copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Ireland (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-03-31): On 31 March 2009, Ireland submitted to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, in accordance with Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, information on the limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured in respect of Hatton-Rockall Area.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Ireland (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-30): The sovereignty of the rock has been the source of a long running dispute between Ireland and the UK. The UK authorities claim Rockall is part of its territory lying within its territorial seas – a claim not recognised by Ireland. Ireland has not claimed ownership of the rock and does not recognise the British claim of sovereignty on the basis that uninhabited rocks should not be claimed by any state. The British Navy annexed Rockall in 1955 – hoisting the Union flag and cementing a brass plaque on the summit. It later sought to incorporate it into part of UK law in 1972. [...] Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Charlie McConalogue T.D reiterated the view that Ireland disputes the British claim over the rock and its seas, describing the waters around Rockall as a traditional fishing ground for Irish trawlers. He said: "What we are asserting is the fact that this is a fishing ground which our fisheries have always fished. But to be clear, it is a challenging issue, and it has become more difficult as a result of Brexit.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Ireland (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-15): Rockall Q&A: Fishing dispute between Scotland and Ireland - Published [...] A spokesperson told BBC News NI: "Irish vessels, or any non-UK vessels for that matter, have never been allowed to fish in this way in the UK's territorial sea around Rockall. [...] A European Commission spokeswoman told BBC News NI that "the question of sovereignty over Rockall is a matter of international law".
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Ireland (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-04): Irish fisheries leaders have warned of fresh conflicts with Scotland over fishing rights around the north Atlantic islet of Rockall as evidence emerged about the roots of the long-running sovereignty dispute. [...] "I believe that the Scottish government has shown considerable patience during the preceding 18-month period," Hyslop told Coveney. "[However] the continued high level of fishing by Irish vessels in the UK’s territorial sea around Rockall and the lack of progress in our bilateral conversations mean that is now time for us to take action." [...] A Scottish government spokesperson said it had been "consistently clear" about Rockall’s status, but added: "There have been developments in recent months which increase our confidence that arrangements can be agreed under the Scottish/Irish bilateral framework which will be satisfactory for both sides."
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Ireland (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-31): Northwest of Ireland, the Rockall Trough marks where the continental shelf ends, the sea floor dropping away to an abyssal depth – and at the other side of it rises a plateau of rock as long as Scotland. [...] No! Being "land," Rockall was a threat to national security. It was obvious. We had to have it. [...] - "Rockall fishing rights dispute between Scotland and Ireland deepens" - The Guardian (See also: "The Fight Over A Shitty Rock" - Greg Noone, Hakai Magazine.)
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): Rockall (/ˈrɒkɔːl/) is an uninhabitable granite islet in the North Atlantic Ocean. The United Kingdom claims that Rockall lies within its territorial sea[1] and is part of its territory, but this claim is not recognised by Ireland.[2][3] It and the nearby skerries of Hasselwood Rock and Helen's Reef are the only emergent parts of the Rockall Plateau. The rock was formed by magmatism as part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province during the Paleogene. [...] In 1997, three members of the environmentalist organisation Greenpeace occupied the islet for 42 days,[36][37] calling it Waveland, to protest against oil exploration. Greenpeace declared the island to be a "new Global State" (as a spoof micronation) and offered citizenship to anyone willing to take their pledge of allegiance. The British Government's response was to state that "Rockall is British territory. It is part of Scotland and anyone is free to go there and can stay as long as they please"[38] and otherwise ignore them. The 1955 plaque was unscrewed and refixed back to front, and subsequently it disappeared.[39] [...] The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland claims Rockall along with a 12-nautical-mile-radius (22 km) territorial sea around the islet inside the country's exclusive economic zone (EEZ).[1] The UK also claims "a circle of UK sovereign airspace over the islet of Rockall".[1]
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-13): Irish lawyers and diplomats have maintained that nothing as insubstantial or uninhabitable as Rockall can be said to constitute a national territory in any meaningful sense. And particularly in the sense of such a status bestowing economic rights. Irish diplomats successfully fought hard to establish the principle (see clause above) in international law at interminable UN meetings on the drafting of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. [...] In that light the Government has always insisted that the waters around Rockall form part of European Union waters under the Common Fisheries Policy, to which the principle of equal access for the vessels of all EU member states applies. [...] Denmark, Iceland and Ireland had protested against the use of Rockall as a base point for the British fishery zone established in 1977. The UK claimed sovereignty over the rock and sought formally to annex it under its 1972 Island of Rockall Act. But when it signed up to the Law of the Sea Convention in 1997, it appeared that London had accepted implicitly that Rockall was not being seen as a base point.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-05): A Scottish government spokesperson told RTÉ News: "One Irish vessel was routinely inspected outside of territorial waters around Rockall. [...] There is a long-running dispute over the sovereignty of Rockall, with the Republic of Ireland disputing the UK's claim over it. [...] The lucrative seabed around Rockall, rich in oil and gas possibilities as well as fish, has been the subject of rival claims from Ireland, Iceland and Denmark (on behalf of the Danish Faroe Islands).
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-06): Never has such a small piece of land caused so much of a stushie, one that has been going on for centuries. Ireland and Denmark, via the Faroe Islands, have also claimed Rockall as theirs in the past, due probably to the fishing and oil exploration rights that will come with possession of the islet. [...] Ten years later, Ireland was still arguing about Rockall, and the Westminster Parliament was still debating. Sir John Biggs-Davison asked Secretary of State for Scotland George Younger: "In view of renewed interest by certain politicians in the Irish Republic, will my right hon. Friend affirm, on behalf of Her Majesty’s Government, that though it be uninhabited, and notwithstanding any negotiations on the law of the sea, Rockall is sovereign territory of the United Kingdom and will so remain?" [...] It still stands, especially after Brexit. When Scotland becomes independent, as a result of the Act, Rockall will be Scottish territory.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Home >Journals >International & Comparative Law Quarterly >Volume 35 Issue 2 >The Rockall Dispute Deepens: An Analysis of Recent... [...] The Rockall Dispute Deepens: An Analysis of Recent Danish and Icelandic Actions
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-11): Rockall: The adventurers who lived on a craggy outcrop - Published [...] His Rockall adventure came 30 years after UK troops annexed the rock, though Iceland, Ireland and Denmark have laid claim to it since then. [...] Speaking at the time, one of the activists is quoted as saying: "The seas around Rockall, potentially rich in oil, are fought over by four nations - Britain, Denmark, Iceland and Ireland.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): Greenland (Greenlandic: Kalaallit Nunaat, pronounced [kalaːɬːit nʉnaːt]; Danish: Grønland, pronounced [ˈkʁɶnˌlænˀ]) is a North American island autonomous territory[14] of the Kingdom of Denmark.[15] It is the larger of two autonomous territories within the Kingdom, the other being the Faroe Islands; the citizens of both territories are full citizens of Denmark. As Greenland is one of the Overseas Countries and Territories of the European Union, citizens of Greenland are European Union citizens.[16] The capital and largest city of Greenland is Nuuk.[16] Greenland lies between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is the world's largest island,[d] and is the location of the northernmost point of land in the world – Kaffeklubben Island off the northern coast is the world's northernmost undisputed point of land, and Cape Morris Jesup on the mainland was thought to be so until the 1960s. [...] Denmark has established very specific territorial autonomies with its two island territories - Ackrén, Maria (November 2017). "Greenland". Autonomy Arrangements in the World. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019. [...] Greenland [...] is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark - Benedikter, Thomas (19 June 2006). "The working autonomies in Europe". Society for Threatened Peoples. Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-11): Rockall is an eroded granite volcane that sits some 230 miles west of the Outer Hebrides and measures only 100ft (30 metres) wide and 70ft (21 metres) high above the sea, says the BBC. Over the years, several attempts have been made by adventurers to live on the tiny island but none have succeeded. Rockall gives its name to one of the 31 weather areas around the British Isles, familiar from the Shipping Forecast programme on BBC Radio 4. The UK claimed sovereignty of Rockall in 1955 – sometimes said to be the last action of British colonialism – and made it part of Scotland in 1972. In 2012, the UK government observed: "No other state has disputed our claim to the islet."
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-24): He cites the UN Convention but from an Irish perspective, restating that fishermen, and the Irish government, do not recognise Britain’s claim over Rockall so see its sudden activity in the North Atlantic as unnecessary, provocative and a hangover from colonialism. [...] By the sounds of it, those governments have rarely entertained discussion on Rockall. In June 2019, a Scottish government spokesperson merely reiterated that ‘Irish vessels, or any non-UK vessels for that matter, have never been allowed to fish in this way in the UK’s territorial sea around Rockall [...] it is disappointing that this activity continues.’ [...] If Cameron can’t quite explain why he’s so drawn to Rockall, he’s not the only one. ‘It’s got a kind of siren quality, once it calls to you, you sort of can’t help but go deeper and deeper until you decide you need to go,’ says Aaron Wheeler, a filmmaker who is turning Cameron’s quest into a documentary, Rockall: The Edge of Existence.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-09): Several states have claimed interests over the sea bed adjoining Rockall, an uninhabitable granite islet which is located within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of the United Kingdom. Ireland, Denmark, Iceland, and the United Kingdom have all made submissions to the commission set up under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). [...] Rockall is within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claimed by the United Kingdom.[8][9][10] In 1997, the UK ratified[11] the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and thus relinquished any claim to an extension of its EEZ beyond the islet. The remaining issue is the status of the continental shelf rights of the surrounding ocean floor. These are the exclusive rights to exploit any resources on or under the ocean floor (oil, natural gas, etc.) and should not be confused with the EEZ, as continental shelf rights do not carry any privileges with regard to fisheries. Ownership of these rights in the Rockall area are disputed between the United Kingdom, Denmark (for the Faroe Islands), Ireland and Iceland. Individual claims [edit]Danish claim via Faroe Islands [edit]The Faroe Islands are an autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark. Since 1948 they have had self-government in almost all matters except defence and foreign affairs. Consequently, their interests in Rockall are represented by Denmark. On their behalf, Denmark claims continental shelf rights in the Hatton-Rockall area.[12]
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-10): As from the date of the passing of this Act, the Island of Rockall (of which possession was formally taken in the name of Her Majesty on 18 September 1955 in pursuance of a Royal Warrant dated 14 September 1955 addressed to the Captain of Her Majesty’s Ship Vidal) shall be incorporated into that part of the United Kingdom known as Scotland and shall form part of the District of Harris in the County of Inverness, and the law of Scotland shall apply accordingly. [...] Back in 1985, former British SAS soldier Tom McClean spent 40 days on Rockall in an attempt to validate it as an island and make it a British territory. [...] For the moment though, the status of the Rockall remains that the UK claims is at part of its territory. While Ireland does not accept this claim, neither does it argue that Rockall is Irish.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-15): Rockall, an uninhabited islet measuring just 100ft (30m) wide and 70ft (21m) high, is a remnant of an eroded volcano. [...] The lucrative seabed around Rockall, rich in oil and gas possibilities as well as fish, has been the subject of rival claims from Ireland, Iceland and Denmark (on behalf of the Danish Faroe Islands). [...] A European Commission spokeswoman told BBC News NI that "the question of sovereignty over Rockall is a matter of international law".
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-11): The UK has always claimed sovereignty over Rockall, though that claim is disputed by Ireland, Iceland and Denmark. However, the dispute has rumbled aimlessly along for years. Recently however the Scottish government has said that it will enforce exclusive fishing rights for Scottish vessels within a 12-mile radius of the tiny islet as Irish boats have intensified what it says is "illegal" fishing there. The Irish – both fishermen and Government – reject the claim, insisting that under EU law they are explicitly permitted to fish around Rockall.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-08): Rockall, and its surrounding waters, has been at the centre of a controversy over fishing laws. [...] Rockall is an eroded volcano lying approximately 187.2 miles west of Scotland and 263.0 miles northwest of Ireland. It is only 100 feet wide and 70 feet high above sea level. [...] Rockall is home to the multi-million pound Rockall Fishery, which has several species of fish, including squid, monkfish and haddock.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-11): Rockall: The adventurers who lived on a craggy outcrop [...] His Rockall adventure came 30 years after UK troops annexed the rock, though Iceland, Ireland and Denmark have laid claim to it since then. [...] Speaking at the time, one of the activists is quoted as saying: "The seas around Rockall, potentially rich in oil, are fought over by four nations - Britain, Denmark, Iceland and Ireland.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-01): According to the submitting State, this is a partial submission, which "does not cover the continental shelf of Iceland in the Hatton-Rockall area, which is subject to overlapping claims by other States, or in the eastern part of Reykjanes Ridge which potentially overlaps the Hatton-Rockall area. In order not to prejudice questions relating to the delimitation of boundaries between States in the Hatton-Rockall area, a submission for both of these areas will be made at a later stage."
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-08): Possession of Rockall, 386km (240 miles) west of the Scottish mainland, was for many decades deemed imperative in order to generate claims to the vast tracts of surrounding fisheries and the oil-rich Atlantic seabed. [...] The UK, however, is not the only state eager laying claim to the the Hatton/Rockall basin. Ireland, Iceland and Denmark (on behalf of the Faroes) have also lodged overlapping claims. [...] He said: "We have never recognised UK sovereignty over Rockall and accordingly we have not recognised a territorial sea around it either. We have tried to work positively with the Scottish authorities and to deal with sensitive issues that flow from it in a spirit of kinship and collaboration. We very much regret that matters have reached this point and intend to do everything possible to achieve a satisfactory resolution."
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-12-01): Possession of Rockall, 240 miles (386km) west of the Scottish mainland, was for many decades deemed imperative in order to generate claims to the vast tracts of surrounding fisheries and the oil-rich Atlantic seabed. [...] The UK, however, is not the only state eager to gain control of the Hatton/Rockall basin. Ireland, Iceland and Denmark (on behalf of the Faroes) have also lodged overlapping claims. [...] Despite the tortuous negotiations, Rockall retains a symbolic attraction for adventurers. Tom McClean, an SAS veteran, endured 40 days roped to the outcrop in 1985 in order to assert the UK's claim. In 1997, Greenpeace protesters lasted for 42 days as part of a protest against oil exploration.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-05-30): McClean, who served in Aden and Borneo with the SAS, is absolutely clear about his objective: it was political and territorial. He was trying to cement the UK's claim to the ownership of Rockall, to be the first civilian to live there. While it is just a volcanic rock in the sea, its ownership is contested by the Irish, who insist it is closer to Ireland than the UK, the Danes – who argue it is part of the Faroe Islands sea shelf, and Iceland. [...] Its territorial significance is now much reduced but back then securing Rockall – at the height of the cold war, with Soviet and Nato submarines engaged in a tense underwater ballet around the north Atlantic – was about controlling sea space for hundreds of square miles of Atlantic. By the 1980s, it was about securing the oil and gas rights of the Rockall basin. In 1997, the UK accepted Rockall was a rock, with no impact on the UK's maritime territory. The current dispute with Ireland, Denmark and Iceland is over the wider Rockall-Hatton basin.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-05-30): Rockall - a tiny disputed territory Rockall is an uninhabitable granite islet situated in the North Atlantic Ocean (and a familiar name from the shipping forecast). The United Kingdom claims that Rockall lies within its exclusive economic zone and is part of its territory, but this claim is not recognised by several neighbouring countries. [...] The 1972 Island of Rockall Act, passed by parliament in Westminster, formally declared Rockall to be part of Inverness-shire. The UK, however, is not the only state laying claim to the area. Ireland, Iceland and Denmark (on behalf of the Faroes) have also lodged overlapping claims. In recent years there have been international disputes between Ireland and Scotland over the rich fishing around the rock.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-29): The Territory of Rockall, Hasselwood Rock and Helen's Reef covers those islets, stacks, rocks and skirries. - Rockall- 573546.695N 134114.308W. [...] Several states had claimed interests over the islands and sea bed adjoining Rockall. Denmark (for the Faroe Islands), Iceland, Scotland, Ireland and the United Kingdom had all made submissions to the commission set up under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): 2 (in international law) The act of taking control of territory belonging either to no one (peaceful occupation) or to a foreign state in the course of a war ( belligerent occupation). Peaceful occupation is one of the methods of legally acquiring territory, provided the occupier can show a standard of control superior to that of any other claimant. Denmark acquired Greenland in this way, and the UK acquired Rockall. A belligerent occupant cannot acquire or annex the occupied territory during the course of the war. Certain provisions for the protection of enemy civilians in the Hague and Geneva Conventions are applied to those parts of the enemy territory that have been effectively occupied. A belligerent occupier must retain in force the ordinary penal laws and tribunals of the occupied power, but may alter them or impose new laws to ensure the security and orderly government of the occupying forces and administration. The government in exile is also regarded as continuing to represent the occupied state in international law without any special recognition being necessary. See also cession; succession.
Claim: Rockall is a territory of Denmark (Rockall, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-04-21): The ownership of Rockall is disputed. The islet is claimed by Denmark (for the Faroe Islands), Iceland, Ireland and the United Kingdom. All four governments have made submissions to the commission set up under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The issue was included in the provisional agenda of the meeting of the commission to be held in New York from 7 March to 21 April 2011 and recommendations pursuant to Article 76 of the Convention were made. [...] Rockall is within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claimed by the United Kingdom. In 1997, the UK ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and thus relinquished any claim to an extension of its EEZ beyond the islet. The remaining issue is the status of the continental shelf rights of surrounding ocean floor. These are the exclusive rights to exploit any resources on or under the ocean floor (oil, natural gas, etc.) and should not be confused with the EEZ, as continental shelf rights do not carry any privileges with regard to fisheries. Ownership of these rights in the Rockall area are disputed between the United Kingdom, Denmark (for the Faroe Islands), Ireland and Iceland.