copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-01-01): There are excavated caves near several villages in the Western Pamirs that were used for refuge from slave traders and other marauders; it is said that the Sarikol population of Xinjiang province has its origin in a wave of refugees from such exploitation – many others fled to Chitral and Afghanistan. [...] This strategic road – the ‘Pamir Highway’ as it later became known to tourists – regained significance as a military supply route during the Russian invasion and occupation of Afghanistan 1979–1989. [...] Breu T, Hurni H (2003) The Tajik Pamirs. Challenges for sustainable development in an isolated mountain region. http://www.cde.unibe.ch/CDE/pdf/The_Tajik_Pamirs.pdf. Accessed 06 Sept 2014
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-01): Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO), eastern Tajikistan, is many things. It is the home to the Pamir Mountains, also called "the roof of the world," whose sharp mountain ranges and deep valleys resemble a lunar landscape. A far-flung frontier, situated in a troubled neighborhood, next to Taliban-controlled Afghanistan and China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, GBAO is a geopolitical treasure tethered to exterior interests: the authoritarian central Tajik government in Dushanbe, Chinese economic and military interests, and Russia, which historically frames the Pamirs as a part of its geopolitical backyard. The region’s inhabitants, the Pamiris, however, are seldom counseled. [...] In GBAO, there is simply too much to gain in the eyes of exterior forces: the Pamir Mountains are a geopolitical asset not only for the central Tajik government in Dushanbe, but to Chinese economic and military interests. The region is an integral part of Beijing’s Belt and Road Initiative. And Russia considers the Pamirs a corner of its geopolitical backyard. [...] The table is thus set for GBAO to remain a geopolitical hotspot, wedged as it is between China’s repressive regime in Xinjiang, the central Tajik government in Dushanbe and its patrons in Russia, and the troubled situation in Afghanistan. And through it all, the people of GBAO will continue to eek out a life among the peaks and valleys of the Pamir Mountains, watching as the Panj River flows by.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-21): The word pamir in the language of the region denotes the high undulating grasslands of the eastern portion of the mountains, especially where they abut Afghanistan and China. Deep river valleys mark the boundaries of the Pamirs in the north beyond the ridges of the Trans-Alai Range, and the valleys of the Vākhān region (Wakhan Corridor) of Afghanistan form the southern limit. The Sarykol pamir in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang in western China bounds the eastern margin, and a series of southwestern-aligned valleys that eventually drain into the Vakhsh and Panj rivers serrate the western boundary. The Pamirs are a combination of east-west and north-south ranges, with the former predominating. The east-west Trans-Alai Range, which forms the northern frame of the Pamirs, falls steeply to the intermontane Alai Valley. The high central part of the Trans-Alai, between the Tersagar Pass on the west and Kyzylart on the east, averages between 19,000 and 20,000 feet (5,800 and 6,100 metres), reaching its highest point at Lenin (Ibn Sīnā) Peak, 23,405 feet (7,134 metres). South from the Trans-Alai extend three north-south ranges. Of these the western, the Akademii (Akademiya) Nauk Range, and the central, Zulumart, are relatively short; the eastern, the Sarykol Range, forms the border between Tajikistan and China. The mountains east of the Sarykol Range are sometimes called the Chinese Pamirs.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-01): In the Pamir, they usually distinguish several sites based on the landscape specifics. Most often, speaking of the Pamir, they mean the Gorno-Badakhshan (Kuhiston Badakhshan) region of Tajikistan - this is where the main part of this mountain system is located, and Khorog is considered the tourist center of the Pamir. In Kyrgyzstan, the northern Trans-Alay ridge is located. The Pamir Mountains in China are usually called Eastern Pamir, Chinese Pamir or the Kashgar Mountains and often referred as part of Kunlun. In Afghanistan, the spurs of the southern Pamir are located in the province of Badakhshan. The Wakhan corridor - a narrow flat valley bounded by high ridges - runs in valleys of the Wakhan and Panj rivers. The border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan goes along it.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-03): - The Pamir Mountains are the second highest mountain range to contain human settlements. [...] The Pamir Mountains are deep in the heart of Central Asia, mostly in the country of Tajikistan, though there are also parts of the mountain range in the countries of Afghanistan, China, and Kyrgyzstan. It is just one of several mountain ranges in the area. Adjacent to the Pamirs are the Hindu Kush, the Karakoram Range, the Kunlun Mountains, and the Tien Shan. The Pamir Mountains are part of the greater Pamir-Alai system, which stretches from west to east for 560 miles (900 km), and from north to south for 250 miles (400 km). When viewed from space, the Pamirs resemble a quadrangle. [...] The Pamir Mountains are the second-highest mountains after the Himalayas in which human settlements exist. Settlements in the Pamirs are typically found at elevations between 5,000 and 11,480 feet (1,500-3,500 m). Approximately 205,000 people call the Pamirs home. Most of them belong to one of two groups, the Kyrgyz and the Tajiks. The countries of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are named for these two peoples. The Kyrgyz are Turkic-speaking, while the Tajiks speak several Indo-Iranian languages. Most of the Kyrgyz live in the eastern Pamirs, while the majority of the Tajik population resides in the western valleys. In terms of religion, most Kyrgyz practice the Sunni branch of Islam, while most of the Tajiks in the Pamirs are part of the Ismaili sect of Shiite Islam.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-01-01): Pamirs is a 800-kilometer-long range made up of very high rounded mountains between 5,000 and 7,000 meters high that stretch across eastern Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan into western China. Known as "The Roof of the World," "The Foot of the Gods," and "Midpoint between Heaven and Earth," they occupy one of the least explored and most sparsely populated regions of the world. The Pamirs offer some of the most spectacular Alpine scenery in the world but is difficult to get to. [...] According to a report submitted to UNESCO: The Karakorum-Pamir region "is the most intensively uplifted area engendered by plate collision movement in the last 5 million years. The Pamirs are the area where a corner of the Indian continental plate is subducted beneath the Eurasian continental plate, causing a domino effect. The most drastic collision and prominent mountain uprising is seen between the Tarim plate and Kazakstan. The cluster of extra-high mountain peaks, mud volcanoes and the tectonic junction zone provide good evidences for this. It is one of the best areas for research of the lithosphere, plate movements and associated depositional environments. It is also a place that has attracted much neo-tectonics and geodynamics research." [Source: National Commission of the People's Republic of China for UNESCO]
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-19): The Pamir Mountains are a range of mountains between South-central Asia. They are located at a junction with other notable mountains, namely the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, Hindu Kush and the Himalaya mountain ranges. They are among the world's highest mountains. Much of the Pamir Mountains lie in the Gorno-Badakhshan Province of Tajikistan.[1] To the south, they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in Badakhshan Province, Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. [...] References [change | change source]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pamir Mountains. - ↑ According to the Big Soviet Encyclopedia "The question of the natural boundaries of Pamir is debatable. Normally Pamir is regarded as covering the territory from Trans-Alay Range to the north, Sarykol Range to the east, Lake Zorkul, Pamir River, and the upper reaches of Panj River to the south, and the meridional section of the Panj valley to the west; to the north-west Pamir includes the eastern parts of Peter the Great and Darvaz ranges."
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-05-24): Historical Geography of the Pamirs [...] The Pamirs have been a contested space in different periods of time. Access to fertile pastures characterized the local economic competition between nomads and mountain farmers. International attention reached its peak when the Pamirs became a pawn in the "Great Game"; during the second half of the 19th century, Great Britain and Russia disputed control over the mountainous area. Local and regional interests took on a subordinate role. The imperial contest resulted in dividing the Pamirs among four interested parties that are nowadays independent countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and China. Since the division, separate developments have emerged in all parts that are abodes of farmers and pastoralists who share a common heritage but have experienced quite different political and social developments. Thus the Pamirs represent a focal region of similar ecological properties in which political and socioeconomic developments that originated in the 19th century have changed development paths through the Cold War period until the early 21st century. From Tsarist Russia to post-independence Tajikistan, from the Afghan monarchy to the post-Taliban republic, from British India to Pakistan, and from the Middle Kingdom to contemporary China, political interventions such as nationality policies and regional autonomy, sociotechnical experiments such as collectivization and subsequent deregulation, and varying administrative systems provide insight into external domination that has shaped separate developments in the Pamirs. In the early 21st century, the Pamirs experienced a revaluation as a transit corridor for transcontinental traffic arteries.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-28): Once part of the legendary Silk Road, Central Asia’s Pamir Mountains might be the world’s last true adventure. Known in Persian as the "Bam-i-Dunya" (Roof of the World), Central Asia’s Pamir Mountains – located mainly in Gorno-Badakhshan, an autonomous region in eastern Tajikistan that borders China, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan – are one of the highest ranges on the planet. Once part of the legendary Silk Road, the area was totally closed to foreigners during Soviet rule and has only recently opened up again to adventurous travellers. [...] Reminders of the Pamirs’ significant position on one of the Silk Road’s southern branches can be seen throughout the region. The 3rd-century Yamchun Fort is one of the most impressive monuments in the Wakhan Valley, which runs along the Afghan border. Built on top of a cliff, it played a key role on the Silk Road by controlling traffic, cargo and security.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-07-06): The Pamir Mountains, often shrouded in mystery and legend, have long captivated the imaginations of explorers and adventurers. These formidable peaks, with their razor-sharp ridges and deep, rocky gorges, have been seen as both unreachable and impenetrable. Their winding roads, disappearing into the clouds, have often been regarded as treacherous. Towering above the landscape, the Pamirs have witnessed the passage of Persian kings, the ancient civilization of Bactria, and the armies of Alexander the Great. The paths once traversed by Tamerlane, Babur, Marco Polo, and numerous pioneering explorers have carved a rich tapestry of history into these rugged mountains. Caravans once carried Chinese silk and precious stones like lapis lazuli and rubies, mined from these very slopes, across the perilous mountain roads. Despite modern advancements in exploration, the Pamirs continue to amaze with their breathtaking landscapes and diverse natural beauty. Every traveler who ventures into this remote region is filled with a sense of adventure, as the Pamirs reveal their secrets one stunning vista at a time. Before the Himalayas gained their global recognition, the Pamirs were often referred to as the «Roof of the World.» This awe-inspiring range is encircled by the other colossal mountains of Asia: the Himalayas, Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Gissaro-Alai, Tian Shan, and Kunlun. Stretching across the borders of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, the Pamirs offer a myriad of experiences, each unique and equally captivating.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-03): A major scandal has broken out between China, on the one hand, and Tajikistan and Russia, on the other, regarding alleged Chinese claims on the Pamir region. This past month, official outlets of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) repeatedly republished an article by Chinese historian Cho Yao Lu, who says that the entire Pamir region belonged to China at one time and consequently, he implies, Tajikistan should now or in the future return it to Beijing. Of course, such a territorial concession would dramatically change the geopolitical balance in this corner of Eurasia, affecting not only the position of the Central Asian countries but also those of neighboring Afghanistan and Western powers like the United States, whose military forces are deployed there. [...] In an article with the provocative title "Tajikistan Initiated the Transfer to China of Its Land and the Lost Mountains of the Pamir Were Returned to Their True Master," Cho Yao Lu writes that, under pressure from Russia and the United Kingdom, China lost these territories in the 19th century but was able to reclaim a portion in 2010. That year, Dushanbe and Beijing agreed on a new border that required Tajikistan to hand over to China 1,158 square kilometers of territory in the mountainous Pamir region (see EDM, January 24, 2011; see China Brief, July 29, 2011)
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-28): In 2011, Tajikistan ratified a 1999 deal (and a 2002 supplementary agreement) to cede 200 and 1,122 km2 (77 and 433 sq mi) respectively[8] of land in the Pamir Mountains to the People's Republic of China, ending a 130-year dispute. In the treaty, China also relinquished claims to over 28,000 km2 (11,000 sq mi) of Tajikistani territory.[9][10][8] The Republic of China had historically made similar claims in the area.[11][12] [better source needed] Tajik attitudes toward the boundary treaty varied significantly among different interest groups, ranging from overt opposition to overt support.[13] [...] Map of the western China-USSR border showing the Pamir area (41,000 km2 (16,000 sq mi)) claimed by China. "This section shown as 'Indefinite' on Chinese maps, 'Definite' on Russian maps. Based on 1895 Anglo-Russian treaty." (1977) [...] If we open up the Atlas of the People's Republic of China we will find that the region of the Pamir, the western extremity of Xinjiang, from the Wuzibieli [Uzbel] Pass1 to the south down to the Kekelaqukaole Peak (which the Soviet Russians call "Pavel Shveikovsky Peak") is designated as a not limited area.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-01-01): OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Tajikistan Geography Area: 143,100 sq. km. Capital: Dushanbe. Terrain: Pamir and Alay mountains dominate landscape; western Ferghana valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest. Climate: Mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir mountains. [...] GEOGRAPHY At 36'40' northern latitude and 41'14' eastern longitude, Tajikistan is nestled between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to the north and west, China to the east, and Afghanistan to the south. Tajikistan is home to some of the highest mountains in the world, including the Pamir and Alay ranges. Ninety-three percent of Tajikistan is mountainous with altitudes ranging from 1,000 feet to 27,000 feet, with nearly 50% of Tajikistan's territory above 10,000 feet. Earthquakes are of varying degrees and are frequent. The massive mountain ranges are cut by hundreds of canyons and gorges; at the bottom of these run streams which flow into larger river valleys where the majority of the country's population lives and works. The principal rivers of Central Asia, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, both flow through Tajikistan, fed by melting snow from mountains of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Flooding and landslides sometimes occur during the annual spring thaw.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2010-01-29): The Pamirs are the most famous mountain convergence zone in the world. It is the largest mountain convergence zone that was formed by the convergence of the Tianshan Mountains, the Kalakunlun Mountains, the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush Mountains and the Jierter-Sulaiman Mountains. It lies in the hinterland of Eurasia and extends across China, Tajikistan and Afghanistan with an area of more than 100,000 km2. The Pamir Mountains were created by crustal tectonics. About 60 million to 20 million years ago, the Indian continental plate subducted under the Eurasian plate and, with the effects of extrusion and uplift of the Indian plate, several huge mountains were formed. They spread from the south to the north of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and converged on the Pamirs. These mountains now radiate from the Pamirs and most of them are more than 4,000 m in height. Because of this, the Pamir Mountains are known as 'The Roof of the World'. There are suture lines resulting from the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, which occurred at the closure of the Paleo-Tethys period. The area is also an important tectonic transition zone and several tectonic boundaries converge in this area.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-04-29): East meeting West, North meeting South: since time immemorial, the Wakhan Valley, in the Pamir Mountains, has existed at the intersection of trails trodden by nomads, peddlers, pilgrims and, at times, the soldiers and emissaries of great powers. When I’d thought about traveling to see this rugged branch of the ancient Silk Road, it had seemed like an adventure to the far-flung periphery of the world. Now, as I looked around the market, taking the long view of history, it felt more like the center. [...] After the three legs of my flight from New York, armed with a visa and special permit to visit the Pamir region, I arrived in Dushanbe during a stifling week last July. The Russians gave the city a rail link west to Uzbekistan, and they paved a road east, toward Kyrgyzstan, that is known today as the Pamir Highway and increasingly draws foreign mountain bikers and motorcyclists.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Kyrgyz Republic is situated on the north-eastern part of Central Asia and in the center of Eurasia. The total area of the Republic is 187.5 thousand km² (the area of the Republic after boundary delimitation with the People’s Republic of China has been determined according to the map ‘Kyrgyz Republic’ - scale 1:500 000, (Bishkek: Goskartografia, 2004). The territory of the Republic is 900 km from West to East and 450 km from North to South. The Kyrgyz Republic is bordered by the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Uzbek Republic. It has delimited boundaries with the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan; the boundary delimitation with the Republic of Tajikistan and the Uzbek Republic has not been completed. The Kyrgyz Republic is located at the juncture of two mountain systems (the Tien Shan and the Pamirs). The highest point of the Republic is Victory Peak (7,439 m), the lowest area is a transboundary crossing of the Naryn river at 480 m above sea level. The average elevation of the territory of the Republic is 2,630 m above sea level.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-01): The Republic of Tajikistan is a landlocked country lying between latitudes 36°40'N to 41°05'N and longitudes 67°31'E to 75°14'E with an area of 143,000 kilometers square (km2). Tajikistan shares borders with Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in the north and west, China to the east, and Afghanistan to the south. Mountains occupy about 93% of the terrain, with altitudes ranging from 300 meters (m) to 7,000 m. Nearly 50% of Tajikistan's territory is at least 3,000 m above sea-level, with approximately 1,300 lakes, and the two principal rivers of Central Asia, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, both flow through the country. Glaciers, snowmelt and permafrost are important sources of water recharging the Aral Sea river basin. Geographically, Tajikistan is divided into four zones: Northern Tajikistan, Southern Tajikistan, Central Tajikistan, and the Pamirs. The western part of the country is occupied by foothills and steppes; lowland areas are found along river valleys in southwestern Tajikistan. The Pamir mountains in the east are sparsely populated, with extremely cold winters, considerable snow cover, and short summers. Tajikistan’s population and agricultural activities are concentrated in the valleys and in the western part of the country.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-19): - establishes effective and useful contacts on Scientific, research, training and agitation works with Tajik National Park "Pamir Mountains", reserve Zorkul and other protected areas of Pamirs, with state and non- state institutions in the region and beyond it, nature-oriented organizations, and public organizations involved in the protection of biodiversity, bio culture of environment and traditional culture of the people and other organizations, agencies which deal with issues of nature protection, culture, history, social and economic life of Pamirs, participates in achievement of joint projects with them, lighting historical, economic and cultural role of Pamirs in the Silk Road.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-04): In return for a debt write-off, Chinese mining companies have been granted large concessions in ecologically delicate regions, where Tajikistan’s uranium and coal reserves have lain largely untouched since the fall of the Soviet Union. The most blatant example of China’s grip on Tajikistan is the 2011 handover of 1,158 square kilometres of ‘disputed territory’ in the Pamir Mountains. The Tajik Pamirs lie in the autonomous region Gorno-Badakhshan. This vast mountainous area spans over 66 percent of the country’s total land surface, but is home to only a small fraction of its population – just 200,000 people. The best road leading there is the fabled M41, better known as the Pamir Highway. [...] China has repeatedly dismissed any suggestion of stationed personnel in Tajikistan, but recently secured military access to another Pamir Mountain base, a former Soviet army outpost. This facility is owned by Tajikistan’s special forces, but paid for by Beijing.