copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Visuals of a transperson chasing down police personnel in Manipur (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-02)
Evidence (2023-07-03): A video of a naked transperson chasing down police personnel is being shared with a claim that the visuals show the current situation in Manipur. Through this article let’s fact-check the claim made in the post. [...] Fact: These visuals are from Uttar Pradesh’s Chandauli district, wherein supporters of a contestant in the municipal elections held in May 2023, staged a protest demanding a vote recount. During this protest, one transwoman chased down the police while being naked. The visuals have nothing to do with the currently violence hit Manipur. Hence, the claim made in the post is FALSE. While it is true that the viral visuals show a transperson chasing police personnel, the visuals are, however, not from violence in Manipur, but from Uttar Pradesh.
Claim: Visuals of a transperson chasing down police personnel in Manipur (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-02)
Evidence (2023-06-29): A video of a person holding a stick and threatening to hit a policeman with it is being widely shared on social media platforms as a recent incident from Manipur. What have users claimed?: While sharing the video, people said, "This is the situation in Manipur. What a terrible tragedy. The scene of a woman chasing the police naked on the road. What is happening to our India?." [...] Conclusion: The video is being shared with a false claim stating that it shows a naked woman chasing police personnel in Manipur.
Claim: Visuals of a transperson chasing down police personnel in Manipur (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-02)
Evidence (2024-09-16): - ^ a b "Mangaluru: Police barge into hospital, kick in ICU doors in pursuit of 'stone-pelters'". Daijiworld. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
Claim: Visuals of a transperson chasing down police personnel in Manipur (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-02)
Evidence (2014-12-06): Manipur is caught, in large parts, between the authoritarian regime of The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, which gives sweeping and unquestioning power to security personnel, and over a dozen underground outfits with their own sets of demands. The transgender community is too minor a presence in this gun-held majoritarianism. [...] Despite the street view of them being "homo", Manipuri society and the dominant Meitei community in the Imphal valley continue to be largely tolerant of the transgender presence in their midst. While centuries-old folklore suggests transgender women, known as feita, advised Meitei society on matters of importance, acceptance of the third gender has been perpetuated through the traditional involvement of transgender shamans and priests to conduct rituals for Meitei gods like the powerful Ebudhou Pakhangba. [...] "People see us as God’s messengers and instead of stigmatizing us, they look up to us as oracles," says Bobby Yambem, a 42-year-old shamanic priestess currently trying to mobilize the transgender shaman community in Manipur to protest a recent writ issued against them by a religious organization.
Claim: Visuals of a transperson chasing down police personnel in Manipur (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-02)
Evidence (2023-12-07): As of August the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed charges against 20 Manipur Police personnel in response to a 2017 directive by the Supreme Court that the CBI should examine 87 of 1,528 alleged killings by police, army, and paramilitary forces between 1979 and 2012 in Manipur.
Claim: Visuals of a transperson chasing down police personnel in Manipur (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-02)
Evidence (2022-09-09): Among the more creative expressions of outrage was the display of placards with protest messages during the ‘Trans Queen Contest North-East 2013’held in Imphal, capital of the north-eastern state of Manipur, on December 14, 2013. The creative round of this hugely popular annual transgender beauty pageant was converted into a ‘protest round’ of sorts. Contestants carried placards that said "Down down Supreme Court ruling", "We don’t want to go back to 1860" and the more cheeky and futuristic ones "Elizabeth Taylor had eight legal husbands, but I want only one!"
Claim: Visuals of a transperson chasing down police personnel in Manipur (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-02)
Evidence (2017-03-05): Priyakanta: I won’t completely blame the police or military personnel for the trans related harassment and violence. Even the police and military personnel are the citizens of the same society that we are living in. For generations, our society has taught us to see Transgender, Gay and Lesbian people as something abhorrent and unnatural. That belief has got ingrained in everyone’s minds and persists to this day. It is the fault of the society. It is time for everyone to get all the misconceptions corrected and then everything will fall perfectly in its place. But for the violence in the region, YES, AFSPA is a major setback for Manipur and involved in most of the encounter killings. I don’t want to speak much about the military personnel but repealing AFSPA from Manipur is really necessary.
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2019-08-05): Fact : Under the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution, the residents of the state are considered as ‘Permanent Residents’ subject to fulfillment of certain conditions. They were also given special rights under Article 35A. So, under the provisions of Article 370 and Article 35A, those who are ‘Permanent Residents’ of Jammu and Kashmir have specific rights, but not dual citizenship. All of them are still Indian Citizens and hold an Indian passport only. Hence, this claim made in the post is not entirely TRUE.
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2024-02-12): Women in Kashmir, like women everywhere else, make important contributions to the social, cultural, and economic fabric of their communities. However, the lives of women have been significantly impacted by the protracted conflict in Kashmir. Since 1989, cases of rape, harassment, enforced disappearances, orphans, half widows, and half orphans have provided evidence of continual violence against women. Their agony has multiple layers because they suffer from physical, psychological, social, and economic problems. Kashmiri women have suffered from being uprooted, losing loved ones, and dealing with the difficulties of residing in a conflict zone. Kashmiri society is a patriarchal society, and in addition to fundamentalism, the overall lack of law in the valley amplifies the widespread violence against women. Even before the conflict, they were treated as second-class citizens, but with the increase in the magnitude of the conflict, their situation worsened. The Kashmiri people are deprived of basic needs, along with a lack of order. Not only women but also children become victims of violence and sexual assault by security forces and rebels, along with the domestic violence they face at home by their family.
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2021-08-15): According to a 2019 report from the National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB), law enforcement agencies have made only limited progress in investigating such crimes against women in Kashmir. In 2019, there were 3,069 reported cases of violent crime against women, including rape, sexual assault and domestic violence in Kashmir – although it is not clear how many of these were related to dowry issues – and eight dowry-related deaths. It is believed that the economic hardship brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic has only made the situation worse for women in Kashmir, with anecdotal reports of brides being set alight because their families have not met dowry expectations in the past year.
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2019-08-08): Fact : According to an article in the ‘Outlook’, the J&K Assembly passed a law in 2007 to apply Sharia laws in the State. But, Sharia laws only deal with civil cases in J&K. Hence, this claim made in the post is PARTIALLY TRUE .
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2023-11-24): In Kashmiri society, women experience marginalization across various aspects of their lives, particularly concerning the gendered consequences of security forces’ misconduct. One significant event that exemplifies this is the Kunan Poshpora incident of 1991, where Indian security forces subjected women in the village to mass sexual assault.¹⁹ Extensive documentation, including survivor testimonies²⁰ and investigations by human rights organizations, underscores the targeted and gendered nature of the violence, revealing the systematic subjugation of women.²¹ More notably though, it is the aftermath of the Kunan Poshpora incident that sheds light on the gendered treatment of women and their subsequent marginalization within society. [...] The subjugation of women in Kashmir is also exemplified by the marginalization faced by half-widows—women whose husbands have gone missing during the ongoing conflict, leaving them in a state of ambiguity regarding their marital status—in Kashmiri society.²⁹ One form of marginalization experienced by half-widows is social stigmatization and isolation within their communities.³⁰ They are often labeled as "unfortunate" or "cursed," leading to their ostracism.³¹ Within their own families, they are denied inheritance rights and excluded from decision-making processes.³² The experiences of Atiqa and Tahira, two half-widows who were unjustly denied their rightful share in the family property, highlight this exclusion.³³ Despite the existence of inheritance laws that entitle women to a portion of the family estate, male relatives took advantage of their vulnerable position to exploit them and claim the property for themselves.³⁴ This denial perpetuates economic instability and exposes the deeply ingrained gender biases prevalent in Kashmiri society, reinforcing the marginalization of half-widows.
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2024-01-15): Citizenship [edit]According to the UN General Assembly's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the principle of citizenship operates on the assumption of equality between men and women.[14] In Jammu and Kashmir, however, citizenship is unequal among men and women.[14] If a woman from J&K marries a foreigner, she loses her right to inherit, own or buy immovable property in the state;[15] no such law affects a male in a similar situation.[15] Secularists and ethnic nationalists believe that J&K can survive amid globalization with its identity intact only by protecting Kashmiri culture,[15] and Kashmiri women are discouraged from crossing the cultural threshold;[15] inequality in citizenship is justified as preserving the state.[14] [...] References [edit]- ^ Kazi, Seema. Gender and Militarization in Kashmir. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Oxford University Press. "Sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is, it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done." [...] - ^ a b c d "Kashmir vs Women". 2010-04-23. Archived from the original on 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2022-05-28): The Kashmir ‘women’s army’ – to use the rather grand name given to this self-defence force by some of its members – lingers, like so much of women’s activity, in the shadow of the mainstream historical narrative. It doesn’t figure at all in the broad accounts of the turbulence and trauma that marred the partition of British India in August 1947 and the independence of India and Pakistan. It is barely mentioned in detailed histories of Kashmir, a region still embroiled in a conflict which is sometimes described as the unfinished business of Partition. The women’s militia was small in number, shortlived and never saw active service. Yet its mustering in the streets and parks of the Kashmiri capital, Srinagar, from the closing weeks of 1947 was an emphatic demonstration of far-reaching political change – not so much, in Kashmir’s case, the ending of colonial rule as the eclipse of its own maharaja and the effective transfer of political authority to a radical nationalist movement. [...] Kashmir’s nationalists wanted to protect Kashmiri women and to be seen as women’s defenders. Shanti Swarup Ambardar said Srinagar’s high-caste Hindu minority, known as Pandits, regarded their womenfolk as particularly vulnerable: [...] I am very grateful to Sehar Iqbal and to Rekha Wazir for their comments on a draft of this article. A much briefer version was posted at http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/kashmirs–womens-militia-at-the-end-of-empire/ – all websites accessed 1 July 2020.
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2023-01-31): In the final section, I use local Kashmiri reportage on Kashmiri women’s views, subjective experience, and collective resistance to contest (a) constructs of the apolitical, victimised, agency-less Kashmiri Muslim woman, and (b) state claims to Kashmiri, especially Kashmiri women’s endorsement of the revocation. Kashmiri women’s resistance, I conclude, is part of a Kashmiri struggle underpinned by the universal principles of justice and liberty; it symbolises the need for a just and peaceful resolution to Kashmir’s tragedy. Seema Kazi, 'Women, Gender Politics, and Resistance in Kashmir' (2022) 18(1) Socio-Legal Review 95
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2019-08-21): ‘Kashmir women are the biggest victims of this inhumane siege’ [...] "At present everyone in Kashmir is being immensely subjugated. But women are the biggest victims of this inhumane siege," she told Al Jazeera.
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2020-11-28): The ongoing nature of the conflict in Kashmir can force women to suddenly adopt new roles due to the killing or abduction of a male family member. This chapter draws upon empirical research conducted with women who unexpectedly found themselves as head of household and/or primary breadwinner. It discusses how even when women transcend gendered boundaries through adopting new positions and greater access to public space, there is an undeniable additional variable influencing patriarchy in places like Kashmir. The intense military presence, coupled with complete impunity given to security forces, significantly increases the threat of sexual violence. Against this backdrop, female access to traditionally male-dominated spheres can lead to a greater sense of vulnerability and concern rather than represent agency or empowerment. [...] Kazi, S. 2009. Between Democracy and Nation: Gender and Militarization in Kashmir. New Delhi: Women Unlimited. [...] Qutab, S. (2021). Women in the Kashmir Conflict: Changing Roles and Negotiating Spaces.
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2023-06-07): It looks at the strategy of research and recording of rights violations, collectivisation of women, grassroots action and public protest adopted by Kashmiri women activists and how it interacts with a militaristic hyper-masculinised environment and deepening State control. The paper includes interviews with Sikh, Sunni and Shia Muslim, Kashmiri Pandit, Gujjar and Pahari women activists. [...] Qureshi, F. (2018, February 9). Agents of change: Kashmir’s new generation of women activists. The Citizen. Available at Agents of Change: Kashmir’s New Generation of Women Activists (thecitizen.in)
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2022-12-08): Chowdhary, R. (2010a). Kashmir versus women. DNA. Updated: April 22, 2010a, 10:32 PM IST. www.dnaindia.com/analysis/main-article-kashmir [...] Ishfaq-ul-Hassan. (2010). J&K Govt. drops bill on women’s status. DNA. Updated: April 6, 01:07 AM. IST. www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bill-seeks-end-to [...] Shali, P. (2019). Kashmir Article 370: Women cheer equal property rights. Jammu. August 6, 2019. 03: 47 IST. https://www.indiatoday.in
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2023-03-24): A regime of military de jure and de facto impunity has perpetuated abuse against Kashmiri bodies. At the heart of this impunity is the Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act (AFSPA) of 1990. AFSPA in Jammu and Kashmir is modeled off the national Armed Forces Special Powers Act152 and was passed at a time when the state was under Governor’s Rule.153 Similar legal regimes have been enacted in "disturbed areas" across India.154 Although the definition of what constitutes "disturbed" is vague, the determination is the central government’s authority and is not subject to review.155 The legislation emerged in Kashmir following a declaration that the Kashmir Valley had become "disturbed" in 1990, and has applied ever since.156 AFSPA vests officers with sweeping authority: they can use deadly force in instances where they are not at imminent risk.157 AFSPA grants armed forces the broad power to destroy property from which "armed attacks" are "likely" or "attempted" to be made;158 arrest without warrant;159 enter and search without warrant;160 and stop, search, and seize vehicles.161 In short, actions that would otherwise be an abuse both of Indian criminal and human rights law are now simply a "use" of AFSPA.162 Through AFSPA, the Indian state is not only empowered to exert "free and ruthless force"163 against Kashmiri bodies but also is invited to do so within the law.
Claim: Kashmir forces sharia law on its citizens, especially women. (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2019-08-05)
Evidence (2023-08-03): There is only one normality: the normalization of violence. Generations have grown up witnessing violence, insecurity and trauma. Numerous human rights organizations, international bodies and independent reports have documented use of rape, sexual assault and harassment perpetrated by Indian security forces against Kashmiri civilians, particularly women as a weapon of war. Emergency laws, such as the 1990-Armed Forces (Special Powers), have created an environment of complete impunity for Indian security forces.
Claim: RBI issued new guidelines to banks to treat scribbled notes as invalid (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-01-10)
Evidence (2023-01-10): RBI did not issue any such new guidelines stating scribbled bank notes as invalid. RBI on their website clearly stated that all bank notes with writings or colour stains on them will continue to be legal tender, provided they are decipherable. Lately, the Press Information Bureau (PIB) through a tweet clarified the same saying that bank notes with scribblings on them will still continue to be legal tender. Hence, the claim made in the post is FALSE.
Claim: RBI issued new guidelines to banks to treat scribbled notes as invalid (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-01-10)
Evidence (2017-04-29): Banks have to accept scribbled or faded notes: RBI April 29, 2017The RBI said banks cannot refuse to accept faded or scribbled notes. The circular was sent by the RBI to banks after receiving complaints that many branches were not accepting banknotes, specifically of 500 and 2,000 denominations, with anything written on them or those with smudged or faded colour. Bank branches have been rejecting such notes following rumours in social media that such notes were not acceptable. [...] The central bank clarified that its directives on scribbling on notes was for staffers. This was after the RBI had observed that bank officials themselves were in the habit of scribbling on banknotes, which went against the central bank's clean note policy. The RBI has sought cooperation from all members of public, institutions and others in keeping banknotes clean by not scribbling on them.
Claim: RBI issued new guidelines to banks to treat scribbled notes as invalid (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-01-10)
Evidence (2014-01-01): HYDERABAD: The apex bank of the country, Reserve Bank of India, has clarified that banks will not turn away people who come with scribbled notes to its doors. [...] RBI has further clarified that it had issued instructions on August 14, 2013 only to banks advising them to instruct their staff not to scribble or write on the body of the bank notes since it was observed that the bank officials themselves were in the habit of writing on bank notes which went against the Reserve Bank’s clean note policy. [...] Reiterating that writing or scribbling on banknotes works against its policy, the Reserve Bank has also sought co-operation from all members of public, institutions and others in keeping the banknotes clean by not writing or scribbling anything on them.
Claim: RBI issued new guidelines to banks to treat scribbled notes as invalid (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-01-10)
Evidence (2017-03-02): Don’t believe such rumours. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has clarified that currency notes with scribbles are legal tender. "There is no RBI instruction to anyone not to accept any currency note with scribbling on it even though we do, from time to time, keep appealing to people not to write/staple/fold currency notes as these things lessen the life of currency notes," the central bank said in an email to Mint. While scribbled-on notes continue to be legal tender, there are exceptions. According to a July 2013 RBI notification, any note with slogans and messages of a political nature cease to be legal tender. So, refrain from pouring your heart out on currency notes. In 2014 too, the RBI had issued circular asking people not to heed rumours and to go on using the scribbled notes.
Claim: RBI issued new guidelines to banks to treat scribbled notes as invalid (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-01-10)
Evidence (2017-04-29): Mumbai: Reserve Bank of India has issued a fresh circular under which it has directed all banks including private lenders to accept spoiled, scribbled or torn-out currency notes, according to a report in NDTV. Central bank's latest diktat comes in the backdrop of reports that suggested a number of banks were not accepting soiled notes causing hardship to customers. RBI has instructed 'faulting' banks to treat the notes coming in at their counters as 'soiled notes'. [...] In its earlier circular, RBI had asked bank staff not scribble or write on bank notes so as not to spoil them. However, the directive was misconstrued by bank staff that might have been a cause of worry for banks. In its consequence, some banks stopped accepting identified notes.