copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Bhutanese enclaves is a territory of Republic of China (Bhutanese enclaves, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-28): The developments in the 1950s in relation to Bhutan and China are recounted in Penjore (2004), Kumar (2010), and Bisht (2012). In almost all these texts, Chinese policy is described as ‘carrots and sticks’, the carrots being assurance of independence and economic assistance, and the sticks being border claims or encroachments. Following a border incursion by China in September 1979, Bhutan and China border talks commenced in 1984 (the preliminary talks began in 1981) and a peace agreement was signed between the two sides in 1998 (after Chinese activities in the disputed areas in 1996) that contained a Chinese acknowledgement of Bhutanese sovereignty with the text that ‘China fully respects the territorial integrity and independence of Bhutan’. There was also an agreement to maintain peace and tranquility in the border areas, and pending final settlement, to maintain a status-quo on the boundary as before March 1959. [...] There was a boundary realignment between Bhutan and China in 2007; Bhutan revised its total area from 47000 sq kms to 38394 sq kms (see Phuntsho, 2013). This does not conform with observations drawn from post-Soviet landlocked states where ceding territory in order to maintain cooperative relationships with transit states is an exceptional feature of the foreign policy of such states (see Idan and Shaffer, 2011), since China is not a transit state for Bhutan.
Claim: Bhutanese enclaves is a territory of Republic of China (Bhutanese enclaves, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Bhutan’s northern and western boundary with the Tibet Autonomous Region (part of China), although undefined, generally follows the crest of the Great Himalayas. In the Duars Plain to the south of the Himalayan range lies Bhutan’s boundary with the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam. Bhutan borders the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the east and Sikkim to the southwest. [...] Bhutan’s mountainous territory is dissected by numerous rivers. The main rivers from west to east are the Torsa (Amo), Wong (Raidak), Sankosh (Mo), and Manas. All the rivers flow southward from the Great Himalayas and join the Brahmaputra River in India.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-23): Ingwavuma is a town in the Umkhanyakude District Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. It is unclear where the name of the town came from; one theory is that it was named after the Ngwavuma River while another is that there was a leader called Vuma, the name then meaning "Vuma's place" in Zulu. Trees found on the river bank are also named Ngwavuma (Elaeodendron transvaalense or Bushveld Saffron) but it is unclear which entity was named after which (person, river, town or trees). It is over 700 metres (2,297 feet) above sea level in the Lebombo Mountains and boasts several highly scenic spots. The town is three kilometres (2 miles) from the country's border with Eswatini and overlooks the plains of Maputaland to the East. [...] - Ingwavuma has an access road to the border with Swaziland, known as Cecil max pas border post which was closed due to stolen vehicles being smuggled through there. Later it was renamed to Freedom dots border post. The road to this border post to Swaziland lies between a Lebombo mountain hillside and the Ngwavuma river. Geography [edit]Ingwavuma is located on top of a mountain in the Lebombo mountain range with several caves in its vicinity. To the west it overlooks the plains of Eswatini. East the hills drop towards the Maputaland while the Lebombo mountain range continues north towards Mozambique and south towards Jozini.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1999-02-22): The Ngwavuma is a river in Eswatini and KwaZulu-Natal Province in southern Africa. It is also known as the Inguavuma, Ingwavuma, Ingwovuma, and Nggwavuma, and is one of the five major rivers in Eswatini. It arises in southwestern Eswatini and flows eastward. It is a tributary of the Pongola River. The principal towns in Eswatini along the Ngwavuma are Nhlangano and Nsoko.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-26): Eswatini, a small, predominantly rural, landlocked country surrounded by South Africa and Mozambique, suffers from severe poverty and the world’s highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate. A weak and deteriorating economy, high unemployment, rapid population growth, and an uneven distribution of resources all combine to worsen already persistent poverty and food insecurity, especially in rural areas. Erratic weather (frequent droughts and intermittent heavy rains and flooding), overuse of small plots, the overgrazing of cattle, and outdated agricultural practices reduce crop yields and further degrade the environment, exacerbating Eswatini's poverty and subsistence problems. Eswatini's extremely high HIV/AIDS prevalence rate – more than 28% of adults have the disease – compounds these issues. Agricultural production has declined due to HIV/AIDS, as the illness causes households to lose manpower and to sell livestock and other assets to pay for medicine and funerals. [...] A small, landlocked kingdom, Eswatini is bordered in the north, west and south by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the east. Eswatini depends on South Africa for a majority of its exports and imports. Eswatini's currency is pegged to the South African rand, effectively relinquishing Eswatini's monetary policy to South Africa. The government is dependent on customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) for almost half of its revenue. Eswatini is a lower middle income country. As of 2017, more than one-quarter of the adult population was infected by HIV/AIDS; Eswatini has the world’s highest HIV prevalence rate, a financial strain and source of economic instability.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): [email protected] Received: 27 May 2020; Accepted: 5 July 2020; Published: 16 September 2020 Abstract: Physical activity, among others, confers cardiovascular, mental, and skeletal health beneﬁts to people of all age-groups and health states. It reduces the risks associated with cardiovascular disease and therefore, could be useful in rural South Africa where cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden is increasing. The objective of this study was to examine levels and correlates of physical activity among adults in the Ingwavuma community in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Self-reported data on physical activity from 392 consenting adults (female, n = 265; male, n = 127) was used. We used the one-sample t-test to assess the level of physical activity and a two-level multiple linear regression to investigate the relationship between total physical activity (TPA) and independent predictors. The weekly number of minutes spent on all physical activities by members of the Ingwavuma community was 912.2; standard deviation (SD) (870.5), with males having 37% higher physical activity (1210.6 min, SD = 994.2) than females (769.2, SD = 766.3). Livelihood activities constituted 65% of TPA, and sport and recreation contributed 10%. Participants without formal education (20%), those underweight (27%), and the obese (16%) had low physical activity.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-01): The Ngwavuma[2] is a river in Eswatini and KwaZulu-Natal Province in southern Africa. It is also known as the Inguavuma, Ingwavuma, Ingwovuma, and Nggwavuma, and is one of the five major rivers in Eswatini.[3] It arises in southwestern Eswatini and flows eastward. It is a tributary of the Pongola River.[4] The principal towns in Eswatini along the Ngwavuma are Nhlangano and Nsoko.[3] [...] External links [edit]- Ngwavuma River, Swaziland - Satellite View centered on the mouth of the river in KwaZulu-Natal from satelliteviews.net
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Eswatini, landlocked country in the eastern flank of South Africa, where it adjoins Mozambique. It extends about 110 miles (175 km) from north to south and about 80 miles (130 km) from west to east at its largest dimensions. [...] The Lubombo escarpment and plateau covers about 5 percent of the country, consisting of a narrow strip of about 600 square miles. It rises abruptly from the Lowveld to an average altitude of 2,000 feet, with higher peaks (Siteki and Mananga) of about 2,500 feet in the north. It is deeply dissected by the gorges of three of the main rivers that traverse the country from west to east, the Umbuluzi, the Usutu, and the Ingwavuma. The plateau soils vary considerably, from shallow sands to deeper loams, depending on the composition of the volcanic lavas that form the bedrock. The Swazi have no specific name for this part of the country. Eswatini is one of the best-watered countries in southern Africa. Major perennial rivers, which have their sources in South Africa, flow through the country to the Indian Ocean. They are the Lomati, the Komati, the Umbuluzi, and the Usutu. The Usutu has the largest catchment in the country, with three main tributaries, the Usushwana, the Ngwempisi, and the Mkhondvo. In the south the Ingwavuma rises in western Eswatini and also cuts through the Lubombo.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-07): It was not long before skirmishes involved the Swaziland forces. On 28 October 1899, the newly formed Swaziland Commando unit moved against a British police post at Kwaliweni. The South African unit counted about 200 burghers, while the outpost only had 20 men. Bhunu managed to warn the police post of the approaching attack. The police retreated towards Ingwavuma, the seat of a magistrate. The Commandos burned the abandoned post and a nearby shop to the ground. Then Joaquim Ferreira led them towards Ingwavuma. The village was not better guarded and had to also be evacuated. The Swaziland Commando burned it to the ground, while the magistrate and his people escaped to Nongoma.[10]
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-28): Ingwavuma is a town in the Umkhanyakude District Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. It is unclear where the name of the town came from; one theory is that it was named after the Ngwavuma River while another is that there was a leader called Vuma, the name then meaning "Vuma's place" in Zulu. Trees found on the river bank are also named Ngwavuma (Elaeodendron transvaalense or Bushveld Saffron) but it is unclear which entity was named after which (person, river, town or trees). It is over 700 metres (2,297 feet) above sea level in the Lebombo Mountains and boasts several highly scenic spots. The town is three kilometres (2 miles) from the country's border with Eswatini and overlooks the plains of Maputaland to the East. [...] The Ngwavuma is a river in Eswatini and KwaZulu-Natal Province in southern Africa. It is also known as the Inguavuma, Ingwavuma, Ingwovuma, and Nggwavuma, and is one of the five major rivers in Eswatini. It arises in southwestern Eswatini and flows eastward. It is a tributary of the Pongola River.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-04-12): The kingdom of Eswatini is one of the world's last remaining absolute monarchies. The king rules by decree over his million subjects, most of whom live in the countryside and follow traditional ways of life. [...] The king, who is known as Ngweyama - "the lion" - often appears in public in traditional dress and has many wives. [...] 1903-06 - Swaziland becomes a British High Commission Territory, along with Basutoland (now Lesotho) and Bechuanaland (now Botswana).
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-30): Contenido The Ingwavuma River is a river in Swaziland, and a major tributary of the Maputo River. It begins near Nhlangano and runs through the territory of Swaziland, until the town of Nsoko, where after 5 kilometers it crosses the border into South Africa. Already in South African territory, and 6 kilometers southwest of the Ndumo Game Reserve, the Ingwavuma River flows into the Maputo River.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Accommodation near Ingwavuma * Distances are shown as the crow flies and not necessarily the actual travelling distance. [...] If you are looking for Ingwavuma holiday accommodation , SafariNow has a selection of Lodge, Bed and Breakfast, Camping and Caravanning holiday accommodation in Ingwavuma and surrounds. With 2 listings in Ingwavuma, our handy Ingwavuma map search and great low prices, it's easy to book the perfect holiday accommodation for your Ingwavuma visit.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-07-20): Mswati II (born c. 1825, near Manzini [now in Swaziland]—died August 1865, Swaziland) was a Southern African king and son of Sobhuza I. Mswati II was the greatest of the Dlamini-Ngwane kings, and the Swazi (as the Dlamini-Ngwane came to be called) take their name from him. He extended his kingdom northward into Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), including territory since lost by the Swazi. Mswati was the son of Sobhuza I by his wife Thandile. He succeeded to the kingship on his father’s death sometime in 1839–40, but he began his effective rule when he was circumcised (a rite of passage signifying attainment of maturity) in 1845. He dealt with internal rebellion, pressures resulting from Boer invasions into the eastern Transvaal, and land rivalries with Mpande’s Zulu in the Ingwavuma River area. He expanded the control of Sobhuza’s original chieftaincy to include much of modern Swaziland’s Lowveld, creating one of the most powerful nations of Southern Africa. After the death of the Gaza king Soshangane (c. 1858–59), Mswati’s people interfered in the Gaza succession in a long-running series of wars and clashes. By 1865 the Swazi were hegemonic in the lowlands to the west of Delagoa Bay. In August 1865, however, Mswati died prematurely at the height of his success. His successors, Ludvongo and, after 1874, Mbandzeni, were unable to preserve Swazi power against Boer land claims and pursuit of minerals.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-01): Originally from the Argentine, Mons. José Luis Gerardo Ponce de León has for five years been Bishop of Manzini in the Kingdom of Eswatini, the former Swaziland. He shares his experience with us. Before becoming Bishop of Manzini I had been appointed, in 2009, to the Apostolic Vicariate of Ingwavuma in South Africa, a diocese on the border with Mozambique. These are the two different nations where I lived: firstly in South Africa and, starting five years ago, in the Kingdom of Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland. In both places I started in the same way. I didn’t know much about the area entrusted to me and so I decided to visit each and every community, great or small. Here in Eswatini there are 120. I came unannounced. I didn’t want the people to be there ‘because of the bishop’ but because of the Lord’s Day (Sunday).
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-30): Deals to appease the leadership of Swaziland – now eSwatini – and Lesotho by offering additional territory were chronicled in a journal article by Chitja Twala and John Aerni-Flessner who examined Lesotho’s claim to ‘Conquered Territory’ and argued that border contestations were central to defining ideas of state power in southern Africa during the apartheid era. [...] Today, the governments and residents of both Lesotho and eSwatini still lay claim to some of South Africa’s land.What residents of former "homelands" and the two states have in common are limited government services and few job prospects. This has happened because residents of all these places have historically been denied the freedom to seek employment in South Africa’s best jobs. [...] KaNgwane leaders rejected the deal. The KwaZulu administration, which would have lost its Ingwavuma District as well under the deal, sued in court to have it declared void. And so, the deal gradually fell apart and was never consummated.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-09-29): It was not long before skirmishes involved the Swaziland forces. On October 28, 1899, the newly formed Swaziland Commando unit moved against a British police post at Kwaliweni. The South African unit counted about 200 burghers, while the outpost only had 20 men. Bhunu managed to warn the police post of the approaching attack. The police retreated towards Ingwavuma, seat of a magistrate. The Commandos burned the abandoned post and a nearby shop to the ground. Joaquim Ferreira led them towards Ingwavuma. The village was not better guarded and had to also be evacuated. The Swaziland Commando burned it to the ground, while the magistrate and his people escaped to Nongoma. [...] In 1921, the British established Swaziland’s first legislative body — a European Advisory Council (EAC) of elected white representatives mandated to advise the British high commissioner on non-Swazi affairs. In 1944, the high commissioner both reconstituted the basis and role of the EAC, and, over Swazi objections, issued a Native Authorities Proclamation constituting the paramount chief or Ingwenyama and King to the Swazis, as the British called the king, as the native authority for the territory to issue legally enforceable orders to the Swazis subject to restrictions and directions from the resident commissioner. Under pressure from royal non-cooperation this proclamation was revised in 1952 to grant the Swazi paramount chief a degree of autonomy unprecedented in British colonial indirect rule in Africa. Also in 1921, after more than 20 years of regency headed by Queen Regent Labotsibeni, Sobhuza II became Ingwenyama (lion) or head of the Swazi nation.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-22): The team visited 33 churches in mountainous villages such as Ingwavuma, Sicabazini, Manguzi, Mboza and Shemula, bringing Bibles to those who have never had one. [...] Additionally, Harvesters conducted training with pastors in Ingweni village which is just 2km from the Eswatini border. Some of the pastors are from Eswatini and they will soon begin planting churches in their home country using Harvesters’ church planting model. Eswatini – formerly Swaziland – is a small, landlocked country in Southern Africa. The team could see the border from outside the church building.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-25): - Southern African Institute of Race Relations Research Report (SAIRR), 1982, The Handing Over of KaNgwane and Ingwavuma to Swaziland, RR. 44/82. [...] - NAK, DO 1057/159, Boundaries of Swaziland, 1960-1961, Khuzulwandle, Dlamini (Prince), (1994), Swaziland: The Case of a Country without Borders, Border Restoration Committee. [...] NAK, DO 1057/159, Boundaries of Swaziland, 1960-1961, Khuzulwandle, Dlamini (Prince), (1994), Swaziland: The Case of a Country without Borders, Border Restoration Committee.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): Eswatini (/ˌɛswɑːˈtiːni/ ESS-wah-TEE-nee; Swazi: eSwatini [ɛswáˈtʼiːni]), formally the Kingdom of Eswatini and also known by its former official name Swaziland (/ˈswɑːzilænd/ SWAH-zee-land) and formerly the Kingdom of Swaziland,[11][12] is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Mozambique to its northeast and South Africa to its north, west, south, and southeast. At no more than 200 km (120 mi) north to south and 130 km (81 mi) east to west, Eswatini is one of the smallest countries in Africa; despite this, its climate and topography are diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld. [...] Geography [edit]A small landlocked kingdom with an area of 17,364 km2 (6,704 sq mi), Eswatini is located at approximately 26°30'S, 31°30'E[58] and is bordered in the north, west and south by South Africa and by Mozambique in the east. Along the eastern border with Mozambique are the Lebombo Mountains, a mountain ridge at an altitude of around 600 metres (2,000 ft). The mountains are broken by the canyons of three rivers, the Ngwavuma, the Great Usutu and the Mbuluzi. The western border, with an average altitude of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft), lies on the edge of an escarpment. [...] - ^ "The Ingwavuma/KaNgwane Land Deal" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-11-07): [Speaking at a press conference in Maputo, Mr. Tambo said that the ANC had already held two sets of discussions with the Swazi authorities on the South African "offer" of the Kangwane bantustan and the Ingwavuma strip to Swaziland. The second took place the previous week in Swaziland. The ANC delegation was headed by himself, while the Prime Minister, Prince Mabandla Dlamini, led the Swazi side. The ANC hoped to meet with King Sobhuza II of Swaziland in the near future.]
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-11-11): In addition to the bantustans, two micro-states existed within the borders of South Africa: Lesotho and Swaziland (today called eSwatini). The coexistence of these "legitimate" states – they were recognised by the United Nations – cheek by jowl with the bantustans challenged the meanings of state recognition and sovereignty. Today, the governments and residents of both Lesotho and eSwatini still lay claim to some of South Africa’s land. What residents of former "homelands" and the two states have in common are limited government services and few job prospects. This has happened because residents of all these places have historically been denied the freedom to seek employment in South Africa’s best jobs. This was done through job reservation for whites, passport requirements and pass laws that restricted the movement of black people. [...] KaNgwane leaders rejected the deal. The KwaZulu administration, which would have lost its Ingwavuma District as well under the deal, sued in court to have it declared void. And so, the deal gradually fell apart and was never consummated.
Claim: Ingwavuma is a territory of Eswatini (Ingwavuma, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-11-07): Perhaps one of the most important areas from which MK launched operations was Ingwavuma in KwaZulu Natal, a town located less than five kilometres from the border with Swaziland. MK cadres, particularly those based in Natal, used the town as a transit point for guerrillas infiltrating into South Africa from Swaziland and Mozambique. Once in town, they stayed underground in safe-houses to avoid detection. Among those who played an important role in using the town was Jameson Nongolozi Mngomezulu, an active ANC and MK member born in Ingwavuma. After joining MK, he was deployed in Swaziland as a base commander and became central in facilitating the movement of cadres between Swaziland and Natal. When threats to his life escalated he fled to Swaziland. [...] The area of Ingwavuma was chosen because of its strategic importance, as it is situated on the most Northern tip of Natal which borders Swaziland and Mozambique. MK and ANC operatives in Swaziland were a vital link between the movement and the local population. MK sought to take advantage of simmering anti-government discontent among the local population, who were unhappy that the government planned to cede the area of Ingwavuma and the KwaNgwane bantustan to Swaziland. Some of those who opposed the move became sympathetic to MK and joined the organization to undergo military training. Based on this development, MK concluded that it was possible to start a People's War at Ingwavuma.