copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Golan Heights is a territory of Syria (Golan Heights, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-12-13): Since the Arab-Israeli War of 1948, the Israelis had clashed intermittently with Palestinian Arabs and Arab forces from the neighboring states. By the mid-1960s, these incidents intensified causing increased diplomatic tensions in the Middle East. On April 7, 1967 a skirmish on land turned into a major air battle during which Israel shot down six Syrian MiG aircraft over Mount Hermon on the Golan Heights. This led President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt immediately offered to assist Syria in the event of a future Israeli attack. [...] By the end of May, despite diplomatic efforts, tensions continued to rise. The withdrawal of the United Nations forces from the Sinai, the redeployment of Egyptian troops to the Sinai, the massing of hostile forces on the Israeli border, and the signing of a Mutual Defense Pact between Egypt and Jordan on May 30, weakened U.S. efforts to dissuade Israel from taking military action. The war began on June 5, 1967, when Israeli airplanes attacked the Egyptian air force and destroyed many airfields. Between June 5 and June 11, Israeli Defense Forces led onslaughts against Egyptian forces in Sinai and Gaza, and against the Jordanian military in East Jerusalem and the West Bank. The conflict ended with significant battles against Syrian forces on the Golan Heights between June 9 and 10. By June 11, Israel controlled territory previously held by the Arabs in the Sinai, the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): The Green Line is often referred to as the "pre-1967 borders" or the "1967 borders" by many international bodies and national leaders, including former United States president Barack Obama,[6] Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas,[7] the United Nations (UN) in informal texts,[8] and in the text of UN General Assembly resolutions.[9] The name comes from the green ink used to draw the line on the map during armistice talks.[10] After the Six-Day War, the territories captured by Israel beyond the Green Line came to be designated as East Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights. These territories are often referred to as Israeli-occupied territories. The Sinai Peninsula, which was also captured at that time, has since been returned to Egypt as part of the 1979 peace treaty. [...] - S. Brian Willson, "History of Palestine and Green Line Israel", Most Dangerous of Rogue Nation, 1992, Revised May 2002 - David Newman, "Boundaries in Flux: The 'Green Line' Boundary between Israel and the West Bank – Past, Present and Future"[permanent dead link], Boundary & Territory Briefings, Vol. 1 no. 7, 1995.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-08-18): Past Israeli governments have shown willingness to negotiate based on these lines, recognizing that Jews are becoming a minority in the territory under Israeli control, which jeopardizes the state’s democracy and Jewish character. However, the current coalition led by Prime Minister Netanyahu rejects the Green Line as "indefensible," stressing the need for a long-term military presence in the West Bank, and permanent control over Israeli settlements and East Jerusalem. The Prime Minister has stated on occasion that there will never be a Palestinian state, and many of his government’s ministers are fierce opponents of the two-state solution. This position has put the government at odds with the vast majority of the international community. [...] Following the rise of Netanyahu’s Likud party in 1977, Housing Minister David Levy removed the Green Line from official Israel maps. The Knesset rejected an effort in 2007 by then-Education Minister Yuli Tamir to return the Line to Israeli textbooks, and today, the State Department reports that over three-quarters of Israeli maps lack any distinction between Israeli and Palestinian territory. [...] While J Street, the Reform Movement and others are leading an effort to put the Green Line on American Jewish maps, the vast majority of maps used by Jewish institutions–including synagogues, Hebrew schools and Jewish federations– have no Green Line or distinction between Israel and occupied territory. This is just one example of the ways in which the Green Line is being erased from the Jewish communal consciousness–contributing to the denial of legitimate Palestinian claims to the land and undermining the prospects for a two-state resolution.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-09): Ibegin my study of recent proliferation of border spaces in Palestine and Israel, perhaps counterintuitively, with the opening of a border nearly fifty years ago. In 1967, Israel's conquest of the West Bank and Gaza Strip gave it control of the entirety of historic Palestine, which had previously been divided among Israeli, Jordanian and Egyptian control. The pre-1967 border that divided Israel and West Jerusalem from the West Bank and East Jerusalem, known as the ‘Green Line’, went from a closed national border to a porous internal border. It largely ceased to have an on-the-ground physical manifestation, although the construction of the wall partially followed the Green Line, albeit with significant diversions into Palestinian territory. After 1967, Israeli authorities, particularly in the formerly divided city of Jerusalem, moved quickly to erase the walls and fortifications that marked its location and to assert Israeli control over the entire territory. East Jerusalem was annexed into Israel, and Israeli settlement construction began to occur beyond the Green Line. It exists on international maps, but is often unmarked on both Israeli and Palestinian maps.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-17): The Green Line, or 1949 Armistice border,[1] was the armistice line of the State of Israel with Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, as stipulated in the armistice agreements signed in 1949, after the 1947-1949 Palestine War. Its name was given because on the printed maps before the Six Day War, it was marked in green. Other nicknames for the green line are "June 4, 1967 borders", "'67 borders" and "48 borders". [...] Green Line's Form [change | change source]The Green Line encompassed 78% of Mandatory Palestine which, starting in 1922, no longer included the eastern part of the Jordan. It more or less overlapped the border of the mandate area with Syria and Lebanon, most of the border with Egypt, and the border with Jordan in the Arava and Tirat Zvi to Hamat Geder. A large part of the mountain area in the center of the country was occupied by Jordan in 1948. This area was annexed by Jordan and called the "West Bank" (Arabic: دِفة الغربية), that is, the area west of the Jordan River, to distinguish it from the rest of the Kingdom of Jordan at the time, which was located east of the Jordan River. In Israel the area is called "Judea and Samaria". A narrow strip along the southern coastal plain came under Egyptian military control, and was called the "Gaza Strip" (Arabic: قصر غزة).
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-09): Minutes of top-secret cabinet meetings in 1967 reveal how the decision to erase the Green Line from Israel’s official map was made. And it wasn't the only thing that was erased A media storm sprang up last month over the decision by the Tel Aviv Municipality to hang in the city’s classrooms maps of Israel showing the Green Line – the armistice line that Israel and its neighbors agreed upon in 1949, following Israel’s War of Independence. Until 1967, that line signified Israel’s de facto eastern border and demarcated its sovereign territory. The line has not appeared on the State of Israel’s official maps throughout all the years of the occupation, and deliberately so, in the wake of secret decisions made by the security cabinet at the end of 1967. Instead of the Green Line, it was decided to denote Israel’s (unofficial) borders via the cease-fire lines of the Six-Day War fought in June of that year, encompassing the territories of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-18): The Green Line or 1949 Armistice border[1] is the demarcation line set out in the 1949 Armistice Agreements between the armies of Israel and those of its neighbors (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria) after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It served as the de facto borders of the State of Israel from 1949 until the Six-Day War in 1967, and continues to represent Israel’s internationally recognized borders with the two Palestinian territories: the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[2][3] [...] The Green Line is often referred to as the "pre-1967 borders" or the "1967 borders" by many international bodies and national leaders, including former United States president Barack Obama,[6] Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas,[7] the United Nations (UN) in informal texts,[8] and in the text of UN General Assembly resolutions.[9] The name comes from the green ink used to draw the line on the map during armistice talks.[10] After the Six-Day War, the territories captured by Israel beyond the Green Line came to be designated as East Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights. These territories are often referred to as Israeli-occupied territories. The Sinai Peninsula, which was also captured at that time, has since been returned to Egypt as part of the 1979 peace treaty.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-08): Israel has worked hard since 1967 to erase the Green Line from public consciousness, even as the invisible border became increasingly impenetrable to Palestinians Hidden amid the pines and the olive trees on the hills that surround the Palestinian town of Beit Sira, which lies just across the Green Line opposite the Israeli city of Modi’in, is a row of rusting iron posts jutting out of stone. The grooves in the stone gather moisture and are exploited as a habitat by moss and white-leaved savory. The rods have been here for nearly 60 years, dating from the period before Israel was trying to erase the memory of the Green Line, and the 1949 cease-fire line with Jordan was marked using the meager means available. Today, though, there is no real way to know where the route of the Green Line lies.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): The Palestinian territories consist of two distinct areas: the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip. Although the boundaries are commonly referred to as the "1967 borders", they are historically the armistice lines under the 1949 Armistice Agreements, which brought an end to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and are commonly referred to as the Green Line. The 1949 armistice lines were expressly declared to be armistice lines, and not international borders. Some Palestinian negotiators have claimed a return to those lines as the borders of a future Palestinian state, while Hamas does not recognize the State of Israel at all.[56] The Arab League has supported these boundaries as the borders of the future State of Palestine in the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-04-13): The June 4, 1967 border, also known as green line, is the internationally recognized border between the occupied Palestinian territory (i.e. West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip) and the State of Israel. The occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) represents an area equivalent to 22 percent of historic Palestine. The boundaries of the oPt were established through the signing of armistice agreements between Egypt and Jordan on the one hand, and Israel, on the other, following the war of 1948, and the subsequent creation of the State of Israel on 78 percent of historic Palestine. [...] The June 4, 1967 borders represent the internationally recognized boundary between Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory. It also represents the historic Palestinian compromise of 1988 when the PLO limited its claim to 22 percent of historic Palestine. [...] The borders of the Palestinian state, based on the 1967 lines, incorporate the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza as per the 1949 armistice agreements. In the interest of peace, Palestinians may agree to changes to the 1967 based on mutually-agreed, minor territorial exchanges of equal size and value. In order to be viable, Palestine needs to be an independent and sovereign state with unhindered access to the global community. Palestine also needs to have control over its resources, borders, electromagnetic sphere, and airspace. Palestine’s maritime borders must be equitably delimited with Israel and with its other maritime neighbors.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-11): The land which would become Israel was for centuries part of the Turkish-ruled Ottoman Empire. After World War One and the collapse of the empire, territory known as Palestine - the portion of which west of the River Jordan was also known as the land of Israel by Jews - was marked out and assigned to Britain to administer by the victorious allied powers (soon after endorsed by the League of Nations). [...] Similarly, Israel has had a de facto border with Gaza since it pulled its troops and settlers out in 2005, but Gaza and the West Bank are considered a single occupied entity by the UN, and the official borders have not yet been determined. The final status and contours of the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem are meant to be decided in negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians living there under Israeli occupation, but decades of on-off talks have so far proved fruitless.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-05-24): The Green Line. It was the line of demarcation that more than 60 years ago formed the de facto border between the new state of Israel and its Arab neighbors — Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt, at the time all enemies of the Jewish state. [...] The Green Line was drawn as a result of the 1949 armistice agreements. Those lines changed in 1967 with Israel's capture of the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan; the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt; and the Golan Heights from Syria. [...] The result: In the long history of Israeli-Arab enmity and the question of Palestinian statehood, the debate over the Green Line — the pre-1967 boundaries — has raged far longer than the lines ever existed.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-01): The Green Line is a term used to delineate the demarcation line between Israel, Jordan, Egypt and Syria from the period following Israel’s 1948 Independence War until the 1967 Six Day War when Israel captured the West Bank, and East Jerusalem from Jordan, the Gaza Strip from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria. It is reportedly named for the green pen used by officers negotiating the armistice in 1949 to delineate the borders between the countries. Today, the Green Line refers to the "pre June 1967" line in which Israeli territory does not include the West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza and the Golan, as compared to the "post 1967" line which includes all of those areas. It is the boundary that is most often the basis of land-for-peace proposals in Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. The Palestinian Authority asserts that the territory over the green line (including the entire West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem — but not the Golan Heights) should be part of an independent Palestinian state.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-05-12): But despite this reality, which shapes the lives of Israelis and Palestinians every day, some have preferred to hold onto the Green Line. That 1949 line, famously sketched in green ink during armistice talks, exists only on maps—fewer and fewer maps by the day. In fact, as Gershom Gorenberg has written, the green line began to disappear from official Israeli maps after an original directive written by Yigal Allon on Oct. 30, 1967, just months after it occupied the West Bank, Gaza and Jerusalem. [...] In some respects, the green-lined vision is attractive. For example, it emphasizes principles of international law and helps hold a territorial space for a Palestinian state to one day be realized in. But for others, it is a useful way to displace responsibility and avoid politically inconvenient implications. Among Democrats in the United States, for example, as the party’s base grows increasingly uncomfortable with Israel’s treatment of Palestinians, officials rely on professed support of a two-state solution as a quick way to signal displeasure with the horrific status quo. [...] Green-lined vision also perpetuates a framework that includes a false parity between the powerful state of Israel and the stateless Palestinians it occupies militarily. In doing so, it creates alternate realities that allow policymakers to look the other way. Green-lined vision allows us to speak of the relevance of the Palestinian Authority, for example, its "government" and its elections and policies, creating a semblance of balance between entities when one in fact dominates the other.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-23): In actuality, the Green Line came about as the result of an armistice agreement between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Arab armies at the conclusion of the 1948 War of Independence. [...] Thus, as can be seen, the Green Line was never intended to be an official border and would only signify the armistice between Israel and its neighbors until a proper peace agreement would be reached. [...] As can be seen from the above analysis, the Green Line was never intended to be a permanent border between Israel and its neighbors. Rather, it was only meant to temporarily demarcate the positions of the IDF and the other militaries that had been involved in Israel’s War of Independence.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-10-21): For West Bank Palestinians, traversing the Green Line is far more fraught. In the summer of 2013, Jalila, a ’48 Palestinian living in the West Bank, made several journeys into Israel with ’67 Palestinians. All of these trips were illegal. In the following months, as the political situation deteriorated, not a single member of the group was willing to continue making these trips. Yet, for one summer, traveling from the West Bank to Israel became an experiment of the road networks connecting both sides of the Green Line. [...] For both Palestinian citizens of Israel and Palestinians of the West Bank, journeys lead to political analyses, explicitly stated or implicitly inserted into jokes or offhand comments. In crossing the Green Line without being stopped, both groups gained the sense that Israel’s security strategies are more effective at perpetuating a logic of separation and racist demonization of Palestinians than actually preventing Palestinians from the West Bank from entering Israel. Our Palestinian connections to place are forged through anxious, angry, and urgent forms of political knowledge, because the places themselves are the result of a colonial process.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-21): The Green Line refers to the line of demarcation that separated Israeli, Jordanian, Syrian and Egyptian forces at the conclusion of Israel’s 1948 War of Independence. It was delineated in the 1949 armistice agreements that formally ended the war and served as Israel’s de facto international border until the 1967 Six-Day War. Its name derives from the fact that the diplomats drawing up the agreement reportedly used green ink to mark the line on the map. During the 1967 war, Israel vastly increased the territory under its control, taking possession of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and the Sinai peninsula. The Green Line thus came to mark the border between Israel and the territories it captured in the war. As a result, the Green Line is sometimes referred to as the "pre-1967 border," though it was never intended to mark a recognized international boundary between Israel and its neighbors. As the border between Israel and the West Bank remains the only boundary whose precise route remains in substantial dispute, the Green Line is most commonly used today to refer to the dividing line between those territories. [...] Nevertheless, the Green Line has long been used as a baseline for negotiations over a final border between Israel and the Palestinians. Peace proposals have often used the line as a starting point, with modifications made to include as many Jewish communities on the Israeli side of the border as possible without incurring too deeply into Palestinian territory. Some proposals have called for Israel to make up for those modifications with land swaps.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-10): The Green Line was never meant to be Israel’s permanent border with its neighbors. It came about as a result of the armistice agreements signed by Israel, Jordan, Egypt, and other Arab states after the 1948 war. The armistice line was marked on the map with a green pencil (hence the name Green Line), and it was never accepted as an international boundary. In fact, it was only the outbreak of the 1967 war that turned it into a widely accepted border, as all United Nations declarations — beginning with Resolution 242 in November of that year — demanded that Israel withdraw to its borders before that war, meaning to the Green Line. [...] This is not necessarily negative. To some extent, since 1967, the Green Line has been an illusion. Palestinians and Israelis live on and fight over the whole of the land between the river and the sea, with most of them seeing the whole of it as their homeland. The conflict did not begin in 1967, as the concept of the Green Line may suggest, but long before it. The Green Line promoted the idea of separation, of hostility, the assumption that Jews and Palestinians cannot live with one another. When we — particularly my fellow Israeli Jews — fully understand that we have to share this land, our political imagination will open up. The Green Line closed it shut.
Claim: Green Line is a territory of Palestine (Green Line, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-26): The fighting continued until January 1949 when an armistice agreement between Israel and Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria was forged. The 1949 Armistice Line is also known as the Green Line and is the generally recognised boundary between Israel and the West Bank. The Green Line is also referred to as the (pre-) 1967 borders, before Israel occupied the remaining Palestinian territories during the June 1967 war. [...] The West Bank is the kidney bean-shaped area to the east. It lies west of the banks of the Jordan River from where it gets its name. East Jerusalem is located on the Palestinian side of the 1949 Green Line. Three million Palestinians live in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. [...] Israel says that the wall is for security purposes. However, rather than following the internationally-recognised 1967 boundary, known as the Green Line, 85 percent of the wall falls within the West Bank.