copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Vaccinated children are more likely to have poorer health outcomes compared to unvaccinated children (Brian Hooker, 2023-07-07)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Context: Each year 2.1 million children 19 to 35 months of age are undervaccinated. Among these are children who have received no vaccinations. Unvaccinated children are at increased risk of acquiring and transmitting vaccine-preventable diseases. [...] Results: Undervaccinated children tended to be black, to have a younger mother who was not married and did not have a college degree, to live in a household near the poverty level, and to live in a central city. Unvaccinated children tended to be white, to have a mother who was married and had a college degree, to live in a household with an annual income exceeding 75,000 dollars, and to have parents who expressed concerns regarding the safety of vaccines and indicated that medical doctors have little influence over vaccination decisions for their children. Unvaccinated children were more likely to be male than female. Annually, approximately 17,000 children were unvaccinated. The largest numbers of unvaccinated children lived in counties in California, Illinois, New York, Washington, Pennsylvania, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Utah, and Michigan. States that allowed philosophical exemptions to laws mandating vaccinations for children as they entered school had significantly higher estimated rates of unvaccinated children. Conclusions: Unvaccinated children have characteristics that are distinctly different from those of undervaccinated children. Unvaccinated children are clustered geographically, increasing the risk of transmitting vaccine-preventable diseases to both unvaccinated and undervaccinated children.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2023-01-18): Magnetic poles reversals do occur, but don’t involve the earth’s poles physically changing positions. The liquid core of the planet moves, generating variations of the magnetic field and occasionally, magnetic poles shift. There is no evidence that magnetic poles' reversal have had any influence on climate in the Earth’s history or generated the kind of extreme weather events claimed, by contrast carbon dioxide concentration has been shown to influence global climate in the past and present.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2018-01-31): Many times over our planet’s history, Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed, meaning that sometimes a compass pointing north will be aimed at Antarctica rather than the Arctic. This might sound strange, but it’s a relatively predictable quirk. Powered by the machinations of the planet’s spinning iron core, this process of geomagnetic reversal has been doing its thing without much fanfare for eons. [...] If geologic history repeats itself, Earth’s magnetic poles should eventually swap places. This much is undeniable. Based on the magnetic fingerprints locked into ancient rocks, we know that over the last 20 million years, magnetic north and south have flipped roughly every 200,000 to 300,000 years (this rate has not been constant over the planet’s lifetime, though). The last of these major reversals occurred about 780,000 years ago, although the Poles do wander around in between these larger flips. (What’s more, climate change seems to be shifting Earth’s geographic poles.) [...] Also unclear. Scientists estimate that past polar flips have been rather sluggish, with north and south migrating to opposite positions over thousands of years. This is both good and bad if you’re concerned about how a geomagnetic reversal will affect life on Earth.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2019-04-03): Some theorists suggest that having no magnetic field will open the earth's surface to dangerous solar radiation that potentially might lead to global extinction of life. However, there is currently no statistical correlation that can be pointed to in the fossil record to verify this. The last reversal occurred about 780,000 years ago, and there is no evidence to show that there were mass species extinctions at that time. Other scientists argue that the magnetic field does not vanish during reversals, but merely grows weaker for a time. Although we have at least 2,000 years to wonder about it, if a reversal were to occur today, one obvious effect would be mass disruption to communications systems. Much the way solar storms can affect satellite and radio signals, a magnetic field reversal would have the same effect, though to a much more pronounced degree. Cite this Article Format mla apa chicago Your Citation Rosenberg, Matt. "Reversal of the Earth's Magnetic Poles." ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/what-is-magnetic-reversal-1435340. Rosenberg, Matt. (2023, April 5). Reversal of the Earth's Magnetic Poles. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-magnetic-reversal-1435340 Rosenberg, Matt. "Reversal of the Earth's Magnetic Poles." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-magnetic-reversal-1435340 (accessed October 9, 2024). copy citation
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2019-08-07): In a study published today in Science Advances, researchers report a new estimated timeline of the last polarity reversal, named the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal, which happened around 780,000 years ago. Using a combination of lava samples, ocean sediments and ice cores, they were able to track the progression of this reversal and demonstrate that its pattern was longer and more complex than suggested by previous models. The findings could enable better understanding of how our planet’s magnetic environment evolves and hopefully guide predictions for the next major disturbance. "[Polarity reversal] is one of the few geophysical phenomena that is truly global," says Brad Singer, professor of geoscience at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and lead author of the study. "It’s a process that gets started in the deepest parts of the Earth, but it manifests itself in rocks across the entire surface of the planet and effects the atmosphere in pretty important ways. … If we can establish chronology for the timing of reversals, we have markers that we can use to date rocks all over the planet and know common time points around the entire Earth." [...] Over the last 2.6 million years, Earth’s magnetic field flipped 10 times and nearly flipped more than 20 times during events called excursions. Some researchers believe polarity reversals are caused by a disturbance in the balance between Earth’s rotation and the temperature at the core, which alters the fluid motion of the liquid iron, but the exact process remains a mystery.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2021-02-18): An ancient, well-preserved tree that was alive the last time the Earth's magnetic poles flipped has helped scientists pin down more precise timing of that event, which occurred about 42,000 years ago. This new information has led them to link the flipping of the poles to key moments in the prehistoric record, like the sudden appearance of cave art and the mysterious extinction of large mammals and the Neanderthals. They argue that the weakening of the Earth's magnetic field would have briefly transformed the world by altering its climate and allowing far more ultraviolet light to pour in. [...] Sometimes, for reasons scientists do not fully understand, the magnetic field becomes unstable and its north and south poles can flip. The last major reversal, though it was short-lived, happened around 42,000 years ago.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2024-02-20): When Earth’s magnetic poles flip it could be "chaos" for future humans [...] One of the most interesting discoveries about Earth in the past few decades concerns the Earth’s magnetic poles. Paleomagnetic records show that the poles have flipped places 183 times in the last 83 million years. That’s about every 450,000 years on average, though there were ten million years between flips in at least two cases. [...] When the poles flip, scientists call it a geomagnetic reversal, and the last one happened about 780,000 years ago. It takes between 2,000 and 7,000 years for the poles to reverse. The evidence is contained in magnetic minerals inside rocks. Magnetic minerals record the strength and direction of Earth’s magnetic fields when they’re locked in place, either as sediments or in magma. The study of magnetism in Earth’s ancient rocks is called paleomagnetism.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2024-02-20): Earth's magnetic north and south poles have flip-flopped many times in our planet's history—most recently, around 780,000 years ago. Geophysicists who study the magnetic field have long thought that the poles may be getting ready to switch again, and based on new data, it might happen earlier than anyone anticipated. [...] Geophysicists do not yet fully understand the process of geomagnetic reversals, but they agree that our planet's field is like a dipole magnet. Earth's center consists of an inner core of solid iron and an outer core of liquid iron, a strong electrical conductor. The liquid iron in the outer core is buoyant, and as it heats near the inner core, it rises, cools off and then sinks. Earth's rotation twists this moving iron liquid and generates a self-perpetuating magnetic field with north and south poles. [...] It is hard to know how a geomagnetic reversal would impact our modern-day civilization, but it is unlikely to spell disaster. Although the field provides essential protection from the sun's powerful radiation, fossil records reveal no mass extinctions or increased radiation damage during past reversals. A flip could possibly interfere with power grids and communications systems—external magnetic field disturbances have burned out transformers and caused blackouts in the past. But Glatzmaier is not worried. "A thousand years from now we probably won't have power lines," he says. "We'll have advanced so much that we'll almost certainly have the technology to cope with a magnetic-field reversal."
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2018-12-07): Earth’s magnetic poles could start to flip. What happens then? [...] For a polarity reversal to occur, the magnetic field needs to weaken by about 90% to a threshold level. This process can take thousands of years, and during this time, the lack of a protective magnetic shield around our planet allows more cosmic rays – high-energy particles from elsewhere in the universe – to hit us. [...] ‘In some simulations you see features like the SAA growing during a pole reversal,’ he said. ‘It’s not necessarily the case, but it wouldn’t be a surprise if something like this was involved in a magnetic reversal.’
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2023-05-18): Earth’s magnetic field is generated by the convection of molten iron in the planet’s core, around 1,800 miles (2896 km) beneath our feet. This superheated liquid generates electric currents that in turn produce electromagnetic fields. While the processes that drive pole reversal are comparatively less understood, computer simulations of planetary dynamics show that the reversals arise spontaneously. This is supported by observation of the Sun’s magnetic field, which reverses approximately every 11 years. Our own magnetic field came into existence at least 4 billion years ago, and Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed many times since then. Over the last 2.6 million years alone, the magnetic field switched ten times — and, because the most recent occurred a whopping 780,000 years ago, some scientists believe we are overdue for another. But reversals are not predictable and are certainly not periodic. [...] Regardless, the seriousness of a magnetic reversal will depend on how long the reversal takes to complete. If it slowly shifts for many thousands of years, it is possible that migratory creatures, and mankind as well, will be able to adapt. In the meantime, we have much to learn about what is happening deep within our planet.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2024-05-07): Historically, the North Pole has moved at about 15 kilometres per year. But since the 1990s it has sped up, and now is moving at about 55 kilometres per year towards Siberia. It is speculation, but this might foreshadow a ‘magnetic reversal’ in which the magnetic north and south poles change locations. This has happened 171 times in the past 71 million years – and we are overdue a flip. [...] Scientists discovered magnetic reversals by measuring the magnetic field on either side of mid-Atlantic ridges from which molten rock is extruded like toothpaste from a tube. As it solidifies, its crystals align along the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field at the time, leaving a ‘tape recording’ of reversals. Reversals are believed to take place over 1,000 to 10,000 years, during which time the field shrinks to zero before growing again with the opposite polarity. There were therefore times – maybe even centuries – when the Earth had essentially no magnetic field.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2022-10-07): A flip-flop of Earth’s magnetic poles between 42,000 and 41,000 years ago briefly but dramatically shrank the magnetic field’s strength — and may have triggered a cascade of environmental crises on Earth, a new study suggests. With the help of new, precise carbon dating obtained from ancient tree fossils, the researchers correlated shifts in climate patterns, large mammal extinctions and even changes in human behavior just before and during the Laschamps excursion, a brief reversal of the magnetic poles that lasted less than a thousand years. It’s the first study to directly link a magnetic pole reversal to large-scale environmental changes, the team reports in the Feb. 19 Science. [...] Surprisingly, the most intense effects did not occur during the actual pole reversal, the team found, but in the several hundred years leading up to it, spanning about 42,300 to 41,600 years ago. During the actual reversal, the field was only about 28 percent as strong as it is today. But during that transitional period, field strength shrank to about 6 percent of its current strength. The researchers dubbed this the "Adams Transitional Geomagnetic Event" — for Douglas Adams, author of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy series. Adams is often associated with the number 42, said in his books to be the answer to "the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2024-08-27): References [edit]- ^ Johnson, Scott K. (11 August 2019). "The last magnetic pole flip saw 22,000 years of weirdness – When the Earth's magnetic poles trade places, they take a while to get sorted". Ars Technica. Retrieved 11 August 2019. [...] - ^ Science, Passant; Rabie (August 7, 2019). "Earth's Last Magnetic-Pole Flip Took Much Longer Than We Thought". Space.com. Retrieved August 8, 2019. [...] External links [edit]- Is it true that the Earth's magnetic field is about to flip? physics.org, accessed 8 January 2019 - Pole Reversal Happens All The (Geologic) Time NASA, accessed 1 March 2022
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2023-06-15): CLAIM: Shifts in the planet’s magnetic poles involve the earth doing a 90° flip, with the planet remaining still for 6 days. During this short period, cataclysmic events happen, involving heat, wind, floods, and climate change. [...] In a recent podcast episode, Comedian and Ultimate Fighting Championship commentator Joe Rogan and YouTuber Jimmy Corsetti talked about the so-called "Adam and Eve" theory. Even though this theory has no support in science, as we will show below, Corsetti and Rogan discussed it as if it were credible. Corsetti appears to believe that when magnetic poles reverse, the Earth flips over itself and stops rotating for six days. Corsetti also claimed that the next reversal should happen in a very near future, and that it would be cataclysmic. A clip from this interview was viewed over twenty millions times on TikTok, and several other clips were widely shared on social media. [...] The "Adam and Eve" theory laid out in the interview suggests that magnetic poles’ reversal includes the Earth doing a "flip", involving North and South poles physically changing positions. In reality, no scientific evidence indicates that the Earth ever performed such flips. This claim is extremely implausible, as there is hardly anything that could flip the Earth in such a way, apart from a collision with planets or other astronomical bodies.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2024-01-22): Every so often, Earth's magnetic poles completely flip. What causes this to happen? And how do these reversals affect life on Earth? [...] Paleomagnetic studies have shown that polarity reversals of Earth's magnetic field are not periodic and cannot be predicted. This is largely because of the behavior of the mechanisms that are responsible for it. [...] How do magnetic pole reversals affect life on Earth?
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2021-08-03): During a pole reversal, Earth’s magnetic north and south poles swap locations. While that may sound like a big deal, pole reversals are common in Earth’s geologic history. Paleomagnetic records tell us Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed 183 times in the last 83 million years, and at least several hundred times in the past 160 million years. The time intervals between reversals have fluctuated widely, but average about 300,000 years, with the last one taking place about 780,000 years ago. During a pole reversal, the magnetic field weakens, but it doesn’t completely disappear. The magnetosphere, together with Earth’s atmosphere, continue protecting Earth from cosmic rays and charged solar particles, though there may be a small amount of particulate radiation that makes it down to Earth’s surface. The magnetic field becomes jumbled, and multiple magnetic poles can emerge in unexpected places. [...] Plant and animal fossils from the period of the last major pole reversal don’t show any big changes. Deep ocean sediment samples indicate glacial activity was stable. In fact, geologic and fossil records from previous reversals show nothing remarkable, such as doomsday events or major extinctions.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2023-11-28): It may even indicate the beginning of a field reversal – a "flip" between the north and south magnetic poles. I'm a physicist who studies the interaction between the planets and space. While the north magnetic pole moving a little bit isn't a big deal, a reversal could have a big impact on Earth's climate and our modern technology. But these reversals don't happen instantaneously. Instead, they occur over thousands of years. [...] The Earth's magnetic field reverses on time scales that vary between 100,000 to 1,000,000 years. Scientists can tell how often the magnetic field reverses by looking at volcanic rocks in the ocean.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2004-09-27): Earth's magnetic field has flipped many times over the last billion years, according to the geologic record. But only in the past decade have scientists developed and evolved a computer model to demonstrate how these reversals occur. [...] Our planet's magnetic field reverses about once every 200,000 years on average. However, the time between reversals is highly variable. The last time Earth's magnetic field flipped was 780,000 years ago, according to the geologic record of Earth's polarity. [...] These bits of a pole reversal are referred to as instabilities. They constantly occur in the fluid flow of the core, tracking through it like little hurricanes, though at a much slower pace—about one degree of latitude per year.
Claim: Magnetic poles reversals involve the Earth flipping vertically and momentarily stopping its rotation, causing cataclysmic events during 6 days. (Joe Rogan & Jimmy Corsetti, 2023-01-18)
Evidence (2024-02-20): We know from magnetic records locked in rocks that the Earth's magnetic field has reversed many times in the past. We don't really know why but we have some theories that are being borne out in mathematical models. We also know that the magnetic field of the sun reverses as well-- every 11 years, whereas the Earth's reverses irregularly. The last geomagnetic reversal for Earth was about 780,000 years ago. The historic reversal rate for Earth seems to be once every few hundred thousand years, but it has varied widely; on at least two occasions, the field has maintained one polarity for tens of millions of years. [...] The simulation yielded relatively long periods, when the field was roughly aligned with the rotation axis, that were separated by a rapid flipping of the poles. During this simulated reversal, the non-dipole field became dominant. Attempts are now underway to determine the morphology of the transitional fields during reversals. And it is hoped that these results will inspire still more realistic models and a better understanding of the working of the geodynamo.