copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-23): Durand, M., Rivera, A., Geremia-Nievinski, F., Lenzano, M. G., Galera, J. F., Paredes, P., et al. (2019). GPS reflectometry study detecting snow height changes in the Southern Patagonia Icefield. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 166:102840. doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102840 [...] Malz, P., Meier, W., Casassa, G., Jaña, R., Skvarca, P., and Braun, M. H. (2018). Elevation and mass changes of the Southern Patagonia icefield derived from TanDEM-X and SRTM data. Remote Sens. 10:188. doi: 10.3390/rs10020188 [...] Zamora, R. J., Uribe, J., and Rivera, O. A. (2017). "Ice thickness surveys of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field using a low frequency ice penetrating radar system," in Proceedings of the First IEEE International Symposium of Geoscience and Remote Sensing (GRSS-CHILE), Valdivia, doi: 10.1109/GRSS-CHILE.2017.7996003
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-09-05): A little-studied mass of ice in South America is undergoing some big changes: The Southern Patagonian Ice Field lost ice volume at a 50 percent faster rate between 2000-2012 than it did between 1975-2000, according to new analysis of digital elevation models performed by Cornell researchers. [...] Between 2000 and 2012, they said, the ice field, which is about three times the size of Rhode Island and is located in the southern Patagonia Andes of Chile and Argentina, was rapidly losing volume at many of its largest outlet glaciers. In most cases, the thinning extended to the highest elevations of the ice field. Overall, the ice field is showing significant mass loss -- about 1.5 times the loss rate recorded between 1975 and 2000 in previous studies. [...] Though it's not nearly as studied as Greenland and Antarctica, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field is the world's second-largest temperate (not frozen all the way through) ice field. The researchers call Patagonia a "poster child" for rapidly changing glacier systems, so studying them could be key to learning how melting cycles work and how they may be affected by climate change. Pritchard said the next step is ground-based measurements to determine the reasons behind the apparent rapid mass loss.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Los Glaciares National Park is located in the Southwest of Santa Cruz Province in the Argentine part of Patagonia. Comprised of a National Park and a National Reserve it has a total surface area of 600,000 hectares. Los Glaciares owes its name to the numerous glaciers covering roughly half of the World Heritage property. Many of these glaciers are fed by the massive South Patagonian Ice Field, the most extensive South American relict of the glaciological processes of the Quaternary Period. In addition, there are impressive glaciers independent of the main ice field. The property therefore constitutes a massive freshwater reservoir. [...] The property has an impressively long formal conservation history going back to 1937. Los Glaciares National Park is a state-owned unit of the National System of Protected Areas in Argentina (Law No. 22.351 dealing with the National Park Administration), and it was created in 1937 when Law No. 13.895 was enacted, while National Law No. 19.292 of 1971 established the current limits, including the division of the area into a National Park and a National Reserve. Most of the territory of the Magallanes Peninsula, in which the Perito Moreno Glacier is located, is a Provincial Nature Reserve serving as a buffer zone of the property.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): There are two ways of understanding this territory. The first is the way an encyclopedia would describe it. It is known that Patagonia stands in the southern tip of both Argentina and Chile and that, with the exception of the Antarctic, it is the last land inhabited by man. This extreme condition is still the inspiration that leads travelers to explore its confines. The presence of Los Glaciares National Park in its territory - an extension that seems infinite and houses over 300 glaciers - is also well known. An encyclopedia would tell you that 47 of those glaciers descend from the Southern Patagonian Ice Field and that the Perito Moreno Glacier (declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1981) is the most extraordinary of them all with a front that stretches across 3 miles and a height of 200 feet above the lake's water level.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-16): Southern Patagonian Ice Field dispute facts for kids The South Patagonian ice field dispute is a border dispute between Argentina and Chile over the delineation of the boundary line between the two countries on the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, a large expanse of glaciers located in the Patagonian Andes, which is the largest non-polar continental ice field with land access. It is called continental ice in Argentina and southern ice field in Chile, to differentiate it from the northern ice field. As of 2023, the Argentine-Chilean border in this sector is still pending of demarcation. [...] The Argentine government argued that the boundary should essentially be an orographic boundary along the highest peaks of the Andes Mountains and the Chilean government argued for a continental watershed. The tribunal considered that the language of the 1881 treaty and the 1893 protocol was ambiguous and susceptible to various interpretations, the two positions being irreconcilable.On May 20, 1902 King Edward VII issued the sentence which divided the territories of the four disputed sections within the boundaries defined by the extreme claims on both sides and appointed a British officer to demarcate each section in the summer of 1903. The award did not issue on the ice field, for in its article III it sentenced:
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Southern Patagonian Ice Field is located in the Andes Cordillera Mountain range, straddling the border between Argentina and Chile. It spans approximately 350 km in length, covering an area of around 16,800 km2 and represents the largest mass of ice in the Southern Hemisphere, excluding Antarctica. Moreover, it ranks as one of the main tourist attractions in the region, standing third in the world after Antarctica and Greenland in terms of extent and amount of stored ice. The resources of the territory are used by both states situated on the eastern and western sides of the Andes, but the majority of the surface area falls under the sovereignty of Chile, which owns more than 85%. [...] One perspective for resolving this territorial conflict could involve renegotiating the terms of border delimitation outlined in the 1998 Treaty. It is important to take into account the fact that the tensions between Argentina and Chile regarding border demarcation date back many decades and the agreements and treaties they have signed over the years did not improve to a great extent these tensions. That’s why a new diplomatic approach is needed. There is plenty of evidence that Argentina is not respecting the 1998 Agreement, primarily through the presence of maps where a portion of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, which is not demarcated, is unofficially claimed by Argentina. According to a recent map from 2010 covering the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, a significant number of kilometres in this region are represented as Argentinian territory (Manzano Iturra, 2016). The most recent disagreements arose after the publication of this map in Argentina, where the 1998 Treaty was ignored.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-05-21): Download the maps.me app on your smart phone (iPhone or Android), and then download the whole map of Argentina (or Patagonia + the Ice Field section), which has the Huemul Circuit labeled. [...] I’d start SUPER early on this day. For one, a large line can develop at the zipline, and you can EASILY get stuck here for 30-60 minutes waiting for people to cross the zipline. But more importantly, having the South Patagonian Ice Field all to yourself from Paso del Viento is a lifetime memory you will never forget. It’s still awesome even if there’s multiple parties. But getting it devoid of people is totally worth it. [...] You’ll reach the top of the pass, Paso del Viento. Absorb the spectacular view of the South Patagonian Ice Field. If you wanted to propose to someone, and especially if you had it all to yourself, this would be the best place in Patagonia to do it from. Trust me. This Ice Field is the 3rd largest reserve of fresh water in the world; what you’re seeing from up there is the black box below. Can you believe how big it is?
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Los Glaciares National Park covers the region known as Andes Australes of the Argentine territory, in the Southwest of Santa Cruz province on the shared border with Chile. It was created in 1937 to preserve this vast region dominated by glaciers, with native subantarctic forest and a large number of endemic species of plants and animals. This unique natural wonder has been declared a "World Heritage Site of Humanity" by UNESCO in 1981. The National Park includes a scenario of mountains, lakes and forests, a large portion of the Andes Mountains covered with ice and snow to the west and the arid Patagonian steppe to the east. Los Glaciares owes its name to the presence of numerous glaciers that are fed by the massive South Patagonian Ice Field - the largest ice field in the Southern Hemisphere after Antarctica - which covers almost half of the Park. Also known as Southern Patagonian Icecap, it feeds 47 large glaciers, of which 13 descend towards the Atlantic Sea. In addition there are more than a hundred smaller glaciers independent of the main ice field. [...] Los Glaciares National Park protects a vast region dominated by the glaciers of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in the Province of Santa Cruz (Argentina). Of gigantic proportions for our human scale, the current ice field and its glaciers are actually a small remnant of what was the last great glaciation, which began 100,000 years ago, had its apogee 20,000 years ago and ended abruptly about 10,000 years or so.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-06): Tackling Swoop’s South Patagonian Ice Field Expedition had long been at the top of my wish list. It involves crossing remote mountain passes to cross glaciers to skirt Argentina’s Los Glaciares National Park and getting about as far out into the wilderness as it’s possible to be. I hike regularly from my backyard in Chile’s Aysen region, but this trip was the one I was looking for to truly test myself against. [...] On the other side of the pass, we finally had some peace. The wind died down just a bit so we could take a break and enjoy the scenery. We had finally made it onto the Southern Patagonian Ice Field and the views were just overwhelming. The whole Fitz Roy Massif was laid out before us with only a few lingering clouds and otherwise hidden mountain ranges fringing the ice field. We were miniscule dots on an empty white landscape. It was one of the most remarkable landscapes I’ve ever seen. [...] If you’re an experienced hiker looking for a challenge, the South Patagonian Ice Field Expedition might be for you. Visit our website to find out more.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-15): Crowning the magnificent mountains and towering over the turquoise lakes of the Argentinean town of El Chaltén, lie a wealth of glaciers rich in beauty, history and ecological significance. In the Los Glaciares National Park there are 48 expansive glaciers to discover and over 100 smaller ones. All of them are located within the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. Although they have been in constant decline since the 1970s, today more than ever, it is vital that the role these glaciers play in sustaining life on our planet is more widely understood. Here we provide you with more details. [...] The snowdrifts and glaciers in the El Chaltén area are fed by the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, also known as The Southern Icefields or The Patagonian Continental Icefield. The Andes mountain range in this area of Patagonia is largely submerged beneath this 12,363 km2 expanse of ice, with only the tallest peaks emerging out of it. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field straddles both Argentina and Chile and is considered the third largest area of ice in the world after Antarctica and Greenland. It is the second largest freshwater reserve on the planet. [...] In 1937 the Argentinean government created the Los Glaciares National Park at a nexus point where glaciers of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, numerous forests and iconic mountains converge. Furthermore, in 1981, the United Nations Organization (UNESCO) declared the area a World Heritage Site.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Argentina (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-28): Turning around, we took in our last view of the Southern Patagonian Icefield. Having spent 6 days contemplating and cursing it on this amazing journey that few people undertake, all of us were reluctant to leave it. Such is the romance of the ice. [...] Read more about the Southern Patagonia Icefield Expedition If this post has piqued your curiosity, read about the rest of my adventure on the the 8-day Southern Patagonian Icefield Trek with Serac Expeditions and Swoop Patagonia:
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-29): The Southern Patagonian Ice Field (Spanish: Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur), located at the Southern Patagonic Andes between Chile and Argentina, is the world's second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field.[1] It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period, locally called the Llanquihue glaciation. Geography [edit]The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48° 15′ S to 51° 30′ S for approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi), and has an approximate area of 16,480 km2 (6,360 sq mi), of which 14,200 km2 belong to Chile and 2,600 km2 belong to Argentina.[a] [...] The Southern Patagonian Ice Field section of the border is the last remaining border issue between Chile and Argentina. On August 1, 1991, the governments of Chile and Argentina agreed on a borderline, but the agreement was never ratified by the Argentine legislature. Later, in 1998, both governments agreed to redraw the borderline between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón[12][13]
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-22): Disregarding glaciers and ice caps at the ice-sheet peripheries, the Southern Hemisphere accommodates about 6% of the global glacier-ice volume1,2. This fraction has the potential to raise global mean sea-level by about 15 mm. It is remarkable that 80% of this volume is stored in only two ice bodies in the Southern Andes - the Patagonian icefields (PIs). The Southern Patagonian Icefield (SPI) is about three times larger than the Northern Patagonian Icefield (NPI). In 2000, the combined ice masses of the PIs covered a surface comparable to the metropolitan area of Paris (~16,000 km2)3,4, and showed average thickness values that exceed 250 m. This implies that PI glaciers are typically five times thicker than their European counterparts. In total, they store forty times more ice volume than glaciers in the European Alps. The Patagonian climate is characterised by westerly winds impinging on the Andean Cordillera resulting in a unique atmospheric gradient from super-humid conditions in the west to arid conditions in the east5. Prolific moisture transport results in inimitable amounts of annual precipitation6,7,8,9,10. High mass turn-over of glacier ice is the consequence, with maximum flow speeds reaching several kilometres a year11. [...] Bown, F. et al. Recent ice dynamics and mass balance of Jorge Montt Glacier, Southern Patagonia Icefield. J. Glaciol.65, 732–744 (2019). [...] Malz, P. et al. Elevation and mass changes of the Southern Patagonia icefield derived from TanDEM-X and SRTM data. Remote Sensing10, 188 (2018).
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-11-04): The park includes much of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field – the world’s second largest contiguous ice field beyond the poles. Classified as an expanse of ice covering less than 50 000 sq km, ice fields are formed by a large accumulation of snow which turns into ice with years of compression and freezing. Shaped by the underlying topography, glaciers often form at the edges of an ice field, draining the ice off. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field is the larger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period some 12 000 years ago.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-28): The Southern Patagonian Ice Field (Spanish: Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur), located at the Southern Patagonic Andes between Chile and Argentina, is the world's second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field.[1] It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period, locally called the Llanquihue glaciation. The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48° 15′ S to 51° 30′ S for approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi), and has an approximate area of 16,480 km2 (6,360 sq mi), of which 14,200 km2 belong to Chile and 2,600 km2 belong to Argentina.[lower-alpha 1] [...] The Southern Patagonian Ice Field section of the border is the last remaining border issue between Chile and Argentina. On August 1, 1991, the governments of Chile and Argentina agreed on a borderline, but the agreement was never ratified by the Argentine legislature. Later, in 1998, both governments agreed to redraw the borderline between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón[12][13]
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-03-03): This grand panorama of the Southern Patagonia Ice Field was photographed by a crew member aboard the International Space Station (ISS) on a rare clear day in the southern Andes Mountains. With an area of 13,000 square kilometers (5,000 square miles), the ice field is the largest temperate ice sheet in the Southern Hemisphere. Storms that swirl into the region from the southern Pacific Ocean bring rain and snow (between 2 to 11 meters of rainfall per year), resulting in the buildup of the ice sheet. During the ice ages, these glaciers were far larger. Geologists now know that ice tongues extended far onto the plains in the foreground, completely filling the great Patagonian lakes on repeated occasions. Similarly, ice tongues extended into the dense network of fjords on the Pacific side of the ice field. Ice tongues today appear tiny compared what an "ice age" astronaut would have seen.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-18): discoverPuerto Williams is the capital of the Chilean Antarctic territory and strategic point... [...] discoverWithout a doubt, Chilean Patagonia in Magallanes Region is the best place in Chile fo... [...] discoverIn the Chilean Patagonia in Magallanes and Antarctica Region you will find one of the...
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-04-05): The South Patagonian Ice Field remains one of the least-explored mountain areas in the world, and for good reason; it is a brutal and unforgiving environment which attracts only the hardiest of adventurers. The landscape is dominated by a central desolate icy tundra, becoming more mountainous around its perimeter, where glaciers have carved away the landmass. Climatic conditions on the ice field generate some of the strongest and coldest winds in all of Patagonia, influencing weather patterns along the length of the Andes. [...] The South Patagonian Ice Field traverse is widely regarded as the pinnacle of all trekking routes in Patagonia. Along the way, you will explore varied landscapes including the white horizons of the ice field itself, gigantic glacial moraines, mesmerising ice formations, dense lenga forests, turquoise lagoons and towering granite rock faces. It is hard to find a trekking experience that offers such visual intensity anywhere else in the world. [...] The main airports closest to the Southern Ice Field are in El Calafate on the Argentinian side, and Punta Arenas on the Chilean side. You can fly direct from Santiago to Punta Arenas (approximately 3.5 hours) or from Buenos Aires to El Calafate (approximately 3 hours, 15 minutes).
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-25): It’s one of the largest non-polar glaciers on Earth Straddling the border of Chile and Argentina, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field is one of the largest non-polar glaciers on Earth – but now it’s thinning out at an alarming rate.
Claim: Southern Patagonian Ice Field is a territory of Chile (Southern Patagonian Ice Field, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-26): The Southern Patagonian ice field dispute is a border dispute between Argentina and Chile over the delineation of the boundary line between the two countries on the Southern Patagonian Ice Field,[1][2][3] a large expanse of glaciers located in the Patagonian Andes, which is the largest non-polar continental ice field with land access. It is called continental ice in Argentina and southern ice field in Chile, to differentiate it from the northern ice field. As of 2022[update],[4][5][6] the Argentine–Chilean border in this sector is still pending of definition according to the 1998 agreement signed by both countries.[7] The original border was defined 100 years prior on 1 October 1898 by experts from both countries.[8][9][10] [...] References [edit]- ^ Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (2015). "Southern Patagonian ice field: positional boundary line dispute between Argentina and Chile, from the initial boundary settlement of 1881 to contemporary issues/challenges". Border Disputes: A Global Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: A Global Encyclopedia (2 ed.). California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610690249.