copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Disputed status of Olivenza refers to a dispute between Portugal and Spain over the territory on the border of those two states known as Olivenza (Olivença in Portuguese). The area has been under Spanish control since the War of Oranges in 1801, but it is not recognized by Portugal. The dispute for Olivenza was old. It is located on the frontier between the two Iberian countries in Upper Alentejo (Alto Alentejo), on the left bank of the Rio Guadiana, neighbor to Elvas and 24 km to the south of Badajoz. An area of much litigation and conflict since the thirteenth century, the bridge that linked the two sides of the frontier was destroyed during the War of the Spanish Succession in 1709. The declaration of war between the two countries in 1801 led to the Spanish occupation of Olivenza, confirmed by the Treaty of Badajoz in the same year. The Franco-Spanish project of occupying and dividing Portugal resulted in the Portuguese royal family going to the Portuguese territory of Brazil, while the agreements made with the English resulted in Spanish control being maintained. Despite the recognition in the Treaty of Vienna of Portuguese rights to the territory of Olivenza, it remained as part of Spain after the Bourbon restoration. [...] Read more about Disputed Status Of Olivenza: Claims, Notability
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-19): Olivenza is a beautiful white town in Extremadura on a Portuguese flavor. The whitewash of the rustic but modern houses contrasts with the bare stone of the medieval remains. It is undoubtedly a quiet place along with a strong local character, drawn through the centuries by the vicissitudes of its surprising history. Olivenza is a municipality that was founded by the Order of the Temple in the 13th century. Because it is on the Spanish-Portuguese border, it has changed sides on some occasions between those two countries. This fact has provoked some diplomatic confrontations between them in the past. Nowadays, there are still irredentist movements that through propaganda and cultural activity try to move the Portuguese authorities to claim the territory of Olivenza from Spain. [...] Olivenza is in between Extremadura and Alentejo. In it you learn about the diversity of Spain, listening to its countrymen and their accents. We visited Olivenza on a cloudy winter day, where the first drops of a brief storm were beginning to fall. People ran to get into the church for the mass at twelve while we looked for a bar to drink coffee. Finding it, I stopped just before entering to look across the street. The Portuguese design of the town hall door captivated me, even more for being in Spanish territory than for the undeniable beauty of its Portuguese style. Petrified, I began to take pictures outdoors while the rain intensified. A neighbor came up to ask me if I was Portuguese with a plastic bag on his head as an umbrella. And he shrugged when I told him no, I’m Spanish.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-07): Olivenza is a town located in southwestern Spain, near the Portuguese border, on a historically disputed section of the Portugal – Spain border. Its territory is administered by Spain as a municipality belonging to the province of Badajoz, and to the wider autonomous community of Extremadura. In 1964, Olivenza became one of the first municipalities in the province of Badajoz that earned a heritage protection status of conjunto histórico-artístico for their historic cores. The report for the declaration cited that the city of Olivenza, "surrounded by a beautiful landscape of pasture and farmland, dominated by the imposing castle’s keep", "offers a number of buildings, enclosures and places of notable importance in the monumental aspect". [...] Medieval Citadel and Alcazar. Olivenza’s fortress or castle preserves thick 14th-century walls, without battlements. The towers retain their machicolations. The keep, built in the reign of Alfonso IV of Portugal, son of D. Dinis, and reinforced in 1488 by order of Juan II of Portugal, measures 36 m high and 18 m on the side and has three floors, of which highlights the decoration of the latter. It is accessed by 17 ramps with a vaulted roof.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-04): Olivenza (or Olivença) is a small town in Extremadura that’s part of a border dispute between Spain and Portugal. The town is in Spain, but Portugal says it’s rightfully theirs. [...] Although the Guadiana River presents a natural border separating Spain and Portugal, Olivenza, which is another 14 km inland, was part of Portugal from 1297 until 1801. [...] According to Spain, the Treaty of Badajoz has never been revoked and so Olivenza is in Spain. According to Portugal, the treaty was automatically revoked when Spain invaded Portugal in the Peninsular War of 1807 as this broke the terms of the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal also makes the case that Article 105 of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 says that Spain must return Olivenza to Portugal
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-21): Olivenza is a town near the border of Portugal and Spain. Spain controls it but Portugal does not recognize it as Spanish. Unlike other disputes around the world such as Gibraltar in Spain vs UK, it does not seem to be brought up nor does it sour relations between the two countries. Why is this? Is it because it is of less significance than others due to both countries being in Schengen, EU and NATO? [...] The issue is several centuries old. No living people, not even their grandfathers, were born in Portuguese Olivenza. [...] There is basically no claim of Portugal based on nationality of Olivenza citizens. According to wikipedia "In the beginning of 2018, the number of residents with Portuguese nationality is around 800 (6% of the town's population)".
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-23): I remember having read about how Olivenza was a small town in Portugal until it was conquered by the Spanish about 200 years ago and had remained under their control ever since; that the people here were Portuguese, as were their names, their architecture, their food and their language; and that the only thing Spanish here was the government they paid their taxes to and whose law they had to abide by. I found it shocking to think that this little piece of Portugal existed, under Spanish control, just along the Sp[ain-Portugal border](https://www.livetheworld.com/post/juromenha-an-abandoned-fort-from-a-forgotten-world-2mlr). So when I finally found myself within the region, I knew I would have to stop by and see for myself what it was like. [...] Although most of the local people seem to have become almost completely Spanish by now, many of the elderly people in town still speak Portuguese and recall memories of their grandparents speaking it as a first language. In 2010, in an effort to preserve the town's Portuguese past, the original Portuguese street names were returned to Olivenza and are now seen on every street. Portugal still claims the town as their own territory, but the dispute is a 'friendly' one and relations between the two nations are better than ever. It looks therefore as if Olivenza will remain Spanish but without doubt, its Portuguese heritage will live on forever.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-19): Olivenza is a walled city of Templar origin located less than 30 kilometers south of Badajoz, on the eastern margin of the Guadiana river, a place that has always been halfway between the rule of the Spanish and the Portuguese. [...] Olivenza It is a municipality that includes several villages such as Saint George of Alor, which stands out for its Alentejo-influenced chimney, Villarreal de Olivenza, with its connection to Guadiana, San Benito de la Contienda, where better Portuguese is spoken. [...] When in 1297 it was integrated into Portugal, Olivenza gains great relevance due to its border position and, above all, for being on the right bank of the Guadiana, since we must remember that the rest of Portugal is on the left bank.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-06): Olivença (Spanish: Olivenza) is a territory disputed by Portugal and Spain. The territory was under Portuguese rule between 1297 (Treaty of Alcañices) and 1801. Then, it was occupied and ruled by Spain. After the Napoleonic Wars, Spain promised to give Olivença back to Portugal. It still has not done this to this day. Portugal does not recognize the Spanish rule of the Olivença/Olivenza territory. Therefore, the border between Portugal and Spain in the Olivença/Olivenza region has never been defined. Olivença/Olivenza territory is 750 Km2 in area.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The origin of Olivença is linked to the Christian reconquest of the border region near Elvas by the Knights Templar from the Kingdom of Portugal, around the year 1230. In this territory, the Order established the commandery of Oliventia, erecting a temple to Santa Maria and building a castle. By the end of the century, through the Treaty of Alcanizes signed in 1297 between King D. Dinis and Fernando IV of Castile, Olivença would be formally incorporated into Portugal forever, along with Campo Maior, Ouguela, and the territories of Riba-Côa, in exchange for Aroche and Aracena. [...] «The Powers, recognizing the justice of the claims of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal and Brazil, upon the town of Olivença, and the other territories ceded to Spain by the Treaty of Badajoz of 1801, and viewing the restitution of the same as a measure necessary to insure that perfect and constant harmony between the two kingdoms of the Peninsula, the preservation of which in all parts of Europe, has been the constant object of their arrangements, formally engage to use their utmost endeavours, by amicable means, to procure the retrocession of the said territories, in favour of Portugal. And the Powers declare, as far as depends upon them, that this arrangement shall take place as soon as possible».
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Olivenza, a merge of Spain and Portugal [...] As a frontier zone, Olivenza has many defensive buildings and castles scattered in many towns or isolated in mountain ranges all arround the Olivenza city. [...] You can taste in Olivenza a delicious dessert called Tecula-Mecula, among other delicious dishes and foods of this beautiful land.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-21): Olivenza – The Spanish-Portuguese border town with a shared history and heritage [...] Olivenza (Spanish) or Olivença (Portuguese) is a town located in southwestern Spain, near the Portuguese border, on a historically disputed section of the Portugal–Spain border. [...] The town of Olivenza was under Portuguese sovereignty almost continuously between 1297 (Treaty of Alcañices) and 1801, when it was occupied by Spain during the War of the Oranges and ceded that year under the Treaty of Badajoz.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-12): To have that discussion, Spain should return a territory it has held illegally for 211 years: the town of Olivença (Olivenza in Spanish). This border town was Portuguese from 1297 to 1801, when the Spanish army, along with French troops, invaded. The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 returned the town to Portugal, but Spanish forces never left. They outlawed the Portuguese language and prevented a bridge linking it to Portugal to be rebuilt. Despite Spain’s refusal to return the town of 290 square miles and 11,000 people, the two nations have been able to coexist peacefully since 1815, and Portugal has resisted political rhetoric that could have led to war. If Spain wants Gibraltar back, which had been in British hands for almost a century when it captured Olivença, then it should consider autonomy for Olivença and honor its obligation under the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-05): The Olivenza Dispute 5 April, 20223534 VIEWS [...] This example of stability is marked by one small exception: Olivenza. That small town was under Portuguese control but was difficult to defend as it was separated from the rest of the country by the Guadiana River. During the Napoleonic War, when Spain and Portugal were allied to different powers, the Spaniards took control of the town and formally annexed it at the Treaty of Badajoz in 1801. Portugal soon denounced that treaty and requested the land to be returned but the status of the town as a municipality of the Spanish province of Badajoz remains unchanged to-date. There are still Portuguese speakers in Olivenza, but there are no formal talks for retrocession.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-16): Nuno Melo, Portugal’s defence minister, has rekindled a diplomatic row over the contested sovereignty of Olivenza. Though the town and its 12,000 inhabitants have been under Spanish control since 1801, some Portuguese groups claim it should have been handed back to them 16 years later. Speaking at a military parade in Estremoz, in the Portuguese district of Évora, 40 miles across the border, Melo said that "Olivenza is Portuguese", adding: "In fact, by treaty, Olivenza should be handed over to the Portuguese state." Portuguese campaigners have long compared their claim to Olivenza, or Olivença in Portuguese,
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-02-18): There is a more than 200-year old dormant claim by Portugal to territories ceded to Spain around the town of Olivenza near the border with Elvas. Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over Olivenza and as a result the border between the two countries in the Olivenza area has never been clearly defined. Even under the right-wing dictatorships of General Franco (1939-75) in Spain and António de Oliveira Salazar (1932-68) in Portugal the two countries ignored one another. Nevertheless, in March 1939, six months before the outbreak of the Second World War, and as the Spanish Civil War was ending, they signed a treaty of friendship to mutually protect their interests and independence. [...] The relationship between Galicia and North Portugal was strengthened in 1991 with the creation of a Working Community between the two regions. The so-called Territorial Co-operation Communities combine all the Galician town councils and Portuguese municipal councils along the border. There is also official co-operation between trade unions, consumer institutes and employers’ associations. As an autonomous region Galicia is able to negotiate some matters directly with the Portuguese government in Lisbon without having to refer them to Spain’s central government in Madrid.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-13): Olivenza is a beautiful little place, one of the most pleasant we’ve seen in Spain on this tour. It has a lot going for itself - attractive public spaces, impressive monuments, beautiful sidewalks and plazas with lively tile surfaces that make you want to dance. And an appealing street scene that comes to life near sundown when the day finally cools down. Kids playing games in the carless streets, old folks chatting on benches - the usual Mediterranean social scene that I somehow never tire of watching. It’s like watching the sea - always the same, always changing. The thing that immediately impressed me on entering Olivenza was how Portuguese it looks and feels. Not surprising, since it’s only seven miles from the border at the Guadiana River and for much of its history this area was part of Portugal - and in fact it’s still contested territory even though the EU agrees with Spain that it’s theirs now, ever since it was ceded in 1801 as a condition of the Treaty of Badajoz that ended the War of the Oranges, whatever that was. Portugal claims that the treaty was invalid though, and hasn’t given up the fight yet. To give a sense of this, here’s a brief history of the place, told from a Portuguese perspective. It describes the taking of Olivença as ‘the unjust conclusion to an armed robbery’
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-12): Although the two nations actually have several territorial disputes, the village of Olivenza (Olivença in Portuguese) located in the middle of the long border between Spain and Portugal, is probably the most defining one. Olivenza is governed as an independent municipality of Spain, but Portugal has never given up claims to the village which they lost in 1801 during a brief Spanish military offensive. At the treaty of Vienna, Spain agreed to hand the town and its surrounding area to Portugal. However, two centuries later, this still has not happened. Although Portugal has never accepted Olivenza as Spanish, many Portuguese cartographers have simply refrained from drawing a border in the region. On the other side, Spain has not capitalized on the fact that an alleged majority of the inhabitants prefer to remain Spanish, perhaps because this would set an unwanted precedent for Spain’s claim to Gibraltar (where the local population prefer to remain British). Although the dispute rarely causes major problems between the two countries, it matters in diplomatic circles. Furthermore, it has occasionally yielded practical consequences, e.g. when Portugal, fearing to passively acknowledge the border, refused to build a bridge until the European Union agreed to co-finance it. A handover of Olivenza still seems far away, but then again, what else could be expected from a conflict that has already been going for two centuries?
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-17): TENSIONS between Spain and Portugal have resurfaced over the sovereignty of the small town of Olivenza, located on the border between the two countries. [...] "As far as Olivenza is concerned, the Portuguese state does not recognise it as being Spanish territory." [...] Despite Portugal’s persistent claims, Spain has maintained that Olivenza is an integral part of its territory.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-12): The War of the Oranges (Portuguese: Guerra das Laranjas; French: Guerre des Oranges; Spanish: Guerra de las Naranjas) was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal. It was a precursor to the Peninsular Wars, resulting in the Treaty of Badajoz, the loss of Portuguese territory, in particular Olivenza, as well as ultimately setting the stage for the complete invasion of the Iberian Peninsula by French forces.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2003-05-01): The Olivença issue (Portugal/Spain) and of the 'Ajuda' Bridge 27.3.2003 [...] By the Treaty of Alcanizes, signed in 1297 by Dom Dinis, King of Portugal, and Fernando IV, King of Castille, Olivença was definitively integrated into Portuguese territory, and remained so following the end of the 'Dynastic Union' between Portugal and Spain (1580-1640). On 20 May 1801, Spanish troops occupied Olivença. On 6 June 1801, in the face of a threatened French invasion, Portugal was coerced by the Treaty of Badajoz into ceding Olivença to Spain. The Spanish invasion of Portugal in 1807, in violation of the Treaty, led to its annulment. The Treaty of Paris of 30 May 1814 declared the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz null and void. The Final Act of the Vienna Congress (9 June 1815), Article 105, recognised the rights of Portugal. On 7 May 1817, Spain signed the Treaty of Vienna, 'recognising the just claims made His Royal Highness, the Prince Regent of Portugal and Brazil, to the town of Olivença and the other territories ceded to Spain by the Treaty of Badajoz of 1801', and thereby undertook to make 'its best efforts to ensure that these territories were handed over (in the shortest time possible) to Portugal'. To this day, the frontier between Portugal and Spain from the mouth of the river Caia to the mouth of the river Cuncos is still undefined, thanks to the Olivença issue.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-11-22): There is a 200-year old dormant claim by Portugal to territories ceded to Spain around the town of Olivenza near the border with Elvas. Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over Olivenza and as a result the border between the two countries in the Olivenza area has never been clearly defined. [...] The relationship between Galicia and North Portugal was strengthened in 1991 with the creation of a Working Community between the two regions. The so-called Territorial Co-operation Communities combine all the Galician town councils and Portuguese municipal councils along the border. There is also official co-operation between trade unions, consumer institutes and employers’ associations. As an autonomous region Galicia is able to negotiate some matters directly with the Portuguese government in Lisbon without having to refer them to Spain’s central government in Madrid. [...] Banco Bilbao Vizcaya (BBV), as it was called before it merged with Argentaria to form BBVA, Spain’s second largest bank, was the first Spanish bank to buy an outlet in Portugal when it acquired Lloyds Bank’s retail network (first established in 1862) in 1991. BBVA has a market share of around 1% in Portugal and concentrates more on the medium and high income segments. Francisco González, BBVA’s chairman, denied reports in 2003 that the bank was looking to increase its presence in Portugal by acquiring another bank. He said BBVA would grow organically in the country, but this has not quelled the speculation that it would like to buy another bank. Such a move would be fiercely resisted by the Portuguese authorities.
Claim: Olivenza is a territory of Portugal (Olivenza, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-28): Nuno Melo, Portugal’s new defense minister, has revived an almost forgotten debate. "Olivenza is Portuguese, naturally, and this is not a provocation," said Melo during a visit to the Portuguese town of Estremoz, near the border with Spain, on September 13. The minister was thus claiming sovereignty over a locality of 11,776 residents in the Spanish province of Badajoz, on the border between the two countries, on the basis of the Treaty of Alcañices, which dates back to 1297 and according to which the Portuguese State does not recognize Olivenza as Spanish territory. [...] The Extremaduran town of Olivenza was founded in 1230 by Alfonso IX of León. The municipality belonged to this Spanish kingdom until 1297 with the signing of the Treaty of Alcañices, an agreement whereby Olivenza was ceded to Portugal. From that moment until the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640, the municipality was part of Portugal, but after the end of the conflict it was again recovered by the Spanish kingdom of Castile. It was handed over to Portugal again after signing the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668. During the War of the Oranges, in 1801, it was conquered by the troops of Manuel Godoy, and came under Spanish control until our days. This situation is considered unfair by Portugal's defense minister, who is a member of the executive of the conservative Luis Montenegro, in power since April.