copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Orange River is a territory of South Africa (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The Orange River mouth is located on the arid Atlantic coast at South Africa's border with Namibia. This IBA is a 13 km long section of the Orange River, including its floodplain and terrestrial matrix. Bird numbers and diversity can be as high as 26 000 individuals comprising 56 species. BirdLife International (2024) Important Bird Area factsheet: Orange River Mouth Wetlands (South Africa). Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/orange-river-mouth-wetlands-iba-south-africa on 09/10/2024.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of South Africa (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-11-17): For the last few hundred kilometers before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, the !Garib or Orange River becomes the border between Namibia and South Africa. It emerges as a narrow strip of vegetation in a vast semi-desert. In this piece, we consider the life histories of stock farmers on the riverbanks of the !Garib/Orange. Removal attempts directed against African farmers in both the apartheid and post-apartheid eras demonstrate the persistence of racial inequality in land ownership in this region. Meanwhile, the farmers’ resistance strategies highlight historical and contemporary opportunities at the river for transcending the racialized economic structures of the borderland. [...] Willem Cloete and family members by their farm, looking due west over the !Garib/Orange River. Namibia lies to the north on the right riverbank side, and South Africa to the south on the left riverbank side. [...] Lenggenhager, Luregn, and Andrea Rosengarten. "Flood Levels and Borderlines: Livestock Farming and Evictions Resistance at the !Garib/Orange River in Southern Africa." Environment & Society Portal, Arcadia (Summer 2020), no. 34. Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society. https://doi.org/10.5282/rcc/9115.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of South Africa (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Orange River is South Africa’s largest river. Rising in the Drakensberg Mountains, it traverses through the Lesotho Highlands and joins the Caledon River between the Eastern Cape and the Free State before it empties into the Atlantic Ocean, it forms the border with Namibia.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-08): The Orange River (from Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is a river in Southern Africa. It is the longest river in South Africa. With a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), the Orange River Basin extends from Lesotho into South Africa and Namibia to the north. It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean. The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Lesotho and between South Africa and Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa. Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities. The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The river was named the Orange River in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon. [...] - Map of portion of Orange River basin forming part of South Africa - "Seeing Orange in the Kalahari", article and astronaut photo at NASA Earth Observatory, July 18, 2021 - Information on the Orange River from the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry - Rivers of Lesotho - Orange River - Geography of ǁKaras Region - Internal borders of South Africa - International rivers of Africa - Karoo - Lesotho–South Africa border - Namibia–South Africa border - Ramsar sites in Namibia - Ramsar sites in South Africa - Rivers of Namibia - Rivers of the Eastern Cape - Rivers of the Free State (province)
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-17): The focus of this chapter is on the region of the Lower !Garib/Orange River, which forms the border between Namibia and South Africa. We describe the ways in which this area was constituted as a hinterland within shifting territorial formations during the colonial, apartheid, and post-colonial periods. We develop a concept of hinterland subject to historical and spatial specificity, and beyond the binary of center and periphery. We pay attention to shifting scales and changing perspectives that engendered the conception of the region as a domain of dynamic economic, political, and cultural change in the nineteenth century; a prospecting area for mining and commercial farming in the twentieth century; or a periphery marked by structural impoverishment and environmental degradation in the twenty-first century. [...] Officially, the river is called Orange River in Namibia. On the South African side, the name Gariep is also widely used and an application for officially renaming it is pending. Gariep is an Afrikaans way to spell the Khoekhoegowab name !Garib. We use Orange River and !Garib interchangeably. [...] Rutishauser, Wanda. 2023. The Orange River Boundary and the Ongoing Border Dispute Between Namibia and South Africa. In The Lower !Garib/Orange River: Pasts and Presents of a Southern African Border Region, ed. Luregn Lenggenhager, Martha Akawa, Giorgio Miescher, Romie Nghitevelekwa and Ndidzulafhi Innocent Sinthumule. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag: 211–224.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-27): The Lower !Garib - Orange River: Pasts and Presents of a Southern African Border Region. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. [...] The Lower !Garib - Orange River: Pasts and Presents of a Southern African Border Region. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, 2023. [...] The Lower !Garib - Orange River: Pasts and Presents of a Southern African Border Region. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag; 2023.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-09-27): - The national territory of Namibia shall consist of the whole of the territory recognized by the international community through the organs of the United Nations as Namibia, including the enclave, harbour and port of Walvis Bay, as well as the off-shore islands of Namibia, and its southern boundary shall extend to the middle of the Orange River.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-11-17): For the last few hundred kilometers before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, the !Garib or Orange River becomes the border between Namibia and South Africa. It emerges as a narrow strip of vegetation in a vast semi-desert. In this piece, we consider the life histories of stock farmers on the riverbanks of the !Garib/Orange. Removal attempts directed against African farmers in both the apartheid and post-apartheid eras demonstrate the persistence of racial inequality in land ownership in this region. Meanwhile, the farmers’ resistance strategies highlight historical and contemporary opportunities at the river for transcending the racialized economic structures of the borderland. [...] Willem Cloete and family members by their farm, looking due west over the !Garib/Orange River. Namibia lies to the north on the right riverbank side, and South Africa to the south on the left riverbank side.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-29): The border between Namibia and South Africa is 967 kilometres (601 mi) long.[1] It runs along the Orange River from its mouth on the Atlantic Ocean to the 20th meridian east, and then northwards along that meridian to the tripoint with Botswana at the Nossob River.[2] History [edit]European settlement at the Cape began with the Dutch East India company in 1652, and was taken over by Britain at the start of the 19th century. In 1847, the boundaries of the Cape Colony were expanded as far as the Orange River. In 1878 Walvis Bay, the only natural harbour on the coast of what is now Namibia, was annexed as an exclave of the Cape Colony. German settlement in Namibia, meanwhile, began in 1883 with the founding of Lüderitz. The colony of German South-West Africa was formally established in 1884. [...] Dispute [edit]South Africa claims, on the basis of the 1890 treaty, that the border runs along the north bank of the Orange River. Namibia claims that it follows the middle of the river. The Constitution of Namibia explicitly claims the territory up to the middle of the river, while South Africa's Recognition of the Independence of Namibia Act denies any recognition of this claim.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-28): The Southern Namibian landscape is a mesmerizing geological mosaic that is home to rock dating back two billion years. It is a truly ancient world in which the elements of wind and rain have carved a kaleidoscope of colour and shape from the rock, with the life-giving Orange River flowing through the middle. The Orange River is 2,200 km long, the fourth longest river in Africa that drains almost 50% of southern Africa, and has a heightened role in providing the only perennial water source through the 500,000 km2 of desert environment that spreads across southern Namibia and north-western South Africa. This landscape is known as the "Karoo", which is derived from the Khoisan word meaning "land of thirst". The Succulent Karoo, one of the world’s 25 biodiversity hotspots, the Nama Karoo and Desert biomes all meet here making the area an ecotone, a catalyst for evolution. Despite the importance of this landscape, ORKCA is the only privately protected area to host this type of ecotone, and less than 1% of the Nama Karoo is formally protected.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-03-23): iss062e103100 (March 20, 2020) — The Orange River empties into the Atlantic Ocean and separates the nations of Namibia and South Africa. The International Space Station was orbiting 265 miles above the African continent when this photograph was taken.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-05): Namibia (/nəˈmɪbiə/ , /næˈ-/),[15][16] officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the east and south. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres (660 feet) of the Botswanan right bank of the Zambezi River separates the two countries. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. [...] From the late 18th century onward, Oorlam people from Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia.[25] Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. They received the missionaries accompanying the Oorlam very well,[26] granting them the right to use waterholes and grazing against an annual payment.[27] On their way further north, however, the Oorlam encountered clans of the OvaHerero at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja, who resisted their encroachment. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only after the German Empire deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo among the Nama, Oorlam, and Herero.[28]
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-11): The Orange River, is one of Namibia’s major rivers, it rises in the Drakensberg in Lesotho, where it is known as the Senqu River. From where the river leaves Lesotho, it flows westward for some 2200km to where it finally flows into the Atlantic Ocean at Oranjemund. At the source of the Orange River the rain fall is approximately 2000mm per annum and decreases as the river flows westward. At its mouth the rainfall is less than 50 mm per annum. Evaporation, on the other hand, increases in a westerly direction. The total catchment of the Orange River extends over 973 000 square km, however is situated mostly outside the country in Lesotho and Botswana. Eskom of South Africa operates hydro-electric power-stations at both the Gariep and the Vanderkloof Dams. The hydro-electric power station at the Vanderkloof Dam was the first power-generation station in South Africa situated entirely underground.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Orange River mouth is a designated RAMSAR site, and is one of Namibia's globally important wetlands, (the others being Walvis Bay Lagoon, Sandwich Harbour and Etosha Pan), protecting an abundance of bird life. The reed beds and tidal mud-flats sustain huge numbers of resident and migrant birds. The Orange River is also known as the 'River of Diamonds', Namibia benefiting from diamonds as they were carried to the Namib coast by the Orange River, before being redistributed by wind and waves. The sparkling stones are formed deep underground and are brought to the surface through the earth's ongoing movement, and are eroded out of the ground by wind and rain. It was due to nature taking its own course, that allowed Zacharias Lewala to pick up one of these sparkling stones in 1908 near Kolmanskop. The rest they say is history. [...] The history of the Namib Desert and the Orange River are also inextricably linked. Throughout time, this powerful river carried all the sand that now constitutes the Namib dunes. From the lower river reaches and the coast, sand was transported northwards by currents and winds, until it was finally blocked by the Kuiseb River.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1999-07-26): Orange River, river in southern Africa, one of the longest rivers on the continent and one of the longest south of the Tropic of Capricorn. After rising in the Lesotho Highlands, less than 125 miles (200 kilometres) from the Indian Ocean, the river flows to the Atlantic Ocean in a generally westerly direction for some 1,300 miles. The Orange traverses the veld region of South Africa, after which it defines the southern limit of the Kalahari and bisects the southern Namib before draining into the Atlantic at Alexander Bay, S.Af. Along its course the river forms the eastern boundary of the South African province of Free State, as well as the boundary between Namibia and South Africa. The Orange River—together with the Vaal, its principal tributary—forms a drainage basin with an area of at least 330,000 square miles (855,000 square kilometres). The western part of the basin is generally dry, flat, and unamenable to cultivation without irrigation. The river itself is of vital economic importance to the region through which it flows. Two projects—the Orange River Project and the Lesotho Highland Project, both in various stages of construction—have been designed to meet the water demand for irrigation, urbanization, and economic development in the central industrial areas of South Africa.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The Sperrgebiet, or forbidden territory, lies in the south-western corner of Namibia. Famous for its diamonds, the area is bordered by the Orange river in the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The northern boundary was established at the 26°S line of latitude, whereas the eastern boundary parallels the coast c.100 km inland. The IBA includes the Namibian side of the Orange river mouth (adjacent to IBA ZA030). Largely uninhabited, the only towns in the Sperrgebiet are Oranjemund on the southern coast and Lüderitz on the northern coast. The Sperrgebiet is an extremely arid zone, encompassing the northern extremity of the winter-rainfall portion of the Namib desert. It is the windiest region in southern Africa. The only permanent water in the area is the perennial Orange river. The northern coastal plain is rocky and holds various sandy bays; the southern shores, intensively mined for diamonds, are reconstituted sandy beaches. The major part of the remaining area comprises sand and gravel-plains with low isolated hills. In the centre and north of the park, dune sand and sand-sheets predominate, the most prominent area being Obib dune-field which rises to 500 m.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-03): Zambezi (shared with Zambia [s]), Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [m]) - 2,740 km; Orange river mouth (shared with Lesotho [s], and South Africa) - 2,092 km; Okavango (shared with Angola [s], and Botswana [m]) - 1,600 km note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth [...] Namibia-Botswana-Zambia-Zimbabwe: Namibia has supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river; the Kazungula Bridge opened to traffic in May 2021 Namibia-South Africa: the governments of South Africa and Namibia have not signed or ratified the text of the 1994 Surveyor's General agreement placing the boundary in the middle of the Orange River; Namibia claims a median line boundary, while South Africa supports the northern bank of the river
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-22): Zambezi (shared with Zambia [s]), Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [m]) - 2,740 km; Orange river mouth (shared with Lesotho [s], and South Africa) - 2,092 km; Okavango (shared with Angola [s], and Botswana [m]) - 1,600 km note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-26): - QTZ01 - Quartz included by Hematite - Orange River, Namibia - Small Cabinet, 9.6 x 8.4 x 7.6 cm - Ex. Charlie Key; Marshall Sussman; Rick Hottel - SOLD
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-30): "It’s true! The volcanic activity to form the diamonds occurred near the Orange River further South. Over time the water and the wind eroded away the volcanic sediment leaving loose diamonds to blow around the Namib Desert." [...] "He works on the Orange River," the second man explained to me. "He’s just visiting for the weekend."
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): In order to strengthen the claim to all areas presently disputed between the Republics of Namibia and South Africa and backed by several in international law not binding UN General Assembly resolutions, the Windhoek Constitutional Assembly resolved Article 1 (4) of the new Namibian constitution: "The national of Namibia shall consist of the whole of territory recognised by the international community through the organs of the United Nations as Namibia, including the enclave, harbour and port of Walvis Bay, as well as the off-shore islands of Namibia, and its southern boundary shall extend to the middle of the Orange River." Secret negotiations have been taking place since 21st March 1990 but as in the case of the much disputed possession of Walvis Bay, the Republic of South Africa cannot be forced to accept the low water line or the now constitutionally claimed median line as the revised Orange River boundary. South Africa remains internationally unsuable and the small Namibia is presently unable to put pressure on the leading regional power. [...] Demhardt, I.J. Namibia's orange river boundary — origin and reemerged effects of an inattentive colonial boundary delimination.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-13): 18th Century - Oorlam people from Cape Colony cross the Orange River and move into southern Namibia.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-05-01): The Orange River is a vast and complex river system located within the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The basin has a size of 964,000 square kilometers, and is inhabited by 19 million people. The river is shared between Lesotho, South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia. It rises in the Lesotho highlands, where it is known as the Senqu River, and then flows 2,300 kilometers towards the Atlantic Ocean. Along the way, it is fed by a number of tributaries, most importantly the Caledon River, Vaal River, Fish River, and Molopo-Nossob River. For the last 600 kilometers before entering the Atlantic Ocean, the lower Orange River runs along the boundary between South Africa and Namibia (Sullivan, 2015).
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1995-08-23): Orange River Mouth - Country:Namibia - Site number:744 - Area:500 ha - Designation date:23-08-1995 - Coordinates:28°40'S 16°30'E [...] Orange River Mouth. 23/08/95; 500 ha; 28°40'S 016°30'E. Transborder site with South Africa. The sole perennial river in the region, it forms a linear oasis (floodplain) of islands and sand bars through an arid region. The site provides habitat for a variety of endemic plants and during the summer is the sixth richest wetland in southern Africa, in terms of bird numbers supported. The abundance of three species exceed 1% of their respective global populations. Restricted recreation takes place within the park. In surrounding areas, activities include diamond mining, irrigation, and large-scale water abstraction. Ramsar site no. 744. Most recent RIS information: 1995.
Claim: Orange River is a territory of Namibia (Orange River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-01): - The San (also called Bushmen) are generally assumed to have been the earliest inhabitants of the region comprising today’s Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. Until about 2,000 years ago, they were the only inhabitants in Namibia, but around that time the Nama (also known as Namaqua), the Khoikhoi, and the Hottentots settled around the Orange River in the south, on the border between Namibia and South Africa, where they kept herds of sheep and goats. [...] Until about 2,000 years ago, the original hunters and gatherers of the San people were the only inhabitants in Namibia, but around that time, the Nama (also known as Namaqua), the Khoikhoi, and the Hottentots settled around the Orange River in the south, on the border between Namibia and South Africa, where they kept herds of sheep and goats. Both the San and the Nama were Khoisan peoples, and spoke languages from the Khoisan language group.
Claim: Rukwanzi Island is a territory of Democratic Republic of Congo (Rukwanzi Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-20): Rukwanzi Island is a disputed island in the southern portion of Lake Albert in Central Africa. It is home to approximately 1000 fishermen.[3] Ownership dispute [edit]Rukwanzi is the subject of an ownership dispute between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda, which are situated on opposite sides of the lake.[3] In late July 2007, Congo apprehended four Ugandan soldiers it said had crossed the dividing line in the lake, and on August 3, 2007, the countries' militaries engaged in a skirmish near the island, with one Briton and one Congolese killed.[3] On August 12, 2007, Congo occupied the area.[4] [...] - ^ Rukwanzi "Island" is a section of Lake Albert's shoreline separated from the mainland only by narrow river channels, with the main settlement at these coordinates; dozens of visible piers, buildings, and boats are visible at this coordinate on Google Earth- like platforms, at the same location as "Rukwanzi (B)" in Figure 5 of this UN report. The location on OpenStreetMap, since copied by Google Earth and others, provides as the sole source an old, incorrect German Wikipedia entry.[1]