copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-01-31): Every summer, the Indian media cries foul: "The Chinese have come again". "The Chinese Dragon struck again", say reports originating from the ‘inaccessible’ part of Uttarakhand. In July 2016, The Times of India explained: "It all began on July 22, when an Indian team of 19 civilians led by a Sub Divisional Magistrate first entered into the area in Barahoti, an area perceived by Chinese as their territory. …Six Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) personnel, in civil clothes and unarmed, accompanied the Indian civilians 200 metres inside the ‘alleged disputed’ territory." [...] As a result of India not insisting on all the passes, China started claiming several areas south of the watershed, in particular the area south of the Tunjun-la pass, where the plain of Barahoti is located. [...] More than 60 years after it started, the case of Barahoti shows that for the Chinese, there is no big or small moustache, every inch is a victory, and the second lesson is that there is no short cut to building a strong infrastructure even it costs the nation some sacrifice.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-06-12): As a result of India not insisting on all the passes, China started claiming several areas south of the watershed, in particular the area south of the Tunjun-la pass, where Barahoti is located. [...] But India refused when it discovered that was just a pretext for China to find out the exact location of the place. They thought that Barahoti (they call it Wuje) was north of Tunjun-la. It seems a joke; unfortunately, the Chinese intrusions still continue today. More than 60 years later, the case of Barahoti shows that for the Chinese, there is no big or small issue, every inch is a victory, and the second lesson is that there is no short-cut to building a proper infrastructure. And India should not hesitate to send drones to the area if required.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-02): In the middle (central sector), the Barahoti pasture north of Chamoli in Uttarakhand has been at the centre of the dispute for the past seven decades.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-30): NEW DELHI: Close to 100 soldiers of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) transgressed the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the Barahoti sector in Uttarakhand last month, people familiar with the development said on Tuesday. [...] The people cited above said minor transgressions have been taking place in Barahoti because of differing perceptions about the LAC by both sides.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-28): Barahoti lies on the border with China in the Chamoli district of Uttrakhand, north of the Nanda Devi National Park. Back in July 2017, Chinese soldiers had transgressed into Barahoti twice during India's standoff with China in Bhutan's Doklam. An ITBP source had then told the Indian Express that, "On both occasions [on July 15 and July 25] about 15-20 Chinese soldiers transgressed into the territory at Barahoti that India and China lay claim upon. The soldiers stayed there for a while and returned."
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): This article is about territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China (PRC). A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more political entities. Many of China's territorial disputes result from the historical consequences of colonialism in Asia and the lack of clear historical boundary demarcations. Many of these disputes are almost identical to those that the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei, also known as Taiwan, has with other countries. Therefore, many of the subsequent resolved disputes made by the PRC after 1949 with other governments may not be recognized by the ROC.[1] [...] Tajikistan [edit]China had a longstanding territorial claim on about 28,430 square kilometers (10.977 square miles) of Tajik territory since 1884, which was taken from the then Qing dynasty by unequal treaties.[72][73] [...] - ^ "Ladakhi and Bhutanese Enclaves in Tibet" (PDF). John Bray. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-11): Indian media reports that China’s new map includes Arunachal Pradesh, the Barahoti Plains in Uttarakhand, and regions in Ladakh. According to its new land border law, these places are now deemed Chinese sovereign territory (The Print, November 11, 2021). Clearly, India’s middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh also faces an imminent threat. In August 2021, more than 100 Chinese troops transgressed into Indian territory through the Barahoti border area, despite India and China having exchanged Line of Actual Control (LAC) maps for the middle sector almost two decades ago (The Economic Times, September 28, 2021; India’s MEA, June 29, 2001). Such renewed land-grabbing attempts negate "the principles of equality, peaceful coexistence, and win-win results" that the MoU is meant to honor and strive to re-balance the status quo in the Himalayan region (China’s MFA, October 15, 2021).
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-07-28): Beneath is the idyllic scene it presents as a pasture land where local people graze sheep, Barahoti has a decades-long history of incursions by Chinese troops from across the Line of Actual Control close to it in rugged Chamoli district. A pasture land where local people graze sheep, Barahoti in Chamoli district has a decades-long history of incursions by Chinese troops from across the McMahon Line close to it. The latest such instance happened on July 19. Chief minister Harish Rawat termed the matter as "worrisome", while the Centre chose to downplay it as a "minor breach". [...] 1) Barahoti, located in Uttarakhand’s border with China, is 397 km from the hill-state’s capital Dehradun 2) The scenic grassland in Chamoli district is connected roadways to Joshimath, and has a 100-km motorable road up to Rimkhim, the last Indian post 3) It requires a 3-km steep trek to Barahoti ridge, from where Tibet (under China) is visible 4) A 700-metre descend from the ridge takes one to pond called Parvati Kund. A little away, within the Barahoti pasture land is the seasonal Hoti river 5) Indian villagers worship the Parvati Kund. Permission from the local authorities is needed to visit the pond. Shepherds from Niti valley had been grazing their sheep for long across the Barahoti pasture land even as there are reports of Chinese thwarting them back frequently.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-09): The history of how Barahoti became a disputed area is interesting. [...] Soon after the Chinese occupied western Tibet in the early 1950s, they started claiming Barahoti as theirs. The IB recommended to the Government of India that it was essential that Delhi "should make it clear to the Government of Tibet and its Dzongpon that the Hoti Plain is Indian territory and the Tibetans have no right to establish any customs post there; nor can they exercise any authority in the area." [...] Over the years, as the situation continued to deteriorate, a note was prepared by Jagat Mehta, Director (China) in the Ministry of External Affairs in 1961. It provides the background of Barahoti saga during the preceding years. Mehta writes: "The Chinese claim to the Barahoti became known to us in 1954, when the Indian and Chinese army faced each other in the small pasture ground. The suggestion for refraining from sending the troops was first made in 1955 and was reiterated in 1956; it was agreed that no troops should be sent by either party in 1957, and a conference to discuss the dispute regarding Bara Hoti was held in April – June 1958."
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-04): On August 30, over 100 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) soldiers reportedly crossed the Line of Actual Control (LAC) at Barahoti in Uttarakhand, according to a recent report in Economic Times. The Chinese soldiers entered some 5 km into territory on the Indian side of the LAC. Although they remained here for 3 hours and damaged infrastructure, including a bridge, Indian troops did not challenge them or force them to leave. [...] While incidents of Chinese "transgressions" in the middle sector are not new – at the height of the crisis in Doklam in 2017, for instance, PLA soldiers breached the LAC at Barahoti – "there is an increase in the number of PLA troops coming in" here of late, defense ministry officials told The Hindu. During the recent incident at Barahoti, not only did PLA soldiers come in from "multiple locations within the Barahoti bowl," but also this time around, the transgression was "on a much higher scale," the officials said. [...] India has sent out a signal of weakness by not challenging the PLA intrusion at Barahoti. Did Modi government raise the matter through diplomatic channels? Or does it propose to object to such transgressions in the 13th round of talks, which are expected to take place early this month?
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-04-01): Contestations along the Sino-Indian border are complex and deeply region-specific. When it comes to Barahoti the same understanding of where the border is has never been accepted by China, Tibet, or India. Barahoti is a grazing ground about 16,000 feet above sea-level, close to the Tun Jun La pass between India and Tibet. To date there is no agreement on the geographical location of Barahoti. India claims it lies two miles south of Tun Jun La, China say it is 12 km to the north of the pass (Mathur 2012). In the everyday functioning of the local state’s outpost, this zone is a forgotten space where herdsmen, primarily Bhotiyas (lit. of Tibet) still take their livestock for grazing as the seasons change. In addition, a small contingent of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is stationed there.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-28): A few days later, the Department got the proper map: "I have now got the 1884 sheet nod several other maps from the Intelligence Branch. Bara Hoti [now written Barahoti] is within the British frontier, but last year the Tibetans were in possession much lower down, on our side, than Bara Hoti. They prevented the Assistant Commissioner passing within two days' march of Hoti - a proceeding the Commissioner of Kumaon thought perfectly reasonable and harmless." [...] Though Barahoti was well inside Indian territory, the exchange of notes continued during the following months and years. This exchange is the first of more than one thousand Memoranda, Notes and Letters exchanged by the Governments of India and China over the next ten years, published in the White Papers on China. [...] How Barahoti, a pass between Tibet and India, suddenly got a Chinese name is still today a mystery.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): People's Republic of China's position [edit]The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin. The Chinese Army controls most of the plains,[4] while India controls the western portion of the plains.[5] The dispute remains unresolved.[6] [...] In respect of adverse possessions, India received 2,777.038 acres of land and transferred 2267.682 acres to Bangladesh. India ratified the agreement by constitutional amendment in May 2015.[63] Under this agreement, the enclave residents could continue to reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice.[64][65] The adverse possession of Berubari went to Bangladesh.[66] The unmarked borders between the nations were also finally solved regarding Daikhata-Dumabari, Muhurichar river island[67] and Pyrdiwah.[68]
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-29): The border law also mentions that "the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the People’s Republic of China are sacred and inviolable". This is of concern to New Delhi as Chinese maps show parts of Ladakh, the Barahoti Plains in the state of Uttarakhand, and the entirety of Arunachal Pradesh as part of China. This has raised speculation that any Indian territory that China occupies either militarily or through settling civilians within these areas will automatically be considered sovereign Chinese territory. In other words, the border law could legitimise China’s military incursions along the LAC and empower it to continue building villages in disputed areas to support its territorial claims. Indian observes have also pointed out that this provision will make it harder to resolve the ongoing standoff in eastern Ladakh as China is likely to refuse to withdraw any further and remain encamped in its current positions.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-22): Let us remember the basics to determine a border, as explained in the Report of the Officials of India and China in 1960/61; the Indian Report says: "In the Middle Sector both sides had referred to the watershed boundary and were clear as to where the watershed lay. In fact, the two alignments coincided for the most part along the main watershed. The Chinese alignment departed from it only at Gyuand Kauirik, Shipki, Nilang-Jadhang, Barahoti, Lapthal and Sangchamalla. All these departures from the watershed were also the points of divergence from the Indian alignment, and were, curiously enough, to the south and west, so as to include Indian territory in Tibet, and in no case the other way round. These isolated and small departures always in one direction were difficult to comprehend and emphasized that the correct traditional boundary lay along the watershed itself." [...] The Report of 1960 further noted: "In this sector the Chinese alignment are conformed for the most part to the traditional Indian alignment. Only in four areas did it diverge from the watershed to include certain pockets of Indian territory in China-the Spiti are (Chuva and Chuje), Shipki pass, the Nilang-Jadhang area (Sang and Tsungsha) and Barahoti (Wu-je) Sangchamalla and Lapthal. In this sector, therefore, it would be sufficient to prove the traditional and customary basis of the Indian alignment in these four areas."
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-27): Chinese troops first appeared in the Barahoti bowl in 1954. Since this was the grazing ground used by the local Indian shepherds, their presence was challenged. The Chinese left the bowl but continued to visit this area till as late as 2020, with armed soldiers on horse backs for short visits since then. The area remains a prospective conflict/flash point[5]. [...] Though Barahoti came to the fore in 1954 it did not impact extremely friendly relations between India and China. The Indian Prime Minister visited China in 1954 and was all praise for Chinese development. The Chines PM visited India the same year and was greeted by large crowds. It was in this environment of bonhomie that Indian agents reported construction of a road in the Indian territory. Two reconnaissance parties were sent by India in the summer of 1958 to ascertain the facts. One of these parties led by an engineer officer was intercepted by the Chinese at Haji Langer and imprisoned for 40 days and then released with stern warning. Later an Indian Assam Rifle post at Longju was attacked by the Chinese on 26 August 1959. On 20 October 1959 the Chinese ambushed an Indian police patrol 64 kms inside the Indian territory at Kongka killing nine policemen. The mirage of Hindi Chini bhai-bhai finally disappeared. However, the disillusionment of more than a decade had already done massive harm to India’s security[9].
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-14): In late August 2021, over 100 Chinese soldiers had transgressed at least five kilometers into Indian territory in Uttarakhand’s Barahoti and damaged infrastructure, including a bridge, before retreating. And in October 2021, Indian and Chinese troops were engaged in a face-off in Tawang after scores of Chinese soldiers crossed over to the Indian side.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-01): The Panchsheel Agreement was signed between India and China in April 1954. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence were the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence incorporated into the preamble of the 1954 India–China agreement on trade and cultural ties with Tibet. However, China started to dishonour the Treaty within a few months after the signing of the same in the form of revision of maps, territorial claim over Barahoti, intrusions in Damzan, Nilang and construction of a road to connect Sinkiang with Tibet.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-19): Background: In a reality check of India’s lost territories, it is found that India has been mauled since the 1960s; the Chinese aggression continues from Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh) to Tangtse (Ladakh). It multiplied under Xi Jinping-led CPC-PLA’s ballistic missile use in Taiwan and Japanese zone; giving warning of ‘dire consequences’ to all neighbours, especially India. [...] On 17.07.1954: China protested against Indians in Barahoti. Chinese troops entered Barahoti on 28.06.1955 and claimed Barahoti on 26.07.1956. [...] In September 1958, Chinese troops re-entered Barahoti and s month later built outposts at Lapthal and Sangchanalla.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-06): Chinese have claimed part of Tajikistan territory based on historical precedent (Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912). Their bilateral relations were established on January 4, 1992, shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Ever since, China has been penetrating every aspect of Tajik life. More than 2,000 Tajik students are trained in more than 112 different institutions in China. A large number of students are trained in an educational and cultural center of Confucius in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Chinese Government is organizing training courses and seminars in various fields for Tajikistan’s specialists. Chinese language centers have been opened in a number of higher education institutions of the Republic of Tajikistan, moreover, the citizens of the People’s Republic of China are also trained in various universities of the country. The "Chinese culture corner" was opened at the National Library of Tajikistan. [...] This stretch of 545 kms runs along the states of Himachal and Uttar Pradesh. Though least complicated of the three sectors, it nevertheless has disputed portions. Here the Chinese claims account for some 2000 sq kms in eight small separate blobs. Though comparatively more stable, in this sector too China keeps asserting its presence and the claims from time to time. As a result, this segment also has its share of occasional ‘incidents’. Chinese troops have often driven away Indian shepherds from grazing grounds close to the border near Barahoti. Their makeshift shelters were also dismantled.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-09-19): The decade past has found that Beijing, perhaps buoyed by fruition of her military modernisation, is no more able to restrain from exercising her tactic of forcing gradual migration into claimed territories. Having already firmed up her possession of the Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Valley, she is engaged in preparing grounds for her next phase of expansionism through outlandish claims over the Arunachal Pradesh and many other bits. Accordingly, the LAC is subject to increasing intrusions at Hayuliang-Fish Tail, Asaphila-Longju and Lungma-Kerang areas in the Eastern Sector, Thag La – Barahoti areas in the Central Sector and Chumar, Demchok, Pangong Tso, Depsang Plains and Daulat Beg Oldi areas in the Western Sector of the Indo-Tibet Border. In the process, the PRC has advanced its notional claim-lines well into the Indian territory.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): 6 Six border passes (specified in the Agreement between China and India on Trade and Intercourse, 1954, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Foreign Policy of India, Text of Documents, 1947-58, p. 87 (1958)) are Shipki, Mana, Niti, Kungri, Bingri, Darma, and Lipu Lekh. Specific places under controversy include: Spiti area (Chuva and Chuji), Shipki Pass, Nilang-Jadhang area (Sang and Tsungsha), Barahoti (Wu-je), Sangchamalla and Lapthal. Report, at CE-39. [...] 41 See note 6 above. India also rests its claims as to the boundary between Tibet and India in the Spiti area on the agreements of 1684 and 1842, which are discussed in connection with the Western Sector, note 15 above. The boundary in the Barahoti area is supported by diplomatic correspondence and exchanges in 1889-1890, and in 1914. Report, at 84. [...] 102 In the face of such a rationality and clarity in community expectations, one can only marvel at Bains’ suggestion (in India's International Disputes at 162 et seq. (1962)) that China's occupation by force of the Aksai area has given it a prescriptive title. His speculations have been appropriately answered by Krishna Rao, "Title to Territory," 2 Indian Journal of International Law 200-210 (1962). See also note 108 below.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-12-25): Uttar Pradesh in India, and claimed that Barahoti was part of China. [...] Barahoti, which they called Wu-Je. On this very date, the Chinese launched a ‘protest’ against ‘presence’ of Indian troops in Barahoti, around three KMs south of a border pass of Tun Jun La in Uttar Pradesh. [...] On August 27, 1954, Indian Government pointed out to China that ‘there was no question of violation of Tibetan territory since Barahoti was south of Niti pass and inside Indian territory.’ It also protested an attempt by the Chinese officials to cross into Barahoti. Obviously, the
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-04-29): China now is working to alter the line of control bit-by-bit by employing novel methods—without having to fire a single shot. With India a mute spectator, the People’s Liberation Army has brought pastoralists to Uttarakhand’s Barahoti sector and given them cover to range across the line. Using pastoralists in the vanguard and troops in the rear has also been tried elsewhere to drive Indian herdsmen out of their traditional pasturelands and assert Chinese control over those places.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-16): Introduction At the 10th Expert Group Meeting on the Bhutan-China Boundary Issue, held from April 6 to 9 in Kunming, Yunnan Province, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the [...] On November 23, three militants of the Balochistan Liberation Army attacked the PRC consulate in Karachi, the latest in a series of assaults by Baloch militants on PRC projects and [...] In July, China reportedly crossed the Line of Actual Control (LAC), the de facto border between India and China, at Barahoti in India’s northern state of Uttarakhand on at least