copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
Evidence (2017-03-06): Often photographed clinging to Arctic ice floes as its habitat melts away into warming waters, the polar bear is the poster child for U.S. efforts to save wildlife on the brink of extinction using the Endangered Species Act. [...] When the George W. Bush administration listed the polar bear as threatened in 2008, it helped raise public awareness about the connection between global warming and the plight of iconic wildlife. But the Bush administration stipulated that the listing could not be used to regulate the greenhouse gas emissions that are causing the polar bear’s habitat to melt away. "The polar bear was the first species protected under the Endangered Species Act solely because of threats from global warming," said Shaye Wolf, climate science director for the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group. "The listing not only raised public awareness that climate change is already driving vulnerable species like the polar bear toward extinction, but also forced the Bush administration to adopt the consensus view of the world’s scientists on global warming."
Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
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Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
Evidence (2011-10-28): Polar bear: A polar bear is fit to swim 100 miles for food, in search of mates or, more recently, just some ice to stand on. With five inches of blubber keeping this enormous bear prepared for subzero temperatures, the largest member of the bear family has adapted to remarkable Arctic conditions. The fat stored in a polar bear carcass becomes essential food for other Arctic species, like the Arctic fox. However, the extreme impacts that human-caused climate change has had on the Arctic is pushing the polar bear closer to extinction. [...] Listed as a "threatened" species in 2008, polar bears are rapidly losing the sea ice they use to hunt, mate and raise their young. Polar bear numbers increased following the establishment of hunting regulations in the 1970s and today stand at 20,000 to 25,000. However, the rapid decline of Arctic sea ice because of global warming has reversed this trend, and currently at least five of the 19 polar bear populations are declining. The U.S. Geological Survey predicts that under current greenhouse gas emission trends, two-thirds of the world’s polar bears, including all those in Alaska, will likely disappear by 2050.
Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
Evidence (2024-03-08): Consider a claim about polar bears being driven to extinction due to global warming—a contentious issue within climate discourse. The Climate-FEVER dataset includes this claim and presents evidence from scientific articles and research findings to validate or refute it. An AI model uses this dataset to learn how to assess such claims, providing users with a scientifically grounded evaluation. [...] The labeling process in the Climate-FEVER dataset is illustrated through the classification of evidence in relation to a specific climate change claim. For example, one claim states, "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction." Various pieces of evidence are provided, each with a label: [...] { "claim_id": "1234", "claim": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "claim_label": "SUPPORTS", "evidences": [ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:14", "evidence_label": "SUPPORTS", "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.", "entropy": 0.0, "votes": ["SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null]
Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
Evidence (2020-07-20): News: Global Warming Is Driving Polar Bears... (The New York Times) - Behind the headlines [...] Global Warming Is Driving Polar Bears Toward Extinction, Researchers Say (Published 2020) By century’s end, polar bears worldwide could become nearly extinct as a result of shrinking sea ice in the Arctic if climate change continues unabated, scientists said.
Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
Evidence (2020-07-20): A new study suggests that polar bears could face extinction as climate change drives sea ice loss, according to a new study published Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change, showing the potentially dramatic consequences of warming global temperatures. All but a few of the 19 subpopulations of polar bears scattered across the coldest reaches of the globe could be wiped out by 2100 as the warming climate continues to erode sea ice, according to the study. [...] Global Warming Is Driving Polar Bears Toward Extinction, Researchers Say (New York Times)
Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
Evidence (2023-01-01): { "claim_id": "0", "claim": "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction", "claim_label": "SUPPORTS", "evidences": [ { "evidence_id": "Extinction risk from global warming:170", "evidence_label": "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "article": "Extinction risk from global warming", "evidence": "\"Recent Research Shows Human Activity Driving Earth Towards Global Extinction Event\".", "entropy": 0.6931471805599453, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] [...] }, { "evidence_id": "Habitat destruction:61", "evidence_label": "SUPPORTS", "article": "Habitat destruction", "evidence": "Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.", "entropy": 0.0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:1328", "evidence_label": "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "\"Bear hunting caught in global warming debate\".", "entropy": 0.6931471805599453, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ]
Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
Evidence (2020-07-21): While scientists have long known polar bears are threatened by global heating, this latest study published in Nature Climate Change is the first to identify when and where the bears will disappear. [...] But polar bears, which are the largest terrestrial carnivore on the planet, are vulnerable to extinction according the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which cites climate change as the main cause of their decline. The Arctic has been warming at double the rate of the global average for the past 25 years. Since the 1970s, sea ice has been melting by approximately 13% per decade, according to satellite records. Polar bears, which are not strong enough swimmers to catch seal in open water, have struggled to hunt as sea ice disappears. This is not the first time polar bears have faced extinction. In 1965, specialists warned that commercial polar bear hunting was pushing the species to extinction, leading to a worldwide restriction on commercial hunting in 1973. And though the ban led to a resurgence in bear population numbers, melting sea ice now threatens the lives of the estimated 26, 000 polar bears that remain today.
Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
Evidence (2020-08-16): SOURCE: Global Warming Is Driving Polar Bears Toward Extinction, Researchers Say by Henry Fountain, Climate, New York Times, July 20, 2020 KEY TAKE AWAY: Sea-ice loss due to global warming is the most important threat to long-term survival and reproduction of polar bears. Under a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario, all but a few polar bear subpopulations are at risk of extinction by 2100. In the moderate greenhouse gas emissions scenario, some polar bear subpopulations could persist through the century. [...] The long-term survival of polar bears is threatened by loss of sea-ice due to global warming, new study confirms, Edited by Nikki Forrester, Climate Feedback, July 27, 2020
Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
Evidence (2020-07-20): Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction | ABS-CBN News
Claim: "Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction" (Henry Fountain, 2020-07-27)
Evidence (2022-12-08): The IUCN assessment does not look at the extinction risk for polar bears over a time span of longer than about 35 years – or three generations of polar bears. But without action to tackle climate change, it is likely that many polar bear subpopulations will cross "tipping points" over the next century if sea-ice loss continues as forecasted, says Cator. [...] However, the trend in populations for which there is data points to a species in decline, compared to two or three decades ago. And with the impacts of warming on polar bear habitat and feeding well-understood, scientists are clear that polar bears face a profound threat to their survival in the coming decades. [...] A press release (pdf) released following the review said that, of 10 key threats identified, "human-caused climate change and the effects of such changes on polar bear habitat and prey is considered the primary threat". It emphasised "the need for the global community to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to conserve polar bears and their habitat".
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2024-03-03): Childhood vaccination is one of the greatest public health achievements in history. All the ingredients in vaccines are extensively tested for safety and don’t cause harm in the amounts present in vaccines. On the contrary, routine immunizations save millions of lives every year and prevent many serious infectious diseases that were commonplace only a few generations ago.
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2018-05-14): Concerns about safety have focused on formaldehyde in part because high concentrations of formaldehyde can damage DNA (the building block of genes) and cause cancerous changes in cells in the laboratory. Although formaldehyde is diluted during the manufacturing process, residual quantities of formaldehyde may be found in several current vaccines (see table below). While formaldehyde is a likely cause of nasopharyngeal cancer, the quantities contained in vaccines are not sufficient to cause cancer. [...] Formaldehyde content of vaccines licensed for use in the United States [...] Not all influenza vaccines contain formaldehyde, but some preparations contain amounts between < 0.005 – 0.1 mg.
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2022-01-19): Vaccine ingredients can look unfamiliar. However, it is important to remember that many of the substances used in vaccines are found naturally in the body. For example, many vaccines contain salts based on sodium and potassium (see the section on 'Acidity regulators'), which are essential for life. People may think of formaldehyde as a man-made chemical, but in small quantities, it is also found naturally in the bloodstream. [...] If you look up some vaccine ingredients on the internet you may read that they could be harmful, but most of them are present in vaccines in amounts that are completely normal for our bodies. Even common salt (sodium chloride), which is essential for the normal functioning of the body, is harmful in large quantities. [...] Formaldehyde is an organic compound found naturally in many living things. It is used in the production of some vaccines to inactivate toxins from bacteria and viruses (for example, poliovirus, Hepatitis B antigen, and diphtheria and tetanus toxins). It is possible that tiny traces may remain in the 6-in-1 vaccine (Infanrix Hexa), Hepatitis B vaccine (HBVaxPro), one of the Pre-school Booster vaccines (Repevax), and the Teenage Booster vaccine (Revaxis). However, formaldehyde breaks down quickly in water (and most of the vaccine is water).
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2022-02-24): Scientists add some bizarre things to vaccines, such as aluminium and extracts from shark livers. Many vaccines simply don’t work without them – but no one knows why. [...] First up, though the concept of additives in vaccines might sound alarming, they’re included in microscopic quantities. There is as little as 0.2mg of aluminium in a typical vaccine dose, which is equivalent to less than the weight of a single poppy seed. The weight of evidence is that adjuvants do not lead to serious side-effects. [...] To this day, the aluminium in vaccines is always in the form of salts. These include aluminium hydroxide (commonly used as an antacid to relieve indigestion and heartburn), aluminium phosphate (often used in dental cement) and potassium aluminium sulphate, which is sometimes found in baking powder.
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2022-12-15): Why Is Aluminum in Vaccines? Isn’t It Dangerous? [...] Given the quantities of aluminum we are exposed to on a daily basis, the quantity of aluminum in vaccines is miniscule. Aluminum-containing vaccines have been used for decades and have been given to more than 1 billion people without problem. In spring 2000, the National Vaccine Program Office (NVPO) reviewed aluminum exposure through vaccines and determined that no changes to vaccine recommendations were needed based on aluminum content. The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, part of the World Health Organization (WHO), has also reviewed studies and found no evidence of health risks that would require changes to vaccine policy. [...] Although aluminum at high doses can cause a variety of clinical manifestations, the quantity of aluminum in vaccines is too small to cause a direct toxic effect. Indeed, the quantity of aluminum in biological specimens from those receiving aluminum-containing vaccines is indistinguishable from unvaccinated subjects. The concern that aluminum in vaccines might be associated with a rare autoimmune disease called macrophagic myofasciitis has been refuted by previous studies.
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2024-03-07): FULL CLAIM: "Today we’ll be injecting formaldehyde, aluminum, MSG, aborted fetal DNA fragments, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, and pig circoviruses"; "Health is not mixed up toxins injected into healthy babies" [...] One example of this is an Instagram post published on 3 March 2024. The post listed several substances supposedly present in childhood vaccines, including aluminum, mercury, formaldehyde, monosodium glutamate, cells, serums, viruses and fetal DNA. The caption claimed that these substances are "toxins injected into healthy babies". [...] Aborted fetal DNA fragments, monkey kidney cells, and fetal bovine serum
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2023-11-21): Some parents are concerned about ingredients contained in vaccines, specifically aluminium, mercury, gelatine and antibiotics. However, parents can be reassured that ingredients in vaccines are minuscule and necessary. [...] Why do some vaccines contain formaldehyde? Formaldehyde is used during the manufacture of some vaccines to inactivate viruses (like polio and hepatitis A viruses) or bacterial toxins (like diphtheria and tetanus toxins). While the formaldehyde is diluted during the manufacturing process, small quantities remain. Because formaldehyde is associated with the preservation of dead bodies, its presence in vaccines seems inappropriate.
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2024-01-12): Why is formaldehyde in some vaccines? Formaldehyde has a long history of safe use in the manufacture of certain viral and bacterial vaccines. It is used to inactivate viruses so that they don’t cause disease (e.g., polio virus used to make polio vaccine) and to detoxify bacterial toxins, such as the toxin used to make diphtheria vaccine. Formaldehyde is diluted during the vaccine manufacturing process, but residual quantities of formaldehyde may be found in some current vaccines. The amount of formaldehyde present in some vaccines is so small compared to the concentration that occurs naturally in the body that it does not pose a safety concern. [...] Why is fetal calf/bovine serum in some vaccines?
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2012-11-29): One contributor to the fear of vaccines is the notion that they contain toxins. But "it’s the dose that makes the poison" and it’s distressing that people’s fears are beings stoked by a lack of basic understanding of chemistry and toxicology. So let’s have a close look at some of the "bad boys" the anti-vaxxers love to hate. [...] All vaccines have less than one milligram of aluminium per dose, and most are below half of that. So exposure to aluminium through vaccines is negligible, and well below the already low risk threshold. [...] This is not an exhaustive list but it covers most of the toxins that anti-vaxxers are most concerned about. The remainder of the so-called toxins in vaccines bring up exactly the same issues as highlighted here. The presence of low levels of one of the most common amino acids in our body is apparently now a worry, and I will pass lightly over claims that sodium chloride (common salt) is a toxin in vaccines. There’s really no reason that these compounds should keep people from getting vaccinated.
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2024-08-01): Hear Dr. Offit discuss the high number of influenza deaths in children, the new COVID-19 XEC variant, and recent increases in cases of pertussis (whooping cough). [...] Find info about vaccine ingredients, conditions discussed in relation to vaccines, and other common vaccine safety concerns. [...] Your donation can help us continue our efforts to address vaccine questions and concerns.
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2024-01-16): Even though fetal cells are used to grow vaccine viruses, vaccines do not contain these cells or pieces of DNA that are recognizable as human DNA. People can be reassured by the following: [...] Do vaccines contain parts of fetuses or fetal cells? [...] My religion is against abortions, so I don’t want to get these vaccines. Are alternatives available?
Claim: Childhood vaccines contain “mixed up toxins” including formaldehyde, aluminum, aborted fetal DNA, fetal bovine serum, monkey kidney cells, mercury, pig circoviruses (Social media user, 2024-03-03)
Evidence (2023-10-30): Some vaccines may also contain adjuvants, preservatives, stabilizers and residual byproducts from the manufacturing process. All of these components are safe in the concentrations used in vaccines. Many of them are common and can be found in our bodies, drinking water, food or other products we ingest or use regularly. [...] Vaccines may also contain surfactants or emulsifiers used to keep all the ingredients blended together and prevent clumping. Anti-vaccine groups sometimes focus on an emulsifier called polysorbate 80 to spread fear. But the compound, which is safely used in vaccines, is found in much higher concentrations in many foods, including ice cream. Trace amounts of other substances from the manufacturing process sometimes remain in vaccines. For example, many vaccines are made by growing viruses or producing proteins in chicken eggs or cell lines, so vaccines may contain DNA or proteins from those cells or other products from the growth media. Similarly, inactivated vaccines may contain formaldehyde, which is used to kill viruses. Again, the amounts of these substances in vaccines are minuscule and harmless, since the antigens are purified before being put into vials. No vaccine contains fetal cells or tissue.