copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2021-12-08): On 31 December 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission reported an outbreak of pneumonia on its official website. Subsequently, scientists reported the discovery of a previously undescribed coronavirus obtained from samples of the respiratory system of some of these patients. This virus differed from all known coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV)1,2,3,4,5. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named this new infectious agent SARS-CoV-2 (ref. 6); the seventh coronavirus that can infect humans. SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spread through the globally, producing several variants of concern (VOCs) and developing into a major and devastating pandemic. Here we summarize our current understanding of the emergence, global spread and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2021-03-15): Since the initial reports of a cluster of pneumonia cases of unidentified origin in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus that causes this disease — severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) — has spread throughout the world, igniting the twenty-first century’s deadliest pandemic. Over the past 12 months, a dizzying array of information has emerged from numerous laboratories, covering everything from the putative origin of SARS-CoV-2 to the development of numerous candidate vaccines. Many immunologists quickly pivoted from their existing research to focus on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and, owing to this unprecedented convergence of efforts on one viral infection, a remarkable body of work has been produced and disseminated, through both preprint servers and peer-reviewed journals. Here, we take readers through the timeline of key discoveries during the first year of the pandemic, which showcases the extraordinary leaps in our understanding of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and highlights gaps in our knowledge as well as areas for future investigations.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2020-09-29): There were also fears the virus could spread rapidly as hundreds of millions of people in China prepared to travel around the country for Chinese New Year. [...] By the end of the month, the toll had passed 100, with infections rising fast. It spread beyond Wuhan, both into other parts of China and to at least 16 countries around the world. [...] At that point, half the world's cases had been recorded in the US and Europe, but Covid-19 was rapidly growing in the Americas. The virus was also affecting South Asia and Africa, where it was not expected to peak until the end of July.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2024-08-23): The first human cases of COVID-19 occurred in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, on or about 17 November 2019.[2] The first human case in the United States was on 21 January 2020. The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and first referred to it as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.[3][4] The WHO ended the PHEIC on 5 May 2023.[5]
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2024-10-01): On 21 October, the United States surpassed 99 million cases of COVID-19, the most cases of any country.[249] By 30 October, the worldwide daily death toll was 424, the lowest since 385 deaths were reported on 12 March 2020.[250] 17 November marked the three-year anniversary since health officials in China first detected COVID-19.[251] [...] As a result of the high transmissibility of the Delta variant, however, by August 2021, the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria had conceded defeat in their eradication efforts.[406] In early October 2021, New Zealand also abandoned its elimination strategy.[407] In November and December, following vaccination efforts, the remaining states of Australia, excluding Western Australia, voluntarily gave up COVID-Zero to open up state and international borders.[408][409][410] The open borders allowed the Omicron variant of COVID-19 to enter quickly, and cases subsequently exceeded 120,000 a day.[411] By early March 2022, with cases exceeding 1,000 a day, Western Australia conceded defeat in its eradication strategy and opened its borders.[412] Despite record cases, Australian jurisdictions slowly removed restrictions such as close contact isolation, mask wearing, and density limits by April 2022.[413] [...] - ^ Bagri N (4 October 2020). "As COVID-19 spreads, India tries to control the narrative by targeting journalists". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2021-03-18): "To answer this question, we combined three important pieces of information: a detailed understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 spread in Wuhan before the lockdown, the genetic diversity of the virus in China and reports of the earliest cases of COVID-19 in China. By combining these disparate lines of evidence, we were able to put an upper limit of mid-October 2019 for when SARS-CoV-2 started circulating in Hubei province." Cases of COVID-19 were first reported in late-December 2019 in Wuhan, located in the Hubei province of central China. The virus quickly spread beyond Hubei. Chinese authorities cordoned off the region and implemented mitigation measures nationwide. By April 2020, local transmission of the virus was under control but, by then, COVID-19 was pandemic with more than 100 countries reporting cases. [...] Wertheim noted that even as SARS-CoV-2 was circulating in China in the fall of 2019, the researchers’ model suggests it was doing so at low levels until at least December of that year.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2023-03-15): Worldwide, 282 laboratory-confirmed cases of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus have been reported in four countries: China (278 cases), Thailand (2 cases), Japan (1 case) and the Republic of Korea (1 case). [...] Worldwide deaths from the 2019 Novel Coronavirus reach 1,013. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has now killed more people than the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) outbreak, which claimed 774 lives globally from November 2002 to July 2003. [...] Two weeks after large groups gathered for Halloween celebrations, COVID-19 case numbers spike across the U.S.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2020-01-17): The next severe pandemic will not only cause great illness and loss of life but could also trigger major cascading economic and societal consequences that could contribute greatly to global impact and suffering. The Event 201 pandemic exercise, conducted on October 18, 2019, vividly demonstrated a number of these important gaps in pandemic preparedness as well as some of the elements of the solutions between the public and private sectors that will be needed to fill them. The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, World Economic Forum, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation jointly propose these recommendations. [...] The Event 201 pandemic exercise, conducted on October 18, 2019, vividly demonstrated a number of these important gaps in pandemic preparedness as well as some of the elements of the solutions between the public and private sectors that will be needed to fill them. The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, World Economic Forum, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation jointly propose the following: [...] October 15, 2019 - Players for Event 201, a pandemic exercise, include global business leaders and prominent government and public health leaders—livestream open to all
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2021-01-01): COVID-19 is a disease caused by a virus called SARS-CoV-2. This virus was first identified in December 2019 and quickly spread around the world. Most people with COVID-19 have mild illness. Most people recover in a few weeks, but some people are sick for a long time or die from this disease.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2024-09-30): Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.[7] Most scientists believe the SARS-CoV-2 virus entered into human populations through natural zoonosis, similar to the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV outbreaks, and consistent with other pandemics in human history.[8][9] Social and environmental factors including climate change, natural ecosystem destruction and wildlife trade increased the likelihood of such zoonotic spillover.[10][11][12][13] The disease quickly spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. [...] RT-PCR testing of untreated wastewater samples from Brazil and Italy have suggested detection of SARS-CoV-2 as early as November and December 2019, respectively, but the methods of such sewage studies have not been optimised, many have not been peer-reviewed, details are often missing, and there is a risk of false positives due to contamination or if only one gene target is detected.[462] A September 2020 review journal article said, "The possibility that the COVID‑19 infection had already spread to Europe at the end of last year is now indicated by abundant, even if partially circumstantial, evidence", including pneumonia case numbers and radiology in France and Italy in November and December.[463]
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2020-10-19): This decision was implemented on March 21, 2020, at which time the US and Canada will temporarily restrict all non-essential travel across the US-Canada land border. These measures were originally in place for 30 days, subject to reevaluation and further extension in light of the fluid nature of the coronavirus pandemic. On May 19, 2020 these measures were once again extended until June 22, 2020. On August 14, 2020, these measures were again extended until September 21, 2020. On September 18, 2020, these measures were again extended until October 21, 2020. On October 19, 2020 these measures were again extended until November 21, 2020. [...] - Migrants from Coronavirus Impacted Areas: Since the beginning of the FY20 fiscal year in October 2019 through the end of February 2020 (over the period of October 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020), foreign nationals from 122 separate countries have been apprehended or denied entry (inadmissible) at the U.S. Southwest border, for a total of over 190,000 apprehended or inadmissible migrants from countries currently with confirmed COVID cases.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2021-03-10): Though initially discovered in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, COVID-19 entered the conversation in the U.S. in January 2020, when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) alerted the nation of the outbreak abroad. Later that month, the first national case of COVID-19 was reported in the state of Washington; by January 24, the virus had made its way to Chicago. The outbreak escalated quickly from there, during a period of uncertainty about how the virus was transmitted, how quickly it could spread and how much of a threat it was to public health.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2020-05-06): It's getting harder to find the true origin of the novel coronavirus that has plagued the world killing hundreds of thousands as genetic analysis indicates that the beginning of the pandemic dates back to early October 2019, over a month earlier than what was previously thought. The new study, carried out by researchers from the University College London Genetics Institute and published in the journal Infection, Genetics and Evolution on Tuesday, analyzed the genomes of 7,666 novel coronavirus samples from around the world using a method called "phylogenetic network analysis," and estimated that the likely period for the spread of the virus was between October 6 and December 11.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2020-03-02): The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, or COVID-19) epidemic first broke out in Wuhan and has been spreading in whole China and the world. The numbers of new infections and deaths in Wuhan are still increasing, which have posed major public health and governance concerns. A series of mandatory actions have been taken by the municipal and provincial governments supported by the central government, such as measures to restrict travels across cities, case detection and contact tracing, quarantine, guidance and information to the public, detection kit development, etc. Challenges such as lacking effective drugs, insufficient hospital services and medical supplies, logistics, etc. have much alleviated with the solidarity of the whole society. The pandemic will definitely be ended with the continuous efforts of both national and international multi-sectoral bodies. Since December 2019, a new type of coronavirus called novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, or COVID-19) was identified in Wuhan, China. The COVID-19 has then rapidly spread to all over China and the world. It can cause symptoms including fever, difficulty in breathing, cough, and invasive lesions on both lungs of the patients [1]. It can spread to the lower respiratory tract and cause viral pneumonia. In severe cases, patients suffer from dyspnea and respiratory distress syndrome.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2020-04-27): The WHO Director-General reconvened the Emergency Committee (EC). This was earlier than the 10-day period and only two days after the first reports of limited human-to-human transmission were reported outside China. This time, the EC reached consensus and advised the Director-General that the outbreak constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). The Director-General accepted the recommendation and declared the novel coronavirus outbreak (2019-nCoV) a PHEIC. This is the 6th time WHO has declared a PHEIC since the International Health Regulations (IHR) came into force in 2005.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2021-04-24): The Trump administration and AstraZeneca announce a collaboration to speed development of a COVID-19 vaccine called AZD1222. HHS says it expects the first doses to be available as early as October 2020; phase 3 clinical studies are underway this summer. [...] October 8 — White House COVID-19 Outbreak Grows to 34 [...] October 15 — US Cases Spike Again; Studies Connect Blood Type and COVID-19 Risk
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2021-09-03): On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, a pandemic. The announcement followed a rising sense of alarm in the preceding months over a new, potentially lethal virus that was swiftly spreading around the world. A year later, we look back on one of the most challenging periods in recent memory. [...] February: Cases of COVID-19 begin to multiply around the world. Countries are restricting travel to contain the virus. [...] October: President Trump tests positive for COVID-19 after a gathering in the White House Rose Garden where multiple people were also thought to have been infected. Meanwhile, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) grants full approval to a drug called remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global outbreak of coronavirus – an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Cases of novel coronavirus (nCoV) were first detected in China in December 2019, with the virus spreading rapidly to other countries across the world. This led WHO to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020 and to characterize the outbreak as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. [...] On 25 October 2023 WHO/Europe made several changes to its respiratory virus surveillance and data reporting systems. The COVID-19 Situation Dashboard played a pivotal role in providing essential information during the early stages of the pandemic. However, the landscape has now shifted, and so have data needs.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2023-01-09): Delta (B.1.617.2) was first identified in India in late 2020; it soon spread throughout the world, becoming what was the predominant version of the coronavirus—until Omicron took its place in mid-December of 2021.
Claim: “Coronavirus quickly spread around the world as early as October 2019” (Hashem Al-Ghaili, 2020-05-19)
Evidence (2020-04-22): The outbreak, which started in Wuhan in Hubei province, China, in early December, has now spread to 181 countries and regions. China was relatively successful in containing its outbreak to Hubei. But the virus has spread rapidly between and within other countries. China accounted for almost 80% of the first 100,000 patients identified, but the United States now contains more cases than any other country, with more than 20% of the world’s total. [...] The coronavirus outbreak has spread to 46 countries other than China — and now seems to be spreading faster outside China than inside. [...] Researchers are using flight data to create models of the virus’s possible spread around the world. One model identified 30 countries at risk of importing SARS-CoV-2, on the basis of the large number of flights from Wuhan, the outbreak’s epicentre, and from other cities in China with lots of travellers from Wuhan. But several of those countries, including Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Malaysia, have reported fewer cases than the model predicts. Indonesia, another country at risk, has yet to report a single case.
Claim: We do not know if CO2 is the cause of global warming (Holman W. Jenkins Jr., 2023-11-03)
Evidence (2023-11-03): We know that CO2 causes global warming through the greenhouse effect based on overwhelming evidence from data collected over decades of investigation. There is international scientific consensus that elevated atmospheric-CO2 from human emissions is not just a cause of global warming, it is the leading cause of global warming.
Claim: We do not know if CO2 is the cause of global warming (Holman W. Jenkins Jr., 2023-11-03)
Evidence (2022-10-12): We know the world is warming because people have been recording daily high and low temperatures at thousands of weather stations worldwide, over land and ocean, for many decades and, in some locations, for more than a century. When different teams of climate scientists in different agencies (e.g., NOAA and NASA) and in other countries (e.g., the U.K.’s Hadley Centre) average these data together, they all find essentially the same result: Earth’s average surface temperature has risen by about 1.8°F (1.0°C) since 1880. [...] We know this warming is largely caused by human activities because the key role that carbon dioxide plays in maintaining Earth’s natural greenhouse effect has been understood since the mid-1800s. Unless it is offset by some equally large cooling influence, more atmospheric carbon dioxide will lead to warmer surface temperatures. Since 1800, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 410 ppm in 2019. We know from both its rapid increase and its isotopic "fingerprint" that the source of this new carbon dioxide is fossil fuels, and not natural sources like forest fires, volcanoes, or outgassing from the ocean. Finally, no other known climate influences have changed enough to account for the observed warming trend. Taken together, these and other lines of evidence point squarely to human activities as the cause of recent global warming.
Claim: We do not know if CO2 is the cause of global warming (Holman W. Jenkins Jr., 2023-11-03)
Evidence (2022-12-28): "Only the greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and industrialization gave us a prediction that lines up with the warming we're seeing," Cook told DW. [...] "There are uncertainties and nuances to discuss in climate science," said Cook. "But the one thing pretty much every scientist agrees upon today is that the warming we're seeing is driven by burning fossil fuels." [...] "If an alternative theory of what is driving climate change rather than greenhouse gases would be supported by research and evidence, such work would be groundbreaking," said Benjamin Cook. "It would be Nobel Prize-level study. But we do not see this research."
Claim: We do not know if CO2 is the cause of global warming (Holman W. Jenkins Jr., 2023-11-03)
Evidence (2023-02-06): What is carbon dioxide, anyway? How does it cause global warming? [...] But carbon dioxide is also the primary reason the climate is warming, a long-term shift in temperature that threatens the delicately balanced ecosystems humans depend upon. [...] Why does carbon dioxide cause global warming?
Claim: We do not know if CO2 is the cause of global warming (Holman W. Jenkins Jr., 2023-11-03)
Evidence (2022-01-11): However, human activity is resulting in the increased emission of so-called greenhouse gases (GHGs) which, unlike other atmospheric gases such as oxygen and nitrogen, becomes trapped in the atmosphere, unable to escape the planet. This energy returns to the surface, where it is reabsorbed. [...] Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide are the major GHGs to worry about. CO2 stays in the atmosphere for up to 1,000 years, methane for around a decade, and nitrous oxide for approximately 120 years. Measured over a 20-year period, methane is 80 times more potent than CO2 in causing global warming, while nitrous oxide is 280 times more potent.
Claim: We do not know if CO2 is the cause of global warming (Holman W. Jenkins Jr., 2023-11-03)
Evidence (2022-11-01): While most GHGs are naturally occurring, human activities have also been leading to a problematic increase in the amount of GHG emitted and their concentration in the atmosphere. This increased concentration, in turn, can lead to adverse effects on climate. Effects include increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events – including flooding, droughts, wildfires and hurricanes – that affect millions of people and cause trillions in economic losses. [...] Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide are the major GHGs. CO2 stays in the atmosphere for up to 1,000 years, methane for around a decade and nitrous oxide for approximately 120 years. Measured over a 20-year period, methane is 80 times more potent than CO2 in causing global warming, while nitrous oxide is 280 times more potent. [...] Since more energy enters than exits the planet, surface temperatures increase until a new balance is achieved. This temperature increase has long-term climate impacts and affects myriad natural systems.