copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2016-01-01)
Evidence (2021-01-21): The estimated rate of long-term cooling in the global middle and upper stratosphere (0.6 K decade-1) is similar to previous Assessments. The evolution of stratospheric temperatures continues to follow the behavior expected from the well understood effects of natural and anthropogenic forcings. The long-term trends are primarily driven by changing CO2 and stratospheric ozone. Global temperature in the lower stratosphere has been near constant since the late 1990s. [...] Stratospheric Temperature: The global middle and upper stratosphere continues to cool at a rate of ~-0.6 K decade-1 because of growing levels of well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs; primarily carbon dioxide [CO2]) and evolving stratospheric ozone in response to changing ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Lower-stratospheric temperatures have been near constant since the late 1990s. The overall evolution is consistent with the well-understood effects of ozone, ODSs, GHGs, stratospheric aerosols, and solar variability. This is in agreement with previous Assessments.
Claim: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2016-01-01)
Evidence (2017-02-09): A lull in solar activity would have little effect on global temperatures; claims of "global cooling" are not based on science
Claim: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2016-01-01)
Evidence (2021-08-09): However, strong and sustained reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases would limit climate change. While benefits for air quality would come quickly, it could take 20-30 years to see global temperatures stabilize, according to the IPCC Working Group I report, Climate Change 2021: the Physical Science Basis, approved on Friday by 195 member governments of the IPCC, through a virtual approval session that was held over two weeks starting on July 26. [...] The report shows that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are responsible for approximately 1.1°C of warming since 1850-1900, and finds that averaged over the next 20 years, global temperature is expected to reach or exceed 1.5°C of warming. This assessment is based on improved observational datasets to assess historical warming, as well progress in scientific understanding of the response of the climate system to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.
Claim: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2016-01-01)
Evidence (2024-10-07): The Global Cooling Watch 2023 report from the Cool Coalition let by UN Environment Programme (UNEP) assesses national policy and regulatory actions across all cooling sectors, based on a survey of 192 countries. The report demonstrates the potential and the pathways to achieve near-zero emissions in the key cooling sectors and provides a call to action for countries to pursue the policies and strategies that have the greatest impact in reducing cooling-related emissions and advancing sustainable cooling for all.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-31): Current scientific evidence does not support the use of hydroxychloroquine to prevent or cure COVID-19. In contrast to some small early studies showing an increased recovery rate among patients treated with hydroxychloroquine, more recent large and well-designed clinical trials showed no such improvement when the drug was used alone or in combination with zinc or azithromycin. In the absence of a proven cure for COVID-19, physical distancing, good hand hygiene, and the use of masks are effective measures for reducing the transmission of the disease.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-29): In it, the group claims (against all available scientific evidence) that Americans don't need to wear masks. They say hydroxychloroquine is a "cure" for COVID-19, but that it is being suppressed by the US Government. The video directly contradicts advice from Trump's own medical experts, who have urged Americans to slow the spread of the virus by wearing masks, and who have cautioned against using hydroxychloroquine to treat coronavirus. [...] Multiple studies from the US, France and China have concluded that hydroxychloroquine is not effective for treating COVID-19.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
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Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2023-01-03): The World Health Organization (WHO) doesn’t recommend hydroxychloroquine to prevent COVID-19. This suggestion is based on six trials with people who didn’t have the virus. Experts found that hydroxychloroquine had little or no effect on stopping these individuals from infection, hospitalization, or death from COVID-19. WHO also doesn’t suggest hydroxychloroquine as a COVID-19 treatment. Researchers did 30 trials with over 10,000 cases of COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine didn’t lower the need for (or time using) ventilators or the risk of death. [...] Experts aren’t sure how hydroxychloroquine helps. They think it’s because the drug changes how your immune cells send signals. It can also turn off certain processes that cause inflammation.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-27): There's been widespread interest in hydroxychloroquine as both a preventative measure and for treating patients with coronavirus. [...] It concluded that "there is no beneficial effect of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalised with Covid-19" and the drug has now been pulled from the trial. There's been some hope that hydroxychloroquine could be effective if used early on when a person gets the virus, before there's a need for them to be hospitalised.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-28): During the press conference, a speaker who identifies herself as a doctor makes a number of dubious claims, including that "you don’t need masks" to prevent spread of the coronavirus, and that recent studies showing hydroxychloroquine is ineffective for the treatment of Covid-19 are "fake science" sponsored by "fake pharma companies." "This virus has a cure, it’s called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax," the woman claims. [...] A study found that neither hydroxychloroquine alone nor hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin appeared to affect the condition of patients at the 15-day mark. Additionally, unusual heart rhythms and elevated liver-enzyme levels were more frequent in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine alone or with azithromycin, according to the study.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-27): "This virus has a cure. It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax," Immanuel said. "I know you people want to talk about a mask. Hello? [...] In a viral video, Immanuel said there is a cure for COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine can treat it and people don’t need to wear masks to prevent the spread of the virus. All of those claims are inaccurate. There is no known cure for COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine is not a proven treatment, and public health officials advise everyone to wear face masks in public.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-28): Contrary to what the video claims, there is no known cure for COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine is not a proven treatment, and public health officials advise everyone to wear face masks in public. [...] Second, in spite of Immanuel’s anecdotal evidence, hydroxychloroquine alone or in combination with other drugs is not a proven treatment (or cure) for COVID-19. In mid-June, the Food and Drug Administration revoked its emergency authorization for the use of hydroxychloroquine and the related drug chloroquine in treating hospitalized COVID-19 patients. [...] PolitiFact, "Don’t fall for this video: Hydroxychloroquine is not a COVID-19 cure," July 28, 2020
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-29): "It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax," Immanuel said. "I know you people want to talk about a mask. Hello? [...] More recently, Immanuel has doubled down on hydroxychloroquine, which is not a proven treatment (or cure) for COVID-19. [...] PolitiFact, "Don’t fall for this video: Hydroxychloroquine is not a COVID-19 cure," July 28, 2020
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2022-08-01): In July 2020, as the country faced its first summer wave of coronavirus cases, a group of physicians stood in front of the steps of the U.S. Supreme Court and held their first self-titled "White Coat Summit" to tout the unproven benefits of hydroxychloroquine as a COVID-19 treatment. "It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax," Dr. Stella Immanuel, a Houston-based primary care physician, told the crowd. "I know you people want to talk about a mask. Hello? You don't need a mask. But as those doctors were promoting unproven COVID-19 cures like hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin, and denouncing proven non-pharmaceutical mitigation measures like mask-wearing and lockdowns, another group of physicians was emerging.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-28): "The virus has a cure, it's called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax," says one of the doctors in the video. "You don't need masks. I know they don't want to open schools. No, you don't need people to be locked down. [...] The WHO says: "While several drug trials are ongoing, there is currently no proof that hydroxychloroquine or any other drug can cure or prevent COVID-19."
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-28): The video was created by right-wing media outlet Breitbart. It depicts a group of people dressed in white lab coats — who call themselves "America's Frontline Doctors" — staging a press conference outside the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington. Those in the video claim that the anti-malaria drug hydroxychloroquine is "a cure for Covid" and "you don't need a mask" to slow the spread of coronavirus. "This virus has a cure, it's called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax," one of the women in the video claims. "You don't need masks, there is a cure." [...] Last month, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced it had ended the emergency use authorization of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, saying the drugs were "unlikely to be effective in treating Covid-19."
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2024-04-29): Roughly 900 million people lived in low-lying coastal cities and settlements in 2020; a figure that is projected to reach 1 billion by 2050. Is there anything we can do now to reduce sea-level rise and its impacts? Our past actions will already impact sea-levels for thousands of years. But not everything is set in stone. We possess the power to reduce sea-level rise and its impacts over the next century and beyond with our current actions. Some advocate to mitigate the causes, and others to adapt to the consequences. But what do experts say?
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-29): "Mr. President, the woman that you said is a great doctor in that video that you retweeted last night said masks don’t work and there is a cure for Covid-19, both of which health experts say is not true. She’s also made videos saying that doctors make medicine using DNA from aliens, and that they’re trying to create a vaccine to make you immune from becoming religious," Collins asked. [...] "This virus has a cure, it’s called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax," Immanuel says, despite several high-quality studies that show the anti-malarial drug alone or in combination with others does not help Covid-19 patients. [...] While she has alleged that face masks are unnecessary, Immanuel appears to be wearing an N95 mask in a video shared on her clinic’s Facebook page and encourages visitors to the clinic seeking treatment to wear face coverings.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2023-09-19): The clip features a Houston-area doctor named Stella Immanuel wearing a white coat in front of the U.S. Supreme Court building as she proclaims that a cocktail of hydroxychloroquine, zinc and the antibiotic azithromycin has cured COVID-19 patients. [...] Hydroxychloroquine Not a COVID-19 ‘Cure’ [...] At one point in the video, Immanuel claims, "you don’t need masks, there is a cure." Immanuel and the doctors behind her in the video are not seen wearing face masks.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Multiple studies provide data that hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine, an FDA-approved prescription drug used for malaria, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus, has been suggested as a possible treatment or preventive for COVID-19 based on demonstrated antiviral or immune system activity. [...] Accessed August 12, 2020 at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-management-in-hospitalized-adults - Cavalcanti AB, Zampieri FG, Rosa RG, et al. Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin in Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;10. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2019014 - Skipper C, Pastick K, Engen N. Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults With Early COVID-19. A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. July 16, 2020. Accessed August 13, 2020 at doi.org/10.7326/M20-4207 - Arshad S, Kilgore P, Chaudhry ZS, et al. Treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:396-403. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099 - Boulware D, Pullen M, Bangdiwala A, et al. A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19 N Engl J Med 2020; 383:517-525 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2016638 - Veklury (remdesivir) [product information]. Foster City, CA, Gilead Sciences. Accessed Oct. 23, 2020 at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/214787Orig1s000lbl.pdf - FDA Approves First Treatment for COVID-19. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Accessed Oct. 23, 2020 at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-covid-19 - The RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 — preliminary report. July 17, 2020. N Engl J Med. Accessed Oct. 23, 2020 at DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-29): The cure is ‘hydroxychloroquine, zinc and Zithromax’ [...] In a viral video, Immanuel said there is a cure for COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine can treat it and people don’t need to wear masks to prevent the spread of the virus. All of those claims are inaccurate. There is no known cure for COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine is not a proven treatment, and public health officials advise everyone to wear face masks in public.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2022-07-11): For most Americans, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 ("COVID-19") pandemic has dictated our lives for over two years. But the facts that different Americans adhere to have varied considerably. For example, in July 2020, Dr. Stella Immanuel claimed, "This virus has a cure. I know you people want to talk about a mask. Hello? The "cure," despite lacking any scientific support, was touted by President Donald J. Trump and others to counter medical recommendations for a lockdown. In other cases, individuals followed other "miracle" cures they found on the Internet, such as drinking bleach or concentrated alcohol, the latter of which led to an estimated 800 deaths and over 5,000 hospitalizations worldwide. Others, like Mrs. Wiles, believed rumors that COVID- 19 is merely an overblown hoax from which doctors and hospitals can profit. Public faith in COVID-19 vaccines is also being undermined through the widespread circulation of various fake conspiracy theories about the dangers of vaccines and government oversight.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-28): The video published by right-wing website Breitbart shows a news conference in front of the Supreme Court steps with South Carolina Republican Rep. Ralph Norman and several people claiming to be doctors who have worked with COVID-19 patients. Dr. Stella Immanuel, one member of the group calling itself "America's Frontline Doctors," said hydroxychloroquine, a drug that was touted by Mr. Trump, is a "cure" for coronavirus. "This virus has a cure, it's called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax," she said. "You don't need masks, there is a cure." [...] Another reporter pointed out, "The woman you said is a great doctor said masks don't work and there's a cure for COVID-19, both of which health experts say is not true. She's also made videos saying doctors make vaccines from DNA from aliens and that they're trying to create a vaccine to make you immune from becoming religious..."
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2020-07-28): On Monday, a video falsely promoting hydroxychloroquine as a cure for COVID-19 and downplaying the efficacy of masks went viral on various platforms, including Facebook (where it racked up nearly 20 million views) and Twitter. The video footage captured by Breitbart News was boosted by various members of anti-vaccine groups, as well as Donald Trump Jr. and the President himself. It was later removed by Facebook for promoting misinformation, according to a spokesperson, who said it was removed "for sharing false information about cures and treatments for COVID-19." It was also flagged by Twitter, prompting Donald Trump, Jr. to be temporarily suspended from the platform and sparking outcry among the far right for alleged social media censorship. The 43-minute video featured a group known as America’s Frontline Doctors, staging a sparsely attended press conference in front of the Supreme Court in Washington, D.C. In the video, physicians in white lab coats — in between nodding ponderously and awkwardly shifting their weight between both feet — aggressively promote hydroxychloroquine as a "cure" for COVID-19, despite the fact that the World Health Organization has discontinued its recommendation of the drug, saying it was "unlikely to be beneficial for hospitalized patients." "This virus has a cure, it’s called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax," one of the doctors in the video claims, referring to Pfizer’s azithromycin drug. (You do, and there is not.) Another doctor falsely claims hydroxycholoroquine is safer than aspirin and Tylenol.
Claim: “You don’t need masks, there is a cure [for COVID-19] ... It is called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and Zithromax” (America’s Frontline Doctors, 2020-07-31)
Evidence (2021-08-02): "This virus has a cure, it’s called hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and zithromax. People want to talk about masks? Hello, no you don’t need a mask. There are those who don’t want to open schools. No, you don’t need to be locked down. There is prevention, and there is a cure," Stella said in her speech. [...] "Medically, that is simply not true," Cooper said, referring to Stella’s claim that HCQ cures Covid. "The most recent study published in New England Medical Journal was done on 500 patients across 55 hospitals in Brazil showed no benefit [to hydroxychloroquine] and instead revealed heart complications which can be deadly." [...] "Cooper and CNN falsely portrayed HCQ as ‘harmful,’ ‘dangerous’, ‘disproven’ and supposedly ineffective for the treatment of COVID19. In truth, [hydroxychloroquine] is an entirely effective medication for the treatment of COVID19, as proven by clinical results, the success of doctors who use it frequently in their practices," the lawsuit states.