copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: [The coronavirus is] “new” yet it was lab-created and patented in 2015 (Chris Kirckof, Jordan Sather, 2020-01-24)
Evidence (2021-03-05): No, it’s not. There’s a couple of virologists who’ve really studied sort of the evolution of coronaviruses and they’ve put out a couple of papers. For example, in March, there was a paper by Kristian Andersen and Robert Garry from Tulane University and that really looked at the changes within the RNA or coronaviruses and sort of said this fits in perfectly within a family tree, so it doesn’t make sense that it was something that was just created. But they realised with that paper that people were not sold on the idea. And when I talked to Bob Garry, he’s sort of, I don’t know how to say it, he’s a bit pessimistic here because he feels like there’s really nothing that’s going to convince a certain set of people that it’s not a lab leak, and this comes from prior experience. He has a lab that I actually spent a lot of time in in eastern Sierra Leone that studies haemorrhagic fevers, and he set that lab up in this area because there’s a lot of Lassa fever here. That’s a disease that appears a lot like Ebola. It’s another viral haemorrhagic disease.
Claim: [The coronavirus is] “new” yet it was lab-created and patented in 2015 (Chris Kirckof, Jordan Sather, 2020-01-24)
Evidence (2020-09-18): Enter the Yan report. On September 14, an article was posted to Zenodo, an open-access site for sharing research papers, which claimed that genetic evidence showed that the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus was made in a lab, rather than emerging through natural spillover from animals. The 26-page paper, led by Chinese virologist Li-Meng Yan, a postdoctoral researcher who left Hong Kong University, has not undergone peer review and asserts that this evidence of genetic engineering has been "censored" in the scientific journals. (National Geographic contacted Yan and the report’s three other authors for comment but received no reply.) [...] The Yan report claims this hypothesis is controversial, and that RaTG13 was also engineered in a lab. But that flies in the face of the overwhelming body of genetic evidence published about SARS-CoV-2 and its progenitors. What’s more, the report was funded by the Rule of Law Society, a nonprofit organization founded by former chief White House strategist Steve Bannon, who has since been arrested for fraud. That’s yet another reason many virologists are questioning the veracity of its claims. [...] Uncovering the natural source of the coronavirus will likely require large-scale sampling of animals—including bat and human populations—in China to trace the evolution of the novel coronavirus. The World Health Organization is readying a team to conduct such an investigation in China, though a timetable has not been released.
Claim: [The coronavirus is] “new” yet it was lab-created and patented in 2015 (Chris Kirckof, Jordan Sather, 2020-01-24)
Evidence (2021-07-07): "The new fad disease called the ‘coronavirus’ is sweeping headlines," one Facebook post, taken from Twitter, reads. "Funny enough, there was a patent for the coronavirus was filed in 2015 and granted in 2018." Another, which was shared by others, and is part of a series of false coronavirus posts, proclaims that the virus is "‘new’ yet it was lab created and patented in 2015 (in development since 03’)." Yet another proposes a similar conspiracy. "So.. patent on this ‘new’ Corona virus expired on the 22nd, today," the post says. "We have a sudden outbreak. There’s magically already a vaccine available."
Claim: [The coronavirus is] “new” yet it was lab-created and patented in 2015 (Chris Kirckof, Jordan Sather, 2020-01-24)
Evidence (2020-08-31): The Pirbright Institute, a research centre in England, filed for a patent on "the coronavirus" in 2015, but it is for a coronavirus that causes avian bronchitis. The word "avian" means "relating to birds." This is not SARS-CoV-2; it’s a virus called IBV. (Multiple instances of this application can be found as US10130701B2, EP3172319A1 and EP3172319B1.) The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was flagged in the conspiracy video Plandemic as being the start of the coronavirus patent "rabbit trail," but the patent we are shown is for a coronavirus that causes gastroenteritis in pigs and that typically kills newborn piglets that catch it (US7279327B2 and WO 02/086068 A2).
Claim: [The coronavirus is] “new” yet it was lab-created and patented in 2015 (Chris Kirckof, Jordan Sather, 2020-01-24)
Evidence (2015-07-23): Coronavirus Download PDFInfo - Publication number - US10130701B2 US10130701B2 US15/328,179 US201515328179A US10130701B2 US 10130701 B2 US10130701 B2 US 10130701B2 US 201515328179 A US201515328179 A US 201515328179A US 10130701 B2 US10130701 B2 US 10130701B2 - Authority - US - United States - Prior art keywords - coronavirus - seq - virus - replicase gene - protein - Prior art date - Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) [...] The coronavirus according to the first aspect of the invention has reduced pathogenicity compared to a coronavirus expressing a corresponding wild-type replicase, such that when the virus is administered to an embryonated egg, it is capable of replicating without being pathogenic to the embryo. [...] The coronavirus of the present invention may comprise a variant replicase gene which encodes a protein which comprises a mutation compared to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, 8 or 9 which, when expressed in a coronavirus, causes the virus to have reduced pathogenicity compared to a coronavirus expressing the corresponding wild-type replicase.
Claim: [The coronavirus is] “new” yet it was lab-created and patented in 2015 (Chris Kirckof, Jordan Sather, 2020-01-24)
Evidence (2021-01-21): - Google Patents, April 25, 1991, "DNA encoding the Canine coronavirus spike protein"
Claim: [The coronavirus is] “new” yet it was lab-created and patented in 2015 (Chris Kirckof, Jordan Sather, 2020-01-24)
Evidence (2023-03-01): It's a suspicion that the coronavirus may have escaped, accidentally or otherwise, from a laboratory in the central Chinese city of Wuhan where the virus was first recorded. [...] Prof Shi Zhengli - often referred to as "China's Batwoman" - a researcher at the Wuhan Institute, published a report in 2021 revealing that her team had identified eight coronavirus strains found on bats in the mine in China in 2015. The paper says that coronaviruses from pangolins pose more of an immediate threat to human health than the ones her team found in the mine. Added to this is an unsubstantiated conspiracy theory long pushed by Chinese propagandists - and repeated by Mao Ning at the foreign ministry briefing on 1 March 2023 - suggesting the coronavirus was made and leaked from Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland, about 80km (50 miles) north of Washington DC.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2024-03-08): The effect of atmospheric CO2 concentrations on global temperatures is well established; as concentrations rise, global warming increases through the greenhouse effect. Scientific studies show that modern global warming is primarily driven by increasing CO2 emissions from human activities. Based on the available scientific evidence, solar variation has had no significant effect on modern global warming compared to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2022-07-14): Factcheck: What Greenland ice cores say about past and present climate change [...] Greenland ice cores provide a high-quality high-resolution estimate of past changes in temperatures, allowing more precise comparisons with observed temperature records than most other climate proxies. While current temperatures are likely still below the highs in the early Holocene around 7,000 years ago, they are clearly higher than any temperatures experienced in Greenland over the past 2,000 years. Greenland is just one location and temperature variations seen in ice core records may not be characteristic of global temperatures. However, global proxy reconstructions have tended to show similar patterns, with current temperatures lower than the early Holocene maximum.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2024-09-18): Study of Greenland ice core reveals new clues about historic climate changes A 140 meter ice core from Greenland’s west coast has shown ice caps sometimes grew during periods of warming over the past 2,000 years. [...] Over the past two millennia, ice caps along the frigid slopes of Greenland’s west coast sometimes expanded in response to a warming climate, according to a new study of ice cores published in Nature Geoscience.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2024-02-20): The Greenland ice sheet may be even more sensitive to the warming climate than scientists previously thought. [...] The study concludes that warming air temperatures have had a major hand in speeding up the losses from Greenland’s crumbling glaciers. If the atmosphere hadn’t warmed over the last few decades, the research finds, the retreat of Greenland’s glaciers as a whole likely would have been reduced by as much as a third. In northwestern Greenland, it could have been reduced by as much as half. "This unfortunately adds to the overwhelming body of evidence showing the sensitivity of the Greenland ice sheet to climate change, hence the need for urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions," Slater said.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2024-10-08): This novel study breaks down the climate history displayed in a core taken from an ice cap off Greenland's western coast. According to the study's researchers, while ice core drilling has been ongoing in Greenland since the mid-20th century, coastal ice core studies remain extremely limited, and these new findings are providing a new perspective on climate change compared to what scientists previously understood by using ice cores from the interior portions of the Greenland ice sheet alone. [...] Due to the challenging nature of studying and accessing these ice caps, this team was the first to do such work, centering their study, which began in 2015, around a core collected from the Nuussuaq Peninsula in Greenland. This single core offers insight into how coastal climate conditions and ice cap changes covaried during the last 2,000 years, due to tracked changes in its chemical composition and the amount of snowfall archived year after year in the core. Through their analysis, investigators found that during periods of past warming, ice caps were growing rather than melting, contradicting what we see in the present day.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2024-02-20): White began working on ice cores, the most reliable and accurate way for paleoclimatologists to recreate past climates – and past climate changes. The annual accumulation of snow in the Arctic, Greenland and Antarctica contains isotopic markers of the temperature at the moment it fell, as well as telltale traces of atmospheric components – from carbon dioxide to barium. Year after decade after century after millennium, these compressed snow layers trap air bubbles in them and become buried ice vaults, locking data into retrievable troves of climate and atmospheric information. Think of it as a mile-deep frozen filing cabinet. [...] White's ice–core studies helped reveal two striking facts. The first is that the Earth's great ice ages are bookmarked by a clear fluctuation in carbon dioxide levels: 180 parts per million (ppm) in the glacial periods, 280 ppm in the warmer periods (the level at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution about 150 years ago). A shift of 100 ppm in CO2 concentrations meant the difference between flowers blooming in the Arctic and ice a mile deep over Chicago. [...] At first, White was convinced that humans would understand the obvious implications of his ice-core data: The consequences of human-caused climate change "would basically cripple any kind of modern society." Then they'd quickly figure out alternatives to filling the atmosphere with burned fossil fuels.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2024-09-01): On the polar ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, scientists can extract ice cores up to 3km deep, taking us back 123,000 years in Greenland and over 800,000 years in Antarctica. [...] Antarctic ice cores show us that the concentration of carbon dioxide was stable over the last millennium until the early 19th century. [...] Ice cores can also help us identify more recent changes in the Earth's atmosphere, such as the radioactive material released during nuclear testing in the 1950s, or the results of introducing unleaded petrol in the 1980s.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2023-01-18): "This is an important finding and corroborates the suspicion that the ‘missing warming’ in the ice cores is due to the fact that the cores end before the strong warming sets in," said climate scientist Martin Stendel of the Danish Meteorological Institute, who wasn’t part of the research. The ice cores are used to make a chart of proxy temperatures for Greenland running from the year 1000 to 2011. It shows temperatures gently sloping cooler for the first 800 years, then wiggling up and down while sloping warmer until a sharp and sudden spike hotter from the 1990s on. One scientist compared it to a hockey stick, a description used for other long-term temperature data showing climate change. READ MORE: Greenland suspends oil exploration because of climate change The jump in temperature after 1995 is so much larger than pre-industrial times before the mid-19th century that there is "almost zero" chance that it is anything but human-caused climate change, Hoerhold said. The warming spike also mirrors a sudden rise in the amount of water running off from Greenland’s melting ice, the study finds.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2023-10-18): In recent decades, meltwater runoff from the GrIS has accelerated relative to global surface temperatures17 and there are precursor signals of an impending critical transition detectable in ice cores from the central-western GrIS18. There is, therefore, a need to explore the future trajectories of the GrIS under different emission scenarios. Furthermore, it is important to understand what is required to prevent a runaway effect. The so-far insufficient efforts to reduce global emissions make it necessary to investigate scenarios in which we do not achieve current warming targets, such as those defined in the Paris Agreement, by the end of the twenty-first century19,20,21. Different options to remove CO2 from the atmosphere, including carbon capture and storage technologies and large-scale reforestation, could make it possible to maintain such temperature goals in the long term, even if a temporary overshoot occurs22. These subsequent efforts to reduce GMTs after ad 2100 could have a substantial mitigating effect because many of the large-scale components of the climate system change slowly compared with the current rate of global warming. [...] Pattyn, F. et al. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets under 1.5 °C global warming. Nat. Clim. Change8, 1053–1061 (2018). [...] Noël, B., van Kampenhout, L., Lenaerts, J. T. M., van de Berg, W. J. & van den Broeke, M. R. A 21st century warming threshold for sustained Greenland ice sheet mass loss. Geophys. Res. Lett.48, e2020GL090471 (2021).
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2014-05-01): What they find out could have an impact on worldwide civilization within a few generations—especially in coastal regions. Ice cores may reveal whether Antarctica's western ice sheet melted fully the last time Earth's climate warmed to the temperatures the planet is predicted to reach in the next two centuries. If it did, it's likely to again, which would raise sea levels significantly enough to threaten many seaside cities. [...] "We would see much warmer temperatures and higher levels of sea salt reflected in the ice core chemistry if this location was hundreds of miles closer to the ocean in the past," Osterberg said. [...] When drilling an ice core at a remote site in Greenland in 2012, his team found out that a hurricane-strength storm was headed their way. Because their tents and equipment were high up on an unprotected, rocky ridge, the best defense would have been to move down into the valley. But they'd camped up high for a reason—warming temperatures in the region had been melting sea ice, which was driving many polar bears onto the land. The ridge was the best place to avoid them.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2021-05-26): A 120,000-year long climate record from a NW-Greenland deep ice core at ultra-high resolution [...] Steffensen, J. P. et al. High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years. Science321, 680–684, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157707 (2008). [...] Gkinis, V., Vinther, B.M., Popp, T.J. et al. A 120,000-year long climate record from a NW-Greenland deep ice core at ultra-high resolution.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2013-01-22): Greenland ice cores reveal warm climate of the past In the period between 130,000 and 115,000 years ago, Earth’s climate was warmer than today. But how much warmer was it and what did the warming do to global sea levels? – as we face global warming in the future, the answer to these questions is becoming very important. New research from the NEEM ice core drilling project in Greenland shows that the period was warmer than previously thought. The international research project is led by researchers from the Niels Bohr Institute and the very important results are published in the prestigious scientific journal, Nature. In the last million years the Earth’s climate has alternated between ice ages lasting about 100,000 years and interglacial periods of 10,000 to 15,000 years. The new results from the NEEM ice core drilling project in northwest Greenland, led by the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen show that the climate in Greenland was around 8 degrees C warmer than today during the last interglacial period, the Eemian period, 130,000 to 115,000 years ago.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2023-01-18): After years of research on the Greenland ice sheet – which CNN visited when the cores were drilled – scientists reported Wednesday in the journal Nature that temperatures there have been the warmest in at least the last 1,000 years – the longest amount of time their ice cores could be analyzed to. And they found that between 2001 and 2011, it was on average 1.5 degrees Celsius warmer than it was during the 20th century. [...] During pre-industrial times, there were no weather stations in Greenland that gathered temperature data like today. That’s why the scientists relied on paleoclimate data, such as ice cores, to study the region’s warming patterns. The last robust ice core analysis in Greenland ended in 1995, and that data didn’t detect warming despite climate change already being apparent elsewhere, Hörhold said. [...] Significant warming in Greenland’s ice sheet is nearing a tipping point, scientists say, which could trigger catastrophic melting. Greenland holds enough ice that if it all melted, it could lift global sea levels by roughly 24 feet, according to NASA.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2023-03-09): Ice cores are generally sliced into segments up to a meter long for transport and storage. Ice core storage requires specialized facilities. The National Science Foundation Ice Core Facility (NSF-ICF) houses ice cores from Greenland, Antarctica, and North America. The NSF-ICF’s main freezer provides 1,600 cubic meters (55,000 cubic feet) of storage space, kept at a frigid -36°C (-33°F). Although the facility has an on-site examination room, most ice analysis is performed offsite, after ice samples have been shipped to other research facilities. [...] As the NSF states, ice cores show lower carbon dioxide amounts over the past 400,000 years, but ice cores reach back even further in time. According to the NSF-ICF, cores extracted from the Greenland Ice Sheet preserve 130,000 years of climate history. Cores from the Antarctic Ice Sheet preserve up to 800,000 years. Researchers continually strive to extract older ice, so these ice-core-age limits will likely increase.
Claim: Ice cores from Greenland show no significant warming, casting doubt on the climate change theory (Stephen Andrews, 2024-03-08)
Evidence (2021-04-08): Paleoclimatic records of the Last Glacial reveal a series of abrupt warming events occurring in the North Atlantic region, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events, with counterparts in lower latitudes1 and Antarctic climate archives2,3. Oxygen isotope (δ18O) profiles from Greenland ice cores provide master records of this climate variability4,5, illustrating fluctuations between Greenland Stadial (GS) phases with full glacial conditions and milder Greenland Interstadial (GI) phases (Fig. 1). The D-O climate variability is commonly linked to changes in the intensity of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), resulting in heat transport changes from the low to the northern high latitudes6,7. However, no consensus exists yet to explain what triggers the abrupt warmings, characterized by Greenland surface temperature increases of 5–16 °C within a few decades to centuries8. Among the proposed paradigms, mechanisms involving changes in Nordic Seas sea-ice cover9, atmospheric circulation10, or the collapse of ice shelves11 have been investigated. Recent studies suggest that abrupt climate variability can result entirely from unforced12 or noise-induced oscillations of the coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean system that alter poleward energy transport (ref. 13 and 14 for reviews).