. Among some of the most popular glaciers are: [...] The Southern Patagonian Ice Field presents a varied landscape, encompassing rocky formations, winding rivers, and cascading ice masses. This blend of terrain creates a dynamic environment for exploration and observation.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-04): The Patagonia region encompasses one of the most remote areas shared between Chile and Argentina, which is home to the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. This study focuses on the Torres del Paine, Bernardo O’Higgins, and Los Glaciares protected areas in southern Patagonia. These three national parks provide an essential connectivity corridor for conservation and include the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, a crucial water resource for both countries with a still unmarked border (Fig. 8.1). While there is no formalized transboundary conservation area, a study has evaluated adaptation strategies in the area’s internationally adjoining protected areas (Solórzano 2016). [...] Participants reflected on how the area’s unique political geography affects the plausibility of effective transboundary conservation. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field border is at the heart of the Patagonia landscape and is a massive freshwater reserve. This area’s full demarcation is still not formalized, as both countries claim a specific section of the border.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-29): Part of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field with its white glaciers and aquamarine lakes is featured in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image from 10 January 2023. [...] Straddling the border of Chile and Argentina, the ice field stretches across the Patagonian Andes for more than 350 km and is one of the largest ice masses on Earth outside the polar regions. [...] In this image, the ice mass feeds several smaller and bigger glaciers, including the Argentinian Perito Moreno Glacier in the top right corner. Located on a narrow channel, Perito Moreno feeds Lake Argentino and forms an ice dam that separates the main body of the lake, visible on top in turquoise, from its southern arm, which appears grey.