copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2006-06-22): The basic conclusion of Mann et al. (1998, 1999) was that the late 20th century warmth in the Northern Hemisphere was unprecedented during at least the last 1,000 years. This conclusion has subsequently been supported by an array of evidence that includes both additional large-scale surface temperature reconstructions and pronounced changes in a variety of local proxy indicators, such as melting on ice caps and the retreat of glaciers around the world. Not all individual proxy records indicate that the recent warmth is unprecedented, although a larger fraction of geographically diverse sites experienced exceptional warmth during the late 20th century than during any other extended period from A.D. 900 onward. [...] Surface temperature reconstructions for the last 2,000 years are consistent with other evidence of global climate change and can be considered as additional supporting evidence. In particular, the numerous indications that recent warmth is unprecedented for at least the last 400 years and potentially the last several millennia, in combination with estimates of external climate forcing variations over the same period, support the conclusion that human activities are responsible for much of the recent warming. However, the uncertainties in the reconstructions of surface temperature and external forcings for the period prior to the instrumental record render this evidence less conclusive than the other lines of evidence cited above. It should also be noted that the scientific consensus regarding human-induced global warming would not be substantively altered if, for example, the global mean surface temperature 1,000 years ago was found to be as warm as it is today.
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2011-09-09): In order to fully understand the implications of how climate is changing today, it is important to look at historical records to see how climate has changed in the past. Current climate data collection methods, including satellite observations, only cover a very small window of Earth's long history with respect to climate change time scales. Luckily, clues to past climatic conditions, dating hundreds of thousands of years back in time, are recorded in glacial ice all over the world. Paleoclimatologists (scientists who study past climate) make inferences based on indirect measures of proxy dataproxy data: data that paleoclimatologists gather from natural recorders of climate variability, e.g., tree rings, ice cores, fossil pollen, ocean sediments, coral and historical data, that can help extend our understanding of climate far beyond the 140 year instrumental record.biological, geological, or chemical indicators that reflect climate conditions. For example, glacial ice is made up of layer upon layer of compacted snowfall that contains dust, pollen, gas bubbles, and other materials that give us clues about what climate was like at different times in the past.
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2019-05-13): Corals and tiny fossilised marine organisms buried in the seabed act as natural recorders of past ocean temperatures. Along with tree rings and ice cores, which offer a window into land temperatures throughout Earth’s history, these are all examples of "climate proxies". Adding in the information from the proxies extends the instrumental temperature record in today’s study back in time to 1500AD. It is different from previous studies that use climate proxies because it uses a brand new temperature reconstruction for the tropical oceans.
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2024-02-05): This is more than 80 years earlier than instrumental SST records8 (Fig. 4c) or shallow-water palaeoclimate coral records in which high natural variability masks the emergence of industrial-era warming until the mid twentieth century32,33 (Fig. 5b).
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2024-03-26): The answer is paleoclimate research. By using various proxies, scientists can infer climate information from thousands or even millions of years ago. Tree rings and ice cores contain physical or chemical evidence that can be reliably traced to certain time periods. For instance, scientists can observe the width of annual tree rings in temperature-sensitive (as opposed to moisture-sensitive) trees or the relative concentrations of oxygen isotopes in ice cores (at high latitudes, precipitation in colder conditions has a lower O-18/O-16 ratio as compared to warmer conditions). [...] Studying data from well beyond 2,000 years ago, paleoclimatologists have discovered several periods of unusually high warmth. The Mid-Holocene Warm Period, observed about 6,000 years ago, was generally warmer than today during summer in the Northern Hemisphere. This natural warming was caused by slow changes in the Earth’s orbit, which caused shifts in the amount of solar radiation reaching each latitudinal band of the planet. Changes in the Earth’s orbit also caused warming in the Penultimate Interglacial Period about 125,000 years ago. Based on proxy evidence, the global mean annual surface temperature appeared to be higher than pre-industrial by about 1° to 2°C, but this warming was not uniform across the globe. However, this slowly varying climate forcing mechanism cannot be responsible for warming over the last 100 years.
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2022-08-02): Thus, as with most palaeoceanographic proxies, the δ18O method is best used as a complement to existing multi-proxy efforts based on diatom assemblages, HBIs and opal fluxes for unambiguous assessment of sea-ice conditions. [...] In an effort to evaluate what a future warmer world might look like, researchers have focused on past warmer-than-present intervals. The most studied warmer-than-PI period is the LIG (129–116 ka BP) when global mean annual temperatures were ∼1–2 ∘C above PI and atmospheric CO2 concentration was similar to PI (Burke et al., 2018; Fischer et al., 2018). Reconstructions of LIG sea ice from marine sediment cores are hampered by the scarcity of records south of 60∘ S that contain LIG sediments, well-preserved sea-ice proxies and well-constrained age models. Most existing records are located north of the modern WSI extent and they show an extended period when no sea ice was present at the core sites (Chadwick et al., 2020, 2022a). It is therefore clear that the WSI extent during the LIG was substantially reduced when compared with modern conditions. Aerosol sea-ice proxies in ice cores similarly have been qualitatively interpreted as indicative of a reduced WSI cover during the LIG (Wolff et al., 2006; Spolaor et al., 2013). Due to this reduced LIG sea-ice extent, it has been difficult to accurately reconstruct the position of the WSI edge using marine core evidence alone.
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2024-09-19): The first task was to create a database of climate proxies — bits of fossil evidence that hint at how the world once was. For example, the variety of oxygen found in the teeth of extinct, eel-like creatures known as conodonts reflects the water temperature in the oceans where they lived. The chemical composition of fats from ancient algae indicates how they constructed their cell walls to deal with the heat. Yet the database was restricted to evidence from the oceans, which cover only 70 percent of the planet’s surface. And each proxy could reveal the temperature only at a particular spot at a single point in time. Even with 150,000 data points, Judd said, it was like trying to assemble a jigsaw puzzle with only 1 percent of the pieces. [...] Wing acknowledged that there is a lot more work to do. He and his colleagues aim to continue to refine the timeline by adding data from land-based proxies, such as fossil leaves. They also hope it will help researchers trying to model future climate change by allowing them to examine warmer periods from Earth’s past.
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2010-06-03): Using this ancient evidence, scientists have built a record of Earth’s past climates, or "paleoclimates." The paleoclimate record combined with global models shows past ice ages as well as periods even warmer than today. But the paleoclimate record also reveals that the current climatic warming is occurring much more rapidly than past warming events.
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2023-11-22): Even after those first scorching millennia, however, the planet has often been much warmer than it is now. One of the warmest times was during the geologic period known as the Neoproterozoic, between 600 and 800 million years ago. Conditions were also frequently sweltering between 500 million and 250 million years ago. And within the last 100 million years, two major heat spikes occurred: the Cretaceous Hot Greenhouse (about 92 million years ago), and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (about 56 million years ago).
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2019-07-24): We rely on proxies. Trees, for example, can be very sensitive to annual changes in temperature and moisture, and the width and density of their annual rings reflect those year-to-year changes. We can then sample hundreds of trees all over the world along with other natural archives to infer what climate was like in the past. For this study in particular we used several different statistical methods that combine all of these proxies to produce global maps of temperature change going back 2,000 years. [...] Yes. Paleoclimate proxies can be used to infer past temperatures, but are not thermometers per se, and so they include non-temperature "noise." We have therefore tried to use as many proxies as feasible for our study, but we are limited by where the data exists and the quality of the data. Uncertainties are usually largest in places without good quality proxy data. But for the particular hypothesis we’re testing, we don’t think these uncertainties significantly impact the results. We find the same results regardless of which proxy networks or which statistical methodologies we use. So we’re pretty confident in the results.
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago (Joanne Nova, 2019-05-08)
Evidence (2006-09-21): Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates. Since it is not possible to go back in time to see what climates were like, scientists use imprints created during past climate, known as proxies, to interpret paleoclimate. Organisms, such as diatoms, forams, and coral serve as useful climate proxies. Other proxies include ice cores, tree rings, and sediment cores (which include diatoms, foraminifera, microbiota, pollen, and charcoal within the sediment and the sediment itself).
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2019-08-23): Sweden did not reject proposals to implement mandatory vaccination policies because of serious health concerns, but because health care - including vaccination - is always voluntary. Vaccine uptake in Sweden remains high even though vaccination is voluntary, demonstrating that public confidence in vaccines is strong.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2018-03-13): The Swedish Riksdagen (parliament) rejected seven motions on May 10 that would have enshrined forced vaccinations into law, stating "It would violate our [Swedish Constitution] if we introduced compulsory vaccinations, or mandatory vaccinations." [...] A spokesperson for the Public Health Agency of Sweden, the Folkhalsomyndigheten, told us via email on 30 March 2018 that only two — not seven — motions proposing a mandatory vaccination program were rejected in 2017. They added that the proposals were not rejected because vaccinations would be "harmful," but because "all health care in Sweden, including vaccination programs, is voluntary." Conspiracy theory blogs also reported that the Riksdagen "banned" mandatory vaccinations. What it did not mention is that the country's voluntary vaccination program, which covers ten diseases, already dates back decades.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2022-01-27): Sweden has decided against recommending COVID-19 vaccines for kids aged 5-11, the Health Agency said on Thursday, arguing that the benefits did not outweigh the risks. "With the knowledge we have today, with a low risk for serious disease for kids, we don't see any clear benefit with vaccinating them," Health Agency official Britta Bjorkholm told a news conference.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2021-12-05): Mandatory vaccinations: Three reasons for and against - Published [...] While there is a strong health argument in favour of mandatory vaccinations, it is not the only way to boost levels. [...] Compulsory vaccinations are not the only form of mandate. Most governments have imposed some form of restrictions, from Covid passes to travel bans, that carry their own costs.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2024-02-28): Öppna undermeny för Public Health Reporting [...] Öppna undermeny för Vaccinations [...] The Public Health Agency of Sweden
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2021-03-16): Coronavirus digest: Sweden halts AstraZeneca vaccine use March 16, 2021Sweden is pausing vaccinations against COVID-19 using AstraZeneca's vaccine as a precautionary measure, the country's health agency has announced. AstraZeneca, which was founded through the merger of a British and Swedish firm, has already seen its vaccine paused in a number of European countries amid growing concerns about possible serious side-effects.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2024-09-06): - ^ a b "Sweden decides against recommending COVID vaccines for kids aged 5-11". reuters.com. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024. [...] - ^ Sweden, Radio (1 April 2021). "Sweden will not meet vaccine goal". Sveriges Radio. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021. [...] - ^ "Janssens vaccin pausas i väntan på utredning från EMA" (in Swedish). Swedish Public Health Agency. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2021-11-18): STOCKHOLM — Sweden’s chief epidemiologist said on Thursday that his country’s recently announced vaccine mandate for larger indoor events could well prove insufficient in slowing the spread of coronavirus and flagged that further measures may soon be needed. "If we have the continued low pressure from the virus which we have just now, then maybe proof of vaccination (for larger public gatherings) would be enough," Anders Tegnell, the architect of Sweden’s no-lockdown approach to the pandemic, told a press briefing in the Swedish capital Stockholm.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2022-10-07): We see interesting trends for all countries. Denmark and Sweden show similar patterns at the start of the observation period, see Fig. 7a,b for Denmark and 7u,v for Sweden. As is visible in Fig. 1, the wave is going down and so are the number of infections and hospitalizations, as indicated by the positive correlations shown here. However, in Denmark about the same number of people were vaccinated in all age groups about the same number of people per week in the beginning, while in Sweden the number grew every week during the first 4 weeks of vaccinations. This is why there is a negative correlation between the vaccinations per age group and the indicators of the whole population in Fig. 7u.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2019-03-11): Did Sweden ban mandatory vaccinations? Multiple articles have been published in various languages, claiming that Sweden has banned mandatory vaccinations. They appear to come from a communiqué put out by the controversial American alternative therapy lobby group that calls itself the National Health Federation. According to the various stories, this ban was inspired by a claim that mandatory vaccines went against the Swedish constitutional right to choose one's healthcare. So what actually happened? We tell you more.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2022-12-14): In Sweden, children are offered protection against eleven diseases through the national vaccination programme for children. In 2022, a vaccination programme against pneumococcal infections for risk groups started. Additional vaccinations are recommended for children and adults at risk. All vaccinations within national vaccination programmes are voluntary and offered free of charge. The vaccination programmes are governed by the Communicable Diseases Act and regulations issued by the Public Health Agency of Sweden. [...] Most vaccines that are part of the Swedish child vaccination programme are given as combination vaccines, i.e. vaccines against several diseases are given in the same shot in order to minimize the number of injections.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2022-02-25): But more recently, pediatricians say, parents are citing other countries’ policies, particularly a few in Europe, as a reason to avoid vaccination: Some other countries aren’t vaccinating their children. Why should I? As of this writing, most countries in Europe do recommend the vaccine for children 5 and up. Sweden, however, doesn’t offer the vaccine for children under 12, aside from those at risk of severe disease. In Finland, the country’s public health agency has stopped short of recommending vaccination for healthy kids ages 5 to 11. Norway has taken a similar approach.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2022-12-14): Vaccinations are of great importance to public health. In Sweden, there are national vaccination programmes against several infectious diseases. Many severe diseases which previously caused significant number of cases and deaths have now become more or less extinct in Sweden. Vaccinations have been paramount to achieve this. Following access to clean water and improved sanitation, vaccinations are the most efficient way to promote health and save lives. In Sweden, all vaccinations are voluntary. Vaccinations included in national vaccination programmes shall be offered free of charge by regions (or municipalities for school-aged children) and registered in the national vaccination registry.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2023-11-21): Since then, the Swedish Public Health Authority changed its recommendations for the immunisation of children six times. The last time was a year ago when the agency limited the recommendation to children in risk groups. [...] Like in Sweden, only children with medical conditions can be vaccinated. [...] "We need clarity. Will Swedish children be allowed to get vaccinated, or not?" she asked.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2021-12-05): Mandatory vaccinations: Three reasons for and against [...] While there is a strong health argument in favour of mandatory vaccinations, it is not the only way to boost levels. [...] Compulsory vaccinations are not the only form of mandate. Most governments have imposed some form of restrictions, from Covid passes to travel bans, that carry their own costs.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2022-09-30): Sweden's Public Health Agency said Friday it was no longer recommending that children aged 12 to 17 get vaccinated against Covid-19, citing the "very low risk" for the group. [...] "Overall we see that the need for care as a result of Covid-19 has been low among children and young people... and has in addition subsided since the Omicron variant started spreading," Soren Andersson, head of the Public Health Agency's vaccination department, said in the statement. [...] Sweden saw a slight increase in the number of deaths during the summer, but the number is now falling.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2024-03-19): The Swedish Public Health Agency recommends vaccination against Covid-19 for the spring season if you - are 80 years or older. [...] More about what applies to different age groups on the Swedish Public Health Agency's website The Swedish Public Health Agency's collective information on Covid-19
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2020-10-25): Mandatory vaccination was not "banned" in Sweden because of "serious health concerns" as claimed by multiple outlets
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2012-11-16): Sweden - Exercise a high degree of caution [...] We have obtained the information on this page from the Swedish authorities. It can, however, change at any time.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2024-05-16): - "Father of Global Warming’ Scientist Finally Admits Theory Is Wrong", a climate change denialist conspiracy theory article that simply invents quotes and attributes them to climate scientist James Hansen - "Cuba Claims Justin Trudeau Is Fidel Castro’s Son," discussed here - "CDC Doctor, Who Claimed Flu Shot Caused Outbreak, Missing Feared Dead", discussed here and quickly picked up by deranged lunatics like Erin Elizabeth - "Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' ", another out-of-thin-air fabrication
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2024-10-08): - ^ "The Commission's Report" (PDF). Rikshospitalet. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2022-06-30): Health and safety.—Serious ferret attacks appear to be rare and to be confined to those humans that cannot defend themselves against a small animal, which for the most part, consists of infants and small children, but may also include the elderly and the disabled. Mandatory warning labels should accompany ferrets offered for sale, and states such as South Carolina require this by law. Other mitigation measures include public outreach and the ban of ferrets from homes with infants, elderly, or the disabled, and the euthanization of ferrets proven to cause serious injury. The vaccination of ferrets against rabies and distemper should be made mandatory, and many states have such regulations. With the implementation of mitigation measures, the health and safety risks can be significantly reduced.