copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2020-08-19): The rate of global-mean sea-level rise since 1900 has varied over time, but the contributing factors are still poorly understood1. Previous assessments found that the summed contributions of ice-mass loss, terrestrial water storage and thermal expansion of the ocean could not be reconciled with observed changes in global-mean sea level, implying that changes in sea level or some contributions to those changes were poorly constrained2,3. Recent improvements to observational data, our understanding of the main contributing processes to sea-level change and methods for estimating the individual contributions, mean another attempt at reconciliation is warranted. Here we present a probabilistic framework to reconstruct sea level since 1900 using independent observations and their inherent uncertainties. The sum of the contributions to sea-level change from thermal expansion of the ocean, ice-mass loss and changes in terrestrial water storage is consistent with the trends and multidecadal variability in observed sea level on both global and basin scales, which we reconstruct from tide-gauge records. Ice-mass loss—predominantly from glaciers—has caused twice as much sea-level rise since 1900 as has thermal expansion. Mass loss from glaciers and the Greenland Ice Sheet explains the high rates of global sea-level rise during the 1940s, while a sharp increase in water impoundment by artificial reservoirs is the main cause of the lower-than-average rates during the 1970s. The acceleration in sea-level rise since the 1970s is caused by the combination of thermal expansion of the ocean and increased ice-mass loss from Greenland. Our results reconcile the magnitude of observed global-mean sea-level rise since 1900 with estimates based on the underlying processes, implying that no additional processes are required to explain the observed changes in sea level since 1900.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2021-09-21): Global mean sea level encompasses several processes and climatic systems. Global mean sea level rise is comprised of the change in the sea water volume due to global temperature rise (the thermosteric component) and the change in sea water mass (the barystatic component). The latter is the sum of the melting of ice sheets (Antarctica, Greenland), glaciers and of the input to the sea of terrestrial water storage (e.g., Gregory et al., 2019; Frederikse et al., 2020). Sea level rise poses a significant threat to low lying islands, coasts and communities around the world through inundations, the erosion of coastlines and the contamination of freshwater reserves and foodcrops (Oppenheimer et al., 2019).
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2023-07-14): As a consequence of rising temperatures leading to thermal expansion of oceans, loss of ice sheets and glaciers, and variations in land water storage1, global mean sea-level (GMSL) has risen by 20 cm from 1901 to 20182. GMSL is projected to increase faster in the future3, possibly exceeding a 2 m rise in 21004. A growing body of literature indicates that sea-level rise (SLR) threatens low-lying coastal and estuarine zones worldwide5, which may have nearly 1 billion inhabitants by 20306, through a range of hazards and impacts including more frequent and/or intense coastal flooding7,8,9,10, degradation/loss of habitats/ecosystems11,12 including islands13,14 and coral reefs15, coastal erosion and shoreline changes16,17, and salinisation of surface water and groundwater18,19,20. These hazards and impacts, in turn, can damage economic assets, urban and coastal infrastructure, and coastal tourism21,22,23,24,25, influence and induce human migration26,27, impact the livelihoods and safety of vulnerable coastal populations28,29, threaten heritage sites30,31, and even jeopardise renewable energy plans32,33. [...] Oppenheimer, M. et al. Sea level rise and implications for low lying islands, coasts and communities. In IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2019). [...] Nicholls, R. J. et al. Sea-level rise and its possible impacts given a ‘beyond 4 C world’in the twenty-first century. Philos. Transac. Royal Soc. A: Mathem. Phys. Eng. Sci.369, 161–181 (2011).
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2022-01-20): Sea-level rise is also affected by processes acting on a local scale (∼10 km or less) such as ocean and coastal dynamic (geomorphological) processes (Zhang et al., 2017). Of particular relevance to coastal risk management are changes in the frequency and height of sea-level extremes, for instance from tides, storm surges or waves and their combinations, including mean SLR (Allison et al., 2021). Although these processes typically occur on short timescales (hours to days) and only have a local to regional effect on the coast, their impacts are magnified by long-term SLR (Oppenheimer et al., 2019). There is also evidence that tide and surge propagation is being affected by SLR, as well as human modifications to bathymetry, and this has the potential to enhance extreme events more than SLR alone (Arns et al., 2015; Haigh et al., 2020; Talke and Jay, 2020). Further, such extreme events cause most floods and damage, so stakeholders strongly focus on adaptation to them while often raising the consideration of adaptation to mean SLR as well (e.g., Rosenzweig et al., 2011; Ranger et al., 2013). Adding appropriate allowance, Figure 1 summarizes crucial processes influencing change in sea level and their associated spatial and temporal scales.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2018-07-19): Flawed Reasoning: Singer cherry-picks an arbitrary time period (1915-1945) and a single estimate of sea level rise published 28 years ago to inaccurately claim that sea level rise has not accelerated. He then incorrectly concludes that this means global temperature does not affect sea level rise. [...] This claim is against the basic laws of physics—warming causes thermal expansion of sea water and thereby sea-level rise, full stop. This is true regardless of whether this effect can be detected in a cherry-picked short time interval with poor data quality. There is a clear relationship between the accelerating rate of sea-level rise and the increasing global temperature, which is shown in this post (including the figure below).
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2020-09-01): When atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase, radiation into Earth’s surface increases causing temperatures to rise. This is because a larger amount of the heat radiated by the Earth’s surface is being trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. But the extent of this CO2-induced surface warming depends on how much is balanced by localised factors that cause cooling – namely, cooling caused by evaporation and cooling due to the exchange of dry heat between the land surface and the air above it. (The atmospheric warming caused by the latter also tends to inhibit cloud formation and, thus, can cause further drying of the land surface.) [...] What our equation shows is that the response of land temperature to climate change depends on two factors: ocean warming and how dry the land is in today’s climate.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2024-05-29): The effects of CO₂ pollution on the ocean can be grouped into two large categories: thermal stress and chemical stress. [...] All this excess heat going into the ocean is literally unraveling the fabric of the system. Warmer ocean water holds less oxygen; already, there has been about a 2% average decrease in dissolved oxygen throughout the ocean. Warmer upper layers of the ocean inhibit mixing with the middle layer of the ocean, which is a primary exchange system that brings nutrients into the global food web. These warmer waters expand, and that expansion is causing a significant portion of the sea-level rise that coastal ecosystems and communities have been experiencing. Warmer waters also lead to marine heat waves that decimate coral reefs; we have already lost more than half of the Earth’s tropical coral reefs primarily due to heating and bleaching. In addition, warmer waters are driving species that can migrate to do so; their move toward cooler water is leading to large-scale migrations of fish stocks poleward. And warmer waters mean less Arctic sea ice, which has functioned like a planetary air conditioning system that we all depend on. [...] These two systemwide threats to the ocean—thermal and chemical stress caused by CO₂ pollution—outweigh, in terms of their ultimate risk, anything else that we have done or are doing to the ocean. The threats are also growing and will continue to do so as atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases increase.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2016-09-01): Warming temperatures contribute to sea level rise by: expanding ocean water; melting mountain glaciers and ice caps; and causing portions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to melt or flow into the ocean.Since 1870, global sea level has risen by about 7.5 inches.[2] Estimates of future sea level rise vary for different regions, but global sea level for the next century is expected to rise at a greater rate than during the past 50 years.[2] Studies project global sea level to rise by another 1 to 4 feet by 2100, with an uncertainty range of 0.66 to 6.6 feet.[1] [...] Regional and local factors will influence future relative sea level rise for specific coastlines around the world. For example, relative sea level rise depends on land elevation changes that occur as a result of subsidence (sinking) or uplift (rising). Assuming that these historical geological forces continue, a 2-foot rise in global sea level by 2100 would result in the following relative sea level rise:- 2.3 feet at New York City - 2.9 feet at Hampton Roads, Virginia - 3.5 feet at Galveston, Texas - 1 foot at Neah Bay in Washington state Relative sea level rise also depends on local changes in currents, winds, salinity, and water temperatures, as well as proximity to thinning ice sheets.[2]
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2015-10-19): This point actually seems to be closely in line with Goklany’s thinking. Just as climate change is not a major (negative) driver of human wellbeing, CO2 has not been a major (positive) driver, either. Human agency remains paramount. [...] - The brief treatment of sea level focuses on the differences among recent records (in particular, whether there is evidence for acceleration of sea level rise during recent decades), but ignores the fact that current, measured rates – whichever set of data you use – are much higher than rates recorded geologically for any period the 10,000 years or so, prior to 1700. He implies that the continuing sea level rise is not due to anthropogenic climate change but rather to some other, previous climate change. This is not consistent with the evidence. And sea level rise matters, because of the huge investments that will be needed to protect populous coastal cities. Some investment will be needed anyway, but it would be perverse in the extreme to make climate policy without taking account of the economic consequences of sea level rise.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2020-10-12): Sea Level – The report’s authors find that even if the temperature increase is limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius, sea level will continue to rise, as heat already stored in the oceans from human-produced warming causes them to expand. [...] Ocean Temperatures, Acidity, Oxygen Levels — Limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius would reduce increases in ocean temperature and associated increases in ocean acidity and decreases in oxygen levels, which pose significant risks to marine biodiversity, fisheries and ecosystems, the report finds. The oceans will become more acidic due to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide at 1.5 degrees warming that will become even higher at 2 degrees warming, negatively impacting a broad range of species, from algae to fish. Ocean oxygen levels will also decrease, leading to more "dead zones," areas where normal ocean waters are replaced by waters with low oxygen levels that won’t support most aquatic life.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2019-12-14): With regards to sea level rise, recent U.S. national assessment reports have included a worst-case sea level rise scenario for the 21st century of 2.5 m. Extreme estimates of sea level rise rely on RCP8.5 and climate model simulations that are on average running too hot relative to the uncertainty range of ECS. The most extreme scenarios of 21st century sea level rise are based on speculative and poorly understood physical processes that are hypothesized to accelerate the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. However, recent research indicates that these processes are very unlikely to influence sea level rise in the 21st century. To date, in most of the locations that are most vulnerable to sea level rise, local sinking from geological processes and land use has dominated over sea level rise from global warming.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2021-03-26): Dirtydave Posted March 6, 2021 Share Posted March 6, 2021 It is definitely not required to have CO2 to have healthy plants 90 percent of the time.Cory would be the first to say and has said it countless. I have no CO2 and my tanks are jungles.Have fun Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2021-09-15): Wall Street Journal commentary grossly misleads readers about science of sea level rise in The Wall Street Journal, by Fred Singer — 18 May 2018 "The article has almost nothing to do with the modern state of sea-level science. The author tries to call into question that global warming causes sea-level rise, and does so by c.. [...] Fred Singer incorrectly claims sea level rise is not caused by climate change
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2021-02-25): With CO2 and other greenhouse gases, it’s different. Carbon dioxide, for example, absorbs energy at a variety of wavelengths between 2,000 and 15,000 nanometers — a range that overlaps with that of infrared energy. As CO2 soaks up this infrared energy, it vibrates and re-emits the infrared energy back in all directions. About half of that energy goes out into space, and about half of it returns to Earth as heat, contributing to the ‘greenhouse effect.’ [...] As carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases heat up the planet, more water evaporates into the atmosphere, which in turn raises the temperature further. However, a hypothetical villain would not be able to exacerbate climate change by trying to pump more water vapor into the atmosphere, says Smerdon. "It would all rain out because temperature determines how much moisture can actually be held by the atmosphere." [...] It’s like watering your garden with a firehose. Even though plants absorb water, they can only do so at a set rate, and if you keep running the firehose, your yard is going to flood. Currently our atmosphere and ocean are flooded with CO2, and we can see that the carbon sinks can’t keep up because the concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere and oceans are rising quickly.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2017-04-04): Scientists can track these earlier natural changes in climate by examining ice cores drilled from Greenland and Antarctica, which provide evidence about conditions as far back as 800,000 years ago. The ice cores have shown that rising CO2 levels and rising temperatures are closely linked. [...] The number of record-breaking hot temperatures in the U.S. is on the rise. Oceans are the warmest they have been in a half-century; the top layer is warming about 0.2˚F per decade. The oceans are also 30 percent more acidic than they were at the start of the Industrial Revolution because they are absorbing more CO2. Global sea levels rose an average of 6.7 inches in the last century, and in the last 10 years, have risen almost twice as fast. [...] "There are lot of things that we’re absolutely certain about," said de Menocal. "We’re absolutely certain carbon dioxide is rising in the atmosphere. We’re absolutely certain it’s warming the planet and we’re absolutely certain that it’s acidifying the oceans."
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2021-08-09): Many characteristics of climate change directly depend on the level of global warming, but what people experience is often very different to the global average. For example, warming over land is larger than the global average, and it is more than twice as high in the Arctic. [...] - Changes to the ocean, including warming, more frequent marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, and reduced oxygen levels have been clearly linked to human influence. These changes affect both ocean ecosystems and the people that rely on them, and they will continue throughout at least the rest of this century. [...] The report also shows that human actions still have the potential to determine the future course of climate. The evidence is clear that carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main driver of climate change, even as other greenhouse gases and air pollutants also affect the climate.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2023-05-15): The answer: There is a common misconception that sea level change comes only from ice attached to land, and not from floating sea ice. Although that is mostly true, it turns out that there is an effect, even if it is minor. [...] "The effect of water going into the ocean or fresh water going into the ocean is not just on sea level," he said. "It also changes the stratification; it also changes potentially the carbon dioxide uptake and the temperature trends." [...] These factors should be included in the broader discussion of sea level, he said, and he hopes new climate models will reflect the details of ocean-ice shelf interactions, particularly in Antarctica.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2 (Fred Singer, 2018-07-19)
Evidence (2010-03-17): Happer, for example, says that climate-change advocates ignore the fact that there have been several periods, including the last 10 years, in which there has been no warming, and that temperatures in fact cooled during the period from roughly 1940 to 1970. Sea levels are indeed rising, he also says, but they have been rising since the end of the last Ice Age, and there is no evidence that the rate is increasing. Suckewer adds that his own research has convinced him that human activity has little to do with rising CO2 levels, much of which is caused by water vapor and ocean currents. Those forces, he says, are so vast, complex, and imperfectly understood that efforts to "fix" them would be folly. [...] One more crucial observation is that rising sea levels are almost certainly not the most immediate threat implied by the current dynamics within the world meteorological system. Much more devastating would be more frequent and violent weather events, severe multiyear shifts in rainfall patterns producing destructive floods or droughts, collapse of ecosystems upon which human populations depend, and the interruption of the flow of major ocean currents due to buildup of fresh water on the surface of the oceans. Any or all of the above could occur without any major shift in the mean values of any "key variable" such as CO2 emissions.
Claim: AIDS was cured in more than a dozen patients (Alfredo Bowman, 2019-04-01)
Evidence (2019-04-01): There is currently no effective cure for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the chronic and potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Claims of curing AIDS via an alkaline food diet are unsupported by scientific evidence and potentially harmful.
Claim: AIDS was cured in more than a dozen patients (Alfredo Bowman, 2019-04-01)
Evidence (2024-07-25): In 2007, Timothy Brown, the so-called first Berlin patient, was the first person to be considered cured of HIV. He underwent a stem cell transplant to treat leukaemia from a donor carrying a rare genetic mutation CCR5-delta 32, which is known to provide genetic resistance to HIV – making his reconstituted immune cells (CD4 cells) unable to be infected with HIV. [...] "The second Berlin patient confirms that we are moving in the right direction, but we have to support more research before long-term HIV remission or HIV cure becomes a reality for people living with HIV," said Dr Meg Doherty, Director of WHO Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes. "While we are very excited about this next case of potential HIV cure, we recognize that to achieve the goal of ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030, the global HIV response must continue to promote HIV testing, expand effective ART coverage, and focus on reaching the people most affected and at greatest risk."
Claim: AIDS was cured in more than a dozen patients (Alfredo Bowman, 2019-04-01)
Evidence (2023-03-17): In the past 20 years, a handful of people have been cured of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, through intensive medical procedures. Several more people have received the treatment and also appear to be HIV-free, but it's too soon to definitively declare these patients cured. For now, they're described as being in long-term remission, and their cases are considered "possible" cures. All these patients received stem cell transplants, with cells collected either from adult bone marrow or from umbilical cord blood. [...] All of the people cured and potentially cured of HIV have been treated with stem cell transplants. In addition to being HIV-positive, all the patients had some form of cancer, typically acute myeloid leukemia or Hodgkin's lymphoma. These cancers affect white blood cells, a key component of the immune system, and can be treated with stem cell transplants.
Claim: AIDS was cured in more than a dozen patients (Alfredo Bowman, 2019-04-01)
Evidence (2021-11-16): Researchers say they have found a second patient whose body seemingly had rid itself of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS – supporting hope that it may be possible someday to find a way to cure more people of the virus. [...] "A sterilizing cure for HIV has previously only been observed in two patients who received a highly toxic bone marrow transplant. Our study shows that such a cure can also be reached during natural infection – in the absence of bone marrow transplants (or any type of treatment at all)," Dr. Xu Yu, of the Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, who was an author of the study, wrote in an email to CNN on Monday.