copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2021-02-25): In the case of greenhouse gases, the planet’s temperature is a balance between how much energy comes in versus how much energy goes out. Ultimately, any increase in the amount of heat-trapping means that the Earth’s surface gets hotter. (For a more advanced discussion of the thermodynamics involved, check out this NASA page.) [...] Interestingly enough, part of the answer has to do with water vapor. According to Smerdon, scientists think that long ago, Venus experienced a runaway greenhouse effect that boiled away almost all of the planet’s water — and water vapor, remember, is also a heat-trapping gas. [...] Won’t the plants, ocean, and soil just absorb all the excess CO2?
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2024-06-03): COVID-19 mRNA vaccines may cause mild cases of myocarditis on rare occasions. However, the risk of myocarditis and other severe cardiovascular problems is higher following COVID-19 than following vaccination. When this is weighed against the vaccines’ effectiveness against severe disease, it shows that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines outweigh their possible risks.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2021-09-28): Myocarditis and Pericarditis After Vaccination for COVID-19 - PMID: 34347001 - PMCID: PMC8340007 - DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.13443 [...] Incidence, risk factors, natural history, and hypothesised mechanisms of myocarditis and pericarditis following covid-19 vaccination: living evidence syntheses and review.BMJ. 2022 Jul 13;378:e069445. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069445. BMJ. 2022. PMID: 35830976 Free PMC article. Review. [...] Occurrence of Myopericarditis Following COVID-19 Vaccination Among Adults in the Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia: A Multicenter Study.Int J Gen Med. 2024 Jul 23;17:3231-3237. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S467586. eCollection 2024. Int J Gen Med. 2024. PMID: 39070223 Free PMC article.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2021-07-21): Myocarditis and Pericarditis After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination: Practical Considerations for Care Providers - PMID: 34375696 - PMCID: PMC8349442 - DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.08.001 Myocarditis and Pericarditis After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination: Practical Considerations for Care Providers [...] Pericarditis and myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a nationwide setting.Ann Acad Med Singap. 2022 Feb;51(2):96-100. doi: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2021425. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2022. PMID: 35224605 -
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2022-03-02): Myocarditis and pericarditis in adolescents after first and second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines , [...] Déborah Foltran, Clément Delmas, Clara Flumian, Pierre De Paoli, Francesco Salvo, Sophie Gautier, Milou-Daniel Drici, Clément Karsenty, François Montastruc, Myocarditis and pericarditis in adolescents after first and second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes, Volume 8, Issue 2, March 2022, Pages 99–103, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcab090 While some concerns about vaccination-related pericarditis and/or myocarditis have been raised, no published data are available on pericarditis and/or myocarditis with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the age group of adolescents, particularly 12–15 years. The objective of this study was to determine whether the risk of reporting pericarditis and/or myocarditis with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines varied according to dose of vaccination, age, sex, and type of pericarditis and/or myocarditis in adolescents between 12 and 17 years.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2023-06-07): Citation: Stowe J, Miller E, Andrews N, Whitaker HJ (2023) Risk of myocarditis and pericarditis after a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine booster and after COVID-19 in those with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: A self-controlled case series analysis in England. PLoS Med 20(6): e1004245. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004245 [...] The attributable risk estimates from the SCCS analysis for hospital admissions for myocarditis or pericarditis after vaccination and after a SARS-CoV-2 infection are shown in Table 4 for exposures with p < 0.001 for an elevated RI estimate. Attributable risk estimates for admission for myocarditis or pericarditis within 0 to 27 days of a laboratory-confirmed were 10.2 and 18.1 per million in 16 to 39 and ≥40 year olds, respectively. [...] - 6. Karlstad Ø, Hovi P, Husby A, Härkänen T, Marie Selmer R, Pihlström N, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Myocarditis in a Nordic Cohort Study of 23 Million Residents. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7(6):600–612. pmid:35442390 - 7. Wong HL, Hu M, Zhou CK, Lloyd PC, Amend KL, Beachler DC, et al. Risk of myocarditis and pericarditis after the COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in the USA: a cohort study in claims databases. Lancet. 2022 Jun 11;399(10342):2191–2199. pmid:35691322; PMCID: PMC9183215.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2022-07-30): Risk of myocarditis and pericarditis after the COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in the USA: a cohort study in claims databases.Lancet. 2022 Jun 11;399(10342):2191-2199. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00791-7. Lancet. 2022. PMID: 35691322 Free PMC article. Incidence, risk factors, natural history, and hypothesised mechanisms of myocarditis and pericarditis following covid-19 vaccination: living evidence syntheses and review.BMJ. 2022 Jul 13;378:e069445. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069445. BMJ. 2022. PMID: 35830976 Free PMC article. Review. [...] Myocarditis and Pericarditis Post-mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: Insights from a Pharmacovigilance Perspective.J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 28;12(15):4971. doi: 10.3390/jcm12154971. J Clin Med. 2023. PMID: 37568373 Free PMC article.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2024-09-26): Cases of myocarditis and pericarditis have rarely been observed after COVID-19 vaccination in the United States and evidence from multiple vaccine safety monitoring systems in the United States and around the globe supports a causal association between mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (i.e., Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech) and myocarditis and pericarditis. [...] Guidance for Clinicians - Report all cases of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). [...] - CDC: Myocarditis and Pericarditis After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination - CDC: Investigating Long-Term Effects of Myocarditis - CDC: Vaccine Safety Publications - NIH: Myocarditis and Pericarditis - Frequently asked questions about VAERS reporting for COVID-19 vaccines - How to report an adverse event to VAERS
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2022-06-25): Cases of myocarditis and pericarditis have been reported following the receipt of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines. As vaccination campaigns are still to be extended, we aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the association, by vaccine and across sex and age groups. Using nationwide hospital discharge and vaccine data, we analysed all 1612 cases of myocarditis and 1613 cases of pericarditis that occurred in France in the period from May 12, 2021 to October 31, 2021. We perform matched case-control studies and find increased risks of myocarditis and pericarditis during the first week following vaccination, and particularly after the second dose, with adjusted odds ratios of myocarditis of 8.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7 to 9.9) for the BNT162b2 and 30 (95% CI, 21 to 43) for the mRNA-1273 vaccine. The largest associations are observed for myocarditis following mRNA-1273 vaccination in persons aged 18 to 24 years. Estimates of excess cases attributable to vaccination also reveal a substantial burden of both myocarditis and pericarditis across other age groups and in both males and females. [...] Diaz, G. A. et al. Myocarditis and pericarditis after vaccination for COVID-19. JAMA326, 1210–1212 (2021). [...] Heymans, S. & Cooper, L. T. Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: clinical observations and potential mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00662-w (2021).
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2022-07-13): Incidence, risk factors, natural history, and hypothesised mechanisms of myocarditis and pericarditis following covid-19 vaccination - 1Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA - 2Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA - Correspondence to: J Luo luoj@pitt.edu [...] In this context, Pillay and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069445)3 conducted a systematic review to examine incidence rates, risk factors, short term clinical course, and longer term outcomes of myocarditis and pericarditis after covid-19 mRNA vaccination. Among thousands of database citations through to 10 January 2022, their team ultimately focused on 46 studies. [...] In summary, a large body of reviewed studies continues to suggest that mRNA covid-19 vaccines are associated with a rare but heightened risk of acute myocarditis and pericarditis. These risks are highest in young males shortly after the second dose. Key uncertainties remain, including risks associated with boosters, risks associated with primary vaccination of young children, and the long term outcomes of those who experience myocarditis. But these uncertainties must be placed in the context of the substantial and widely accepted benefits of vaccination.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2021-12-09): Acute myocarditis most commonly results from a viral infection1, including infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although rare, acute myocarditis can also occur after vaccination, such as with the vaccine against smallpox or, as seen more recently, the vaccines against COVID-19, in particular those based on mRNA technology (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273). The risks of acute myocarditis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination have garnered intense social media attention. A consistent point in these heated arguments is that the risks of hospitalization and death associated with COVID-19 are greater than the risks linked with the vaccine. Furthermore, COVID-19 vaccination reduces the relative risk of myocarditis and arrhythmia manifold, and myocarditis related to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination occurs mostly in young adults and is mild in most cases. Therefore, given that post-mRNA-vaccine myocarditis is rare and usually resolves within a few days or weeks, COVID-19 vaccination should be recommended in adolescent and adult populations. [...] Witberg, G. et al. Myocarditis after Covid-19 vaccination in a large health care organization. N. Engl. J. Med.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2110737 (2021).
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2023-01-09): Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: clinical management guidance for healthcare professionals [...] Background to myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination and guidelines: [...] Reports of myocarditis and pericarditis following vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines have been received by the MHRA.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2021-09-28): Two distinct self-limited syndromes, myocarditis and pericarditis, were observed after COVID-19 vaccination. Myocarditis developed rapidly in younger patients, mostly after the second vaccination. Pericarditis affected older patients later, after either the first or second dose. Some vaccines are associated with myocarditis,5 including mRNA vaccines,1-4 and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently reported a possible association between COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and myocarditis, primarily in younger male individuals within a few days after the second vaccination, at an incidence of about 4.8 cases per 1 million.6 This study shows a similar pattern, although at higher incidence, suggesting vaccine adverse event underreporting. Additionally, pericarditis may be more common than myocarditis among older patients.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2021-01-01): Danielides: Rare cases of myocarditis reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) have occurred after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna), especially in male adolescents and young adults, more often after the second dose, usually within several days after vaccination. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) and its partners are actively monitoring reports of myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. Active monitoring includes reviewing data and medical records and evaluating the relationship to COVID-19 vaccination. In a very large case-control study of vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccination in Israel, the vaccination was association with a very small increased risk of myocarditis. Although the risk related to vaccination may up to 3 times higher than the general population, the risks of developing myocarditis or pericarditis due to COVID-19 itself are up to 35 times higher.Q: How does the risk for myocarditis or pericarditis associated with SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccines compare with the risk associated with COVID-19? [...] Shah: For the most part, myocarditis and pericarditis associated with vaccination are mild, and self-limiting. These symptoms are expected to occur within a few days (myocarditis) or few weeks (pericarditis) after the vaccination (generally the second dose but can happen also after the first dose). People with myocarditis or pericarditis after vaccination typically will not have the fever or respiratory symptoms seen with COVID-19Q: How serious are myocarditis or pericarditis after SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination?
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2023-06-01): Objective To summarise the available evidence on the risk of myocarditis and/or pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, compared with the risk among unvaccinated individuals in the absence of COVID-19 infection. [...] There has been an increase in reports of myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination shortly after several countries expanded immunisation to children and young adolescents.18 19 According to several studies and case series, the highest incidence of myo/pericarditis was found among adolescents aged 12–17 years, and mainly affecting males following the second vaccine dose.9 20 21 The remarkable clinical similarities in patients presenting with myo/pericarditis, the onset of symptoms within a few days following the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine inoculation and the absence of other known aetiologies suggest a possible link between mRNA vaccination and these cardiac adverse events.22 Nonetheless, it is important to point out that occurrence of myo/pericarditis in vaccinated individuals does not immediately imply that the vaccine was the causative agent; it could also be the result of an adjuvant that promoted, reactivated or accelerated naturally occurring myocarditis caused by viral or immune-mediated factors.23
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2024-03-09): FDA warnings: The FDA added a warning label on the mRNA vaccines regarding serious (but rare) cases of inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) and of the outer lining of the heart (pericarditis) in adolescents and young adults, more often occurring after the second dose of an mRNA vaccine. The inflammation, in most cases, gets better on its own without treatment. [...] In its recommendations for COVID vaccines, the CDC has cited a study showing the risk of cardiac complications, including myocarditis (an inflammation of the heart muscle), in males 12-17 years old was 1.8–5.6 times higher after a COVID infection compared to after COVID vaccination. [...] FDA warnings: The FDA placed a warning label on the Moderna vaccine regarding a "likely association" with reported cases of heart inflammation in young adults. This inflammation may occur in the heart muscle (myocarditis) or in the outer lining of the heart (pericarditis)—it more often occurs after the second dose of an mRNA vaccine. The inflammation, in most cases, gets better on its own without treatment.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2024-09-26): In addition, public health experts are monitoring vaccine safety and side effect data for cases of rare heart-related complications, myocarditis or pericarditis, after receiving the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines. (Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, while pericarditis is inflammation of the heart’s outer lining.) Research shows the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the low risk of myocarditis after receiving the vaccine. Cases of myocarditis and/or pericarditis have been more common in adolescent boys and young men. A 2021 study shows that most people under age 21 who developed myocarditis thought to be linked to COVID-19 vaccination had mild symptoms that improved quickly. [...] As part of the normal immune reaction that occurs after COVID-19 vaccination, lymph node swelling can occur in the underarm near where you received your shot. That swelling may show up on your mammogram and can raise a false alarm.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2022-05-17): Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle while pericarditis is an inflammation of the membrane around the heart. They can occur as very rare adverse events after vaccination with mRNA vaccines. Cases typically occur within 10 days, with symptom onset often within 5 days of vaccination. Pericarditis symptoms may occur later, typically 2 to 3 weeks after vaccination. Myocarditis and pericarditis are often mild, and symptoms usually resolve after a short time with standard treatment and rest. Some cases are more serious and need to be treated in hospital, but very few cases require intensive care. Myocarditis has most often been reported after the second dose in 12 to 17 year old boys and men under 30. Several countries have observed higher reporting rates of myocarditis with those vaccinated with the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine than the Pfizer vaccine, but the reported difference in rates has differed between studies and countries may be influenced by a variety of factors. The benefit-risk of both of the vaccines remains positive. Pericarditis following a mRNA vaccine tends to occur at an older median age than myocarditis, but it is nonetheless more common in people under 50 years of age than in older people. Myocarditis and pericarditis can occur after a booster dose, but this is so far reported to be more rare than after the primary doses. There is no indication that these events are more serious than after earlier doses.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2024-06-10): In June 2024, the news outlet The Epoch Times claimed that new data from England’s National Health Service (NHS) showed that "myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection." The Epoch Times has repeatedly published vaccine misinformation. [...] In order to support The Epoch Times’ claim that myocarditis "only occur[s] after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection", one would need to compare people who were exposed to one of two things: a COVID-19 vaccine or COVID-19, but not both. If a vaccinated person also got COVID-19 and then developed myocarditis, it would be impossible to know for sure if the cause was the vaccine or COVID-19 without additional information. [...] - 3 – Wong et al. (2022) Risk of myocarditis and pericarditis after the COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in the USA: a cohort study in claims databases. The Lancet.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2024-06-06): New research highlights the exclusive occurrence of myocarditis and pericarditis in vaccinated adolescents and children, suggesting a need for reevaluation of COVID-19 vaccination strategies in younger populations while considering broader clinical implications for post-vaccination adverse events. A recent preprint from Oxford University researchers reveals that myocarditis and pericarditis only occur in children and adolescents following COVID-19 vaccination, not infection. The study, which evaluated more than a million English minors, found that vaccinated adolescents experienced higher incidences of these heart inflammations compared to children. Despite this, vaccinated adolescents had lower chances of COVID-19 infection and severe outcomes than their unvaccinated counterparts. [...] - Most myocarditis and pericarditis cases occurred after the first vaccine dose, with more than half requiring hospitalization or emergency care.
Claim: “Myocarditis and pericarditis only occur after vaccination and not after COVID-19 infection.” (Marina Zhang, 2024-06-03)
Evidence (2024-08-08): - Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, and pericarditis is inflammation of the outer lining of the heart. Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination are rare.1234567911121718192021 Most patients with myocarditis or pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination responded well to medicine and rest and felt better quickly. [...] - Weintraub ES, Oster ME, Klein NP. Myocarditis or Pericarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. JAMA. 2022 Jun 24; 5(6):e2218512. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.18512 - Hause AM, Zhang B, Yue X, Marquez P, Myers TR, Parker C, Gee J, Su J, Shimabukuro TT, Shay DK. Reactogenicity of Simultaneous COVID-19 mRNA Booster and Influenza Vaccination in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2022 Jul 1;5(7):e2222241.doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.22241.