copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-20): Meanwhile, China and Russia have also agreed to jointly develop the Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island or Heixiazi Island, which sits at the confluence of two border rivers — the Ussuri and Amur — and ownership is legally shared between Russia and China. It is expected that China and Russia will build a port here to facilitate Sino-Russian trade and benefit the economic development of northeastern China. [...] According to the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, China has navigation rights into the Sea of Japan from the Tumen River Estuary. But during the Korean War in the 1950s, Russia and North Korea constructed a rail bridge — named the Korea-Russia Friendship Bridge — over the Tumen River. The vertical clearance level for this bridge is low, which meant that larger vessels would be unable to pass through. It was thus dubbed by the Chinese public as "a river conundrum" (铁索横江).
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1997-01-01): It has been pointed out that the 19th century treaties were not specific about the ownership of the border river islands. They only broadly mentioned that the rivers formed the boundary, but were not very clear about the exact demarcation of the boundary. The persisting dispute regarding the Bear island or Bolshoi Ussurisky in Russian and Heixiazi Dao in Chinese, overlooking Khabarovsk (maps 7 and 8) stalled the progress till 1988. The island has a small permanent population and a number of weekend cottages. The Soviets/Russians fear that the surrender of the island would put at risk the security of Khabarovsk. They claim the ownership of the island on the basis of long period of occupancy and the proximity to Khabarovsk. The Chinese claim the island in pursuance of the thalweg principle. In return they offered to preserve Soviet access and respect the property rights of the Russians owning homes in the island. They also offered to keep the island demilitarised to assuage Russian security concerns. But there was no agreement and both sides agreed to disagree. [...] Bol'shoi Ussuriskii island (Bear island in English and Heixiazi in Chinese) is situated close to Khabarovsk between the main channel of Amur and its Kazakevicheva channel. It is important for the potato- supply of Khabarovsk citizens, who have family gardens there. In the central part of the island is a large summer grazing field. In the northern part, facing the Amur, is a military polygon (firing range). The Russians fear that if the island is in Chinese hands, Khabarovsk can be bombarded from a distance of 2.5 km. Adjacent to Bolshoi Ussuriskii is Tarabarov island.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-02): Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, or Heixiazi, sits at the confluence of two border rivers, and ownership is legally shared between the two countries. China's official map paints the entire 135-square mile piece of strategic land into its easternmost territory.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-20): Liu Guchang, the Chinese ambassador to Russia, announced that the demarcation of borders for the Heixiazi Island (Bol’shoi Ussuriiskiy Island) is complete and the island will be officially returned to the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) jurisdiction by the end of 2008 (China Times, March 10). [...] Liu said that what China intends to do with the island after it is under the PRC’s jurisdiction is something that Beijing is carefully considering, however, China will not heavily garrison the island, nor will either side make any significant arrangements without due considerations for the other party. Liu’s comments were meant to dispel unconfirmed reports that surfaced last year that the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is planning to fortify the area (China Review News, April 13, 2007). There were also reports that China is planning to turn the area into a port for border trade, and there may be a need for border patrols. Feasibility studies to turn the area into a free trade zone were reportedly complete, and Singapore was invited to participate to offer technical advice and development of the area (China Review News, April 13, 2007). Currently, the planning and development of Heixiazi Island is the responsibility of the Jiamusi city government in Heilongjiang province. Liu revealed that China and Russia are currently finalizing mapping and survey data information, and the borders will be officially set up by the end of the year.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-26): This knowledge made Mr. Putin more amenable to serious concessions to China. His state visit to Beijing and the northeastern province of Heilongjiang in May 2024 included repeated expressions of approval for an expanded Chinese role in developing the Far East. That same month, the appointment of economist Andrey Belousov as defense minister highlighted Mr. Putin’s new appreciation that the war in Ukraine could only be won by prioritizing economic and industrial policy. [...] Chinese investment interests are focused on two key areas. One is the junction of the Amur (Heilongjiang) and Ussuri rivers, where Bolshoy Ussuriysky (Heixiazi) Island and the Russian city of Khabarovsk (with its population of 620,000) are located. The other is near the mouth of the Tumen River, not far from Russia’s great Pacific port of Vladivostok (population 600,000), where the Chinese border lies just 15 kilometers away from the Sea of Japan. In both of these strategic locations, Russia intends to harness China’s financial resources and manufacturing savvy to build two gigantic special economic zones.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-28): In terms of bilateral cooperation, promises were made and documents signed. These covered economic relations, cultural links (Putin spent the second day of his trip in Harbin), media (Xinhua partnered up with several Russian media agencies), and softening the border by establishing a cross-border reserve for big cats and jointly developing Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heixiazi Dao).
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2004-10-14): After treaties in 1991 and 2001 were not able to complete define the disputed border between the Russian Federation and the Republic of China, the two states were party to the Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China–Russia Boundary in 2004. The disputed territories were islands at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers. Possession of the two islands was significant for military control of the Amur region, as the Russian city of Khabarovsk is in close proximity to the disputed border. China wished for the boundary to be the channel north of the islands, resulting in China’s possession of Bolshoy Ussuriyski and Tarabarov Island. Russia insisted that, consistent with the 1860 Treaty of Beijing, the southern channel should make up the boundary, allowing for Russian possession of the islands.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-15): Russia is one of the few to have resolved its territorial disputes with China but ended up yielding Argun, Amur, and Ussuri rivers, Zhenbao Island (or Damansky Island), Bear Island (also known as as Bolshoi Ussurisky or Heixiazi Dao) and countless other lands.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island (Russian: Большо́й Уссури́йский о́стров, romanized: Bol'shoy Ussuriyskiy Ostrov), or Heixiazi Island (simplified Chinese: 黑瞎子岛; traditional Chinese: 黑瞎子島; pinyin: Hēixiāzi Dǎo; lit. 'black bear island'[a]), is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. Since the Sino-Russian Border Agreement that was fully implemented in 2008, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island was divided between China and Russia. China was given control over part of the island, and Russia retained the rest. Since then, the issue has been peacefully settled, and China no longer claims the entire island. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km2 and is bounded closely by Yinlong/Tarabarov Island, and over 90 islets.[b] Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri, and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance. History [edit]The 1860 Convention of Peking stipulated that the boundary between Russia and China lay along the Amur and Ussuri rivers. As such, the island at the confluence of the two rivers was Chinese. Until 2004, Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy Island was the site of a territorial dispute between mainland China and Russia. The Soviet Union forcefully occupied Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy and Yinlong Islands in 1929 in the wake of a Russo-Manchurian conflict, but this was not accepted by China. While Russia governed the islands as a part of Khabarovsk Krai, China claimed them as a part of Fuyuan County, Heilongjiang province, the easternmost part of China.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-19): In August 2023, China’s Ministry of Natural Resources released a new edition of its "standard map." According to defenseanalysts, it showed Bolshoy Ussuriysky, the Russian part of the island, as Chinese territory. Moscow’s response came three days later. "The Russian and Chinese sides adhere to the common position that the border issue between our countries has been finally resolved," Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in a statement. [...] Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island has been a source of Chinese-Russian tension dating back to the 1858 Treaty of Aigun, under which Russia vastly expanded its Far Eastern territories at China’s expense. From the Chinese perspective, the Aigun pact is counted among the humiliating "unequal treaties" that the imperial government at the time was compelled to sign, granting technologically superior Western powers, including Britain, the United States, France, and Russia, broad economic and territorial concessions. [...] The case of Bolshoy Ussuriysky is more complex than it seems. "The island is, in some ways, a strategic beachhead because it gives greater access to Khabarovsk," Wishnick said. That city is the headquarters of the Eastern Military District, and an aviation regiment of the Russian Aerospace Forces is based there.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-01): The maps, recognizing 🇷🇺 Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island )or Heixiazi Island) as fully Chinese territory were released in China😁 — Sviat Hnizdovskyi (@s_hnizdovskyi) August 30, 2023
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-22): The new map also portrayed Bolshoy Ussuriysky, known in China as Heixiazi (Black Bear) Island, as entirely within Chinese territory. The island, which sits at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, has been jointly owned since the two neighbors reached a border agreement in 2008.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-17): In August 2023, China’s Ministry of Natural Resources released a new edition of its "standard map." According to defenseanalysts, it showed Bolshoy Ussuriysky, the Russian part of the island, as Chinese territory. Moscow’s response came three days later. "The Russian and Chinese sides adhere to the common position that the border issue between our countries has been finally resolved," Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in a statement. [...] Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island has been a source of Chinese-Russian tension dating back to the 1858 Treaty of Aigun, under which Russia vastly expanded its Far Eastern territories at China’s expense. From the Chinese perspective, the Aigun pact is counted among the humiliating "unequal treaties" that the imperial government at the time was compelled to sign, granting technologically superior Western powers, including Britain, the United States, France and Russia, broad economic and territorial concessions. [...] The case of Bolshoy Ussuriysky is more complex than it seems. "The island is, in some ways, a strategic beachhead because it gives greater access to Khabarovsk," Wishnick said. That city is the headquarters of the Eastern Military District, and an aviation regiment of the Russian Aerospace Forces is based there.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-03-13): Until 2004, Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy Island was the site of a territorial dispute between China and Russia. The Soviet Union occupied Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy and Yinlong Islands in 1929, but this was not accepted by China. While Russia governed the islands as a part of Khabarovsk Krai, China claimed them as a part of Fuyuan County, Heilongjiang province; the easternmost part of China. [...] On October 14, 2004, the Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China-Russia Boundary was signed, in which Russia agreed to relinquish control over Yinlong Island and around half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky. About 170 square kilometres of Bolshoy Ussuriysky was transferred to China, while the rest will remain in Russia's jurisdiction.[2] In return, China agreed to drop all territorial claims to the remainder of Bolshoy Ussuriysky kept by Russia and received the right to navigate ships along the main channel of the Amur.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-19): Until 2004, Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy Island was the site of a territorial dispute between China and Russia. The Soviet Union occupied Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy and Yinlong Islands in 1929, but this was not accepted by China. While Russia governed the islands as a part of Khabarovsk Krai, China claimed them as a part of Fuyuan County, Heilongjiang province; the easternmost part of China. [...] On October 14, 2004, the Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China-Russia Boundary was signed, in which Russia agreed to relinquish control over Yinlong Island and around half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky. About 170 square kilometres of Bolshoy Ussuriysky was transferred to China, while the rest will remain in Russia's jurisdiction. In return, China agreed to drop all territorial claims to the remainder of Bolshoy Ussuriysky kept by Russia and received the right to navigate ships along the main channel of the Amur.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-01): The map touches on multiple territorial disputes, among them Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, which sits at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers that separate Russia and China. The island is known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese. [...] "Its settlement was marked by the ratification in 2005 of the Supplementary Agreement on the Russian-Chinese state border on its eastern part, according to which Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island was divided between the parties." "The delimitation and demarcation of our common border has been completed along its entire length (almost 4,300 km [2,670 miles]), including in 2008 on Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island."
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-31): China has published a map that appears to revise its territorial borders to lay claim to large swathes of territory owned by its neighbors, including the island of Bolshoy Ussuriysky, part of which is in Russia. [...] Bolshoy Ussuriysky and the neighboring island of Tarabarov were taken "under protective custody" by Soviet troops in 1929. Both islands remained under Russian control after the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991. Tarabarov, part of Bolshoy Ussuriysky and some smaller islands—Vinogradov, Koreysky, Romashkin—were handed over to China on October 14, 2008, with experts noting at the time that the move benefited the stability of bilateral relations.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-18): The Chinese map had claimed the Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island in its entirety as Chinese territory. After decades of conflict, China and Russia resolved the dispute in 2005 and the partition of the disputed island was completed by 2008. Under the deal, China got 170 of the 350 sq kms of the island along with some other nearby islands and Russia kept the rest of the disputed region. Russia reiterated this in its rejection of the new map. [...] In Russia, China has claimed Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island in its entirety. The disputed had been there since the 19th century but was resolved over a decade ago when the island and the surrounding region was peacefully split between the two countries to end the dispute. [...] The row lies in the Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island that China has claimed in its entirety in the new map. The island and the surrounding region is at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers that separate Russia and China. The questions about the control of the region were first raised around 1860.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-02): Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island on the Amur river is essentially part of Khabarovsk and the Khabarovsk region. Once upon a time, it was home to houses, summer cottages, and agricultural and ship-repair enterprises. Russia and China quarreled over Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island for more than 150 years, after drawing the border along the Amur river. (The river itself belonged to neither country, and the status of its islands remained undetermined.) In 1929, the USSR took complete control of the island, formally putting the territory "under protective custody." During the Second World War, Japanese troops occupied the island, but the Soviet Union later reclaimed it. In 1964, the Chinese government launched negotiations to regain the territory, and these talks only concluded in 2004, when Russia signed an agreement handing over 170 of the island’s 350 square kilometers (65 of 135 square miles). The deal entered force a year later, and the border was fully in place by October 2008. From that moment, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island has been divided into two parts: one Chinese and the other Russian.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-01): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, an outpost on the Amur River in the Far East, was disputed by Russia and China for decades, but it has now been divided almost equally between the neighbors. The Chinese call it Heixiazi Island. Developers have put forward plans to make it an important gateway for trade and travel, but on the Russian side most people live in dilapidated homes with minimal infrastructure.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-05): The island is divided in almost equal sections between Russia and China. The Soviet Union occupied the whole of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese) following the so-called Chinese Eastern Railway Incident of 1929, but in an historic agreement between Russia and China signed in 2004, Moscow agreed to return about half of it. The transfer took place in 2008. Since then the island in the Ussuri has become a miniature symbol of the vast Asian regions divided between the two geopolitical giants. [...] In fact, the decision to transfer half of the island to China originally met with heavy protests. Members of the Khabarovsk City Council insisted that Bolshoy Ussuriysky was of vital importance to defend the city in case of Chinese aggression. In 2005 tens of thousand of signatures against the transfer were quickly collected and sent to Moscow, but the decision had been taken.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2004-10-14): Once negotiations were concluded, Tarabarov Island and part of the Abagaitu Islet were relinquished by Russia, and Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island was divided in half. The agreement was ratified in 2005, and it came into effect on October 14, 2008. In both the Russian Federation and the Republic of China, the agreement was unpopular because of the mutual loss of territory. Russian Cossacks protested the division of Bolshoy Ussuriyski Island in 2005. Media outlets in Taiwain and Hong Kong were critical of the agreement, as they felt the islands were Chinese territory forever lost to Russia. Furthermore, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is still claimed by Taiwan. Despite the unpopularity of the agreement, the Russian Federation and the Republic of China consider the agreement to be a success. The border between the two states is now definitively declared, and economic cooperation in the region has been increased.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-03): China maintains that Taiwan has been a part of Chinese territory since ancient times. After the Qing dynasty was forced to cede Taiwan to Japan in 1895, the island was returned to the Republic of China in 1945, following Japan’s defeat in World War II. [...] The map also added a tenth dash to its South China Sea claims and depicted Aksai Chin (claimed by India, controlled by China) and Arunachal Pradesh (claimed by China, controlled by India)) as Chinese territories. Notably, it included the entire Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, which is partly Russian territory. This action was unexpected, considering that the Sino-Russian border had been distinctly established in 2005 when the two nations designated Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island to be divided.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-16): China has historical claims to Vladivostok, as it was handed over to Imperial Russia in 1860 under the Treaty of Beijing. The treaty provided that the border between China and Russia was along the Amur and Ussuri rivers, with Russia getting access to Vladivostok, a key port city in the Far East. Some Chinese nationalists have formed a movement in recent years demanding that Russia return Vladivostok to China. These demands turned even more heated following Vladimir Putin’s interview. [...] Chinese politics is an endless trick, Sun Tzu said. Chinese history textbooks emphasize that most of Siberia, with Western Siberia right up to the Tomsk region, is a Chinese territory, lost temporarily. And Chinese bookstores offer geographic maps where Russia’s territory (Primorye, Sakhalin Island, Eastern Siberia, etc.) is shown as allegedly belonging to China since the first Qin dynasty in the 3rd century BC. [...] Putin, in October 2004, voluntarily handed over the Tarabarov Islands, parts of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island in the Khabarovsk Territory, and Bolshoy Island in the Chita Region. All these islands were of strategic importance.
Claim: Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is a territory of Republic of China (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-14): Earlier in 2023, China’s Ministry of Natural Resources ordered that new maps must use the former Chinese names of its lost territories in what is now Russia’s Far East. Vladivostok, home to Russia’s Pacific fleet headquarters, became Haishenwai; Sakhalin Island became Kuyedao. Then in late August, the ministry released a map that showed the disputed Russian territory of Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island within China’s borders.