copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2021-06-29): Activated charcoal tablets are unlikely to be effective in counteracting date rape drugs; individuals who have been given date rape drugs should seek medical attention [...] Though activated charcoal is the most used method of gastrointestinal decontamination in the developed world, an activated charcoal tablet would not be useful to counteract date rape drugs in the manner described in the Facebook post. The dose of activated charcoal in tablets is too low and the formulation is not ideal. The activated charcoal tablets would need to be taken soon after the date rape drug, which can be hard because many of the drugs associated with DFSAs are odorless and tasteless, and are absorbed quickly by the body. Lastly, activated charcoal would have no effect on alcohol, which is the drug most commonly associated with DFSAs and does not adsorb to activated charcoal. [...] The use of activated charcoal to counteract date rape drugs seems to be minimal in my opinion. In theory, activated charcoal would stop some of the absorption of the most common rape drugs (although there are multiple substances) in the stomach. The problem is that most date rape drugs (like GHB) are odorless, tasteless and have a rapid onset. At the point of time, when the victim notices the first symptoms, the major part of the drug has already been absorbed, so taking activated charcoal would not have a relevant effect anymore. Furthermore, one of the symptoms of date rape drugs is reduced consciousness or coma, which are strict contraindications for taking activated charcoal because of the risk of aspiration.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2019-09-04): A Facebook post implores social media users to buy activated charcoal tablets and bring them to gatherings or night clubs. "Should you feel like you aren't yourself or out of place, drink one tablet & it will counteract most date rape drugs," said the post, which dates back to 2019 and continues to be shared. [...] A Facebook post claimed that charcoal activated tablets "will counteract most date rape drugs." [...] Health Feedback, Activated charcoal tablets are unlikely to be effective in counteracting date rape drugs; individuals who have been given date rape drugs should seek medical attention, June 29, 2021
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2024-08-08): During MDMA overdose treatment, physicians may administer activated charcoal to neutralize any drugs remaining in the stomach. They quickly address such emergency medical conditions as elevated blood pressure, high body temperatures, and cardiac issues. Once stabilized and depending on a host of factors, a person may be admitted for medical treatment, transferred to a drug detox or addiction treatment facility, or discharged with a referral to supportive services.7
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2011-04-04): - A single dose of activated charcoal is recommended for people who come to the emergency department within four hours of taking drugs. This acts to prevent absorption of the medication. It is a black powder that is mixed with water and given to you to drink. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2023-11-06): Large doses of ketamine that were consumed with other drugs may be treated with activated charcoal. However, there are no FDA-approved medications that are able to manage a ketamine overdose.
Claim: “Buy yourselves charcoal activated tablets […] it will counteract most date rape drugs” (Facebook users, 2019-09-04)
Evidence (2024-02-13): - A single dose of activated charcoal is recommended if you come to the emergency department within 4 hours of taking the drugs. It's a black powder that's mixed with water that you then drink. It helps keep your body from absorbing the drugs. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-03-05): Clinical trials and ongoing vaccine monitoring efforts show that COVID-19 vaccines are effective at reducing a person’s risk of severe disease and death. Like any medical intervention, vaccines also come with risks. While COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are linked to a slight increase in the risk of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), COVID-19 itself is associated with a greater risk of heart inflammation and other health complications. On balance, the benefits of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines outweigh their risks.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2021-03-25): A Covid-19 vaccine "Q&A" sheet has been circulating on social media. It presents a checklist of claims about the vaccine, alongside ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ answers. Some of the claims are inaccurate and suggest the mRNA vaccines may be dangerous. [...] You can help us take action – and get our regular free email "Are the MRNA vaccines experimental? Yes" [...] Covid-19 mRNA vaccines go one step back in the process. Once inside the body, the mRNA works to build the spike proteins on the surface of the Covid-19 virus. The body then responds by producing antibodies which attack those proteins.This means that if it is later infected, the body will be able to generate a faster and more effective immune response to the virus.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-02-26): The safety of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna is supported by the rigorous clinical trials run prior to their release and numerous studies conducted since. Hundreds of millions of people have been vaccinated in the U.S., many with multiple doses, and serious side effects are rare. [...] But an article — written by misinformation spreaders who oppose COVID-19 vaccination — that claims to have reviewed the original trials and "other relevant studies" largely ignores this body of evidence. Instead, the review, which calls for a "global moratorium" on the mRNA vaccines, cites multiple flawed or criticized studies — many of which we’ve written about before — to falsely claim the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have caused "extensive, well-documented" serious adverse events and have killed nearly 14 times as many people as they saved. [...] One author of the review — as well as other social media users — are also using the fact that the paper was published as proof that the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are unsafe.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2022-08-11): The results of Study 1 also resonated with those of Study 2 as significant numbers of participants in Study 2 inaccurately answered knowledge questions about COVID-19 vaccines. For example, over 30% of participants answered "true" for the following false statement: COVID-19 vaccines can give you COVID-19. More than 25% of participants answered "it can be safer to get a disease than to get its vaccine" or "COVID-19 vaccines can cause infertility." Slightly over 15% of participants answered true for this false statement: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines can alter human DNA. Although not as frequent as the misinformation related to microchip, these aforementioned statements were all identified in Study 1 as types of misinformation participants had heard.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2022-10-19): Kari Lake says falsely that COVID-19 vaccines are ineffective and dangerous for children [...] Depending on the variant and study, COVID-19 vaccination has proved to be 60% to 90% effective at preventing infection. One study found the vaccine to be 82% effective at preventing hospitalization. [...] Lake said COVID-19 vaccines have been proved ineffective and dangerous for children.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-05-03): A Facebook reel posted on 26 April 2024 by the Pastor Chris Facebook page, which has more than two million followers, claimed that COVID-19 vaccines are "ineffective and harmful". In the reel, faith leader and preacher Chris Oyakhilome called COVID-19 mRNA vaccines "terrible". This was followed by remarks from several individuals—Robert Malone, Sucharit Bhakdi, and Peter McCullough—all of whom have spread COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. [...] The claim that the COVID-19 vaccines are experimental is a common talking point used by those opposed to the vaccines. It is also occasionally combined with misleading mentions of the Nuremberg Code (addressed here and here), feeding into Holocaust distortion. [...] The claim that the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are "harmful" is misleading. While COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are indeed linked to a slight increase in the risk of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), COVID-19 itself is associated with a greater risk of heart inflammation and other health complications[3]. On balance, the benefits of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines outweigh their risks.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2022-08-31): As the virus that causes COVID-19 has evolved, the vaccines have become less effective in preventing symptomatic infection while remaining highly effective in preventing severe disease and death. This shift has been misrepresented by anti-vaccine influencers who falsely claim that it means the vaccines don’t work and have been ineffective all along. [...] Although the vaccines remained effective against severe illness and death from COVID-19, they were somewhat less effective at preventing infection from delta. [...] Dagan, Noa, et al. "BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting." New England Journal of Medicine. 15 Apr 2021.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-01-23): Abstract mRNA formulated with lipid nanoparticles is a transformative technology that has enabled the rapid development and administration of billions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine doses worldwide. However, avoiding unacceptable toxicity with mRNA drugs and vaccines presents challenges. Lipid nanoparticle structural components, production methods, route of administration and proteins produced from complexed mRNAs all present toxicity concerns. Here, we discuss these concerns, specifically how cell tropism and tissue distribution of mRNA and lipid nanoparticles can lead to toxicity, and their possible reactogenicity. We focus on adverse events from mRNA applications for protein replacement and gene editing therapies as well as vaccines, tracing common biochemical and cellular pathways. The potential and limitations of existing models and tools used to screen for on-target efficacy and de-risk off-target toxicity, including in vivo and next-generation in vitro models, are also discussed. [...] Giannotta, G. & Giannotta, N. mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and long-lived plasma cells: a complicated relationship. Vaccines9, 1503 (2021). [...] Kackos, C. M. et al. mRNA vaccine mitigates SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19. Microbiol. Spectr.11, e04240–e04222 (2023).
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-05-03): Factually inaccurate: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines went through multiple stages of clinical testing to ensure their safety and effectiveness. As they’ve already cleared clinical trials, they’re no longer experimental. The trials and real-world data have also shown that COVID-19 vaccines are effective at reducing the risk of severe disease and death. A Facebook reel posted on 26 April 2024 by the Pastor Chris Facebook page, which has more than two million followers, claimed that COVID-19 vaccines are "ineffective and harmful". In the reel, faith leader and preacher Chris Oyakhilome called COVID-19 mRNA vaccines "terrible". This was followed by remarks from several individuals—Robert Malone, Sucharit Bhakdi, and Peter McCullough—all of whom have spread COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. [...] The claim that the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are "harmful" is misleading. While COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are indeed linked to a slight increase in the risk of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), COVID-19 itself is associated with a greater risk of heart inflammation and other health complications[3]. On balance, the benefits of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines outweigh their risks.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2023-06-06): An NIH-funded research team led by Dr. Vinod Balachandran from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) have been developing a personalized mRNA cancer-treatment vaccine approach. It is designed to help immune cells recognize specific neoantigens on patients’ pancreatic cancer cells. Results from a small clinical trial of their experimental treatment were published on May 10, 2023, in Nature. After surgery to remove PDAC, the team sent tumor samples from 19 people to partners at BioNTech, the company that produced one of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. BioNTech performed gene sequencing on the tumors to find proteins that might trigger an immune response. They then used that information to create a personalized mRNA vaccine for each patient. Each vaccine targeted up to 20 neoantigens. [...] Related Links - Using mRNA Technology for a Universal Flu Vaccine - Experimental mRNA HIV Vaccine Shows Promise in Animals - Experimental Vaccine Protects Against Multiple Coronaviruses - Method for Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer - Can mRNA Vaccines Help Treat Cancer?
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-09-17): - Currently, there are two types of COVID-19 vaccines for use in the United States: mRNA, and protein subunit vaccines. [...] How mRNA COVID-19 vaccines work - First, mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are given in the upper arm muscle or upper thigh, depending on the age of who is getting vaccinated. - After vaccination, the mRNA will enter the muscle cells. Once inside, they use the cells’ machinery to produce a harmless piece of what is called the spike protein. The spike protein is found on the surface of the virus that causes COVID-19. After the protein piece is made, our cells break down the mRNA and remove it, leaving the body as waste.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2020-11-20): Yes. Clinical trials are evaluating investigational COVID-19 vaccines in tens of thousands of study participants to generate the scientific data and other information needed by FDA to determine safety and effectiveness. These clinical trials are being conducted according to the rigorous standards set forth by the FDA. [...] COVID-19 vaccines are undergoing a rigorous development process that includes tens of thousands of study participants to generate the needed non-clinical, clinical, and manufacturing data. FDA will undertake a comprehensive evaluation of this information submitted by a vaccine manufacturer. For an EUA to be issued for a vaccine, for which there is adequate manufacturing information to ensure quality and consistency, FDA must determine that the known and potential benefits outweigh the known and potential risks of the vaccine. An EUA request for a COVID-19 vaccine can be submitted to FDA based on a final analysis of a phase 3 clinical efficacy trial or an interim analysis of such trial, i.e., an analysis performed before the planned end of the trial once the data have met the pre-specified success criteria for the study’s primary efficacy endpoint.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2022-07-01): Adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: the spike hypothesis - PMID: 35537987 - PMCID: PMC9021367 - DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.04.007 [...] Vaccination is a major tool for mitigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and mRNA vaccines are central to the ongoing vaccination campaign that is undoubtedly saving thousands of lives. However, adverse effects (AEs) following vaccination have been noted which may relate to a proinflammatory action of the lipid nanoparticles used or the delivered mRNA (i.e., the vaccine formulation), as well as to the unique nature, expression pattern, binding profile, and proinflammatory effects of the produced antigens - spike (S) protein and/or its subunits/peptide fragments - in human tissues or organs. Current knowledge on this topic originates mostly from cell-based assays or from model organisms; further research on the cellular/molecular basis of the mRNA vaccine-induced AEs will therefore promise safety, maintain trust, and direct health policies. [...] COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-induced adverse effects: unwinding the unknowns.Trends Mol Med. 2022 Oct;28(10):800-802. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.07.008. Epub 2022 Sep 12. Trends Mol Med. 2022. PMID: 36114090 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-05-03): Professor Daniel O'Connor, Head of Bioinformatics at the Oxford Vaccine Group (OVG), led the study. He said: 'These results confirm the efficacy of vaccination and its pivotal role in reducing the harmful consequences associated with COVID-19. The results of our research highlight the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine's ability to modulate harmful responses to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and therefore to reduce the severity of illness. The implications of these findings are far-reaching, offering evidence that is fundamental to future vaccine development and pandemic mitigation strategies. It also provides valuable guidance for policymakers and public health experts.' Professor Sir Andrew Pollard, Ashall Professor of Infection and Immunity and Director of the Oxford Vaccine Group, said: 'Better understanding of how vaccines can reduce the severity of infections caused by viruses like COVID-19 is a key part of our preparedness to make effective vaccines against the next pandemic threat. Ongoing research is critical as we know the next one is coming but we don’t know which virus or when it will be.' [...] - Demonstrated reduction in harmful responses associated with COVID-19 severity in recipients of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine compared with unvaccinated counterparts.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-02-08): The mRNA-LNP COVID-19 vaccines, based on early analysis of the clinical trial data, were deemed safe and effective across demographics (45, 46). However, recent peer-reviewed research studies, a wide variety of continuously increasing case reports, and publicly available adverse events databases cast doubts on the safety and effectiveness of these products. [...] Figure 1 COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are associated with higher incidence of adverse events compared to other vaccines. (A). Data derived from CDC VAERS and National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP) were depicted as Lg (events/million doses) in the bar chart. The data for COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and other vaccines were from December 2020 to September 2023 and January 2006 to December 2021, respectively. The fold change was calculated as the Lg (events/million doses) ratio of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine to other vaccines or influenza vaccines.(B). Adverse events of concern associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Data derived from CDC VAERS were analyzed, adverse events of concern (including AESI, adverse events of special interest, defined by CDC) were displayed as symptoms and their # of events, gender proportion and onset interval of each symptom.
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-08-27): For additional information about COVID-19 vaccines, see: - COVID-19 Vaccines - Emergency Use Authorization for Vaccines Explained - Infographic: The Path for a COVID-19 Vaccine From Research to Emergency Use Authorization (PDF, 723 KB) - Vaccine EUA Questions and Answers for Stakeholders - Coronavirus (COVID-19) | CBER-Regulated Biologics (including archived fact sheets for monovalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, located in a drop-down section at the bottom of the page)
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-06-20): You also qualify if you have certain underlying conditions or lifestyle factors that could increase the risk of progression to severe disease. Pfizer estimates that roughly 75% of adults in the U.S. have at least one risk factor, which could include a condition such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, pregnancy, a weakened immune system, or a mental health disorder. Adults are also at higher risk if they are unvaccinated or not up to date on their COVID vaccinations (although even if you are vaccinated, Paxlovid can provide additional protection).
Claim: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are experimental, “ineffective and harmful” (Chris Oyakhilome, Sucharit Bhakdi, Peter McCullough, 2024-03-05)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Several COVID-19 vaccines have contributed to saving lives and reducing unsustainable pressures on health care systems since 2021. The mRNA technology represents a critical addition to the arsenal of platforms that can be used in vaccine production, not the least in response to pandemics when scalability and flexibility are essential. The wide-spread use of the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines over the past years demonstrates the significant potential of the technology and shows that serious adverse effects to the two licensed mRNA vaccines were exceptionally rare [78], providing a strong foundation for future applications. [...] The approval of two effective and safe COVID-19 mRNA-vaccines in late 2020 propelled the mRNA vaccine field into a new era. The discovery that the use of modified bases in in vitro-transcribed mRNA circumvents undesired inflammatory responses and increases protein production following delivery to cells demonstrates the value of basic research. The results published by Karikó and Weissman in their seminal 2005 paper received little attention at the time but laid the foundation for critically important developments that have served humanity during the COVID-19 pandemic.