copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-04): China’s inclusion of the Russian territory of the Bolshoy Ussuriysky/Heixiazi island on the Amur River in its new map, despite the countries officially resolving the territorial dispute 15 years ago, could be a mistake, experts suggest. [...] The island, in the far northeastern part of Manchuria located at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, had been the subject of an old territorial dispute between China and Russia.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-28): In terms of bilateral cooperation, promises were made and documents signed. These covered economic relations, cultural links (Putin spent the second day of his trip in Harbin), media (Xinhua partnered up with several Russian media agencies), and softening the border by establishing a cross-border reserve for big cats and jointly developing Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heixiazi Dao).
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of People's Republic of China (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2004-10-14): After treaties in 1991 and 2001 were not able to complete define the disputed border between the Russian Federation and the Republic of China, the two states were party to the Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China–Russia Boundary in 2004. The disputed territories were islands at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers. Possession of the two islands was significant for military control of the Amur region, as the Russian city of Khabarovsk is in close proximity to the disputed border. China wished for the boundary to be the channel north of the islands, resulting in China’s possession of Bolshoy Ussuriyski and Tarabarov Island. Russia insisted that, consistent with the 1860 Treaty of Beijing, the southern channel should make up the boundary, allowing for Russian possession of the islands.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island (Russian: Большо́й Уссури́йский о́стров, romanized: Bol'shoy Ussuriyskiy Ostrov), or Heixiazi Island (simplified Chinese: 黑瞎子岛; traditional Chinese: 黑瞎子島; pinyin: Hēixiāzi Dǎo; lit. 'black bear island'[a]), is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. Since the Sino-Russian Border Agreement that was fully implemented in 2008, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island was divided between China and Russia. China was given control over part of the island, and Russia retained the rest. Since then, the issue has been peacefully settled, and China no longer claims the entire island. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km2 and is bounded closely by Yinlong/Tarabarov Island, and over 90 islets.[b] Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri, and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance. [...] The difficulty in settling this dispute involved competing interests between Russia and China. To settle the boundary along the lines claimed by China would have subjected settled parts of the city of Khabarovsk to the range of artillery emplaced on Heixiazi. However, by occupying the entire island, Russia controlled the entire Amur and Ussuri waterway and gave Khabarovsk a comfortable buffer zone. During its control of the island, Russia refused navigational access to the Amur and Ussuri to Chinese ships.[1]
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-01): A large river delta between the Ussuri and Amur rivers (or the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, in Mandarin Chinese) is the site of a series of serious challenges between China and Russia for many centuries. The delta is almost 350 km2 in area and is located very close to Khabarovsk, the capital city of the Russian Far East. It includes two sparsely inhabited islands, called Bolshoi Ussuriiski and a smaller Tarabarov island (as known in Russian) or Heixiazi and Yinlong, respectively (in Mandarin). This remote delta area has been occupied by Russia since 1929, but China has maintained its claims to this territory. Deadlock over the future of this region has proved to be the main obstacle towards the full resolution of Sino-Soviet border disputes for various decades. The dispute led to the Zhenbao/Damanskii military clash in 1969 and drove the two countries to the edge of a nuclear war. Since 2004, a ‘fifty-fifty’ solution has finally been implemented and agreed to by both sides. [...] China Military News. 2010. Heixiazi island to become major joint China—Russian tourist resort. 26 November. http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/heixiaziisland-to-become-major-joint-china-russian-tourist-resort.html [...] Iwashita, A. (2013). Bolshoi Ussuriiski/Heixiazi.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Jiamusi that borders Russia in Heilongjiang province is known as the first Chinese town to see sunrise everyday as it sits on the easternmost tip of the country. An orthodox church on the Russian side of the Heixiazi Island.[Photo/China Daily] With a population of 2.4 million, Jiamusi neighbors several key Russian cities across border rivers and attracts hordes of Russians who come over for business, study and recreation. One of the key tourist attractions near Jiamusi is the Chinese part of Heixiazi (Bolshoy Ussuriysky), a Sino-Russian border island located at the intersection of the Heilongjiang (Amur) and Ussuri river. The western half of the island now belongs to China, while the other half belongs to Russia.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-03): The map claims Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers that separate Russia and China. The island is known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese, according to the Economist.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-11-27): Proper noun [edit]Heixiazi - Synonym of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island: the Mandarin Chinese-derived name. [...] - The major obstacle to a border settlement is the status of Heixiazi, a 330-square kilometer island at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers. The island is claimed by the Chinese but controlled by the USSR. Because Heixiazi overlooks Khabarovsk as well as the point where the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the Amur River, the Soviets are reluctant to give it up. [...] - This resurgence in the two nations’ bilateral trade caused Russian President Medvedev in 2011 to project that Sino-Russian trade could reach US$100 billion in only three to five years! (Xinhua News Agency 2011d). It has also allowed both countries to push past their previous differences in search of profit, such as China and Russia’s recent announcement of a joint venture to co-develop the border island of Heixiazi into a tourist resort (World News Connection 2011a).
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-17): Heixiazi, the Chinese half of a divided island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, looks "like Disneyland," according to Akihiro Iwashita, a Japanese scholar who is an experton Russia’s border issues with China and Japan. [...] Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island has been a source of Chinese-Russian tension dating back to the 1858 Treaty of Aigun, under which Russia vastly expanded its Far Eastern territories at China’s expense. From the Chinese perspective, the Aigun pact is counted among the humiliating "unequal treaties" that the imperial government at the time was compelled to sign, granting technologically superior Western powers, including Britain, the United States, France and Russia, broad economic and territorial concessions. [...] The extent to which this trust/distrust dichotomy will play out in practice over Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island remains to be seen. The Russian side has already promised to present a detailed roadmap implementation plan at the Eastern Economic Forum in September.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-23): English citations of Heixiazi - [1969, "Full-Length Documentary Exposing Soviet Revisionists' Anti-China Provocations Shown Throughout China", in 中国文学 [Chinese Literature], volume 6, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, page 104: [...] - The major obstacle to a border settlement is the status of Heixiazi, a 330-square kilometer island at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri rivers. The island is claimed by the Chinese but controlled by the USSR. Because Heixiazi overlooks Khabarovsk as well as the point where the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the Amur River, the Soviets are reluctant to give it up. [...] - According to the latest protocol, Russia would return Yinlong island , or Tarabarov Island, and half of Heixiazi island (Bolshoi Ussuriysky island), the China Daily said on Monday.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-25): In 1991, China and USSR signed the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, which was intended to start the process of resolving the border disputes held in abeyance since the 1960s. However, just a few months later the USSR was dissolved, and four former Soviet republics — Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan — inherited various sections of the former Sino–Soviet border. [...] In November 1997, at a meeting in Beijing, Russian President Boris Yeltsin and General Secretary and Chinese President Jiang Zemin signed an agreement for the demarcation of the much longer (over 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi)) eastern section of the border, in accordance with the provisions of the 1991 Sino-Soviet agreement. [...] - ^ "Return of Heixiazi Island marks end of border dispute". Retrieved 22 September 2024.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-10-30): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island (Russian: Большо́й Уссури́йский о́стров, romanized: Bol'shoy Ussuriyskiy Ostrov), or Heixiazi Island (simplified Chinese: 黑瞎子岛; traditional Chinese: 黑瞎子島; pinyin: Hēixiāzi Dǎo; lit. 'black bear island'[lower-alpha 1]), is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. Since the Sino-Russian Border Agreement that was fully implemented in 2008, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island was divided between China and Russia. China was given control over part of the island, and Russia retained the rest. Since then, the issue has been peacefully settled, and China no longer claims the entire island. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km2 and is bounded closely by Yinlong/Tarabarov Island, and over 90 islets.[lower-alpha 2] Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri, and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance. [...] The difficulty in settling this dispute involved competing interests between Russia and China. To settle the boundary along the lines claimed by China would have subjected settled parts of the city of Khabarovsk to the range of artillery emplaced on Heixiazi. However, by occupying the entire island, Russia controlled the entire Amur and Ussuri waterway and gave Khabarovsk a comfortable buffer zone. During its control of the island, Russia refused navigational access to the Amur and Ussuri to Chinese ships.[1]
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-01): Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, an outpost on the Amur River in the Far East, was disputed by Russia and China for decades, but it has now been divided almost equally between the neighbors. The Chinese call it Heixiazi Island. Developers have put forward plans to make it an important gateway for trade and travel, but on the Russian side most people live in dilapidated homes with minimal infrastructure.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-19): Heixiazi, the Chinese half of a divided island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, looks "like Disneyland," according to Akihiro Iwashita, a Japanese scholar who is an expert on Russia’s border issues with China and Japan. [...] Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island has been a source of Chinese-Russian tension dating back to the 1858 Treaty of Aigun, under which Russia vastly expanded its Far Eastern territories at China’s expense. From the Chinese perspective, the Aigun pact is counted among the humiliating "unequal treaties" that the imperial government at the time was compelled to sign, granting technologically superior Western powers, including Britain, the United States, France, and Russia, broad economic and territorial concessions. [...] The extent to which this trust/distrust dichotomy will play out in practice over Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island remains to be seen. The Russian side has already promised to present a detailed roadmap implementation plan at the Eastern Economic Forum in September.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-05): The island is divided in almost equal sections between Russia and China. The Soviet Union occupied the whole of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese) following the so-called Chinese Eastern Railway Incident of 1929, but in an historic agreement between Russia and China signed in 2004, Moscow agreed to return about half of it. The transfer took place in 2008. Since then the island in the Ussuri has become a miniature symbol of the vast Asian regions divided between the two geopolitical giants. [...] What you find out looking at a map is that this statue is placed on China’s easternmost point, the very first place in China meeting the sun every morning. One of the ironies of political geography here is that China, the eastern empire, sits to the west and Russia, a European power, confronts it to the east. A swath of Russian territory cuts China’s Heilongjiang Province off from the Sea of Japan. Look again, more carefully, and you will realize why so many in Beijing regard the Russian far east exclave as the last remnant of European colonialism in Chinese lands. Is this monument a symbol, a proclamation that the East is Chinese?
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-01): The map touches on multiple territorial disputes, among them Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, which sits at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers that separate Russia and China. The island is known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-13): Away from the high-level rhetoric, 109 million ordinary Chinese citizens reside in China’s northeastern provinces of Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia, separated from their Russian counterparts primarily by the Amur River, known in Chinese as the Heilongjiang (literally, black dragon river). The region is frequently the focus of a narrative claiming China poses a threat to Russia’s control over its Far East. While this rhetoric has cooled down recently, these regional dynamics remain integral to understanding overall cooperation between these two vast countries. [...] Another key disagreement during the border war was over the territory of Heixiazi (known in Russian as Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island) located near the Russian city of Khabarovsk. The island has been touristified on the Chinese side, attracting over 600,000 tourists a year. Understanding how this history is sold to tourists today will be of particular interest. [...] Tongjiang and Heihe are cities in China’s Heilongjiang province, sitting opposite their Russian counterparts, Nizhneleninskoe and Blagoveshchensk respectively, separated only by the River Amur. This year Russian and Chinese state media have relentlessly celebrated the completion of two cross-border bridges, both due to be operational this year: the Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge and the Heihe-Blagoveshchensk Heilongjiang (Amur) Bridge, a highway bridge.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-20): Heixiazi Island is located next to the Russian city of Khabarovsk, and covers an area about 327 to 350 km², which is about one-third the size of Hong Kong. It is situated at the mouth of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, and bounded closely by Yinlong Island (Tarabarov Island), Mingyue Island and 93 islets (Wen Wei Pao, March 10). [...] Liu said that what China intends to do with the island after it is under the PRC’s jurisdiction is something that Beijing is carefully considering, however, China will not heavily garrison the island, nor will either side make any significant arrangements without due considerations for the other party. Liu’s comments were meant to dispel unconfirmed reports that surfaced last year that the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is planning to fortify the area (China Review News, April 13, 2007). There were also reports that China is planning to turn the area into a port for border trade, and there may be a need for border patrols. Feasibility studies to turn the area into a free trade zone were reportedly complete, and Singapore was invited to participate to offer technical advice and development of the area (China Review News, April 13, 2007). Currently, the planning and development of Heixiazi Island is the responsibility of the Jiamusi city government in Heilongjiang province. Liu revealed that China and Russia are currently finalizing mapping and survey data information, and the borders will be officially set up by the end of the year.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-04): China’s inclusion of the Russian territory of the Bolshoy Ussuriysky/Heixiazi island on the Amur River in its new map, despite the countries officially resolving the territorial dispute 15 years ago, could be a mistake, experts suggest. [...] The island, in the far northeastern part of Manchuria located at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, had been the subject of an old territorial dispute between China and Russia.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-18): In this context, the CCP has expanded its irredentist ambitions. After the discovery of potential oil reserves around the Senkaku Islands, and the United States’ return of the islands to Japan in the 1970s, Beijing drew on its historical record to lay claim to the islands, even though it had previously referred to them as part of the Japanese Ryukyu Islands. Similarly, though Beijing and Moscow settled a dispute over Heixiazi Island, located along China’s northeastern border, in 2004, the 2023 map of China depicted the entire island (ceded, along with vast Pacific territories, by the Qing Dynasty to the Russian Empire in 1860) as part of its domain, much to the ire of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Collin Koh Swee Lean, a senior fellow with the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, argues that the Chinese mapping of Heixiazi Island shows that Beijing holds on to certain core interests and simply waits for the opportune time to assert them.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-01): The maps, recognizing 🇷🇺 Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island )or Heixiazi Island) as fully Chinese territory were released in China😁 — Sviat Hnizdovskyi (@s_hnizdovskyi) August 30, 2023
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-28): In terms of bilateral cooperation, promises were made and documents signed. These covered economic relations, cultural links (Putin spent the second day of his trip in Harbin), media (Xinhua partnered up with several Russian media agencies), and softening the border by establishing a cross-border reserve for big cats and jointly developing Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heixiazi Dao).
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-02): Located near the city of Khabarovsk, at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island has long held strategic importance for Russia. In 2004, Moscow reached an agreement with Beijing to share the island (known as Heixiazi Island to the Chinese), dividing it roughly in half. Four years later, the new arrangement was fully in effect, and each country was free to do with its piece of the island what it liked. China transformed its side of the island into a nature reserve, attracting more than 600,000 tourists every year. On the Russian side, there are about 100 people trying to survive in ramshackle homes, and all development plans have failed to secure the necessary funding. Journalist Ekaterina Vasyukova traveled to Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island to learn more about life in a land shared with China. [...] The Chinese call their side of the island Heixiazi (Black Bear Island), and since 2008 they’ve developed it into what is basically a nature reserve. Russian tourists, as it happens, enjoy only limited access to the territory. Travel vouchers are available only in Fuyuan, and vendors frequently refuse to sell tickets to Russian tourists, says Alexander Leonkin, a member of the Russian Geographical Society and a writer in Khabarovsk. [...] The Chinese media describes Heixiazi Island as an environmentally pristine haven, promoting it as the country’s most eastern territory with the easternmost nine-story pagoda. (On clear days, the structure is visible from Khabarovsk.) The pagoda is surrounded by 56 traditionally decorated pillars — one for each of the ethnic groups that live in China.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-31): Border disputes have been a major source of animosity between China and Russia. The two nations have disputed ownership of Bolshoi Ussuriysky (known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese) for years, with both nations coming to an agreement in 2004 on the matter after almost four decades of talks. [...] "Russia has suggested cross-border checkpoints. These would allow eight-seater or smaller cars to travel between Khabarovsk, one of the largest cities in Russia's Far East, and Fuyuan in Heilongjiang province, the most easterly town in China," Zhou Hong, director of the Heixiazi Island Development and Management Committee, said at the time.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-06): In the days after the PRC’s release of its 2023 map, Russia rejected Beijing’s claim to all of Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island, reported Newsweek magazine. The island, known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese, sits at the confluence of two border rivers, the Ussuri and Amur. After more than a century of territorial dispute, Russia ceded roughly half of the island to the PRC in 2008. Moscow also abandoned its army base there and handed over nearby Tarabarov Island. The PRC agreed in return not to claim more territory from Russia, according to Newsweek.
Claim: Heixiazi is a territory of Russia (Heixiazi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-07-21): According to the agreement to be signed, Russia will return Yinlong Island (Tarabarov Island) and half of Heixiazi Island (Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island). The islands are at the confluence of the Heilongjiang and the Wusulijiang rivers that serve as the natural border between the two countries. [...] The area to be returned is half of the Chinese territory the former Soviet Union occupied during a 1929 border skirmish. In Chinese, the area is collectively referred to as the Heixiazi Islands.