copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-14): The decades-old dispute between Russia and Japan over the status of the Kuril Islands is far from over. Tokyo, which refers to the islands as the Northern Territories, still insists on a peace treaty with Moscow that would result in Russia’s return of at least two out of four islands to Japan, while the Kremlin keeps militarising the disputed territory. [...] A potential return of the Kuril Islands to Japan would be interpreted as a clear sign of Russian weakness, which means that Moscow could also face strong pressure from the West to return Crimea to Ukraine. [...] Finally, a potential return of the Kuril Islands to Japan would be interpreted as a clear sign of Russian weakness, which means that Moscow could also face strong pressure from the West to return Crimea to Ukraine. Such a process would not only mean Russian humiliation in the global arena, but could also result in a serious political crisis that could lead to a breakup of the Russian Federation.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-04-29): Kuril islands dispute between Russia and Japan - Published [...] The island chain known as the Kurils stretches north across the Pacific Ocean from the Japanese island of Hokkaido to the southern tip of Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula. Four islands - which Russia calls the Southern Kurils and Japan calls the Northern Territories - are the subject of a 60-year-old dispute between the two nations.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-01-22): Called the Kurils by Russia and the Northern Territories by Japan, a string of volcanic islands are at the heart of a feud between the two countries that has prevented them signing a formal World War II peace treaty. [...] As Russian President Vladimir Putin and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe are set to meet in Moscow on Tuesday for talks expected to be dominated by the territorial dispute, here are some key facts about the Kuril islands: [...] The Kuril islands have been back at the centre of a dispute between Moscow and Tokyo since Soviet troops invaded them in the final days of World War II.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-11-11): The Kuril Islands is an island group in the Russian Far East that forms the boundary between the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. The archipelago, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast (Russia), extends for about 1,300 kilometers from Kamchatka Peninsula’s southern tip to Hokkaido (Japan) northeastern corner. The archipelago comprises 56 islands and several islets and rocks and covers over 15,600 square kilometers. The islands are divided into Greater and Lesser Kuril Chains and have a total population of over 20,000 people. Although Russia administers all the Kuril Islands, some islands are at the heart of the Russo-Japanese feud known as the Kuril Islands dispute. Japan considers the four southernmost islands as part of its Northern Territories. [...] The Kuril Islands, also spelled as Kurile, are known as Chisima Islands in Japan and Kurilskiye Ostrova in Russia. The islands are sometimes referred to as Kuriru Islands. The name "Chisima" translates to "Thousand Islands Archipelago." Kuril originated from the autonym "Kur," designated by the aboriginal Ainu people, islands' first inhabitants. The name is also closely related to the names of the other islands originally inhabited by the Ainu people, including the Kuyi Island. The islands are also informally known as "Kurit," meaning "to smoke" because of the steam and fumes from the nearby volcanoes.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-15): The Kuril Islands are known in Japanese as the Chishima Islands (literally Thousand Islands Archipelago) also known as the Kuriru Islands (literally Kuril Archipelago). The name Kuril originates from the autonym of the aboriginal Ainu: "kur," meaning man. It may also be related to names for other islands that have traditionally been inhabited by the Ainu people, such as Kuyi or Kuye for Sakhalin and Kai for Hokkaidō. [...] The Kuril Islands first came under Japanese administration in the fifteenth century during the early Edo period of Japan, in the form of claims by the Matsumae clan, and play an important role in the development of the islands. It is believed that the Japanese knew of the northern islands 370 years ago, [8] as the initial explorations were of the southernmost parts of the islands. However, trade between these islands and Ezo (Hokkaidō) existed long before then. On "Shōhō Onkuko Ezu," a map of Japan made by the Tokugawa shogunate, in 1644, there are 39 large and small islands shown northeast of the Shiretoko peninsula and Cape Nosappu. In 1698 V. Atlasov discovered the island which was later named in his honor. [...] The Kuril Island dispute is a dispute between Japan and Russia over sovereignty of the four southernmost Kuril Islands. The disputed islands are currently under Russian administration as part of the Sakhalin Oblast, but are also claimed by Japan, which refers to them as the Northern Territories or Southern Chishima. The disputed islands are:
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-12-15): The Kurils: A difficult life on the disputed islands [...] According to the "Social and economic development of the Kuril Islands (Sakhalin region) 2016-2025", priority is given to the development of a transportation system, infrastructure and the improvement of living conditions. The development plans are ambitious but locals complain that they have yet to any effect on unemployment, low salaries and a lack of roads. [...] The Kuril Islands were annexed by the Soviet Union in aftermath of the Kuril Islands landing operation at the end of World War II. The territorial dispute prevents Russia and Japan signing a formal peace treaty. Japan lays claim to four islands: Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-19): In an article written for an earlier issue of this journal (see note 2 above), the author pointed out that the general rule of treaty interpretation provides that "A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose," and argued that the term Chishima Islands (Kurile Islands) in the Peace Treaty can be interpreted as the islands north of Uruppu that were the subject of exchange under the 1875 treaty, for the context here is that the Treaty of Commerce, Navigation and Delimitation between Japan and Russia of 1855 confirmed the previously existing border between Japan and Russia in the Chishima area, in other words, the four Northern Islands have been Japanese territory from the beginning, and what’s more, the Allied Powers themselves had proclaimed the principle of non-territorial aggrandizement. By looking at the preparatory work to the Peace Treaty as a supplementary means of interpretation, we can confirm that there is no reason to reconsider this conclusion.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-09-17): Japan- Chishima Retto (Kuril Islands)- Southern Portion- Shimushiru To to Kunashiri Jima (Simushir Island to Kunashir Island)- From Japanese surveys to 1917 [...] Condition: Good, light age toning and foxing Map Maker: Hydrographic Office, U.S. Navy
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-19): Subjects - Borderlands - Central Asia - Japan [...] Please login to access the full content. Access to the full content requires a subscription
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-12-11): The South Kuril Islands dispute is a telling symbol of a poor bilateral relationship. [...] Land concessions can induce passion, but when they are relatively peripheral, as the South Kuril Islands certainly are for both countries, the issue can be captured by narrow but dedicated interest groups.5 For the South Kuril Islands, local Russian activists and the Japanese League of Residents of Chishima6 and Habomai Islands have effectively prevented resolution of the dispute. The former warns the Russian government against changing the status quo and the latter prevents the Japanese government from accepting anything other than maximal concessions. [...] Renewing the idea of an Ostpolitik in the Asia-Pacific does not upend the 1945 legacy in Europe, nor does it betray the sacrifice of the Russian people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The South Kuril Islands are more in the league of historical strategic outposts like the naval bases in Port Arthur and the Hanko Peninsula in the Gulf of Finland that were transferred in 1953 to China and 1956 to Finland, respectively. Similar steps have been made in more recent times when Putin decided in 2000 to abandon former Soviet military facilities in Cuba and Vietnam. Also, Russia’s deals with China in 2004 and Norway in 20108 both resulted in Russia’s giving up part of its administered territory or its long-standing legal position, but it is safe to believe that settling the South Kuril Islands issue will not bring about new claims from either China or Norway.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-04): Collana | Ca’ Foscari Japanese Studies [...] Ainu is a language of Far East Asia historically spoken in the territories of today’s Russia and Japan that face the Southern Okhotsk Sea. Specifically, Ainu was spoken all through the Japanese island of Hokkaidō (also referred to as ‘Ezo/Yezo’ in old sources), in the southern part of Sakhalin island (called ‘Karafuto’ by Japanese people), in the Kuril Islands chain (called ‘Chishima’ by Japanese people), and in the southernmost tip of the Kamchatka peninsula. Although a number of hypotheses about Ainu’s relation to other languages have been proposed (Dougherty 2019, 100), the language is presently classified as an isolate (see Lesson 18). There exist three main varieties of the language, that take their names from the regions where the language was spoken: Hokkaidō Ainu, Sakhalin Ainu, and Kuril Ainu. Both Kuril Ainu and Sakhalin Ainu are extinct, and Hokkaidō Ainu is classified as critically endangered by UNESCO. Pubblicato 04 Aprile 2022 | Lingua: en
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-12-03): The Kuril Islands, Russia’s Kurilskiy Ostrova, Japan’s Chishima-Retto, an archipelago in the Sakhalin region, far east of Russia, encompassing 750 miles from the southern end of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia) to the northeast corner of Hokkaido Island, Japan (750 km) from the Pacific Ocean with 56 small islands which cover 6,000 square miles (15,600 sq km). The archipelago was inhabited by Ainu, and currently, are settled by Russians and Japanese. [...] In November 2016, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe for the first time hosted Vladimir Putin during his first official visit to G-7 country concerning achieving breakthrough over the territory of Japan’s northern coast. Since Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014.The four islands are known as the South Kurils in Russia and the Northern Territories in Japan and have been controversial for more than seventy years. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, the Northern Territory consists of four islands on the northeast coast of the Hokkaido and Nemuro peninsula. These are Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashiri, and Etorofu. The northern territory is not included in the Kuril Islands.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-27): The Kuril Islands (Kurilskiye Ostrova, in Russian, and known as Northern Territories/Southern Chishima in Japan, or Chishima-rettō) form a natural barrier between the Sea of Okhotsk and North Pacific Ocean. Extending 1,200 kilometres between the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Japanese island of Hokkaido, it consists of 56 islands that cover 15,600 square kilometres. The four islands (the Southern Kurils) at the heart of the dispute are Iturup (Etorofu), Kunashir (Kunashiri), Shikotan, and Habomai. The islands are currently administered by Sakhalin Oblast as South Kuril District. Tectonically and volcanically active, the Kuril archipelago is inhabited by over 10,000 people from various ethnic groups, as well as several thousand Russian troops (Kaczynski 2007; Elleman, Nichols, and Ouimet 1999, 490).
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-12-15): Kuril Islands, archipelago in Sakhalin oblast (province), far-eastern Russia. The archipelago extends for 750 miles (1,200 km) from the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia) to the northeastern corner of Hokkaido island (Japan) and separates the Sea of Okhotsk from the Pacific Ocean. The 56 islands cover 6,000 square miles (15,600 square km). [...] The Kurils were originally inhabited by the Ainu, and they were later settled by the Russians and Japanese, following several waves of exploration in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1855 Japan and Russia concluded the Treaty of Shimoda, which gave control of the four southernmost islands to Japan and the remainder of the chain to Russia. In the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, signed by those two countries in 1875, Russia ceded possession of the Kurils to Japan in exchange for uncontested control of Sakhalin Island. In 1945, as part of the Yalta agreements (formalized in the 1951 Treaty of Peace with Japan), the islands were ceded to the Soviet Union, and the Japanese population was repatriated and replaced by Soviets. Japan still claims historical rights to the southernmost islands and has tried repeatedly to persuade the Soviet Union and, from 1991, Russia to return those islands to Japanese sovereignty.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-04): One area of the map that I always found messy is the current layout of provinces and territorial ownership in Ezo (modern day Hokkaido) and the surrounding Sakhalin (Karafuto/Kita Ezo) and Kuril (Chishima) islands. Although these islands became mostly important at the tail end of EU4's timeline, this region was the scene of an unusual and intense race between Russia and Tokugawa Japan, to expand their influence in the region at the expense of the native Ainu people. These suggested changes are to help EU4 better represent historical events that occurred on Hokkaido, Sakhalin and Kuril islands. Several important points in the region's history are impossible to recreate currently given how the map is laid out and I would like to address that, along with other historical inaccuracies that I think can be solved. I will make several posts detailing some ideas I would like to share and get some feedback on this subject! [...] Mon of the Ando (Akita) clan
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-08): The Kuril Islands (/ˈkʊərɪl, ˈkjʊərɪl, kjʊˈriːl/; Russian: Кури́льские острова́, tr. Kurilskiye ostrova, IPA: [kʊˈrʲilʲskʲɪjə ɐstrɐˈva]; "Kuril Islands"), also called the Chishima Islands (Japanese: 千島列島, Hepburn: Chishima rettō), are a group of islands (archipelago) between Russia and Japan. The northern islands are a part of Russia and the southern islands are a part of Japan. Both countries say that they own four of the islands in the middle of the group. This disagreement is called the Kuril Islands dispute. [...] North-Chishima / North Kurils [change | change source]- Shumshu (占守島/) [...] South Chishima / South Kuril [change | change source]Little Kuril [change | change source]Japan does not say these are a part of the Chishima Islands - Shikotan （色丹島） - Habomai shoto (歯舞諸島) → 2008.3.21 - Habomai Gunto（歯舞群島） - Todo（海馬島/Kaiba） - Taraku(多楽島Polonskogo)
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-03): Why should Tokyo today want seriously to amend an agreement it signed and ratified almost 50 years ago? The story begins with Japan’s 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty with the Allied Powers. Article 2(c) of the treaty said unequivocally that Japan would renounce all rights, title and claim to the Kuril islands chain (Chishima Retto) and southern Sakhalin (Karafuto) — territories to the north of Japan that Japan had controlled up till 1945. But Japan’s Foreign Ministry insists that Japan never recognized Etorofu and Kunashiri to be included in those renounced Kuril islands. [...] To get round this rather incriminating detail, the Foreign Ministry had to begin to emphasize how the English version of the San Francisco treaty uses the word Kuril Islands. This, it insists, can refer only to the Northern Kurils. Why? Because that was the alleged meaning of the Russian word "Kuril" in 19th-century treaties with Japan. This, despite the fact that at San Francisco, Minami Chishima was always translated by the Japanese side as "Southern Kurils."
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-31): Multiple air defense missile systems deployed by Russia on two disputed islands off northern Japan in 2020 have been moved off the isles, an analysis of satellite images showed Thursday, raising the possibility that Moscow is repurposing weapons from its Far East for use in the war against Ukraine. [...] Koizumi said it is possible they were redeployed to Russia's western region near its border with Ukraine in preparation for a potential attack. [...] Etorofu and Kunashiri are among four disputed islands called and claimed as the Northern Territories by Japan and administered by Russia, which calls them the Southern Kurils.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-13): Starting in the early 1600s, the Japanese also started colonizing the region where they would eventually encounter Russians. This was today’s Hokkaidō, the southern Kuril/Chishima Islands, and southern Sakhalin/Karafuto. The indigenous inhabitants of these lands called themselves "Ainu," and the region "Ainu Moshir," which roughly translate into "the people" and "the land of the people." The Japanese, on the other hand, called both the "barbarians" and the "barbarian land" they lived in "Ezo."2 By the late eighteenth century, they dominated the Ainu economically, militarily, and politically. Trade with Japanese merchants had changed the Ainu economy, traditionally based on hunting, fishing and regional trade with different peoples, into one that was dependent on trade with one people: the Japanese. At Japanese trading outposts, Ainu increasingly exchanged prestige goods such as eagle feathers and fur pelts for foodstuffs, especially rice, as well as manufactured items and luxury goods, such as sake.3 Inevitable Ainu resistance was ruthlessly suppressed. Yet the Japanese never annexed the region, and the Tokugawa government in Edo remained largely uninvolved in Ainu affairs. Instead, Ainu trade was overseen by the Matsumae Clan, whose feudal domain was restricted to the southernmost portion of today’s Hokkaidō.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-01): The Kuril Islands (Russian: Кури́лы, koo-REE-lyh; Japanese: Chishima Islands, 千島列島, Chishima Rettō), are a chain of islands in the Russian Far East, located directly to the north of Hokkaido, Japan, east of Sakhalin and southwest of Kamchatka. [...] Understand [edit]The original inhabitants of the Kuril Islands were the Ainu people, who also live on the Japanese island of Hokkaido, and the Russian island of Sakhalin. With the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Russian Empire and Japan in 1855, the islands were divided between the two countries, then another treaty in 1875 nominally placed the islands under Japanese control. At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union took control of the islands. They were then ethnically cleansed of their Japanese populations in 1947, and thoroughly Russified. Though still claimed by their former owner, Japan, the Kurils are now thoroughly Russian. Similar to other parts of the Russian Far East, this remote, sparsely populated area has seen little industrial development. Most locals make their living fishing in the island chain's abundant waters. The chain's most populated island is Kunashir, centered on Yuzhno-Kurilsk, but its smaller administrative capital Kurilsk is located on the biggest island, Iturup.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Russia (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): The Kuril Islands dispute, known as the Northern Territories dispute in Japan, is a territorial dispute between Japan and Russia over the ownership of the four southernmost Kuril Islands. The Kuril Islands are a chain of islands that stretch between the Japanese island of Hokkaido at their southern end and the Russian Kamchatka Peninsula at their northern end. The islands separate the Sea of Okhotsk from the Pacific Ocean. The four disputed islands, like other islands in the Kuril chain which are not in dispute, were unilaterally annexed by the Soviet Union following the Kuril Islands landing operation at the end of World War II. The disputed islands are under Russian administration as the South Kuril District and part of the Kuril District of the Sakhalin Oblast (Сахалинская область, Sakhalinskaya oblast). They are claimed by Japan, which refers to them as its Northern Territories or Southern Chishima, and considers them part of the Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaido Prefecture. [...] Russia's view [edit]Russia maintains that all the Kuril Islands, including those that Japan calls the Northern Territories, are legally a part of Russia as a result of World War II, and the acquisition was as proper as any other change of international boundaries following the war. Moscow cites the following points: [...] - ^ censor.net (7 October 2022). "Рада визнала Курили окупованою Росією територією" [The Council recognized the Kuril Islands as territory occupied by Russia]. Telegram (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 7 October 2022.