copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Global COVID Vaccine Safety study shows that COVID-19 vaccines are dangerous, inadequately tested; getting vaccinated is more dangerous than getting COVID-19 (Social media users, 2024-02-19)
Evidence (2023-03-18): Find out more about getting vaccinated: [...] - Get vaccinated as soon as it’s your turn and follow local guidance on vaccination. [...] The risks of getting COVID-19 are higher in crowded and inadequately ventilated spaces where infected people spend long periods of time together in close proximity.
Claim: Global COVID Vaccine Safety study shows that COVID-19 vaccines are dangerous, inadequately tested; getting vaccinated is more dangerous than getting COVID-19 (Social media users, 2024-02-19)
Evidence (2023-05-15): An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know [...] Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
Claim: Global COVID Vaccine Safety study shows that COVID-19 vaccines are dangerous, inadequately tested; getting vaccinated is more dangerous than getting COVID-19 (Social media users, 2024-02-19)
Evidence (2024-01-03): Vaccines developed for COVID-19 do not protect against influenza, and similarly, the influenza vaccine does not protect against COVID-19. Follow the advice of your local authorities on getting the influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. It is safe and effective to get both vaccines at the same time. COVID-19 vaccines approved for use by WHO are proven to protect against severe illness and death caused by COVID-19 disease. More than 13 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccine have been administered globally since 2021 and the vaccines have met rigorous standards for safety, effectiveness and quality. If you do get COVID-19 or flu after vaccination, you are more likely to have mild or no symptoms than if you hadn’t been vaccinated. [...] WHO-authorized COVID-19 vaccines are safe for adults and children 6 months and older. Those in the high-priority group for COVID-19 vaccination include older adults, adults with chronic diseases, those with immunocompromising conditions, pregnant adolescent and adults, and health and care workers. Influenza vaccines are also recommended for these same population groups.
Claim: Global COVID Vaccine Safety study shows that COVID-19 vaccines are dangerous, inadequately tested; getting vaccinated is more dangerous than getting COVID-19 (Social media users, 2024-02-19)
Evidence (2024-02-23): Global COVID Vaccine Safety study identified already-known risks, doesn’t show that risks are greater than benefits No medical intervention, including vaccines, is entirely free of risk. While COVID-19 vaccines are associated with a risk of certain health problems, including myocarditis and a particular type of blood clot, COVID-19 is associated with a much greater risk of developing cardiovascular, neurological, and hematological disorders compared to the vaccines. Getting vaccinated reduces the risk of severe disease and death. The benefits of COVID-19 vaccines outweigh their risks. [...] Many of these posts cited the study to promote claims that COVID-19 vaccines were dangerous, or that they weren’t adequately tested, or that the vaccines posed greater risks than COVID-19 itself. The headlines of several articles, such as this one by the Gateway Pundit and another by RT (formerly Russia Today), also simply described the study as having found health problems linked to COVID-19 vaccines with no preamble.
Claim: Global COVID Vaccine Safety study shows that COVID-19 vaccines are dangerous, inadequately tested; getting vaccinated is more dangerous than getting COVID-19 (Social media users, 2024-02-19)
Evidence (2021-01-08): Robust vaccine safety monitoring efforts continue. If any COVID-19 vaccine safety concerns are detected, we will communicate them promptly. [...] - Evidence indicates that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines continue to outweigh the risks of the disease. [...] Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian COVID-19 vaccination safety report. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; January 19, 2024. https://health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/vaccine-safety/
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-04-18): Increased amounts of sodium in the blood causes more water to enter the bloodstream, raising blood pressure. Salt, or sodium chloride, is a major contributor of sodium in our diet and most people consume more than the recommended amounts. Clinical trials have shown that more salt in the diet increases blood pressure and the risks of heart disease and stroke.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-07-15): Over time, excessive salt intake can lead to high blood pressure (hypertension), which stiffens and narrows the blood vessels. Blood and oxygen flow to key organs decreases. So the heart tries harder to pump blood throughout the body, which further increases blood pressure. [...] Salt affects people differently. "Some people can consume sodium with no effect on their blood pressure," says Dr. Thomas. "But for others who are ‘salt sensitive,’ even a slight increase in sodium intake wreaks havoc on the kidneys’ ability to regulate fluid, and increases blood pressure." [...] Working with your doctor to ensure that salt intake is not raising your blood pressure and impacting your heart and kidneys can have a dramatic impact on your health and longevity.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2023-02-10): Last Updated : 10 February 2023Salt has been used to flavour and preserve foods for thousands of years. We all need some salt for good health, but eating too much can increase our blood pressure, increasing our risk of heart disease. Here we discuss how too much salt can increase blood pressure, the relationship between salt and high blood pressure across Europe and what we can do to reduce our salt intake. [...] There is consistent evidence that moderate reductions (i.e., a decrease of 3 to 5 g or ½ to 1 teaspoon a day) in salt intake can lead to a reduction in blood pressure.5,6 However, these effects may not be the same for everyone and will depend on an individual’s starting blood pressure (greater benefits are seen in those with higher blood pressure), their current level of salt intake, genetics, disease status and medication use. Salt is not the only lifestyle factor that can influence our blood pressure. Other factors such as eating enough potassium, maintaining a healthy body weight, not smoking, and being physically active are also important. You can find 7 lifestyle tips to help reduce blood pressure here.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2021-01-01): If you already have high blood pressure, too much salt will raise it further, and may mean that any blood pressure medicines you’re taking don't work as well as they should. Cutting down on salt is one of the simplest ways to lower your blood pressure, and will start to make a difference very quickly, even within weeks. [...] Salt is made up of sodium and chloride, and it’s the sodium that raises blood pressure. 1g of sodium is the same as 2.5g of salt.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-07-23): Potassium in the diet can lessen the effects of table salt and sodium on blood pressure. Food makers often add sodium to processed foods to make them taste salty. Aim for 3,500 to 5,000 milligrams (mg) of potassium a day. It may lower blood pressure 4 to 5 mm Hg. Ask your healthcare professional how much potassium you should have. [...] - Read food labels. Look for low-sodium versions of foods and drinks. - Eat fewer processed foods. Only a small amount of sodium occurs naturally in foods. Most sodium is added during processing.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2021-05-26): Salt does both. When there's excess salt in your system, the heart pumps more blood in a given time, boosting blood pressure. And over time, salt narrows the vessels themselves, which is the most common "plumbing" feature of high blood pressure. [...] Salt also can threaten the brain by damaging blood vessels and raising blood pressure, which is a major risk factor for stroke. It also might change the behavior of the brain stem, which helps regulate salt balance and blood pressure. [...] Some people who don't have high blood pressure can eat salt without seeing their blood pressure increase. Others may have "salt sensitivity," where even moderate salt intake triggers a higher blood pressure.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2023-11-11): - A randomized trial comparing the effects of high-sodium and low-sodium diets on blood pressure in adults with normal blood pressure and high blood pressure found that following a low-sodium diet significantly lowered blood pressure in 70%-75% of participants in as little as one week, including people currently taking blood pressure medications. [...] - In contrast, returning to a high-sodium diet did raise blood pressure when starting from the low-sodium reference point. [...] - Multimedia is available on the right column of the release link https://newsroom.heart.org/news/reducing-sodium-intake-significantly-lowered-blood-pressure-in-as-little-as-one-week?preview=8766021fa5a86c4a12c5dee3f2edb904 - After Nov. 11, view the abstract in the AHA Scientific Sessions 2023 Online Program Planner - AHA health information: Get the Scoop on Sodium and Salt - AHA health information: How to Reduce Sodium - AHA news release: What if sodium in packaged foods was reduced for an entire continent? (January 2023)
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2023-08-01): Eating too much salt can cause high blood pressure, which increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes. It's easy to have too much salt (or sodium). Around three quarters of the salt we eat comes from packaged and everyday foods we buy, such as bread, breakfast cereals, meat products and ready meals. [...] Having too much salt can cause high blood pressure.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-09-10): Heart Health High Blood Pressure Living With Eating Salt When You Have High Blood Pressure By Mark Stibich, PhD Updated on September 10, 2024 Medically reviewed by Rafle Fernandez, MD Print Salt (sodium) is essential to our bodies. Normally your kidneys control your level of salt. If you consume too much salt, the kidneys pass it into the urine. But when our salt intake levels are very high, the kidneys might not be able to keep up, and the salt can remain in the body. Salt attracts water to balance the concentration in the blood. When there is too much salt in the blood, the salt draws more water into the blood. More water increases the volume of blood, which raises blood pressure. Blood pressure refers to the amount of pressure on the walls of your arteries. Think of a garden hose. When the water is off, there is no pressure on the walls of the hose. When the water is on halfway, there is some pressure on the walls of the hose. When the water is on full the way, there is more pressure on the walls of the hose.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2022-06-10): Detrimental effects of high salt intake on blood pressure (BP), especially systolic BP, are well documented in the literature [1,2,3]. High BP, a primary modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [4], can be prevented and managed with reduced salt intake [5]. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends intakes of less than 5 g/day of salt, or 2 g/day of sodium, in adults for chronic disease prevention [3]. [...] Migdal KU, Robinson AT, Watso JC, Babcock MC, Serrador JM, Farquhar WB. A high-salt meal does not augment blood pressure responses during maximal exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45:123–8. [...] Arcand J, Wong MMY, Santos JA, Leung AA, Trieu K, Thout SR, et al. More evidence that salt increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April–July 2016). J Clin Hypertens. 2017;19:813–23.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-08-21): Sodium may affect your blood pressure even more dramatically if you’re sensitive to salt. Certain factors may influence your blood pressure when you eat salt: [...] The rest of sodium in the diet comes naturally in food (about 15%) or from salt added when cooking food or to our plates (about 11%).
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-05-21): Myth: I don’t use table salt, so I’m in control of my sodium intake and my blood pressure. Sodium can increase blood pressure for some people. Controlling sodium means more than putting down the salt shaker. It also means reading food labels. Most sodium we eat is hidden in processed foods such as tomato sauce, soups, condiments, canned foods and prepared mixes. Read the Nutrition Facts labels of prepared and packaged foods. Look for the words "soda" and "sodium" and the symbol "Na" on labels. These words show that sodium is present. [...] Kosher salt and sea salt have the same amount of sodium as table salt. It is not healthier to have sea salt or kosher salt instead of table salt.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2014-09-10): A new study published in the American Journal of Hypertension analyzed data from 8,670 French adults and found that salt consumption wasn’t associated with systolic blood pressure in either men or women after controlling for factors like age. Why not? One explanation, the authors write, is that the link we all assume between salt and blood pressure is "overstated" and "more complex than once believed." It should be noted, however, that even though the study found no statistically significant association between blood pressure and sodium in the diet, those patients who were hypertensive consumed significantly more salt than those without hypertension—suggesting, as other research has, that salt affects people differently. [...] The CDC firmly believes that salt directly influences blood pressure. "We consider the totality of the evidence," said Janelle Gunn of the CDC’s Division of Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention at a press conference. "A vast majority of scientific research confirms that as sodium is reduced, so is blood pressure."
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2023-09-14): - The primary health effect associated with diets high in sodium is raised blood pressure, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, gastric cancer, obesity, osteoporosis, Meniere’s disease, and kidney disease. [...] Recommendations for salt reduction - For adults, WHO recommends less than 2000 mg/day of sodium (equivalent to less than 5 g/day salt (just under a teaspoon). [...] - eat mostly fresh, minimally processed foods - choose low-sodium products (less than 120mg/100g sodium)
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2022-02-16): Salt restriction and blood pressure reduction It has been shown that salt restriction can lower blood pressure, where a reduction of about 1.75 g sodium per day (4.4 g sodium chloride/day) was associated with a mean reduction in systolic/diastolic blood pressure of 4.2/2.1 mmHg, respectively. There was a more pronounced effect (5.4/2.8 mmHg reduction) in patients with hypertension [18]. [...] High salt intake is deleterious to the cardiovascular system both in normo- as well as in hypertensive individuals. Many food products contain salt, and one should be aware of the salt content in their diet to avoid high consumption. The association between high salt intake and hypertension is well established and all guidelines recommend reducing dietary salt as one of the proven measures to reduce high blood pressure. It is recommended to limit salt consumption to moderate amounts as too little salt in a diet may lead to adverse cardiovascular events. Population-based campaigns should increase the public awareness about the risks of high dietary salt and about the available measures to replace an unhealthy diet with a healthier one.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-09-11): - have unhealthy lifestyle habits. Unhealthy habits such as eating too much sodium (salt), drinking too many alcoholic beverages, or not being physically active can increase your risk of high blood pressure. [...] Following a healthy eating plan can help lower your blood pressure. Reducing the amount of sodium in your diet is an important part of any healthy eating plan. Your health care professional may recommend the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan. DASH focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other foods that are healthy for your heart and lower in sodium, which often comes from salt. The DASH eating plan - is low in fat and cholesterol - features fat-free or low-fat milk and dairy products, fish, poultry, and nuts - suggests less red meat, sweets, added sugars, and sugar-containing beverages - is rich in nutrients, protein, and fiber [...] If you have kidney disease, avoid foods and beverages that are high in sodium.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-04-05): Consuming too much sodium can raise your blood pressure. Limiting sodium intake is especially important if you have high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. [...] Most Americans eat too much sodium and too little potassium. Americans consume more than 3,400 milligrams (mg) of sodium each day, on average. This is well above the federal recommendation of less than 2,300 mg of sodium daily for teens and adults as part of a healthy eating pattern. Most sodium in our diets comes from packaged and restaurant food. Foods with moderate amounts of sodium, such as bread, can be major sources of sodium because they're eaten so frequently.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2023-12-05): Recent research published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) found that people following a low-salt diet for just one week may experience a significant reduction in blood pressure compared to a high-salt diet. [...] The link between low salt intake and improved blood pressure is well documented. This study showed that the link remains even for those on blood pressure-lowering medications. [...] Cutting down on salt is one of the best changes you can make to your diet to reduce your risk of high blood pressure. It is encouraging to see that blood pressure can improve when people start cutting back on salt.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2017-05-12): Sodium chloride, commonly called dietary salt, is essential to our body. But a high salt intake can raise blood pressure, which can damage the body in many ways over time. High blood pressure has been linked to heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and other health problems. However, not everyone is equally sensitive to high levels of salt. [...] The scientists were surprised to find that, whatever the level of salt consumed, sodium was stored and released from the men’s bodies in roughly weekly and monthly patterns. The team uncovered similar rhythms for the hormones aldosterone, which regulates sodium excretion from the kidney, and glucocorticoids, which help regulate metabolism. [...] "We have always focused on the role of salt in arterial hypertension. Our findings suggest that there is much more to know—a high salt intake may predispose to metabolic syndrome," Titze says. More work will be needed to better understand these mechanisms.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-02-20): Scientific tools have become much more precise since then, but the correlation between salt intake and poor health has remained tenuous. Intersalt, a large study published in 1988, compared sodium intake with blood pressure in subjects from 52 international research centers and found no relationship between sodium intake and the prevalence of hypertension. In fact, the population that ate the most salt, about 14 grams a day, had a lower median blood pressure than the population that ate the least, about 7.2 grams a day. In 2004 the Cochrane Collaboration, an international, independent, not-for-profit health care research organization funded in part by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, published a review of 11 salt-reduction trials. Over the long-term, low-salt diets, compared to normal diets, decreased systolic blood pressure (the top number in the blood pressure ratio) in healthy people by 1.1 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) by 0.6 mmHg. That is like going from 120/80 to 119/79. The review concluded that "intensive interventions, unsuited to primary care or population prevention programs, provide only minimal reductions in blood pressure during long-term trials."
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-03-01): Dietary salt and blood pressure: A complex connection [...] One of the cardinal rules of heart-healthy eating is to avoid excess salt, which makes sense. The average American consumes the equivalent of about 1½ teaspoons of salt per day — about 50% more than the recommended amount. Getting too much sodium (a main component of salt) is closely linked to having high blood pressure (see "How sodium affects blood pressure"). [...] Unfortunately, there's no easy way to tell who is sensitive or insensitive to salt, and many people fall somewhere in the middle of those two extremes. But research is helping unravel the genetic basis of these differences, which may one day improve how doctors treat high blood pressure, according to endocrinologist Dr. Gordon Williams, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2017-04-25): Salt has long been vilified as the harbinger of hypertension. However, as research into the condition has delved deeper, it is becoming clear that the story is more complex. The latest study in this arena goes some way toward absolving sodium. [...] However, a new batch of studies are bringing this guideline into question, and researchers are now asking whether the relationship between hypertension and salt is so clear cut. [...] As more studies conclude that sodium’s role in hypertension is less vital than once thought, dietary recommendations are sure to change in line with the findings. This changing field of nutrition science is one to watch.
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-07-09): - Reduce salt. Sodium (salt) encourages your body to retain fluid, which can increase the fluid volume of your blood and raise blood pressure. [...] Cooking low sodium dishes ― and reducing the amount of salt in other recipes ― is a good way to cut back. [...] Foods high in salt and sodium are the most obvious no-no’s, but what else should people with hypertension steer clear of?
Claim: “Salt does not raise blood pressure” (Sean Christopher, 2024-04-18)
Evidence (2024-06-13): - Use more salt. Experts usually recommend limiting table salt and foods high in sodium. That's because salt and sodium can raise blood pressure, sometimes by a lot. For people with low blood pressure, though, that can be a good thing. But too much salt or sodium can lead to heart failure, especially in older adults. So it's important to check with a healthcare professional before eating more salt or high-sodium foods.