copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: The increase in both the number of vaccines in the CDC schedule and in autism rates implies that vaccines cause autism (Grant Cardone, 2023-07-14)
Evidence (2001-03-08): The 4-year risk of autism increased nearly fourfold from 8 per 10,000 person-years in 1988 to 29 per 10,000 person-years in 1993, while the prevalence of MMR vaccination remained constant at 97%. The authors hypothesized that if MMR vaccine were a major cause of the increasing incidence of autism, then the risk of autism in successive birth cohorts would be expected to stop rising within a few years of the vaccine being widely used. However, because the incidence of autism among 2- to 5–year-olds increased markedly from 1988 to 1993 while MMR vaccine coverage was over 95% for successive birth cohorts, the authors conclude that the results do not support a causal association between MMR vaccination and the risk of autism.
Claim: The increase in both the number of vaccines in the CDC schedule and in autism rates implies that vaccines cause autism (Grant Cardone, 2023-07-14)
Evidence (2024-02-05): The Vaccine Education Center has compiled the following resources addressing concerns surrounding vaccine safety as it relates to autism. These materials are based on the scientific findings of many scientists studying hundreds of thousands of children on multiple continents. The one clear and consistent finding is that vaccines do not cause autism. [...] Videos - Do Vaccines Cause Autism? [...] Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD. Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine 2014;32:3623-3629.
Claim: The increase in both the number of vaccines in the CDC schedule and in autism rates implies that vaccines cause autism (Grant Cardone, 2023-07-14)
Evidence (2024-02-01): Perhaps the easiest answer to why vaccines were associated with autism to begin with is the age at which childhood vaccines are given and when the first signs of developmental delay are typically seen. In the United States, the vaccine schedule recommends certain vaccines be given between birth and twelve months of age. At the same time, signs of a developmental delay – like the delays seen with autism – show up around the time a child should start to speak and interact more fully with people around them. [...] While the prevalence of autism has been increasing, the same science that looked at an association between vaccines and autism tells us we are probably measuring the prevalence of autism closer to what it has always been. This means that neurodiverse people, including those with autism, have always been here, and we are only now starting to understand how large that population is. While there is some evidence of a multifactorial process involving a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors can lead to symptoms of autism in a small proportion of cases. For most, science is moving toward agreement that autism is simply a natural variation of how brains develop. Further research is needed to fully understand these factors and their interactions, which could lead to more effective ways to diagnose ASD and provide accommodation, services, and care for those affected by it.[17] [...] 18. Knopf A. Time to remember: Vaccines don't cause autism. The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter. 2021;37(7):9-10. doi:10.1002/cbl.30559
Claim: The increase in both the number of vaccines in the CDC schedule and in autism rates implies that vaccines cause autism (Grant Cardone, 2023-07-14)
Evidence (2023-11-15): Extensive research using a variety of different methods and conducted over many years has demonstrated that the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine does not cause autism. Studies that were interpreted as indicating any such link were flawed, and some of the authors had undeclared biases that influenced what they reported about their research (2,3,4). Evidence also shows that other childhood vaccines do not increase the risk of autism. Extensive research into the preservative thiomersal and the additive aluminium that are contained in some inactivated vaccines strongly concluded that these constituents in childhood vaccines do not increase the risk of autism. [...] 2. Wakefield's affair: 12 years of uncertainty whereas no link between autism and MMR vaccine has been proved. Maisonneuve H, Floret D. Presse Med. 2012 Sep; French (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748860).
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2019-03-13): Scientific evidence shows that cancer cells possess genetic mutations that cause them to grow abnormally. These cells originate from the patient themselves, not from any microorganisms found in the body. Certain fungi such as Candida albicans live harmlessly and naturally on or inside the human body. Although Candida can cause infections, typically in immunocompromised individuals, the cells themselves are not cancerous.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2022-10-07): But now, two new studies show that fungi can also be found in a rather unexpected place: cancerous tumors. [...] While the findings show an association between types of fungi and specific cancers, they don’t show whether fungi play a role in how cancer affects people, Bhatt tells Nature News’ Max Kozlov. [...] Still, questions remain. Scientists don’t know what role the fungi play in cancer cells and whether they affect how the disease progresses in humans. The new studies both found that people with certain species of fungi in their tumors had worse outcomes from cancer. Some microbes could possibly help tumors grow or spread, or hide them from our immune systems, per the Times.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2020-11-11): Candidiasis is the most common nosocomial mycosis [3], with Candida albicans representing half of all fungal isolates in cancer patients [1]. Recently, other species, such as C tropicalis, C parapsilosis, C krusei, and C lusitaniae, have emerged as important pathogens [4]. Possible explanations for the high incidence of candidal infections are mucosal damage resulting from chemotherapy, increased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, prolonged neutropenia associated with more aggressive chemotherapy, use of corticosteroids, and the presence of central venous catheters [1,5]. Neutropenia is probably the most important of these factors [6]. Currently, it is believed that the majority of candidal infections in cancer patients originate from an endogenous source, such as the gastrointestinal tract. However, there are also exogenous sources. The intensive care unit is a typical setting for exogenous infection, where the transmission of infection through the hands of health-care workers has been demonstrated [7]. Candidiasis includes mucocutaneous candidiasis, candidemia, acute disseminated candidiasis, and chronic disseminated candidiasis [8]. Treatment will depend on these distinctions (Table 2). [...] Fungi considered to represent contamination or harmless colonization in immunocompetent individuals have been shown to be serious pathogens in the immunocompromised patient with cancer. Trichosporon spp, Curvularia spp, Alternaria spp, and Fusarium spp are some of the fungi reported with an increasing frequency [33]. In general, these infections are difficult to treat, and the final prognosis depends on the recovery of immune status. Successful treatment of disseminated fusariosis with amphotericin B in combination with granulocyte transfusions and GM-CSF has been reported.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2022-11-24): Seeing this, I harkened back to work of Dr. Tullio Simoncini, who was trendy in alternative cancer therapy circles twenty years ago. In 2005, he wrote a book entitled CANCER IS A FUNGUS A Revolution in Tumor Therapy, which enjoyed widespread popularity. According to Wikipedia, Simoncini "was known for the claim that cancer is caused by the fungus Candida albicans, and has argued that cancer is a form of Candida overgrowth." He advocated for intravenous bicarbonate therapy for cancers and treated patients accordingly. [...] Spoiler alert: I agree. Cancer is not a fungal infection. It would be nice if an inexpensive substance like sodium bicarbonate would provide the key to eradicating cancer. But like many facile theories about cancer, it fails the reality test. [...] Indeed, cancer researchers now theorize, based on these tantalizing clues, that fungi may serve in the future, not just as biomarkers and predictors of treatment response, but also as therapeutic targets! In other words, the time may not be far off when antifungal drugs will find use beyond merely eradicating opportunistic fungal infections acquired by cancer patients receiving immunosuppressive chemo or radiation—but as a way of fighting their tumors.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2022-10-06): Fungi in cancer: innocent bystander or hidden accomplice? Fungal communities in tumors are associated with clinical outcomes and may have diagnostic or prognostic utility — but whether they have a causative role remains to be seen. [...] Fungal communities (known as ‘mycobiomes’) have previously been observed in cancer tissues, but they have not been extensively studied in this setting.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2024-04-05): Timely and accurate diagnosis of thrush in cancer patients is crucial for effective treatment and management. If left untreated, thrush can lead to complications and worsen the patient’s overall health condition. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and intervention are essential in ensuring the best possible outcome for cancer patients battling this fungal infection. [...] When it comes to treating thrush in cancer patients, the primary goal is to eliminate the fungal infection and manage symptoms effectively. There are several treatment options available, depending on the severity of the condition and the overall health of the patient. One of the mainstays of thrush treatment is the use of antifungal medications. These medications can be administered orally, topically, or intravenously, depending on the extent of the infection. Common antifungal agents used to treat thrush include clotrimazole, fluconazole, and nystatin.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2021-03-01): Candidemia in the cancer patient: diagnosis, treatment, and future directions - PMID: 30322269 - DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1536546 [...] The presence of Candida species in the blood is known as candidemia and may constitute a medical emergency for patients with cancer. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment of this fungal infection, mortality remains unacceptably high. Areas covered: This paper reviews recent advances in molecular diagnostics to detect species of Candida as well as novel antifungal agents that have been developed to address candidiasis. We also review prophylaxis strategies to prevent candidiasis in high-risk cancer patients. Expert commentary: We draw from our own experiences treating candidemia in the cancer patient and review novel diagnostic strategies involving molecular resonance and mass spectroscopy. We also explore novel chemoprophylaxis and treatment options, including new drugs such as rezafungin and SCY-078. We also look ahead, to examine how this condition will be managed in the years ahead. [...] Environmental Clonal Spread of Azole-Resistant Candida parapsilosis with Erg11-Y132F Mutation Causing a Large Candidemia Outbreak in a Brazilian Cancer Referral Center.J Fungi (Basel). 2021 Mar 30;7(4):259. doi: 10.3390/jof7040259. J Fungi (Basel). 2021. PMID: 33808442 Free PMC article.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2023-02-01): Cancer-associated fungi found in different body sites and gene expression signatures. Fungi found to promote tumorigenesis in different body sites (lung, breast, skin, brain, bone, ovary, colon, head-and-neck, stomach) are listed. Fungi that were highly enriched in cancers and may serve as potential prognostic markers are highlighted in red. The presence of Candida in head-and-neck and colon tumors appears to be associated with pro-tumorigenic and cellular adhesion-related gene pathways, whereas in stomach tumors it seems to be involved in inflammatory responses that ultimately lead to poor prognosis. Multiple fungal-bacterial-immune ecologies were detected across tumors. These mycotypes may be promising to predict the survival of patients with cancer [...] When it came to the compositions of fungi in cancers, they found that gastrointestinal (GI) cancers differed in their richness of Candida and Saccharomyces and can thus be classified into Candida-dominant (Ca-type) and Saccharomyces-dominant (Sa-type) tumors. Fungal infection is often associated with T helper 2 (TH2)-type allergic reactions. Interestingly, these two types of GI cancers showed different gene expression patterns and immune responses. For instance, Ca-type tumors were linked with the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, suggesting a Type 17 signature. Unlike Candida, which was observed mostly in stomach cancers, Blastomyces were dominant in lung tumor samples, and Malassezia was prevalent in breast cancers. In addition, the presence of Candida was regarded as a predictive biomarker of late-stage disease in GI cancers, and was associated with poor survival (Fig. 1).
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2022-12-08): Building on these observations, the latest studies in Cell similarly identified correlations between fungi and cancer traits and outcomes. The presence of the Candida group of fungi, for example, was associated with inflammation and immune activation in stomach cancer, tumor-promoting gene expression changes in head-and-neck and colon cancers, metastasis in colon cancers, and reduced survival in various gastrointestinal cancers. Researchers found that interactions between fungi and surrounding bacterial communities correlated with outcomes, too. [...] A study from 2021 suggested that some fungi could negatively impact responses to radiation therapy by inhibiting antitumor immune functions, and studies from this year indicated that certain fungal species are associated with poor responses to immunotherapy in patients with melanoma. These findings raise the prospect of modulating the mycobiome to improve responses to cancer treatments. [...] While the relationship between the mycobiome and cancer is just beginning to be understood, it has become increasingly apparent that fungal species, like the bacteria and viruses studied before, could have a role in cancer, presenting new opportunities for treatment and disease monitoring.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2024-02-12): Both the gut and the tumour microbiome are now established as crucial regulators of cancer phenotypes and have been implicated in cancer initiation, progression and therapy response. Although the role of bacteria in these processes is beginning to be unravelled, the relevance of fungi is only just emerging. In this Viewpoint, we asked experts to discuss the current knowledge on the mycobiome–cancer connection and share their opinion on how to best solve open questions. [...] Galloway-Peña, J., Iliev, I.D. & McAllister, F. Fungi in cancer.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2022-09-29): Studies that scrutinized thousands of tumour samples provide the clearest link yet between cancer and fungi — but more research is needed. [...] For years, evidence has been mounting that bacteria are linked to cancer, and sometimes even play a crucial part in its progression. Now, researchers have found a similar connection with another type of microorganism: fungi.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2022-10-07): The study, which appears Sept. 29 in Cell, provides a scientific framework to develop tests that delineate specific fungal species in tumors that are relevant for prediction of cancer progression and therapy. The results also point to the possibility of using antifungal treatments to augment conventional cancer treatments in some cases. "These findings open up a lot of exciting research directions, from the development of diagnostics and treatments to studies of the detailed biological mechanisms of fungal relationships to cancers," said senior author Iliyan Iliev, associate professor of immunology in medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and a member of the Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease at Weill Cornell Medicine. [...] Conceivably, tumor-associated fungi could also be targets for antifungal therapies to improve overall treatment outcomes. This prospect, however, hangs on an unresolved question: Do tumor-resident fungi help drive malignancy, perhaps by stoking inflammation, as some bacteria are known to do? Or are fungi associated with some tumors only because the tumors, as they become more advanced, provide an increasingly permissive environment for fungal growth?
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2022-09-29): The study, which appears Sept. 29 in Cell, provides a scientific framework to develop tests that delineate specific fungal species in tumors that are relevant for prediction of cancer progression and therapy. The results also point to the possibility of using antifungal treatments to augment conventional cancer treatments in some cases. "These findings open up a lot of exciting research directions, from the development of diagnostics and treatments to studies of the detailed biological mechanisms of fungal relationships to cancers," said senior author Dr. Iliyan Iliev, associate professor of immunology in medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and a member of the Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease at Weill Cornell Medicine. [...] Conceivably, tumor-associated fungi could also be targets for antifungal therapies to improve overall treatment outcomes. This prospect, however, hangs on an unresolved question: Do tumor-resident fungi help drive malignancy, perhaps by stoking inflammation, as some bacteria are known to do? Or are fungi associated with some tumors only because the tumors, as they become more advanced, provide an increasingly permissive environment for fungal growth?
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2024-05-28): People with weak immune systems can take steps to reduce their risk. It's especially important for those who live in areas where these fungi are found. [...] Healthcare providers treat fungal meningitis with high-dose antifungal medicines, often given directly into a vein through an IV. After that, people also need to take antifungal medicines by mouth. The total length of treatment depends on each person's immune system and the type of fungus causing the infection. Treatment is often longer for people with weak immune systems.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2023-11-16): Mild or moderate genital Candida infections can be treated with a short course of an over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription antifungal cream, pill, or suppository. You could also be prescribed a single dose of an oral antifungal medication, such as fluconazole. [...] Treatment may include intravenous (IV) fluconazole or amphotericin B, removal of any infected medical device, and possible surgical removal of fungus from the tissue. [...] The most common Candida infections, such as vaginal and skin infections, are localized and can be treated with antifungal drugs. An untreated Candida infection carries the risk of leading to a systemic infection in which other organs can become involved.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2020-09-12): Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium , [...] Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) remain important causes of morbidity and mortality. The consensus definitions of the Infectious Diseases Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group have been of immense value to researchers who conduct clinical trials of antifungals, assess diagnostic tests, and undertake epidemiologic studies. However, their utility has not extended beyond patients with cancer or recipients of stem cell or solid organ transplants. With newer diagnostic techniques available, it was clear that an update of these definitions was essential. [...] European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group Consensus Group .
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2023-05-15): One such myth is that the fungus Candida causes cancer or that cancer cells are actually a form of fungus. Research has revealed neither to be true. [...] And just to be clear: Cancer is not a fungus — this is one myth that needs to be permanently put to rest. [...] Having cancer may make some individuals more vulnerable to fungal infections. But having cancer doesn’t mean you will have a fungal infection, just as having a fungal infection doesn’t mean you will have cancer.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2004-02-01): Yeast Infection/Thrush (Candidiasis) OTHER NAMES Candida, vaginal yeast infection, vulvovaginal candiasis (VVC) ORGANISM Fungus: Candida albicans TRANSMISSION Yeast infections are not sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), but it is possible to pass yeast infections to your partner during sex. You do not have to be sexually active to get a vaginal yeast infection. Your vagina may have small amounts of yeast without causing symptoms. But when too much yeast grows, you can get an infection. TYPICAL SYMPTOMS Symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection include itching and burning in and around the vagina, pain when urinating or during sex, and a thick, white vaginal discharge that looks like cottage cheese. It may be mild or severe. DIAGNOSIS A yeast infection is diagnosed by examining the area in and around the vagina and testing a sample of vaginal discharge. TREATMENT Yeast infections can be treated with anti-fungal prescription pills and non-prescription vaginal creams or suppositories. PREVENTION Avoid douching because it can disrupt the natural balance of organisms in the vagina. Remove wet bathing suits immediately. Use cotton underwear. Keep the vaginal area clean. Always wipe from front to back after using the bathroom.
Claim: Cancer is Candida/Fungus and can be cured (Anonymous, 2019-03-13)
Evidence (2024-02-11): Fungi can pose a problem for people with weakened immune systems. The most common fungal infection in people with cancer is thrush. Thrush is an infection of the mouth caused by the fungus Candida. Candida can also grow in a woman’s vagina and cause vaginal thrush, or a yeast infection.