copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-22): The issue of Sabah or North Borneo, as it was known till 19631, was brushed under a legal carpet of convenience ever since the Malaysian Federation was formed. Sabah lies on the island of Borneo, the world’s third largest island astride the maritime routes of ASEAN. 73% of the island is the territory of five Indonesian provinces. It proposes to have its new capital in the resource rich island which it calls Kalimantan.2 The small country of Brunei is located on Borneo and the remainder is the territory of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia. [...] When Malaysia was being formed, Philippines President Diosdado Macapagal's position was that North Borneo was their territory.5 It ruptured diplomatic relations when Malaysia incorporated Sabah. These were quietly resumed withthe Manila Accord of June 1963 between the two and Indonesia.6 At this time Philippines accommodated Malaysia by leaving the Sabah issue to a future determination.7 In 1968, President Marcos attempted a military strike through specially trained forces, which was aborted but not without causing concern.8 [...] In 2002, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) took up a case between Malaysia and Indonesia on the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan. Philippines sought to be impleaded as a claimant to the North Borneo as successor to the State of Sulu but the ICJ declined their request as it did not see these islands, despite proximity to North Borneo, as linked issues.9 The Islands were awarded to Malaysia. The issue has laid there like a sleeping dragon.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): On 31 August 1963, North Borneo attained self-governance.[6][7][8] The Cobbold Commission had been set up in 1962, to determine whether the people of Sabah and Sarawak favoured the proposed union of a new federation called Malaysia, and found that the union was generally favoured by the people.[105] Most ethnic community leaders of Sabah, namely, Mustapha Harun representing the native Muslims, Donald Stephens representing the non-Muslim natives, and Khoo Siak Chew representing the Chinese, would eventually support the union.[90][106][107] After a discussion culminating in the Malaysia Agreement and 20-point agreement, on 16 September 1963 North Borneo (as Sabah) was united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore, to form the independent Malaysia.[108][109] [...] Prior to the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the then North Borneo interim government submitted a 20-point agreement to the Malayan government as conditions before North Borneo would join the federation. Subsequently, North Borneo legislative assembly agreed on the formation of Malaysia on the conditions that North Borneo's rights would be safeguarded. North Borneo then entered Malaysia as an autonomous state with autonomous laws in immigration control and Native Customary Rights (NCR), and the territory name was changed to "Sabah".
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-01): The island can be visited throughout the year as there is no real monsoon season in these parts of Borneo. However, between the months of November and February you might experience more rainfall and rough seas as a result of the typhoon 'season' north of Borneo.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The Philippines opposed the newly proposed federation, claiming the eastern part of North Borneo (today the Malaysian state of Sabah) as part of its territory as a former possession of the Sultanate of Sulu.[132] The Philippine government mostly based their claim on the Sultanate of Sulu's cession agreement with the British North Borneo Company, as by now the sultanate had come under the jurisdiction of the Philippine republican administration, which therefore should inherit the Sulu former territories. The Philippine government also claimed that the heirs of the sultanate had ceded all their territorial rights to the republic.[133] [...] With the continuous opposition from Indonesia and the Philippines, the Cobbold Commission was established to discover the feeling of the native populations in northern Borneo; it found the people greatly in favour of federation, with various stipulations.[137][138] The federation was successfully achieved with the inclusion of northern Borneo through the Malaysia Agreement on 16 September 1963.[139] To this day, the area in northern Borneo is still subjected to attacks by Moro pirates since the 18th century and militant from groups such as Abu Sayyaf since 2000 in the frequent cross border attacks. During the administration of Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos made some attempts to destabilise the state of Sabah,[140] although his plan failed and resulted in the Jabidah massacre and later the insurgency in the southern Philippines.[141][142]
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): The North Borneo dispute, also known as the Sabah dispute, is the territorial dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines over much of the eastern part of the state of Sabah. Sabah was previously known as North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation.[2] [...] The Manila Accord [edit]In July 1963, at a tripartite meeting in Manila between Indonesian president Sukarno, Philippines president Diosdado Macapagal and Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, the three heads of state signed an agreement known as the Manila Accord where Indonesia and the Philippines stated that they would welcome the formation of Malaysia "provided the support of the people of the Borneo territories is ascertained by an independent and impartial authority, the Secretary-General of the United Nations or his representative," and provided further that "the inclusion of North Borneo as part of Malaysia would not prejudice either the claim or any right thereunder" by the Philippines to the territory.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Malaysia, a member of the Commonwealth, represents the political marriage of territories that were formerly under British rule. When it was established on September 16, 1963, Malaysia comprised the territories of Malaya (now Peninsular Malaysia), the island of Singapore, and the colonies of Sarawak and Sabah in northern Borneo. In August 1965 Singapore seceded from the federation and became an independent republic. Peninsular Malaysia occupies most of the southern segment of the Malay Peninsula. To the north it is bordered by Thailand, with which it shares a land boundary of some 300 miles (480 km). To the south, at the tip of the peninsula, is the island republic of Singapore, with which Malaysia is connected by a causeway and also by a separate bridge. To the southwest, across the Strait of Malacca, is the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. East Malaysia consists of the country’s two largest states, Sarawak and Sabah, and is separated from Peninsular Malaysia by some 400 miles (640 km) of the South China Sea. These two states occupy roughly the northern fourth of the large island of Borneo and share a land boundary with the Indonesian portion (Kalimantan) of the island to the south. Surrounded by Sarawak is a small coastal enclave containing the sultanate of Brunei. Of the country’s total area, which includes about 265 square miles (690 square km) of inland water, Peninsular Malaysia constitutes about 40 percent and East Malaysia about 60 percent.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Borneo is the world's third-largest island and the largest island of Asia. It is part of the Indonesian archipelago. Borneo is surrounded by the Java Sea to its south, the Celebes Sea on its east, and the South China Sea to its north. It has an area of 288,869 square miles (748,168 square kilometers). From neighboring islands, Borneo is north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and east of Sumatra. The island is bisected by the equator, with approximately half of its land area in the northern hemisphere and half in the southern hemisphere. The island is divided between three countries: Indonesia (73%), Malaysia (26%), and Brunei (1%). The Indonesian provinces of North Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, and Central Kalimantan make up the southeastern part of the island. The Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak make up the northwestern part of the island. Brunei is a sovereign state located almost entirely on Borneo. It consists of two coastal tracts within the Malaysian state of Sarawak, and also includes several small adjacent islands.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-13): East Malaysia consists of the northern part of the island of Borneo and includes the two states of Sabah and Sarawak. Sarawak has a diverse topography with swampy lowlands along the coast and hills inland, leading up to the rugged highlands towards the border with Indonesia. The highest peak in Sarawak, Mount Murud, measures 2,424 m (7,946 ft). Sabah, on the other hand, features the Crocker Range, where Mount Kinabalu, the highest peak in Malaysia and Southeast Asia, is located at a height of 4,095 m (13,435 ft). [...] Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country located in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. The South China Sea separates Malaysia into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and East Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia is a part of mainland Southeast Asia and lies in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, bordered by Thailand. The states of Sabah and Sarawak located on the northern edges of the Borneo Islands forms the East Malaysian region, and are bordered by Brunei and Indonesia. West Malaysia shares its maritime borders with Singapore, Indonesia and Vietnam, while East Malaysia shares it with Philippines and Vietnam.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-28): Borneo is a large island in Southeast Asia that is divided among three countries: Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei. Indonesian Borneo, or Kalimantan, accounts for two-thirds of the island’s territory in the central and southern part of the island. The tiny sultanate of Brunei is wedged between the two Malaysian states, Sarawak and Sabah, in the north of the island. [...] In the 1980s the introduction of commercial logging spurred encroachment onto the lands of Borneo’s Indigenous peoples. The majority of all forests of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo have been licensed to logging and plantation concessions, and most of these overlap with ancestral Indigenous land claims. In violation of international and national law, logging and oil palm companies are clearing and burning vast tracts of ancient forest on a scale often exceeding deforestation rates in the Amazon. [...] The state of Sarawak simultaneously acknowledges Indigenous land rights while seeking to limit Indigenous land rights in a variety of ways. Indigenous communities have long traditions and customs, or adat, regarding land rights, and each community is considered to own a territory, legally referred to as Native Customary Rights (NCR). While the state has acknowledged that there are between 1.5 and 2.8 million hectares of NCR in Sarawak, they have not revealed where exactly the NCR land is, leaving communities unsure of whether or not their land is officially recognized as NCR.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-02-02): Sabah, located in the northern half of the island of Borneo has been at the centre of a diplomatic row between Malaysia and the Philippines – which claims much of its eastern half – since the early 1960s. Currently, Sabah remains under the sovereignty of Malaysia and the matter has laid dormant for many years. [...] When World War 2 ended, Sabah was handed over to the British government and made a crown colony. Sabah gained independence in 1963 when in a referendum, its people overwhelmingly voted in favour of joining the Federation of Malaysia. [...] In a post-colonial era, the right to self-determination should be made a priority in view of such territorial disputes that involve large swathes of the population. The people of Sabah for all these years have identified themselves as Malaysians and an overnight citizenship change could likely ruffle the feathers of the patriotic among them.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-14): Northeastern Borneo, the territory that is now Sabah, was the last area to be brought under British control. In the early 1700s Brunei transferred its claims over much of the region to the sultan of Sulu, who ruled from the Sulu Archipelago (now part of the Philippines) to the east. Except in the far northeast, actual Sulu power remained limited. Occasional local resistance to Brunei or Sulu influence, as well as extensive coastal raiding and confusion of suzerainty, invited Western interest beginning in the 18th century. Despite short-lived American activity in the 1860s, British power proved most decisive. By 1846 the British had already acquired the offshore island of Labuan from Brunei. They gained a toehold in northeastern Borneo proper in 1872, when British merchant William Cowie founded an east-coast settlement at Sandakan, on lease from Sulu. Having obtained rights to much of the territory by 1881, the British launched the British North Borneo Company, which, based in Sandakan, ruled the British protectorate—as North Borneo—until 1941.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-25): Borneo is situated southeast of the Malay Peninsula in the Greater Sunda Islands group of the Malay Archipelago. The island is bounded by the South China Sea to the northwest, the Sulu Sea to the northeast, the Celebes Sea to the east, and the Java Sea to the south—the latter separating Borneo from the island of Java. The Makassar Strait separates Borneo from the island of Celebes (Sulawesi) to the east and southeast, and a series of shallow seas and straits lie between Borneo and the island of Sumatra to the west. Indonesia constitutes the largest political component of the island (in Indonesian known as Kalimantan), its territory divided into five provinces: Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan. Along the northwest coast and northern tip lie Sarawak and Sabah, two constituent states of Malaysia that are often collectively called East Malaysia, and between them is the Islamic sultanate of Brunei. Area (including adjacent islands), about 292,000 square miles (755,000 square km). Pop. (2015) five provinces of Kalimantan (including adjacent islands), 15,320,017; (2010) Sabah and Sarawak, 5,677,882; (2014 est.) Brunei, 411,900.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-10): This dispute began when a group of claimants attempted to terminate an agreement "leasing" a part of Malaysian territory to Malaysia. Malaysia did not participate in the arbitration. In 2019, the Heirs to the Sultan of Sulu (eight individuals) brought an action against Malaysia on the back of an 1878 Deed granting the British North Borneo Company "in perpetuity all the rights and powers belonging to the Sultan of Sulu, territories and land in the island of Borneo"1 in consideration of 5,300 Malaysian Ringgit.2 The British North Borneo Company assigned all rights under the Deed to the British Crown in 1946, and Malaysia ultimately became the successor of the Deed in 1963. The dispute resolution clause in the Deed provided: [...] 1 Heirs to the Sultanate of Sulu v Malaysia, Final Award dated 28 February 2022, para. 182; the 1878 Deed initially granted the rights, territories, and land to two individuals; the British North Borneo Company replaced them in 1881.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1997-05-17): The following Territories have been subject to United Nations Trusteeship Agreements or were listed by the General Assembly as Non-Self-Governing. Dates show the year of independence or other change in a Territory's status, after which information was no longer submitted to the United Nations. For more details concerning the International Trusteeship System and Trust Territories, please see under International Trusteeship System and Trust Territories page. For the current list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, see under Non-Self-Governing Territories page. [...] [9] In 1963, the Federation of Malaya became Malaysia, following the admission to the new federation of Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak. Singapore became independent in 1965.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): North Borneo and Labuan (now part of Malaysia) [...] From 1888 until 14.07.1946, North Borneo was a British Protected State (including Labuan between 1890 to 1905). From 15.07.1946 until 31.12.1948, North Borneo (including Labuan) came within the Crown’s Dominions. From 01.01.1949 until 15.09.1963, the area fell within the UK and Colonies. [...] The constituent parts of Malaysia are North Borneo (and Labuan), the Malay States, Penang and Malacca, Singapore (at various times) and Sarawak. From 16.09.1963 until the present day, it is an independent Commonwealth country.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-02-26): A diplomatic crisis is engulfing part of Borneo, after Filipino rebels seized control of a remote section of Malaysia’s Sabah state as part of an unresolved territorial dispute that stretches back centuries. Malaysian security forces have surrounded 100 to 200 members of the Royal Army of Sulu, who have holed up in the village of Lahad Datu for the past two weeks in order to press their historic claim to the land. The Philippine and Malaysian governments are now engaged in tense negotiations in order to resolve the dispute without the use of force. The rebels, who hail from the autonomous island province of Sulu in the southwestern Philippines, had been given until midnight on Tuesday to voluntarily leave the area, but Manila has been desperately trying to negotiate an extension to this deadline to avoid bloodshed and a tense standoff currently hangs in place.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-22): The factual background of the case dates back to the colonial times of Borneo. In 1878, the Sultan of Sulu, who was then the sovereign over certain territories that are now part of Malaysia, issued a document granting the coastal territory in Sabah, along with certain islands, to Messrs. Alfred Dent and Baron de Overbeck, for perpetual lease, including the right to "profit from its minerals, forest products and animals". In exchange, they promised to pay an annual rent of 5000, and then 5300 pesos, to the Sultan. The two gentlemen subsequently formed the British North Borneo Company, a company chartered in the Victorian Great Britain, which took over the management of the leased territory. In 1903 the Sultan of Sulu and the British North Borneo Company reconfirmed the 1878 agreement by way of a deed.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-08): Advertisement ‘Indisputable sovereignty’: Philippines’ UN filing reignites Sabah dispute with Malaysia - Malaysia ‘categorically’ rejects Philippines’ UN filing to extend continental shelf from Sabah as analysts say Marcos Jnr may not push issue [...] A recent Philippine submission to the United Nations over claims to seabed territory has sparked vigorous protests from Malaysia, reviving a long-standing territorial dispute over Sabah in northern Borneo. [...] Advertisement "This clearly disregards Malaysia’s indisputable sovereignty over the state of Sabah," the diplomatic note said.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Sabah, state of East Malaysia, forming the northern part of the great island of Borneo, and bordered by Sarawak (southwest) and Kalimantan, or Indonesian Borneo (south). Sabah has an 800–900-mile- (1,290–1,450-km-) long, heavily indented coastline that is washed by the South China, Sulu, and Celebes seas. It was known as North Borneo during the British colonial period (until 1963). Its land area is dominated by Mount Kinabalu (13,455 feet [4,101 metres]). A great tangle of ranges—the Crocker, Terus Madi, and Witti—serrate the interior and include many peaks between 4,000 and 6,000 feet (1,200 and 1,800 metres). Between the Crocker Range and the sea on the west coast is an extensive, well-populated coastal plain; other plains (the Tenom, Tambunan, and Keningau) lie inland between the mountain massifs, while the eastern lowlands are partly dissected peneplains.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-11-02): Having rejected Indonesia’s arguments based on its effectivités, the Court turned to the consideration of the effectivités relied on by Malaysia. As evidence of its effective administration of the islands, Malaysia cited inter alia the measures taken by the North Borneo authorities to regulate and control the collecting of turtle eggs on Ligitan and Sipadan, an activity of some economic significance in the area at the time. It relied on the Turtle Preservation Ordinance of 1917 and maintained that the Ordinance "[had been] applied until the 1950s at least" in the area of the two disputed islands. It further invoked the fact that the authorities of the colony of North Borneo had constructed a lighthouse on Sipadan in 1962 and another on Ligitan in 1963, that those lighthouses still existed and that they had been maintained by Malaysian authorities since its independence. The Court noted that "the activities relied upon by Malaysia . . . [we]re modest in number but . . . they [we]re diverse in character and include[d] legislative, administrative and quasi-judicial acts.
Claim: North Borneo is a territory of Malaysia (North Borneo, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Orders of Her Britannic Majesty in Council - Labuan Order in Council 1946 - Malaysia Act 1963 - North Borneo (Alteration of Boundaries) Order in Council 1954 - North Borneo (Compensation and Retiring Benefits) Order in Council 1963 - North Borneo (Compensation and Retiring Benefits) Order in Council 1963 - Amendment of Schedule - North Borneo (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958 - North Borneo and Sarawak (Alteration of Boundaries) Order in Council 1962 - North Borneo Cession (Amendment) Order in Council 1950 - North Borneo Cession Order in Council 1946 - Sabah State Constitution (Reprinted 1996)