copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’ (Harry Pettit, Sean Martin, 2020-02-02)
Evidence (2024-04-03): Earth has also experienced several major ice ages—at least four in the past 500,000 years. During these periods, Earth’s temperature decreased, causing an expansion of ice sheets and glaciers. The most recent Ice Age began about two million years ago and peaked about 20,000 years ago. The ice caps began retreating 18,000 years ago. They have not disappeared completely, however. Their presence in Antarctica and Greenland suggests Earth is still in a sort of ice age. Many scientists believe we are in an interglacial period, when warmer temperatures have caused the ice caps to recede. Many centuries from now, the glaciers may advance again. [...] Climate changes occur over shorter periods, as well. For example, the so-called Little Ice Age lasted only a few hundred years, peaking during the 16th and 17th centuries. During this time, average global temperatures were 1 to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2 to 3 degrees Fahrenheit) cooler than they are today. [...] One way scientists have learned about the Little Ice Age is by studying the rings of trees that are more than 300 years old. The thickness of tree rings is related to the amount of the trees’ annual growth. This in turn is related to climate changes. During times of drought or cold, trees could not grow as much. The rings would be closer together.
Claim: Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’ (Harry Pettit, Sean Martin, 2020-02-02)
Evidence (2024-09-29): The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of regional cooling, particularly pronounced in the North Atlantic region.[2] It was not a true ice age of global extent.[3] The term was introduced into scientific literature by François E. Matthes in 1939.[4] The period has been conventionally defined as extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries,[5][6][7] but some experts prefer an alternative time-span from about 1300[8] to about 1850.[9][10][11] [...] - ^ a b Mann, Michael (2003). "Little Ice Age" (PDF). In MacCracken, Michael C.; Perry, John S. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2012. [...] - ^ Yi, Shanming (May 2015). "明朝灭亡与"小冰期"". Journal of Social Science of the North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power. 1 (5): 3. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
Claim: Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’ (Harry Pettit, Sean Martin, 2020-02-02)
Evidence (2023-03-17): Discussions about a potential ice age in the world started in 2015. It is said that 30 years after 2015, that is, by 2030, there will be a minor ice age. [...] According to him, ice ages are recurring events, and there is a pattern. Accordingly, a huge ice age occurs once in a hundred thousand years. Normal ice ages occur once every 41000 years, and mini ice ages occur once every 25800 years. Ice ages occur periodically due to the movements of the earth. [...] However, according to Prof. Chandana Jayaratne, such an ice age can be created due to some specific phenomenon currently occurring in the world. Due to severe dust storms or similar events, a large layer of dust or any other covering layer is deposited in the atmosphere. This prevents sunlight and most of the solar radiation from hitting the earth. This causes the Earth’s interior to cool down a lot, and the situation could gradually develop into an Ice Age.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2023-03-24): Nattokinase is an enzyme that was first isolated from natto, a traditional Japanese dish made of fermented soybeans. Research so far has shown that it can break apart proteins involved in blood clotting, which enables it to dissolve blood clots. While one study by Tanikawa et al. found that nattokinase could break down spike protein, the study was unrelated to long COVID and the experiments were performed in cells in the lab. Therefore, the results may not reflect what happens in the human body and also provide no information about its effects on long COVID.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2022-08-24): Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 - PMID: 36080170 - PMCID: PMC9458005 - DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175405 Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a pandemic and has inflicted enormous damage on the lives of the people and economy of many countries worldwide. However, therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. SARS-CoV-2 has a spike protein (S protein), and cleavage of the S protein is essential for viral entry. Nattokinase is produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto and is beneficial to human health. In this study, we examined the effect of nattokinase on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. When cell lysates transfected with S protein were incubated with nattokinase, the S protein was degraded in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that S protein on the cell surface was degraded when nattokinase was added to the culture medium. Thus, our findings suggest that nattokinase exhibits potential for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection via S protein degradation.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2021-01-01): The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the rapid production of vaccines aimed at the production of neutralizing antibodies against the COVID-19 spike protein required for the corona virus binding to target cells. The best well-known vaccines have utilized either mRNA or an adenovirus vector to direct human cells to produce the spike protein against which the body produces mostly neutralizing antibodies. However, recent reports have raised some skepticism as to the biologic actions of the spike protein and the types of antibodies produced. One paper reported that certain antibodies in the blood of infected patients appear to change the shape of the spike protein so as to make it more likely to bind to cells, while other papers showed that the spike protein by itself (without being part of the corona virus) can damage endothelial cells and disrupt the blood-brain barrier. These findings may be even more relevant to the pathogenesis of long-COVID syndrome that may affect as many as 50% of those infected with SARS-CoV-2. In COVID-19, a response to oxidative stress is required by increasing anti-oxidant enzymes. In this regard, it is known that polyphenols are natural anti-oxidants with multiple health effects. [...] Could SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Be Responsible for Long-COVID Syndrome?Mol Neurobiol. 2022 Mar;59(3):1850-1861. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02696-0. Epub 2022 Jan 13. Mol Neurobiol. 2022. PMID: 35028901 Free PMC article. Review. [...] Adenovirus Vaccine Containing Truncated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit Leads to a Specific Immune Response in Mice.Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Feb 13;11(2):429. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020429. Vaccines (Basel). 2023. PMID: 36851306 Free PMC article.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2023-02-21): This leaves dissolution of Spike protein as a therapeutic goal for the vaccine injured. With the respiratory infection, Spike is processed and activated by cellular proteases including transmembrane serine protein 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin, and furin. With vaccination, these systems may be avoided by systemic administration and production of Spike protein within cells. As a result, the pathogenesis of vaccine injury syndromes is believed to be driven by accumulation of Spike protein in cells, tissues, and organs. Nattokinase is an enzyme is produced by fermenting soybeans with bacteria Bacillus subtilis var. natto and has been available as an oral supplement. It degrades fibrinogen, factor VII, cytokines, and factor VIII and has been studied for its cardiovascular benefits. Out of all the available therapies I have used in my practice and among all the proposed detoxification agents, I believe nattokinase and related peptides hold the greatest promise for patients at this time. Tanikawa et al examined the effect of nattokinase on the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. In the first experiment they demonstrated that Spike was degraded in a time and dose dependent manner in a cell lysate preparation that could be analogous to a vaccine recipient. The second experiment demonstrated that nattokinase degraded the Spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. This reproduced a similar study done by Oba and colleagues in 2021.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2022-08-24): Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 [...] Tanikawa, T.; Kiba, Y.; Yu, J.; Hsu, K.; Chen, S.; Ishii, A.; Yokogawa, T.; Suzuki, R.; Inoue, Y.; Kitamura, M. Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2022, 27, 5405. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175405 [...] Chicago/Turabian StyleTanikawa, Takashi, Yuka Kiba, James Yu, Kate Hsu, Shinder Chen, Ayako Ishii, Takami Yokogawa, Ryuichiro Suzuki, Yutaka Inoue, and Masashi Kitamura. 2022. "Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2" Molecules 27, no. 17: 5405. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175405
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2023-08-02): Unsupported: The nattokinase study cited was performed only in vitro, not in people, so it provides no information about nattokinase’s effect in people with long COVID. The exact cause of long COVID still remains unknown. The assertion that long COVID is due to persistent spike protein and can be treated with nattokinase is unsupported by scientific evidence. FULL CLAIM: "Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification"; "Nattokinase may destroy the spike protein. It makes sense that it would [...] I don’t know any details or specifics of nattokinase in this situation. It just makes sense."; long COVID persists due to persistent spike protein [...] Chiropractor Ben Lynch later posted a screenshot of McCullough’s Substack post on Facebook. In the caption of the post, he claimed that nattokinase "may destroy the spike protein". This claim, combined with Lynch’s allegation that the persistence of spike protein is the cause of long COVID, implied that nattokinase could be used to treat long COVID.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2021-10-05): The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein is a critical component of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines and diagnostics and is also a therapeutic target. However, the spike protein is difficult to produce recombinantly because it is a large trimeric class I fusion membrane protein that is metastable and heavily glycosylated. We recently developed a prefusion-stabilized spike variant, termed HexaPro for six stabilizing proline substitutions, that can be expressed with a yield of >30 mg/L in ExpiCHO cells. This protocol describes an optimized workflow for expressing and biophysically characterizing rationally engineered spike proteins in Freestyle 293 and ExpiCHO cell lines. Although we focus on HexaPro, this protocol has been used to purify over a hundred different spike variants in our laboratories. We also provide guidance on expression quality control, long-term storage, and uses in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The entire protocol, from transfection to biophysical characterization, can be completed in 7 d by researchers with basic tissue cell culture and protein purification expertise. [...] Huang, Y., Yang, C., Xu, X.-F., Xu, W. & Liu, S.-W. Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19. Acta Pharmacol. Sin.41, 1141–1149 (2020). [...] Xiong, X. et al. A thermostable, closed SARS-CoV-2 spike protein trimer. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.27, 934–941 (2020).
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein via Natural Compounds: A Multilayered High Throughput Virtual Screening Approach - PMID: 32867645 - DOI: 10.2174/1381612826999200820162937 Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein via Natural Compounds: A Multilayered High Throughput Virtual Screening Approach [...] Molecular Docking and ADMET Prediction of Natural Compounds towards SARS Spike Glycoprotein-Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease.Arch Razi Inst. 2021 Sep 1;76(3):453-459. doi: 10.22092/ari.2020.351202.1517. eCollection 2021 Summer. Arch Razi Inst. 2021. PMID: 34824739 Free PMC article.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2023-11-21): We rationalized that these findings give support to the potential benefit of spike protein detoxification protocols in those with long-term post-infection and/or vaccine-induced complications. We propose a base spike detoxification protocol, composed of oral nattokinase, bromelain, and curcumin. This approach holds immense promise as a base of clinical care, upon which additional therapeutic agents are applied with the goal of aiding in the resolution of post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination. Large-scale, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are warranted in order to determine the relative risks and benefits of the base spike detoxification protocol.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2022-08-01): Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a pandemic and has inflicted enormous damage on the lives of the people and economy of many countries worldwide. However, therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. SARS-CoV-2 has a spike protein (S protein), and cleavage of the S protein is essential for viral entry. Nattokinase is produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto and is beneficial to human health. In this study, we examined the effect of nattokinase on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. When cell lysates transfected with S protein were incubated with nattokinase, the S protein was degraded in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that S protein on the cell surface was degraded when nattokinase was added to the culture medium. Thus, our findings suggest that nattokinase exhibits potential for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection via S protein degradation.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2023-08-24): The FLCCC Alliance, co-founded by Drs. Paul Marik and Pierre Kory, claims nattokinase helps with the (fictitious) "spike-protein diseases." Dr. Peter McCullough also endorses nattokinase for "spike detox." The Wellness Company, for which McCullough is the Chief Scientific Officer, sells a nattokinase-containing Spike Support Formula, which is said to help you "get back to that pre-COVID feeling." Its price tag? USD 65.99. [...] With all of this noise, hype, and misinformation out there, it’s no wonder the average consumer is confused. So, let’s be abundantly clear. Vaccinated people are not shedding the spike protein. The coronavirus which causes COVID-19 is not benign, and the COVID-19 vaccines are very safe. Nattokinase does seem to have interesting properties when tested in the laboratory, but it has yet to show clear benefits in humans, and the largest and longest clinical trial came up empty-handed on these promises. It is also still not clear what happens to nattokinase when taken by mouth. Nattokinase supplements, if properly manufactured, seem to be safe, although many researchers have pointed out the possibility (if nattokinase does work as promised) of a bleeding risk when combining it with anti-platelet or anti-coagulation medication.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2023-03-24): Unsupported: The nattokinase study cited was performed only in vitro, not in people, so it provides no information about nattokinase’s effect in people with long COVID. The exact cause of long COVID still remains unknown. The assertion that long COVID is due to persistent spike protein and can be treated with nattokinase is unsupported by scientific evidence. On 21 February 2023, cardiologist Peter McCullough, who has become known for spreading COVID-19 misinformation during the pandemic, published a Substack post claiming that nattokinase is the "Holy Grail of COVID-19 vaccine detoxification". As evidence for this claim, McCullough cited a study by Tanikawa et al. published in August 2022, which reported that nattokinase can break down the spike protein[1]. Chiropractor Ben Lynch later posted a screenshot of McCullough’s Substack post on Facebook. In the caption of the post, he claimed that nattokinase "may destroy the spike protein". This claim, combined with Lynch’s allegation that the persistence of spike protein is the cause of long COVID, implied that nattokinase could be used to treat long COVID.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2023-02-23): So what can one do to induce the dissolution of these spike proteins? Nattokinase, McCullough says, holds the greatest promise out of any other detoxification agent of which he is aware. And the best part is that it is relatively inexpensive, and is sold over the counter as a dietary supplement. [...] McCullough highlights a paper published in the journal Molecules that unpacks the effects of nattokinase on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. In a cell lysate preparation that he says could be analogous to a jab recipient, researchers successfully demonstrated that spike proteins degraded in a time- and dose-dependent manner when exposed to nattokinase. In a second experiment as part of the same study, researchers replicated the findings of a similar study published in 2021 in which nattokinase successfully degraded covid jab spike proteins in cells infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2024-01-07): Seeing a claim like this leads me to point out some things. First, the amount of spike protein that gets into the bloodstream as a result of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna is infinitesimally small, definitely smaller than the amount of spike protein one gets from an—oh, you know—actually infection with SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Second—and I know I’m repeating myself from above, but bear with me—antivaxxers have been recommending "detoxification" to treat "vaccine injury" or "vaccine toxicity" since long before I ever first took notice of the antivaccine movement which was well over two decades ago. Nattokinase, as you will see, is just the latest wrinkle in this old narrative. [...] So what evidence do doctors like Dr. McCullough cite when recommending nattokinase? They always have some evidence to cite, but is it in any way convincing? In an earlier Substack post from February, Dr. McCullough was touting the Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase, which he called the "Holy Grail of COVID-19 vaccine detoxification," handwaving an "explanation" of why the vaccine-induced spike protein is so much more nasty than the much huger amounts of spike protein produced by an actual infection:
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2024-09-17): Nattokinase is an enzyme is produced by fermenting soybeans with bacteria Bacillus subtilis var. natto and has been available as an oral supplement. It degrades fibrinogen, factor VII, cytokines, and factor VIII and has been studied for its cardiovascular benefits. Out of all the available therapies I have used in my practice and among all the proposed detoxification agents, I believe nattokinase and related peptides hold the greatest promise for patients at this time. [...] Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2
Claim: “Dissolution of Spike Protein by Nattokinase: Holy Grail of COVID-19 Vaccine Detoxification”; long COVID is caused by persistent spike protein in the body (Peter McCullough, Ben Lynch, 2023-03-24)
Evidence (2023-07-06): Is the COVID Spike Protein (from virus or mRNA technology based gene injection) be responsible for Long-COVID Syndrome? Evidence sugests yes, spike protein may be the key culprit (Theoharides et al.) [...] STUDY: Covid jab spike proteins persist in brain tissue, potentially causing long-term brain damage. [...] Dr. Robert Malone on Using Nattokinase To Dissolve_Remove Covid-19 Jab Spike Proteins.
Claim: The cyclical activity of the Sun as well as other variations in solar and earth activity, and NOT anthropogenic CO2 emissions, are responsible for climate change (Social media user, 2023-09-18)
Evidence (2023-09-18): Solar energy output does change slightly over short-term as well as long-term cycles. However, the expected effects due to these natural cycles are far below the threshold that could account for current climate change.