copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2019-02-06): Scientists estimate that surface ocean pH has fallen by about 0.1 pH unit from preindustrial times to today. Because pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration and the the pH scale is logarithmic — for every drop of 1 pH unit, hydrogen ion levels increase by a factor of 10 — a 0.1-unit pH drop is equivalent to about a 26% increase in the ocean hydrogen ion concentration. If we continue on the expected trajectory for fossil-fuel use and rising atmospheric CO2, pH is likely to drop by 0.3-0.4 units by the end of the 21st century and increase ocean hydrogen ion concentration (or acidity) by 100-150% above what it was in preindustrial times. — Scott Doney, Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2023-10-30): Ocean chemistry is changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere (DeVries, 2022). Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century, the global ocean has absorbed about 170 Gt C as carbon dioxide (1 Gt C is equivalent to 1 billion metric tons of carbon, or 3.667 billion metric tons of CO2) via the combined impacts of human activities, including fossil fuel use for energy, land use changes, and cement production (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2022; Gruber et al., 2023). Upon exchanging with seawater at the air-sea interface, anthropogenic CO2 combines with seawater to form carbonic acid, which increases the hydrogen ion content of seawater in a process known as ocean acidification (OA). Over the past two-and-a-half centuries, surface ocean pH has decreased by about 0.11, which is an increase of about 30%–40% in the hydrogen ion concentration (Orr et al., 2005; Gattuso et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2019). These changes are beginning to have significant effects on marine organisms in the upper ocean.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2020-04-01): In the 200-plus years since the industrial revolution began, the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has increased due to human actions. During this time, the pH of surface ocean waters has fallen by 0.1 pH units. This might not sound like much, but the pH scale is logarithmic, so this change represents approximately a 30 percent increase in acidity. [...] Because of human-driven increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, there is more CO2 dissolving into the ocean. The ocean’s average pH is now around 8.1 offsite link, which is basic (or alkaline), but as the ocean continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic. [...] Estimates of future carbon dioxide levels, based on business-as-usual emission scenarios, indicate that by the end of this century the surface waters of the ocean could have a pH around 7.8 The last time the ocean pH was this low was during the middle Miocene, 14-17 million years ago. The Earth was several degrees warmer and a major extinction event was occurring.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2023-05-11): At first, scientists thought that this might be a good thing because it leaves less carbon dioxide in the air to warm the planet. But in the past decade, they’ve realized that this slowed warming has come at the cost of changing the ocean’s chemistry. When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, the water becomes more acidic and the ocean’s pH (a measure of how acidic or basic the ocean is) drops. Even though the ocean is immense, enough carbon dioxide can have a major impact. In the past 200 years alone, ocean water has become 30 percent more acidic—faster than any known change in ocean chemistry in the last 50 million years. [...] So far, ocean pH has dropped from 8.2 to 8.1 since the industrial revolution, and is expected by fall another 0.3 to 0.4 pH units by the end of the century. A drop in pH of 0.1 might not seem like a lot, but the pH scale, like the Richter scale for measuring earthquakes, is logarithmic. For example, pH 4 is ten times more acidic than pH 5 and 100 times (10 times 10) more acidic than pH 6. If we continue to add carbon dioxide at current rates, seawater pH may drop another 120 percent by the end of this century, to 7.8 or 7.7, creating an ocean more acidic than any seen for the past 20 million years or more.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2023-03-22): Environmental Impacts include coral bleaching and reduced levels of oxygen in the oceans. Others include loss of "Blue Carbon" associated with coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, seagrasses and salt marshes; and ecosystems across a range of landscapes. Global warming is expected to contribute to the observed decrease of oxygen in the open and coastal oceans, including estuaries and semi-enclosed seas. Since the middle of the last century, there has been an estimated 1-2 % decrease in the global ocean oxygen inventory, according to UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO-IOC). [...] Ocean acidification: In the past decade, the oceans absorbed around 30% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Absorbed CO2 reacts with seawater and changes the pH of the ocean. This process is known as ocean acidification, which can affect the ability of marine organisms such as molluscs and reef-building corals, to build and maintain shells and skeletal material. Observations in the open-ocean over the last 30 years have shown a clear trend of decreasing pH. In line with previous reports and projections, ocean acidification is ongoing and the global pH levels continue to decrease, according to UNESCO-IOC.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2021-08-09): - Changes to the ocean, including warming, more frequent marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, and reduced oxygen levels have been clearly linked to human influence. These changes affect both ocean ecosystems and the people that rely on them, and they will continue throughout at least the rest of this century.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2017-04-27): - When CO2 dissolves in seawater, the water becomes more acidic. The acidity of the oceans has increased by 26 % since about 1850, a rate of change roughly 10 times faster than any time in the last 55 million years. [...] Since around 1850, the oceans have absorbed between a third and a half of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere. As a result, the average pH of ocean surface waters has fallen by about 0.1 units, from 8.2 to 8.1 (Figure 2). This corresponds to a 26 % increase in ocean acidity, a rate of change roughly 10 times faster than any time in the last 55 million years. [...] Despite the different responses within and between marine groups, positive or negative, research suggests that ocean acidification will be a driver for substantial changes in ocean ecosystems this century. These changes may be made worse by the combined effect with other emerging climate-related hazards, such as the decrease of ocean oxygen levels – a condition known as ocean deoxygenation –that is already affecting marine life in some regions (Long et al. 2016).
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2022-05-09): Another effect of global warming is ocean acidification, caused by the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: the water’s pH is constantly decreasing as the ocean absorbs higher levels of CO2. It has been shown that lower pH levels can affect the behavior of marine species, putting them at life-threatening risks.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2024-02-12): Our oceans support an abundance of life with an average pH level of 8.1, making seawater slightly basic. But experts estimate that over the course of the 21st century, the pH of ocean water could dip down to 7.8. That may sound like a small change, but the last time the ocean pH was this low was some 14 to 17 million years ago, when the Earth was a very different place. Scientists predict the change will have serious ramifications for ocean ecologies, food security, and economies, big and small, that depend on marine industries. [...] How do we know that the decrease in ocean pH isn’t part of a natural cycle? Because research has shown that the rise in fossil fuels and atmospheric CO2 correlates with the decline of ocean pH. And while correlation doesn't always equal causation, Suatoni explains, "the consistency between what scientists theorize and what we’ve observed—as well as the lack of good alternative explanations—gives us high confidence that carbon dioxide pollution is causing ocean acidification."
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2011-06-16): About 30 percent of the carbon dioxide that people have put into the atmosphere has diffused into the ocean through the direct chemical exchange. Dissolving carbon dioxide in the ocean creates carbonic acid, which increases the acidity of the water. Or rather, a slightly alkaline ocean becomes a little less alkaline. Since 1750, the pH of the ocean’s surface has dropped by 0.1, a 30 percent change in acidity.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2024-05-29): See all EU institutions and bodiesAlmost one quarter of human-caused carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are absorbed by oceans, resulting in ocean acidification, i.e. a decrease in the ocean water pH. Ocean acidification has increased rapidly causing pH to drop by approximately 30% since the pre-industrial era. Further decreases in pH are projected in the future. Seawater pH has decreased from 8.11 in 1985 to 8.05 in 2021. Ocean acidification has impacts on marine organisms with its effects cascading throughout the food web, modifying ecosystem services like fisheries. [...] Over the last million years, mean surface seawater pH has been relatively stable. Oscillating between 8.3, during cold periods (e.g. during the last glacial maximum 20,000 years ago), and 8.2, during warm periods (e.g. just prior to the industrial revolution). Rapid increases in atmospheric CO2 levels due to emissions from human activities are now threatening this stability, as a large fraction of emitted CO2 is absorbed by the ocean, causing a decline in pH and subsequent ocean acidification. [...] Mean surface ocean pH is projected to decline further, between about 0.15 and 0.5pH units by 2100 depending on the emission scenario. This will affect many marine organisms and could alter marine ecosystems. In the North Atlantic Ocean, cold water corals are expected to face severe impacts due to acidification and losses of carbonate skeleton.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, making it more acidic. This process is known as ocean acidification. Since the late 18th century, the ocean has absorbed about 30% of the carbon humans have generated, decreasing its pH level.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2019-01-30): This added CO2 has had significant effects on the ocean. Surface waters are now 30 percent more acidic than they were at the start of the industrial era. Ocean acidification is now happening at a faster rate than at any point in the last 66 million years, and possibly in the last 300 million years. And projections show that by the end of this century, ocean surface waters could be more than twice as acidic as they were at the end of last century if we do not reduce our carbon emissions. [...] Ocean acidification is particularly detrimental to species that build their skeletons and shells from calcium carbonate (like clams, mussels, crabs, phytoplankton, and corals), and that constitute the bottom of the food chain. Acidification reduces the availability of carbonate ions in ocean water, which provide the building blocks these organisms need to make their shells and skeletons, significantly reducing the chances for their offspring to survive. [...] If CO2 emissions continue unabated, by the end of the century, ocean acidification is expected to reduce harvests of U.S. shellfish. It’s estimated that by the end of the century annual supplies of clams could decrease by 35 percent, oysters supplies could fall by 50 percent, and scallops could see a decline of 55 percent. Overall, the shellfish industry could experience cumulative consumer losses of $230 million. In this same scenario, ocean acidification paired with warming could cost $140 billion in today’s dollars in lost recreational benefits associated with coral reefs, and the US coral reef recreation industry could decline in value by more than 90 percent by 2100.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2024-04-09): Another reason carbon dioxide is important in the Earth system is that it dissolves into the ocean like the fizz in a can of soda. It reacts with water molecules, producing carbonic acid and lowering the ocean's pH (raising its acidity). Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the pH of the ocean's surface waters has dropped from 8.21 to 8.10. This drop in pH is called ocean acidification.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2020-07-06): The uptake of carbon by the oceans affects marine chemistry via ocean acidification (Gattuso and Buddemeier, 2000; Orr et al., 2005; Doney et al., 2009), a process that increases seawater concentrations of CO2, H+, and and reduces pH and ion concentrations. The oceans have absorbed approximately 30 % of anthropogenic carbon emissions since the pre-industrial era (Sabine et al., 2004; Khatiwala et al., 2009, 2013; Gruber et al., 2019), resulting in global surface pH declines of approximately 0.1 units (Bindoff et al., 2007). Declines in global open ocean surface pH are 0.018 units per decade over 1991–2011 (Lauvset et al. 2015), with individual time series stations exhibiting declines of 0.017 to 0.027 units per decade (Bindoff, et al., in press). Earth system models have projected twenty-first century global surface ocean pH declines of up to 0.33 units under previous high-emissions scenarios (Bopp et al., 2013), with associated changes in the seasonal cycles of seawater carbonate chemistry (McNeil and Sasse, 2016; Kwiatkowski and Orr, 2018; Landschützer et al., 2018).
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2009-01-01): This would be a 100 percent to 150 percent increase of the acidity of the oceans by the end of the century. This is a very dramatic change that has not been seen in the world oceans for more than 50 million years.
Claim: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH levels in the last century (Mike Wallace & James Delingpole, 2017-10-01)
Evidence (2011-03-03): The ocean has absorbed about 30% of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide, resulting in ocean acidification and changes to carbonate chemistry that are unprecedented for at least the last 65 million years (high confidence). Risks have been identified for the survival, calcification, growth, development and abundance of a broad range of marine taxonomic groups, ranging from algae to fish, with substantial evidence of predictable trait-based sensitivities (high confidence). There are multiple lines of evidence that ocean warming and acidification corresponding to 1.5°C of global warming would impact a wide range of marine organisms and ecosystems, as well as sectors such as aquaculture and fisheries (high confidence). {3.3.10, 3.4.4}
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-05-31): Epidemiological studies consistently show that smokers are less likely to develop Parkinson’s. This isn’t a reason to start smoking, as the health risks associated with it far outweigh any potential benefits. However, this research suggests that specific ingredients in cigarettes might have therapeutic potential in Parkinson’s. Nicotine, the main component of cigarettes, has been shown to protect neurons against damage in rodents and monkeys. However, clinical trials have failed to show a similar effect in people with Parkinson’s.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2019-04-12): April 11, 2019"It really seems that nicotine protects against Parkinson's," Daniela Berg, head of the Clinic for Neurology in Kiel, told DW. "Nicotine does not only refer to smoking itself, passive smoking is just as much a part of it as tobacco chewing," Berg explained. [...] "There is hardly anything other than nicotine that has been found to protect against Parkinson's," says Berg. Some studies conclude that smoking stimulates certain enzymes that inactivate nerve toxins. "The effect of nicotine is not yet fully understood, but the fact is that people who smoke are less likely to develop Parkinson's disease. But of course you wouldn't advise anyone to smoke because there are far too many negative outcomes," said the neurologist.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-10-09): This is false. Experts told AAP FactCheck there is no evidence nicotine is an effective cure for Parkinson’s disease, a progressive disorder that affects the nervous system. [...] "Did you know nicotine patches can heal Parkinson’s, MS, Myocarditis, Autism," one Facebook post claims, while another says: "Nicotine can prevent, reverse, cure alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis…" [...] However, Prof Mellick said nicotine being used to cure Parkinson’s disease is "not a treatment option that has any evidence base".
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2018-07-11): But here’s a dirty little secret of medical research: Nicotine — a highly addictive substance that keeps tobacco smokers hooked on the habit — has actually been shown to have therapeutic properties. Tobacco smoking has been demonstrated in numerous studies to have a negative association with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases as well as with inflammatory bowel disease. It seems that nicotine — tobacco’s pharmacologically active ingredient — is doing something right.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-03-02): The gradual nature of age-related neurodegeneration causes Parkinson’s disease (PD) and impairs movement, memory, intellectual ability, and social interaction. One of the most prevalent neurodegenerative conditions affecting the central nervous system (CNS) among the elderly is PD. PD affects both motor and cognitive functions. Degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and buildup of the protein α-synuclein (α-Syn) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are two major causes of this disorder. Both UPS and ALS systems serve to eliminate α-Syn. Autophagy and UPS deficits, shortened life duration, and lipofuscin buildup accelerate PD. This sickness has no cure. Innovative therapies are halting PD progression. Bioactive phytochemicals may provide older individuals with a natural substitute to help delay the onset of neurodegenerative illnesses. This study examines whether nicotine helps transgenic C. elegans PD models. According to numerous studies, nicotine enhances synaptic plasticity and dopaminergic neuronal survival. Upgrades UPS pathways, increases autophagy, and decreases oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. At 100, 150, and 200 µM nicotine levels, worms showed reduced α-Syn aggregation, repaired DA neurotoxicity after 6-OHDA intoxication, increased lifetime, and reduced lipofuscin accumulation. Furthermore, nicotine triggered autophagy and UPS. [...] Nicholatos JW et al (2018) Nicotine promotes neuron survival and partially protects from Parkinson’s disease by suppressing SIRT6. Acta Neuropathol Commun 6:0625 [...] Quik M, Perez XA, Bordia T (2012) Nicotine as a potential neuroprotective agent for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 27(8):947–957
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2016-06-20): Nicotine has been shown to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, to reduce the significant side effects of its treatment and to protect dopamine neurons from dying. Since nicotine stimulates the release of dopamine, it can partly compensate for the low levels of the neurotransmitter in the substantia nigra of the brains of people with Parkinson’s – a part of the brain responsible for movement and reward. Nicotine also decreases the involuntary muscle movements known as dyskinesia which are caused by the treatment of the disorder with the dopamine precursor L-dopa. (As an artist, my friend finds dyskinesia particularly frustrating.) [...] In more than 95% of Parkinson’s patients, large amounts of inactive alpha-synuclein protein accumulate inside the dying brain cells. These deposits are known as Lewy bodies. Alpha-synuclein exists in two forms: an active form, which is involved in the release of dopamine, and an inactive form that can form Lewy bodies. Nicotine may prevent cell death by increasing the amount of active alpha-synuclein as it encourages neurons to release dopamine. This would block the formation of Lewy bodies thereby keeping nerve cells alive. [...] Cigarette smoke also contains thousands of chemicals and it could well be that nicotine needs some of them to do its protective work. One of them, a naptho-quinone, protects against neuronal cell death and may help nicotine to prevent Parkinson’s disease.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2011-07-27): The risk of Parkinson's disease is reduced by cigarette smoking, which raises some unanswered questions. Nicotine, a major component of tobacco smoke, could exert either nonreceptor-mediated biological effects or, more importantly, act on the different subtypes of nicotinic brain receptors, in particular those associated with the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. There is now robust experimental evidence for a neuroprotective effect of nicotine upon dopaminergic neurons. By contrast, in animal models of Parkinson's disease, nicotine alone has slight or no motor effects. However, nicotine may modulate dopamine transmission and has clear motor effects when associated with L-DOPA, reducing L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Clinical trials have yielded inconclusive results thus far and are hampered by different designs and small cohorts. Ongoing studies address either symptomatic motor or nonmotor symptoms, or neuroprotection. There is still no agreement on the daily dosage of nicotine or the method of administration. Together, these data suggest that nicotine or nicotinic receptor drugs have therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease, although the specific treatment regimens remain to be determined. [...] Cite this: Can Nicotine be Used Medicinally in Parkinson's Disease? - Medscape - Jul 01, 2011.