copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2023-11-22): T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination •,,,,,,,. The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains. [...] T cell memory after covid-19 vaccination
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2021-08-24): Four in 10 people who are clinically vulnerable generate lower levels of antibodies than healthy recipients after two shots of vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, a study has found.1 The Octave (Observational Cohort Trial T cells Antibodies and Vaccine Efficacy in SARS-CoV-2) trial is one of the largest in the world to have looked at the response to covid-19 vaccination in patients who are immunocompromised. It compared 600 patients, who had a weakened immune system because of their disease process or treatment, with the antibody response of healthy people from the Pitch (Protective Immunity from T Cells in Healthcare workers) study. [...] The findings, published as a preprint on the Lancet site,1 showed that 89% of immunocompromised patients seroconverted within four weeks of the second vaccine dose, as compared with 100% of healthy participants in the Pitch trial.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2024-09-17): People who are moderately or severely immunocompromised may get additional doses of updated COVID-19 vaccine 2 or more months after getting the last updated COVID-19 vaccine. [...] Getting a COVID-19 vaccine after you recover provides added protection. You may consider delaying your vaccine by 3 months. However, certain factors could be reasons to get a vaccine sooner rather than later, such as: [...] The COVID-19 vaccines for children have the same active ingredients as the vaccines given to adults. However, children receive a smaller, age-appropriate dose. The smaller doses were rigorously tested and found to create the needed immune response for each age group.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2022-07-27): A second booster dose of either the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are recommended for people over 50. A second booster is also recommended for certain people 12 years or older who are moderately or severely immunocompromised. [...] For people over 50 and with compromised immune systems, a second booster dose should be administered four months after receiving an initial booster dose. And adults who got the Johnson & Johnson vaccine for their primary series and booster dose at least four months ago, should get a second booster dose of either Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. [...] An additional dose is often administered to people with moderately to severely compromised immune systems to improve their response to their initial vaccine series. A COVID-19 booster dose is given when a person has completed their primary vaccine series and protection against SARS-CoV-2 has decreased over time.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2021-07-17): The second dose of a COVID-19 vaccine induces a powerful boost to a part of the immune system that provides broad antiviral protection, according to a study led by investigators at the Stanford University School of Medicine. [...] "The second shot has powerful beneficial effects that far exceed those of the first shot," Pulendran said. "It stimulated a manifold increase in antibody levels, a terrific T-cell response that was absent after the first shot alone, and a strikingly enhanced innate immune response." Unexpectedly, Pulendran said, the vaccine — particularly the second dose — caused the massive mobilization of a newly discovered group of first-responder cells that are normally scarce and quiescent.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2022-10-01): The British Society for Immunology (BSI) has partnered once more with the UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium to create an infographic that explains the immune response that follows COVID-19 vaccination. Scroll down this page to discover more, click the download link to print the graphic or share on social media tagging @britsocimm and @UKCICstudy to help strengthen public understanding. UK-CIC researchers are studying the interaction between SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and the immune system. The best way of protecting yourself against COVID-19 is by having a COVID-19 vaccination as it trains your immune system to respond to the virus quickly and effectively, preventing you becoming unwell. The vaccine works with your immune system to build immune memory for the virus, meaning you are protected for a long time after receiving both doses of the vaccine.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2021-04-20): Immune response to vaccination after COVID-19 [...] To look at this question in a larger group of people, researchers led by Drs. Jonathan Braun, Susan Cheng, and Kimia Sobhani from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center used blood samples donated by healthcare workers at their hospital. The team measured levels of antibodies in the blood before vaccination and then after each of the two vaccine doses. They compared levels in people with prior COVID-19 infection with those who never had the virus. Blood samples were taken between 7 and 21 days after each vaccination. [...] "Overall, individuals who were previously infected with COVID-19 developed an antibody response after a single vaccine dose that was comparable to that seen after a two-dose vaccination course administered to individuals without prior infections," Sobhani says. "It appears that a single booster dose given to previously infected individuals offers the same benefit as two doses given to people without prior infection."
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2021-06-25): The benefits of prime-boosting with COVID-19 vaccines were initially seen in clinical trials. Early studies of the currently approved COVID-19 vaccines compared the immune responses in people who received one or two vaccine doses. Results showed that after the second dose, people had higher amounts of antibodies to fight the virus, indicating that taking more than one dose would probably increase vaccine effectiveness. [...] The scientists investigated the antibody responses of 250 people vaccinated with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine against five variants of the coronavirus, including the original "wild type" that spread in early 2020 as well as the alpha and delta variants and several other forms. After the first and second dose, the researchers looked to see whether people had antibodies able to prevent infection – called neutralising antibodies – for these different forms of the virus. [...] Yet after two doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, the paper suggests protection against symptomatic COVID-19 rises to 93% against the alpha variant and 88% for the delta variant. The Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine also sees a lift: after a second dose it’s 66% protective against alpha and 60% effective against delta.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2021-08-23): This new research found 46 people in the Moderna study who had been vaccinated but subsequently got sick with COVID-19 and compared their levels of neutralizing antibodies with the levels found in a sample of 1,000 people who were vaccinated during the trial and never got sick. [...] The four markers of immunity identified in the paper should indicate how well a COVID-19 vaccine is working overall, but the blood test cannot tell an individual person about their level of protection. [...] Researchers plan to do a similar analysis of the association between antibodies and vaccine-induced immunity in people who participated in the Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca COVID-vaccine trials to see if the same pattern holds.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2022-03-28): Fig. 2: Dynamics and projection of circulating IgG levels against RBD after the second dose of the COVID-19 vaccination using a linear model. [...] In conclusion, humoral responses following COVID-19 vaccination decreased in all age groups after approximately 6 months. Non-linear models estimated a continuous waning in humoral responses primarily in the older population and individuals with a delayed administration of the second vaccine dose. Natural infections prior to completion of vaccination induced a more robust immune response, characterized primarily by the stability of the IgG levels, higher levels of IFN-γ release from activated T-cells, and the presence of IgA antibodies in circulation. The use of dynamic models taking into consideration different factors of the immune system may be of use to establish guidelines for future re-vaccination strategies. [...] Ledford, H. Delaying a COVID vaccine’s second dose boosts immune response. Naturehttps://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01299-y (2021).
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2021-04-20): It varies from person to person, but how dramatic the initial response is does not necessarily relate to the long-term response. In the case of the two mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, well over 90% of people immunized developed the protective adaptive immune response while fewer than 50% developed any side effects, and most were mild. You may never know how strongly your body’s adaptive immune response is gearing up. What are possible side effects? Side effects are normal responses to the injection of a foreign substance. They include things like fever, muscle pain and discomfort at the injection site, and are mediated by the innate immune response. Neutrophils or macrophages in your body notice the vaccine molecules and produce cytokines – molecular signals that cause fever, chills, fatigue and muscle pain. Doctors expect this cytokine reaction to happen any time a foreign substance is injected into the body. In studies where neither recipients nor researchers knew which individuals were getting the mRNA vaccine or a placebo, approximately half of people aged 16 to 55 who received a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine developed a headache after the second dose.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2022-04-19): Many of the reported symptoms were consistent with systemic inflammation, including fatigue, myalgias, chills, fever and joint pain being report in the range of 25.6% to 53.9% of individuals the day following their 2nd dose13. The rate of systemic symptoms following a booster dose are slightly less, in general, than after a second dose, but greater than after a first dose14. The relationship between reactogenicity symptoms after vaccination and immune response is controversial15, although one study of a COVID-19 vaccine identified a direct correlation between the duration of time between a first and second vaccine dose, reactogenicity and eventual humoral immune response16. In addition, a recent study found a significant relationship between individual changes in physiologic parameters measured using a smart ring and ~30 day antibody levels17.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2022-12-26): Booster shots of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are recommended for everyone 5 years and older at least 2 months after you've gotten your first two doses.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2022-06-24): Vaccination against COVID-19 started on 27 December 2020 across the European Union. By 31 August 2021, the EU reached the important milestone of 70% of the EU adult population getting fully vaccinated (one or two doses). EU countries continue their COVID-19 vaccination campaigns with booster shots and adapted vaccines to COVID-19 variants. [...] Vaccines work by preparing a person's immune system (the body’s natural defences) to recognise and defend itself against a specific disease. [...] When the immune system gets in contact with the inactivated virus it responds by producing natural defences against infection by COVID-19.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2024-01-01): One of the inactivated vaccines manufactured for the COVID-19 infection is CoronaVac® or Sinovac® containing the inactivated virus and aluminum as an adjuvant. After the second injection, high neutral antibodies can be seen in patients, but the T cell response is quite low. However, the added aluminum adjuvant can help to initiate a T-helper 2 response [17,23]. Studies indicated that the level of post-injection neutral antibody decreased with aging. Thus, it is recommended to elevate the dosage in [25]. [...] Most of the in-development vaccines have employed RBD as the antigen, since immunization against it may protect the host cells from viral binding to ACE2 and invasion into host cells [29]. As reported, an anti-SARS-CoV vaccine based on RBD antigen and alum had a high protective immune response, and interestingly, RBD vaccines could minimize the risk of host immunopotentiation [30,31]. It was shown that protein subunit vaccines together with adjuvants generated a potent response against SARS-CoV-2. In the case of Novavax, nAbs were 100-times higher after the second dose and 4-times higher than symptomatic outpatients after 35 days [32]. [...] BNT162b1 encodes the SARS-CoV-2 RBD. Moreover, adding a T4 fibritin (fold on)-derived trimerization domain to the RBD antigen led to an increase in vaccine efficacy [52]. BNT162b1 induced high titers of nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Virus-specific T-helper1 and CD8+ T cells were also seen after administering the second dose [53,54].
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2024-01-10): Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Second Booster Dose of Two COVID-19 Vaccines for Older and Immunocompromised Individuals The FDA authorized a second booster dose of either the Pfizer-BioNTech or the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines for older people and certain immunocompromised individuals. [...] The FDA approved a second COVID-19 vaccine. The vaccine has been known as the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine; the approved vaccine will be marketed as Spikevax for the prevention of COVID-19 in individuals 18 years of age and older.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2021-03-01): The cells then read the genetic instructions needed to make the spike protein and the vaccinated cells make and present the spike protein on their own surface. The person’s immune system then notices these foreign proteins and makes antibodies against them that will protect the person if they are ever exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in the future. The adenovirus vector vaccine is safe because the adenovirus can’t replicate in human cells or cause disease, and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can’t cause COVID–19 without the rest of the coronavirus. This approach is not new. Johnson & Johnson used a similar method to make its Ebola vaccine, and the AstraZeneca-Oxford COVID-19 vaccine is also an adenovirus viral vector vaccine. How effective is it? The FDA’s analysis found that, in the U.S., the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine was 72% effective at preventing all COVID-19 and 86% effective at preventing severe cases of the disease. While there is still a chance a vaccinated person could get sick, this suggests they would be much less likely to need hospitalization or to die from COVID-19. A similar trial in South Africa, where a new, more contagious variant is dominant, produced similar results.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2021-04-24): Data from phase 1/2 trials of Moderna Inc’s COVID-19 vaccine show that doses produced immune responses in all 3 groups of 15 volunteers. The company was the first to enter large-scale human trials. Adverse effects of the vaccine candidate, which is administered twice 28 days apart, include injection site pain and chills. [...] Meanwhile, the FDA grants an EUA for a second COVID-19 antibody treatment. The cocktail, manufactured by Regeneron, was administered to Trump when he was battling COVID-19 at the beginning of October. In a clinical trial of 800 people, the treatment significantly reduced virus levels within days. [...] A week after hearing the application for the country’s first COVID-19 vaccine, the same FDA advisory panel meets and agrees that a second vaccine, from Moderna, will benefit individuals 18 years and older. The vote is 20-0, with 1 abstention. The Moderna vaccine is given 28 days apart; the Pfizer-BioNtech one, 21 days apart.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2022-07-01): A rise in temperature (fever) is a common side effect after getting a vaccine. Fevers have been reported as a side effect after getting the COVID vaccine because the immune system is reacting to create immunity in the body. Some people with epilepsy have seizures that are triggered by fever. However, the available data about the risks of COVID and the safety of the COVID vaccines still support vaccination. If you or your loved one have seizures triggered by fever, please talk to your health care provider about: [...] The COVID vaccines are going through the same rigorous safety assessments as have other vaccines, and corners are not being cut. The purpose of a vaccine is to expose your immune system to the virus in a safe way. If you are exposed to it in the future, your immune system will recognize, attack, and destroy the virus before you become ill from it. The COVID vaccine uses a new technology where messenger RNA is introduced into the body, as opposed to a piece of the virus. Messenger RNA contains the instructions for your body to make a protein related to the virus, but not the actual virus. Your immune system will then make antibodies to that protein. If you are then exposed to COVID infection, your body will rapidly recognize the protein, and will be primed to fight off infection early, preventing you from developing severe illness.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2021-12-01): Postmarketing data with Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine demonstrate increased risks of myocarditis and pericarditis, particularly within the period 0 through 7 days following the second dose of the primary series. The observed risk is higher among adolescent males and adult males under 40 years of age than among females and older males. The observed risk is highest in males 12 through 17 years of age. Although some cases required intensive care support, available data from short-term follow-up suggest that most individuals have had resolution of symptoms with conservative management. Information is not yet available about potential long-term sequelae. The CDC has published considerations related to myocarditis and pericarditis after vaccination, including for vaccination of individuals with a history of myocarditis or pericarditis (https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/myocarditis.html). [...] Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and pericarditis (inflammation of the lining outside the heart) have occurred in some people who have received COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) or Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, more commonly in adolescent males and adult males under 40 years of age than among females and older males. In most of these people, symptoms began within a few days following receipt of the second dose of vaccine. The chance of having this occur is very low. You should seek medical attention right away if you have any of the following symptoms after receiving the vaccine:
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2022-02-03): NEW As of 10th January 2022, Health Care Workers and Front-Line Workers who have received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine are eligible to receive another dose of the vaccine called the precaution dose. All persons aged 60 years and above with comorbidities and who have received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine are eligible to receive the precaution dose based on their doctor’s advice. The order in which these precaution doses would be given are based on the completion of 9 months or 39 weeks from the second dose. [...] Once a person gets COVID-19, their body starts producing antibodies to it. Therefore, experts suggest waiting 3 months after recovering from COVID-19 before getting the second dose. Getting the second dose is important to ensure an effective immune response against COVID-19 in the future. [...] - It’s possible a person could have been infected just before or just after vaccination. It typically takes about 2 weeks for the body to build protection after the second dose of vaccination. Thus, a person can get sick if the vaccine has not had enough time to provide protection.
Claim: A person’s immune system “tanks” after their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. (YouTube video, 2021-09-28)
Evidence (2020-07-21): • More than half of the volunteers reported fatigue, headache, chills, muscle aches, or pain at the injection site. Those symptoms were most common after the second vaccination and in volunteers who received the highest vaccine dose. That dose will not be used in larger trials. • Two doses of 100 micrograms of the vaccine prompted a robust immune response, which was last measured 43 days after the second dose. These responses were actually above the average levels seen in blood samples from people who had recovered from COVID-19. [...] There have been rare reports of people recovering from infection with SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, only to test positive a second time. Such results might be explained by reports that the virus can linger in our systems. Yet some important questions remain: Is it possible that people could beat this virus only to get reinfected a short time later? How long does immunity last after infection? And what can we expect about the duration of protection from a vaccine?