copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-18): Recent actions revealed Jakarta's heightened commitment to safeguarding its boundary as Beijing expands its footprint in the area. [...] "This is almost certainly aimed at protecting Indonesia's sovereign rights in the vicinity of the Natunas from encroachments by China, though of course Jakarta would never name and shame China publicly," said Ian Storey, senior fellow at Singapore-based think tank ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. [...] "Indonesia also has maritime boundary disputes with other ASEAN countries, such as Vietnam. In the Celebes Sea, Indonesia still has an unresolved dispute with Malaysia over the Ambalat hydrocarbon block — the scene of several naval standoffs in 2002 and 2009."
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-25): Italy’s Eni (BIT:ENI) remains unable to resume upstream exploration activities in the Ambalat Block offshore Indonesia as a maritime territorial dispute between Malaysian and Indonesia has not been resolved. [...] Ambalat is a block in the Celebes Sea off the east coast of Borneo. It lies to the east of the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan and to the south-east of the Malaysian state of Sabah, and it is the subject of a territorial dispute between the two nations. Malaysia refers to part of the Ambalat block as Block ND6 (formerly Block Y) and part of East Ambalat Block as Block ND7 (formerly Block Z). The deep-water blocks hold an estimated 62 million barrels of oil and 348 million cubic meters of natural gas, according to sources cited by Wikipedia. Other estimates place it substantially higher: 764 million barrels of oil and 1.4 trillion cubic feet of gas, reported Wikipedia. The dispute over the Ambalat stretch of the Celebes Sea started with the publication of a map produced by Malaysia in 1979 showing its territorial waters and continental shelf, according to Wikipedia. The map drew Malaysia’s maritime boundary running in a southeast direction in the Celebes Sea from the eastmost point of the Indonesia-Malaysia land border on the eastern shore of Sebatik island, thereby including the Ambalat blocks, or at least a large portion of it, within Malaysian territorial waters. Indonesia has, like the other neighbours of Malaysia, objected to the map, reported Wikipedia.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-04-27): Pending resolution of the territorial dispute, a related but distinct maritime dispute commenced when Indonesia began unilaterally exercising sovereign rights over the seabed east of Tarakan, North Kalimantan and south of 4° 10’ N latitude. This included the issuance of petroleum concession contracts for the Ambalat and Ambalat East blocks in 1999 and 2004 respectively; the blocks are located directly south of the Sipadan and Ligitan Islands. Indonesia’s issuance of contracts for these areas ignored Malaysia’s own unilateral claim to a portion of the seabed indicated by a map of its continental shelf published in 1979; this covered a considerable area adjacent to North Kalimantan. However, Malaysia did not take any action upon the Ambalat blocks until 2005, when it issued its own petroleum concession contracts, designated ND6 and ND7, that partly overlapped with the Indonesian contract areas. This led to tensions flaring in 2005 and 2009 on account of reports about naval and maritime law enforcement activities in the area, both sides’ insistence on their respective unilaterally-claimed sea zones, inflammatory media coverage, and the public outcries that followed. Fortunately, the political leadership on both sides managed to prevent further escalation.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-13): The Ambalat Block is a sea block covering an area of 15,235 square kilometers. It is located in the Sulawesi Sea or Makassar Strait and borders Malaysian waters. [...] The border issue in Ambalat arose because of the overlapping territorial waters of the EEZ and the continental shelf between the two countries, whose measurement refers to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). [...] The dispute between the two countries in the Ambalat Block heated up in 1979 when Malaysia violated the Continental Shelf Boundary agreement of October 27, 1969. Under that agreement, the two countries had agreed that the Ambalat Block was a part of Indonesian territory.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-31): The Ambalat dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia stands as a prominent example of a regional conflict rooted in territorial claims and maritime boundaries. This study conducts a comprehensive juridical review of the Ambalat dispute, focusing on the application of international law principles. Through an examination of relevant treaties, customary international law, and judicial decisions, this analysis aims to provide insights into the legal dimensions of the conflict and potential avenues for its resolution. The study begins by outlining the historical background of the Ambalat dispute, tracing the origins of conflicting claims over the maritime territory. It then proceeds to analyze the legal frameworks governing maritime boundaries, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and customary international law. Special attention is given to the principles of territorial sovereignty, equitable maritime delimitation, and peaceful dispute settlement mechanisms enshrined in international law. Furthermore, the study evaluates past attempts at resolving the Ambalat dispute, including bilateral negotiations and third-party mediation efforts. By critically assessing the effectiveness of these mechanisms, the study identifies key challenges and opportunities for achieving a durable settlement. [...] Lutfi, Khoirur Rizal. "Legitimacy of Indonesia’s Claim over Ambalat Block (Perspective of International Law)." Khazanah 3.1 (2010): 11-29. [...] Supancana, Ida BR. "Maritime Boundary Disputes between Indonesia and Malaysia in the Area of Ambalat Block: Some Optional Scenarios for Peaceful Settlement." Journal of East Asia and International Law 8.1 (2015): 195-211.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-11-02): After the holding of public sittings in June 2002, the Court delivered its Judgment on the merits on 17 December 2002. In that Judgment, it began by recalling the complex historical background of the dispute between the Parties. It then examined the titles invoked by them. Indonesia asserted that its claim to sovereignty over the islands was based primarily on a conventional title, the 1891 Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands. [...] In that connection, Indonesia cited a continuous presence of the Dutch and Indonesian navies in the vicinity of Ligitan and Sipadan. It added that the waters around the islands had traditionally been used by Indonesian fishermen. In respect of the first of those arguments, it was the opinion of the Court that from the facts relied upon in the case "it [could] not be deduced . . . that the naval authorities concerned considered Ligitan and Sipadan and the surrounding waters to be under the sovereignty of the Netherlands or Indonesia". As for the second argument, the Court considered that "activities by private persons [could] not be seen as effectivités if they [did] not take place on the basis of official regulations or under governmental authority".
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-06-01): Indonesia dispatches F-16 over Ambalat [...] According to the Jakarta Post the Indonesian Air Force deployed a single F-16 on Wednesday along with a nine-person air crew from Madiun, East Java, to help secure Indonesian waters around the disputed Ambalat territory. [...] Ambalat is located in the Sulawesi Sea off the east coast of Borneo island and is disputed by Malaysia and Indonesia. The area is thought to have a huge oil and gas reserve.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Indonesia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-21): Malaysia can be accommodating, as it was with Indonesia when the two delimited their continental shelves in 1969 based on mutual understanding. Kuala Lumpur supported Jakarta’s quest for archipelagic status in exchange for a treaty that allowed Kuala Lumpur access through the Natunas. But Kuala Lumpur can also outsmart a bigger power, as when it went to court in the case of Sipadan and Ligitan in 2002 and won by the merit of having economic activities on the islands—which, for Jakarta, violated the prior understanding of restraint. Kuala Lumpur also legally challenged Indonesia’s interpretation that its EEZ and continental shelf in the north Natuna Sea are distinct (known as a dual boundary line) and engaged in an episodic confrontation with the Indonesian Navy around the oil-rich Ambalat block off the east coast of Borneo. [...] By postponing dispute resolution in the strait of Malacca (with Singapore and Indonesia) in exchange for joint patrol, Kuala Lumpur gained a better sense of security with which to manage a busy strait of global importance. Kuala Lumpur also shelves disputes in the South China Sea in favour of cooperation with Thailand and Vietnam. With Thailand, it has maintained the financially beneficial Joint Area for exploring and exploiting hydrocarbons in the two overlapping continental shelves since 1979.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-16): The Kabaw Valley also known as Kubo valley[3] is a highland valley in Myanmar's western Sagaing Division, close to the border with India's Manipur. The valley is located between Yomadong range of mountains, which constitute the present-day India–Myanmar border, and the Chindwin River (also called the Ningthi River).[4]
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-04): - Owing to raids and disputes a Boundary Commission was again appointed by the Government of India in 1896, consisting of the Political Agent in Manipur, Colonel Maxwell, and Captain Macnabb of the Burma Commission, to demarcate the boundary in the Kabaw Valley itself, from Kongal Thana to the Tinzin river, with instructions "to adhere as far as possible to the definition of the boundary as laid down by Pemberton". This they subsequently reported that they had done with modifications at Nattaung, near Tinzin, and at Yangoupokpi, rejecting the "Pemberton’s line" of the old maps north of Thap or old Sumjok, and laying the line along the foot of the hills, in accordance with the wording of the agreement.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-11-03): Manipur is one of the North East states of India, which has a rich history back from 14th century. It is bounded with Nagaland to North, Mizoram to South, Burma to East and Assam to west. This chapter I will tell you a story of Kabaw Valley which was once the gate way to Manipur earlier called as Kangliepak. The place is rich with natural resources definitely rich possession that's hold a lot of history.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Kabaw Valley #55 among destinations in Myanmar (Burma) [...] The Kabaw Valley also known as Kubo valley is a highland valley in Myanmar's western Sagaing division, close to the border with India's Manipur. The valley is located between Heerok or Yoma ranges of mountains, which constitute the present day border of Manipur, and the Chindwin River. The valley is home to a number of ethnic groups including the Meitei, the Maring tribe, the Thadou people, Kuki people, the Mizo, the Kadu and the Kanan. ()
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-05-11): Kabaw (Kabo) Valley :: Pix - DocNelson/Flickr [...] The contents of the above agreement cieariy shows that Kabo Valley is an undisputed part of Manipur. Also it is stated that the state of Manipur retains the right to reclaim this part of territory in case any such circumstances arise wherein the terms of the agreement is not fulfilled. Kabo Valley is a part of Manipur and Manipur is a part of India, so the property of Manipur is also the property of India. Hence, it is the duty of not only the state government but also of the central government to look into this matter and strive towards fulfilling the wishes of the people of this state.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-03-20): On March 19, Rajkumar Ranjan Singh, the MP who represents Inner Manipur Constituency in the Lok Sabha, raised the Issue of "tribute" from the Kabaw Valley in Myanmar, which was once a part of Manipur. Raising the issue in front of S Jaishankar, the Minister of External Affairs in Parliament precincts. Ranjan told the Union Minister that Manipur had given nearly 22,210 square kilometers of land called Kabaw Valley to Burma (now Myanmar) under the Treaty of Yandabo that was signed in 1826. The MP informed that once upon a time, Manipur used to get an indemnity or tribute of Sicca Rs 500 per month. Now, the MP said, the amount would be akin to Rs 8,000 crores in modern currency. [...] The most important part of the treaty included the renunciation of all Burmese claims in Assam and Manipur. These areas became part of the British-India. However, dispute still remains over the Kabaw Valley and for eons, Manipuris have been demanding the Government to resolve the issue.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-03): Joint Report of the Commissioner appointed by Government to demarcate the boundary between Burma (the Kubo Valley) and the Manipur State, as defined in the agreement of 1834. Foreign. External A. August 1896. Nos. 268–277. [...] Khanna, V. N. (2001). Foreign policy of India (4th ed.). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-12): King Bagyidaw’s Ava court decision making was strongly influenced by Hluttaw (Burmese council of ministers), who pressed on the British Officials and demanded resource rich Kabaw Valley and Tenasserim. In the end, Manipur was used as bait by the British Supreme Government and transferred Kabaw Valley to Burma, and denied Burmese the claim to Tenasserim. The British East India Company faced a severe economic crisis after the First Anglo-Burmese War 1824-26, the Bengal agency houses faced bankruptcy, and war indemnity of 1 million pounds sterling in four installments were paid by the Burmese with the last installment paid in 1833. The transfer was executed on 9 January 1834. The compensation amount of transfer of Kabaw Valley to Manipur was fixed at 500 Sicca Rupees monthly or 6000 Sicca Rupees annually with 16 Sicca Rupees valued at 1 Gold Mohur or 375 Gold Mohur annually. The transfer resulted in the great territory loss of eastern parts of Manipur up to Ningthee River, the inherent economic lifeline of the western Southeast Asian nation, and later became landlocked. The introduction of the British cartography method Manipur came in the area of South Asia of British East India Company from the year 1837.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-06): King Bagyidaw’s Ava court decision making was strongly influenced by Hluttaw (Burmese council of ministers), who pressed on the British Officials and demanded resource rich Kabaw Valley and Tenasserim. In the end Manipur was used as bait by the British Supreme Government and transferred Kabaw Valley to Burma and denied Burmese the claim to Tenasserim. The British East India Company faced severe economic crisis after the first Anglo-Burmese War 1824-26, the Bengal agency houses faced bankruptcy and war indemnity of 1 million pounds sterling in four installments were paid by the Burmese with last installment paid in 1833. The transfer was executed on 9 January 1834. The compensation amount of transfer of Kabaw Valley to Manipur was fixed at 500 Sicca Rupees monthly or 6000 Sicca Rupees annually with 16 Sicca Rupees valued at 1 Gold Mohur or 375 Gold Mohur annually. The transfer resulted in the great territory loss of eastern parts of Manipur up to Ningthee River, the inherent economic lifeline of the western Southeast Asian nation and later became land locked. The introduction of British cartography method Manipur came in the area of South Asia of British East India Company from year 1837. [...] Kabaw Valley: Manipur’s Lost Glory 275
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-09-16): Kabaw Valley, a track of land, lies between Manipur sector of Indian's boundary and the western bank of the Chindwin River also known as Ningthi to the Manipuris. In other word, it lies between Kalewa and Tamu, down to the Chindwin River which forms the eastern boundary of Manipur. [Gangmumei Kabui: 1988, The Lost Territory of Manipur: Cession of Kabaw Valley, N. Sanajaoba (Ed.), Manipur Past and Present, New Delhi, p. 23; A.C. Benerjee: 1943, The Eastern Frontier of Britsih India, Calcutta, p. 261] [...] The valley is divided into three subdivisions of Samjok (Thandent), Khumbat (Khambat) and Kale. The Shan holds control over the valley. Gangmumei Kabui, a renowned historian of North East writes, in the 19th century, the valley was a subject of dispute between Manipur and Burma which is a large territory covering 3000 sq. miles, now forms a part of upper Chindwin District of Burma. [Gangmumei Kabui: 1988 The Lost Territory of Manipur: Cession of Kabaw Valley, N.Sanajaoba(Ed.), Manipur Past and Present, Vol.1, New Delhi, p.23]
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-16): Kabaw Valley: Manipur’s lost glory 16-Mar-2022 | [...] The transfer of Kabaw Valley on 9 January 1834, Maharaja Gambhir Singh of Manipur died of an unnatural death (Heart Attack), hearing the shocking news of Kabaw Valley transfer. The British Agents of both Manipur and Burma corroborated and deceitfully acted under the British Supreme Government’s guidance transferred Kabaw Valley from Manipur to Burma. The responsible British Officers were Governor-General Lord William Bentinck, Major Henry Burney, Resident at Court of Ava and Commissioners of Manipur namely Captain F.J. Grant and Lieutenant R.B. Pemberton. [...] The British East India Company faced severe economic crisis after the first Anglo-Burmese War 1824-26, the Bengal agency houses faced bankruptcy and war indemnity of 1 million pounds sterling in four instalments were paid by the Burmese with the last instalment paid in 1833. The transfer was executed on 9 January 1834. The compensation amount of transfer of Kabaw Valley to Manipur was fixed at 500 Sicca Rupees monthly or 6000 Sicca Rupees annually with 16 Sicca Rupees valued at 1 Gold Mohur or 375 Gold Mohur annually. The transfer resulted in the great territory loss of eastern parts of Manipur up to Ningthee River, the inherent economic lifeline of the western Southeast Asian nation and later became landlocked. The introduction of the British cartography method Manipur came in the area of South Asia of the British East India Company from year 1837.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-05-11): Kabo, also known as Kabaw Valley is 11,000 sq. Kms valley located on Bharata-Burma border inhabited by Kadu, Kanan, Meitei, Mizo, Zo etc. tribes. Land is highly fertile with thick teakwood jungles.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-01): After a long lineage of rulers and losing the Anglo-Manipur war, multiple factors forced the British to hand over the sovereignty of Manipur to Maharaja Budhachandra Singh on August 28, 1947. After nearly two years of administration with elections and legislative assembly in place, Maharaja officially signed the Merger Agreement with India on September 21, 1949. Without giving due regard to the existing socio-political and governance matrix of the state, Manipur was made a ‘Part – C’ state, almost a present-day equivalent to a Union Territory. In 1953, Jawaharlal Nehru ceded Kabaw Valley, a disputed border territory to erstwhile Burma, without consulting the Manipuri people or the royal family. Cumulatively regarding these episodes as an insult to the proud historical and cultural identity of Manipur, demand for statehood surged. Succumbing to the demands, the erstwhile central government granted statehood to Manipur in 1972, nine years after granting statehood to Nagaland, another insurgency-impacted state neighbouring Manipur. This relative delay along with the ‘Part – C state’ categorisation added fuel to the existing anger and discontent amongst the people in Manipur.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2000-01-01): It is possible that the Mizos came from Shinlung or Chhinlungsan located on the banks of the river Yalung in China. They first settled in the Shan State and moved on to Kabaw Valley to Khampat and then to the Chin Hills in the middle of the 16th century. [...] The Shans had already been firmly settled in their State when Mizos came there from Chhinlung around 5th Century. The Shans did not welcome the new arrivals, but failed to throw the Mizos out. The Mizos had lived happily in the Shan state for about 300 years before they moved on the Kabaw Valley around the 8th Century. It was in the Kabaw Valley that Mizos got the opportunity to have an unhindered interaction with the local Burmese. The two cultures met and the two tribes influenced each other in the spheres of clothing, customs, music and sports. According to some, the Mizos learnt the art of cultivation from the Burmese at Kabaw. Many of their agricultural implements bore the prefix Kawl which was the name given by the Mizos to the Burmese.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-02-21): 2) However Professor Gangmumei in his article " The Lost Territory of Manipur: Cession of Kabaw Valley" published in "Manipur: Past and Present", Vol I, 1987, page 23, stated the Kabaw Valley proper is about 150 miles long and 8 miles breath and is situated between present Manipur Sector and Angoching hills adjacent to Chindwin River. In terms of area, he stated that the Valley lies between Manipur Sector of India boundary (i.e. West) and Western bank of Chingwin River (i.e. East); the South is the southern limit of Kule (Kale-present Kalwa) where Manipur river falls to Ningthe River (Chindwin). The Professor further adds that Kabaw Valley which is subject of dispute is much larger territory consisting of about 3000 sq. miles which is now a part of upper Chindwin District of Burma. It includes three Sub-divisions - Samjok, Khumbat and Kale. In ancient times it had three principalities - Samjok (Thandent), Khumbat (Khambat) and Kale (Present Kalewa). [...] iii) King Kiyamba (1467 - 1508) along with Pong King Sooloongkhum defeated the Raja of Khumbat, devided the captured territory and thus Kabaw Valley was annexed to Manipur in 1475. This is the common believe that Kabaw Valley was part of Manipur since 1475. This is an utterly wrong one propagated by half-heated historians.
Claim: Kabaw is a territory of India (Kabaw, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-08-10): India’s generosity on land issues has been well documented. It includes its acceptance of Burmese sovereignty over the Kabaw Valley in 1953, its surrender of British-inherited extraterritorial rights in Tibet in 1954, its giving back of the strategic Haji Pir Pass to Pakistan after the 1965 war, and its similar return of territorial gains plus 93,000 prisoners after the 1971 war that led to East Pakistan’s secession as Bangladesh.