copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2023-07-25): Not that long ago, in the early 1990s, scientists were not able to determine whether polar land ice was growing, shrinking, or in balance. Satellite and airborne missions, complemented by field measurements, have not only answered that question, but also provided the means for scientists to determine the mechanisms that are contributing to the growth and shrinkage of polar ice. [...] What scientists do know is that warming Arctic temperatures – and a darkening surface of the Greenland ice sheet – are causing so much summer melting that it is now the dominant factor in Greenland’s contribution to sea level rise. Greenland’s summer melt season now lasts 70 days longer than it did in the early 1970s. Every summer, warmer air temperatures cause melt over about half of the surface of the ice sheet – although recently, 2012 saw an extreme event where 97 percent of the ice sheet experienced melt at its top layer.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2017-02-09): Breitbart falsely claims 58 studies refute human-caused global warming [...] Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability. [...] Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2024-01-23): In this Appendix, we provide supplementary material for our study. [...] Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100. (Climate Feedback: correct; Climinator: incorrect) [...] Level of evidence and agreement: High
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2017-11-07): Note that the figures above use a compilation of both instrumental and proxy data. [...] Arctic ice extent, snow cover and glacier volumes have decreased and sea level is rising. Surface ocean temperatures have increased. Warmer ocean temperatures will affect marine ecosystems and can place stress upon coral reefs. Furthermore, the increased CO2 in the atmosphere has also led to an increase of CO2 absorbed by the ocean. This has changed the chemistry of the surface ocean, a process known as ocean acidification, and it can lead to a whole host of other problems for marine life. [...] A national and international issue
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2016-01-05): Soldiers and hundreds of volunteers worked building sandbag barriers. But as torrential rain continued to fall, a state of emergency was declared. [...] However, there is already clear evidence that what has happened over the past month or so in terms of temperature and rainfall has fallen outside the range of the natural variability of the notoriously fickle British weather, according to a growing number of climate experts.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2022-05-09): Perhaps the biggest, most obvious effect is that glaciers and ice caps melt faster than usual. The meltwater drains into the oceans, causing sea levels to rise. Glaciers and ice caps cover about 10 percent of the world’s landmasses. They hold between 70 and 75 percent of the world’s freshwater. If all of this ice melted, sea levels would rise by about 70 meters (230 feet). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states that the global sea level rose about 1.8 millimeters (0.07 inches) per year from 1961 to 1993, and about 3.1 millimeters (0.12 inches) per year since 1993.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2014-10-22): Another scientific study that offers a distinct perspective on The NSR is on the reduction of sea ice. The reduction rate of sea ice from 1979 to 2012 was 13% per decade. At this rate, the majority of sea ice in The Arctic will vanish in fifty years (Kohn, Estimating Changes of Wind-Wave Activity in the Arctic Ocean in the 21St Century Using the Regional Climate Model, 1027). The affects of global warming will result in an increase in extreme waves deriving from different parts of The Arctic Basin. Although climate change produces positive aspects for The NSR, it also makes negative consequences as well. Currently, The NSR’s icy path will thaw to water at the price of rising sea levels. These sea levels will create unnatural climatic events as they combine with Arctic wind wave activity. [...] Estimating Changes of Wind-Wave Activity in The Arctic Ocean In The 21st Century Using The Regional Climate Model is about how since The 1970s, satellite data has captured evidence illustrating the reduction in sea ice in The Arctic. This article correlates with my research because I wanted to know how economic trade impacts The Arctic Ocean. I wanted to know what results occur when ships and boats begin to move more often and what effects stem from that result. That movement also disrupts fishing and shelf exploration, causing greater entropy. It is essential to use hard data when researching a topic that integrates social and hard sciences.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2018-12-04): Insightful Bloomberg coverage on the rapidly changing Arctic: sea ice melt and permafrost thawing in Bloomberg, by Blacki Migliozzi & Eric Roston — 21 Apr 2017 Declining Arctic sea ice cover and thawing permafrost are both complex feedbacks that amplify global warming: The loss of reflective sea ice means more sunlight absorbed by the dar... [...] Heartland Institute report incorrectly claims no evidence of human impacts in melting ice
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2017-05-31): Observed Arctic sea ice loss, and mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, is not explained by natural variability alone. Research indicates that human activity has made a significant contribution to the loss of glacial ice and Arctic sea ice. Read full claim review [...] The statement is definitely false for Arctic sea ice, which is decreasing dramatically since the 1990s as a response to human greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, there is a direct and linear relation between CO2 emitted and sea ice decline: each metric ton CO2 emitted leads to a 3 m2 loss of Arctic sea ice5 . The current loss of sea ice falls outside of natural variability and has been unprecedented in at least the last 1,450 years6. [...] A recent study* suggests that as much as 60 % of the observed loss in late-summer Arctic sea ice extent could have been caused by changes in atmospheric circulation patterns – i.e., natural causes. Natural factors can only explain a part of the observed losses, and multiple studies (reviewed in the latest IPCC report) have shown that it is not possible to explain the observed losses without considering non-natural factors.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2020-01-14): Analysis of "Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice" [...] In popular video, Dan Peña falsely claims humans aren’t causing climate change [...] Heartland Institute report incorrectly claims no evidence of human impacts in melting ice
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2017-04-04): Global temperatures have risen an average of 1.4˚ F since 1880. Sea ice in the Arctic has thinned and decreased in the last few decades; the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are decreasing in mass. The North and South Poles are warming faster than anywhere else on Earth. Glaciers are retreating on mountains all over the world. Spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased over the last 50 years. [...] Here is how scientists know that the climate change we are experiencing is mainly due to human activity and not a result of natural phenomenon. [...] Evidence from ocean sediments, ice cores, tree rings, sedimentary rocks and coral reefs show that the current warming is occurring 10 times faster than it did in the past when Earth emerged from the ice ages, at a rate unprecedented in the last 1,300 years.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2014-12-14): 2014 is set to be one of the hottest years on record. This comes at a time when Arctic summer sea ice melted to its sixth-lowest extent this year: 1.9m square miles. 2012 still holds the record, with just 1.32m square miles of sea ice by the summer’s end. [...] Before human-propelled climate change began to warm the Arctic, the summer and winter extents of Arctic sea ice were fairly consistent from year to year, and a good deal of Arctic sea ice would endure over multiple years to form a resilient, year-round layer of ice over the ocean, helping to keep temperatures cool. [...] As warming conditions over the past few decades have intensified summer melting of the Arctic ice cap, more of the ocean’s surface has been exposed to the sun’s rays. When solar rays hit sea ice, the light-colored ice reflects much of it back into space; this effect is called "albedo." Open, dark Arctic Ocean water absorbs a lot more solar energy than it reflects, however, warming the sea water. This makes it harder for new ice to form in the fall and winter, and for multi-year ice to last through the summer.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The melting of Arctic sea ice is already causing a rush for Arctic riches, such as faster shipping routes among northern countries and access to minerals, oil, and other resources of the Arctic Ocean. By themselves, these things would seem to be beneficial to the global economy. But the key words are "by themselves," because they don’t occur in isolation. Instead, they are consequences of having less sea ice, and that appears to be a very detrimental development on at least two levels. [...] The bottom line is that the melting of Arctic ice essentially is yet another unprecedented "experiment" on our planet. While there’s always a small chance that this experiment will result in more pros than cons, it seems a highly dangerous experiment to conduct.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Climate change has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice.[210] While ice-free summers are expected to be rare at 1.5 °C degrees of warming, they are set to occur once every three to ten years at a warming level of 2 °C.[211] Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations cause more CO2 to dissolve in the oceans, which is making them more acidic.[212] Because oxygen is less soluble in warmer water,[213] its concentrations in the ocean are decreasing, and dead zones are expanding.[214] [...] - Stroeve, J.; Holland, Marika M.; Meier, Walt; Scambos, Ted; et al. (2007). "Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast". Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (9): L09501. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..34.9501S. doi:10.1029/2007GL029703. [...] - Zhang, Jinlun; Lindsay, Ron; Steele, Mike; Schweiger, Axel (2008). "What drove the dramatic arctic sea ice retreat during summer 2007?". Geophysical Research Letters. 35 (11): 1–5. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3511505Z. doi:10.1029/2008gl034005. S2CID 9387303.
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at ‘unnatural’ rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-05-17)
Evidence (2024-03-15): He was among the first to lay out the simple connection between polar bears and global warming: Hotter temperatures would not only melt the Arctic sea ice they live on, but also threaten their preferred prey, ringed seals. In a paper Derocher coauthored in 1993, he warned of habitat loss, lower reproduction rates, and increasing conflict with humans. But the subject didn’t really catch the media’s attention until over a decade later, in 2004, when he helped write another paper concluding that it would be "unlikely" polar bears could survive if the sea ice disappeared completely. "That one kind of went crazy," Derocher said, spawning dozens of articles and gathering interest from conservation groups. [...] It was not surprising that an animal in the Arctic was the first to draw attention as the victim of climate change, simply because the polar region has been warming four times faster than the rest of the globe. The sea ice that normally reflects most sunlight back into space has been replaced by dark blue ocean waters that absorb heat, a feedback loop that propels more warming and more ice melt. [...] Old news or not, the facts of the situation have remained the same — polar bears are still threatened by global warming. Over the last four decades, Arctic sea ice has declined by an average of 13 percent per decade, shrinking at a faster rate than any time in at least 1,500 years. As early as the 2030s, the Arctic’s ice may completely disappear during the month of September, when it typically reaches its lowest levels.
Claim: ADHD is a fake disease invented by Big Pharma to drug children for profit (Vicki Batts, 2019-09-17)
Evidence (2019-09-17): Research has shown that people with ADHD exhibit differences in brain structure and function compared to typical people (i.e. those without the disorder). Several genes associated with ADHD risk have also been identified. In short, ADHD is a genuine neurodevelopmental disorder, and not simply fabricated for profit.
Claim: ADHD is a fake disease invented by Big Pharma to drug children for profit (Vicki Batts, 2019-09-17)
Evidence (2016-05-10): This is a very compelling read about the history of ADHD and the pharmaceutical industry. Parts of it are really frightening...statistics showing huge percentages of school age kids (1 in 3 boys enrolled in Medicaid in Louisiana!) being medicated in some parts of the country. I have no trouble believing that Big Pharma wants everyone on expensive meds for life. The author does a good job of making the case that ADHD is a real diagnosis but that the increasing prevalence can't be right. [...] The book spotlights three people: the doctor who first discovered the disorder, a girl who was misdiagnosed with ADHD and a teen who faked ADHD in order to get medication to help him focus in high school. Along the way, other prominent doctors and researchers are discussed who played a role in the history of ADHD. The author spends a lot of time on the influence of pharmaceutical companies who manipulated information about ADHD to turn a profit. From misleading advertisements, first to doctors and then to consumers which downplayed medication's addictiveness and omitted important side effects. They also paid researchers to produce studies on medication, giving the researches and incentive to find in pharma's favor. Also discussed was the very subjective nature of the ADHD diagnosis, which was often diagnosed in as little as 5 minutes by doctors who had very little training on the disorder or its medications.
Claim: ADHD is a fake disease invented by Big Pharma to drug children for profit (Vicki Batts, 2019-09-17)
Evidence (2024-05-01): International Perceptions and Guidelines of ADHD: The Role of Big Pharma Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a well-documented and researched neurodevelopmental disorder with increasing prevalence rates across the globe. As with many medical conditions, its understanding, diagnosis, and treatment approaches vary by country and culture. Moreover, the pharmaceutical industry, often termed "Big Pharma," plays a considerable role in shaping these guidelines and perceptions. This segment delves deep into how international guidelines and perceptions of ADHD differ and what role big pharma plays in crafting this narrative. Grab your digital copy today of Big Pharma Says You Have ADHD! or on Amazon and join the revolution in understanding mental health.
Claim: ADHD is a fake disease invented by Big Pharma to drug children for profit (Vicki Batts, 2019-09-17)
Evidence (2013-05-17): I’ve been seeing this story making the rounds about how the alleged "inventor" of ADHD (a Dr. Eisenberg) had a sort of deathbed confession, and, in an interview with Der Spiegel 7 months before he died at 87, said, "ADHD is a prime example of a fictitious disease." Leon Eisenberg, the father of ADHD, is quoted as saying in Der Spiegel that "ADHD is a fictitious disease" (shortly before his death). [...] We found that the German-language version of Der Spiegel ran an article in 2012 that skeptically examined the large increase in diagnoses of mental disorders in recent years and quoted Dr. Eisenberg on that subject. A software-based translation of that article from German to English does describe Dr. Eisenberg as the "father of ADHD" and report that during his "last interview" he said something similar to "ADHD is a prime example of a fictitious disease." However, when one allows for the vagaries of translation from German to English and reads the statement in context, it's clear that Dr. Eisenberg wasn't asserting that ADHD isn't a real disorder, but rather that he thought the influence of genetic predispositions for ADHD (rather than social/environmental risk factors) were vastly overestimated:
Claim: ADHD is a fake disease invented by Big Pharma to drug children for profit (Vicki Batts, 2019-09-17)
Evidence (2024-05-02): Big Pharma’s Influence on ADHD Awareness: The Role of Educational Campaigns In the vast landscape of healthcare, one of the key players is undeniably the pharmaceutical industry, commonly referred to as "big pharma." This sector plays a pivotal role not only in the development and distribution of medications but also in shaping perceptions about various health conditions. One of the most intriguing cases of this influence is how the industry engages with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The portrayal and understanding of ADHD have undergone significant shifts over the decades, with pharmaceutical companies playing a substantial role through their educational campaigns. [...] A significant component of big pharma’s involvement in the ADHD space is through educational campaigns. These initiatives often appear to be neutral, with companies arguing that their primary objective is to raise awareness about the disorder. Such campaigns usually involve advertisements, brochures, seminars, workshops, and sometimes partnerships with educational institutions or health organizations.
Claim: ADHD is a fake disease invented by Big Pharma to drug children for profit (Vicki Batts, 2019-09-17)
Evidence (2024-08-27): In 2009, pediatrician and former medical school professor Bose Ravenel and I published "The Diseasing of America's Children" (Thomas Nelson), in which we argued from facts that ADHD and other childhood behavior disorders were inventions of the psychological-psychiatric-pharmaceutical industry. [...] Just to be clear: I am not saying ADHD is over-diagnosed; I am saying it does not exist. It is a fiction. I've been saying this since the early 1980s and have been the target, since then, of much professional and parent criticism, even scorn. Russell Barkley, for example, widely regarded as the world's leading expert on ADHD, equates me with Scientologists and claims that I believe television causes ADHD. He cannot honestly debate me, so he mocks me and distorts what I have actually said. [...] In the January 2017 edition of CuriousMindMagazine.com ("Renowned Harvard Psychologist Says ADHD Largely a Fraud"), Kagan is quoted as saying that ADHD is "an invention." Referring to the drugs used to supposedly treat ADHD, Kagan says that if a drug is available, physicians will use it.
Claim: ADHD is a fake disease invented by Big Pharma to drug children for profit (Vicki Batts, 2019-09-17)
Evidence (2016-08-23): Big Pharma and the Question: Is ADHD Real? [...] In a wise marketing move, Alan Schwarz bows to the current mental health paradigm by opening his new book ADHD Nation: Children, Doctors, Big Pharma and the Making of an American Epidemic with this statement: "Attention deficit hyperactivity is real. Don’t let anyone tell you otherwise." (The book will be released September 6th- this article draws on the New York Times book review of August 22nd) [...] When seen from this contemporary perspective, ADHD is no more "real" than any other so-called "disorder" described in the DSM.
Claim: ADHD is a fake disease invented by Big Pharma to drug children for profit (Vicki Batts, 2019-09-17)
Evidence (2021-01-06): Few psychiatric disorders have stirred up as much controversy and as many strong opinions as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with claims that it is overdiagnosed or does not exist at all, and that children are being drugged with potentially dangerous medications for normal naughtiness or fidgetiness so as not to inconvenience teachers and parents. Factors that would seem to lend credence to the claim that ADHD is not a real disorder are the fact that (like almost all psychiatric disorders) the diagnosis is made purely by clinical impression, as there is no definitive biological test—or even a definitive cognitive test—for its diagnosis, and the symptom criteria can be interpreted quite broadly to apply to a large proportion of people. [...] As ADHD diagnoses and stimulant prescriptions increased, public doubt increased regarding the validity of the diagnosis and the justifications for treatment. Critics argued that ADHD is an unnecessary medicalization of children who are not ill but who simply display challenging behavior.19 Some argued that the diagnosis was invented or greatly expanded purely to serve the financial interests of drug companies.20 [...] 19. Alternatively, it has been argued that ADHD is not a disease as such but rather a cluster of non-specific symptoms that are a final common behavioral pathway for a range of emotional, psychological, and/or learning problems.