copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2024-02-20): Doing an autopsy on a COVID-positive body is risky, but they had the special protective equipment and high-containment room they needed to do it. And maybe they could learn something that would help save some of the hundreds of thousands of people around the world who will fight COVID-19 for their lives in the months to come. [...] Marshall says that the risk of infection that this virus poses has changed how they perform all autopsies, regardless of whether the person was suspected to have COVID-19 or not. [...] That’s an important finding because ICU physicians in the Netherlands, New York and other places have been reporting that 20 to 40 percent of COVID-19 patients in intensive care have blood that clots abnormally. These doctors worry that tiny clots may be interfering with blood circulation in those sickest with coronavirus. That could be one reason the mortality rate among these patients is so high.
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2022-02-17): Lung tissues from patients with fatal COVID-19 have revealed pathology cascades that include progressive diffuse alveolar damage, alveolar–capillary barrier damage, surfactant-production loss, and increased vascular permeability. Such findings typify those of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, based on the detection of viral protein and RNA remnants, the same lung tissues also reveal novel pathology cascades that are distinct from those of pandemic influenza and SARS-CoV infection, and that arise from direct SARS-CoV-2 infection of respiratory epithelial and basal cells, alveolar type 1 and 2 cells, and capillary endothelial cells. Infection triggers pathways involved in the senescence pf epithelial and endothelial cells, impaired epithelial repair, increased procoagulants (e.g., PAI-1 or SERPINE1) in endothelial cells and neutrophils, coagulopathies from inhibition of fibrinolysis, and pulmonary fibrosis (Fig. 1b). The associated alveolitis and endotheliopathy culminates in dead lung acinar units that cannot replenish cells and thereby recover1. [...] Are COVID-19 coagulopathies due to pre-existing systemic endotheliopathies or a cause of them? [...] Using autopsies to dissect COVID-19 pathogenesis
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-04-29): The autopsy debate during the COVID-19 emergency: the Italian experience [...] On April 1, the Italian Ministry of Health published an official document on autopsies during the SARS-CoV2 epidemics [5]. Below is a summary of the main indications: [...] Sapino, A., Facchetti, F., Bonoldi, E. et al. The autopsy debate during the COVID-19 emergency: the Italian experience.
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2022-04-25): Fabbri, V.P.; Riefolo, M.; Lazzarotto, T.; Gabrielli, L.; Cenacchi, G.; Gallo, C.; Aspide, R.; Frascaroli, G.; Liguori, R.; Lodi, R.; et al. COVID-19 and the Brain: The Neuropathological Italian Experience on 33 Adult Autopsies. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12050629 Fabbri VP, Riefolo M, Lazzarotto T, Gabrielli L, Cenacchi G, Gallo C, Aspide R, Frascaroli G, Liguori R, Lodi R, et al. COVID-19 and the Brain: The Neuropathological Italian Experience on 33 Adult Autopsies. Biomolecules. 2022; 12(5):629. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12050629 Chicago/Turabian StyleFabbri, Viscardo P., Mattia Riefolo, Tiziana Lazzarotto, Liliana Gabrielli, Giovanna Cenacchi, Carmine Gallo, Raffaele Aspide, Guido Frascaroli, Rocco Liguori, Raffaele Lodi, and et al. 2022. "COVID-19 and the Brain: The Neuropathological Italian Experience on 33 Adult Autopsies" Biomolecules 12, no. 5: 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12050629
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-07-09): Pulmonary pathology and COVID-19: lessons from autopsy. The experience of European Pulmonary Pathologists [...] The two largest studies published by Swiss and German groups included 21 and 12 COVID-19 patients, respectively [39, 40]. In the first case series, the primary cause of death was respiratory failure with exudative DAD, massive capillary congestion often accompanied by microthrombi despite anticoagulation and, interestingly, in half of the cases also a superimposed bronchopneumonia [39]. This study provided the first largest overview of post-mortem findings in 21 COVID-19 cases, reporting that hypertensive, elderly, obese, male individuals with severe cardiovascular comorbidities as well as those with blood group A may have a lower threshold of tolerance for COVID-19 [39]. Almost in the same period, Wichmann et al. reported deep venous thrombosis in a high percentage of patients (58%). Venous thromboembolism was not suspected before death and pulmonary embolism was the direct cause of death in four of them, thus suggesting an important role of COVID-19-induced coagulopathy in patient mortality [40]. Pulmonary emboli occluding the main pulmonary arteries were found to be fatal also in two patients described by Grimes et al. who argued that the SARS-CoV-2 infection, like the influenza virus and SARS-CoV, could be associated with coagulation disorders that may lead to thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation [41]. [...] Calabrese, F., Pezzuto, F., Fortarezza, F. et al. Pulmonary pathology and COVID-19: lessons from autopsy. The experience of European Pulmonary Pathologists.
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2021-04-01): Maiese A, Manetti AC, La Russa R, Di Paolo M, Turillazzi E, Frati P, et al. Autopsy findings in COVID-19-related deaths: a literature review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-020-00310-8. Borczuk AC, Salvatore SP, Seshan SV, Patel SS, Bussel JB, Mostyka M, et al. COVID-19 pulmonary pathology: a multi-institutional autopsy cohort from Italy and New York City. Mod Pathol. 2020;33:2156–68. [...] Borczuk AC. Pulmonary pathology of COVID-19: a review of autopsy studies. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2021. Epub ahead of print. PMID 33399353.
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-10-23): In particular, early autopsies showed that Covid-19 was causing blood clots all over the body. Some were fatal: Fowkes says that in the first 17 patients her team autopsied, four had died from pulmonary emboli, blockages in the blood vessels of the lungs. Jeffrey Jhang, a pathologist at Mount Sinai who runs laboratory tests for living patients, had noticed some large clots in blood samples he received early on. As autopsies also demonstrated the pervasiveness of clotting, the team at Mount Sinai decided they should treat Covid-19 patients with blood thinners and regularly test for signs of clotting. [...] Through autopsies, pathologists have also uncovered illnesses that sneak in behind Covid-19. Of the samples his team are analyzing, Hewitt says, about three quarters of patients are actually dying from secondary bacterial infections, rather than from Covid-19 itself. When the immune system is battered from fighting Covid-19, simple bacterial and fungal infections can become fatal. "I’ve got one right now on my desk where the patient was in the hospital for about two days," says Hewitt. During that time, the medical team never realized that the patient had what Hewitt describes as "an overwhelming bronchopneumonia," caused by a secondary infection. [...] These kinds of findings have led more hospitals with the resources to increase autopsies of Covid-19 patients to do so. "My impression from discussions with my colleagues around the country is that more and more centers are realizing that that there is value and importance to doing autopsies on patients with Covid-19," says Stone.
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2023-01-13): Explanation: Scientific studies published so far confirm that COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus that affects the respiratory system and should not be treated with antibiotics. In addition, specialists point out that pulmonary thrombosis can further complicate the course of pneumonia.
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2021-04-27): Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists has shown that it is not pneumonia but it is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (Thrombosis) which ought to be fought with antibiotics, antivirals, anti-inflammatories and anticoagulants. [...] Hold on to your hats folks, read this and spread the word!This is the text of the article (now gone). Luckily, I found it with a friend and copied it.Autopsies Prove that COVID-19 is a Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (Pulmonary Thrombosis)Published on May 9, 2020Ted CotéIt is now clear that the whole world has been attacking the so-called Coronavirus Pandemic wrongly due to a serious pathophysiological diagnosis error.According to valuable information from Italian pathologists, ventilators and intensive care units were never needed.Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists has shown that it is not pneumonia but it is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (Thrombosis) which ought to be fought with antibiotics, antivirals, anti-inflammatories and anticoagulants.If this is true for all cases, that means the whole world is about to resolve this novel pandemic earlier than expected.However, protocols are currently being changed in Italy who have been adversely affected by this pandemic.The impressive case of a Mexican family in the United States who claimed they were cured with a home remedy was documented: three 500 mg aspirins dissolved in lemon juice boiled with honey, taken hot. The next day they woke up as if nothing had happened to them! [...] The Facebook post claims that "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists has shown that it is not pneumonia but it is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (Thrombosis) which ought to be fought with antibiotics, antivirals, anti-inflammatories and anticoagulants."
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-05-30): FULL CLAIM: "It is now clear that the whole world has been attacking the so-called coronavirus pandemic wrongly due to a serious pathophysiological diagnosis error. ... Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that it is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation (thrombosis) which ought to be fought with antibiotics, antivirals, anti-inflammatories and anticoagulants." The claim that autopsies in Italy prove that COVID-19 is not pneumonia but disseminated intravascular coagulation began circulating from mid-April 2020 onwards on various platforms such as Whatsapp, YouTube and Facebook in several languages such as Spanish, French, German, and more recently, English. English-language Facebook posts, based on a blog post making the same claim, went viral towards the end of May 2020, receiving more than 810,000 views to date. [...] Various versions of a message are being highly circulated across social media, which says that, according to Italian physicians, the virus SARS-CoV-2 is being "treated wrongly", as the cause of death in patients is not pneumonia but a "disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (thrombosis)". There has also been a highly circulated video attributed to the Honduran physician and neuropsychologist Daniel Davila Nolasco regarding the same claim.
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-11-09): Laura Falasca, Roberta Nardacci, Daniele Colombo, Eleonora Lalle, Antonino Di Caro, Emanuele Nicastri, Andrea Antinori, Nicola Petrosillo, Luisa Marchioni, Gianluigi Biava, Gianpiero D’Offizi, Fabrizio Palmieri, Delia Goletti, Alimuddin Zumla, Giuseppe Ippolito, Mauro Piacentini, Franca Del Nonno, COVID-19 INMI Study Group, Postmortem Findings in Italian Patients With COVID-19: A Descriptive Full Autopsy Study of Cases With and Without Comorbidities, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 222, Issue 11, 1 December 2020, Pages 1807–1815, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa578
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-04-08): The autopsy debate during the COVID-19 emergency: the Italian experience - PMID: 32350596 - PMCID: PMC7190281 - DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02828-2 The autopsy debate during the COVID-19 emergency: the Italian experience [...] References - - Rapporto ISS COVID-19 n. 6/2020 - Procedura per l’esecuzione di riscontri diagnostici in pazienti deceduti con infezione da SARS-CoV-2. Versione del 23 marzo 2020. https://www.iss.it/documents/20126/0/Rapporto+COVID-19+n.+6_2020+Autopsi.... Accessed 8 April 2020 - - Infezione respiratoria da COVID-19 DOCUMENTO SU AUTOPSIA E RISCONTRO DIAGNOSTICO"prodotto da COMLAS e SIAPEC-IAP. https://www.siapec.it/public/uploads/archiviodocumenti/PRD%20COVID-19-9%.... Accessed 8 April 2020 - - Fineschi V et al (2020) Management of the corpse with suspect, probable or confirmed COVID-19 respiratory infection – Italian interim recommendations for personnel potentially exposed to material from corpses, including body fluids, in morgue structures and during autopsy practice. Pathologica. 10.32074/1591-951X-13-20 - PMC - PubMed - - Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao P, Liu H, Zhu L, Tai Y, Bai C, Gao T, Song J, Xia P, Dong J, Zhao J, Wang FS. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420–422. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X. - DOI - PMC - PubMed - - Indicazioni emergenziali connesse ad epidemia COVID-19 riguardanti il settore funebre, cimiteriale e di cremazione. Ministero della Salute-Direzione Generale Della Prevenzione Sanitaria. Ufficio 4 - 0011285-01/04/2020-DGPRE-DGPRE-P. http://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/norme/renderNormsanPdf?anno=2020&cod.... Accessed 8 April 2020
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-09-02): This is a multicenter retrospective study of 68 consecutive COVID-19 autopsies performed in 3 centers (New York Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Medicine—WCMC, NYC, USA (n = 23), Mount Sinai Hospital—MSH, NYC, USA (n = 25) and University Hospital of Padova—UHP, IT (n = 20))—and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by local Medical Ethical Committee of the three referral centers. Written informed consent for autopsy study was obtained from next of kin and this was the sole selection criterion. According to the New Coronavirus Pneumonia Prevention and Control Program (7th edition), the diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by nucleic acid testing of nasopharyngeal swabbed secretion, radiologic features of viral pneumonia, and clinical symptoms. Relevant laboratory values were recorded; however, several patients died prior to laboratory testing. [...] Borczuk, A.C., Salvatore, S.P., Seshan, S.V. et al. COVID-19 pulmonary pathology: a multi-institutional autopsy cohort from Italy and New York City.
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2023-10-05): Using autopsies to dissect COVID-19 pathogenesis [...] Wichmann, D. et al. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19. Ann. Intern. Med.173, 268–277 (2020). [...] Perico, L. et al. Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19. Nat. Rev. Nephrol.17, 46–64 (2021).
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-06-11): "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists has shown that it is not pneumonia but it is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (Thrombosis) which ought to be fought with antibiotics, antivirals, anti-inflammatories and anticoagulants." As we have written before, it is incorrect to say that Covid-19 patients have been misdiagnosed with pneumonia when they have disseminated intravascular coagulation. Pneumonia is a common complication of severe Covid-19, and disseminated intravascular coagulation can also be present in Covid-19 pneumonia patients.
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2021-01-20): Tang et al. [8] reported that 71.4% of COVID-19 patients who did not survive met the criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), while only 0.6% of survivors met the criteria. It is worth noting that the coagulation and fibrinolysis disorders in the pulmonary circulation and bronchoalveolar spaces may be important factors in the pathogenesis of ARDS in COVID-19. [...] In the ultrastructure, small blood vessels show duplication of basement membrane and obvious endothelial swelling, accompanied by cytoplasmic vacuolation. The report proposes that COVID-19 pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease (tracheobronchitis, DAD, and vascular injury), usually involving pulmonary blood vessels with capillary microthrombosis and inflammation and large thrombosis. Viral infection in the area of persistent active injury leads to persistent and temporal heterogeneous lung injury [49]. Autopsy of 38 cases showed that organ involvement and the characteristics of thrombosis in COVID-19 were related to immune thrombosis. In COVID-19, inflammatory microvascular thrombi exist in the lungs, kidneys, and heart, including extraneutrophil traps associated with platelets and fibrin. COVID-19 patients also show neutrophil platelet aggregation and obvious neutrophil and platelet activation patterns in the blood, which vary with the severity of the disease. The abnormal immune thrombotic regulation of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is related to ARDS and systemic hypercoagulability [41]. In order to determine the role of microthrombosis in COVID-19, further work is needed. [...] Disseminated intravascular coagulation - ARDS:
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-07-01): Like other severe infections, COVID-19 pneumonia may induce sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) and (if not controlled despite adequate medical therapy) progress to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) [8]. DIC is one of the severe complications identified in patients with pneumonia, septicaemia, malignancy and other severe diseases [9]. The clinical diagnosis of DIC is made on rapid progression of serious deterioration of organ functions resulting in a boost of intravascular thrombin generation and microthrombi with secondary parenchymal bleeding through endothelial leakage [10]. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) may develop in COVID-19 patients via immunologic and toxic activation of intravascular and platelet-released thrombin [7]. The occurrence of fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) may be more frequent than that described so far and is the subject of ongoing examinations in pathology [7].
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-05-31): Abstract :1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 2.1. Hemostasis Parameters in COVID-19 2.2. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in COVID-19 2.3. D-Dimer Generation in COVID-19: Different Pathways? [...] - Hunt, B.; Retter, A.; McClintock, C. Practical Guidance for the Prevention of Thrombosis and Management of Coagulopathy and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation of Patients Infected with COVID-19. Available online: https://thrombosisuk.org/downloads/T&H%20and%20COVID.pdf (accessed on 28 April 2020). [...] - Lillicrap, D. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2020, 18, 786–787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2020-07-01): Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that was first reported in Wuhan, China, and has subsequently spread worldwide. Risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 pneumonia have not yet been well delineated.
Claim: "Autopsies performed by the Italian pathologists [have] shown that [COVID-19] is not pneumonia but it is disseminated intravascular coagulation" (Chinonyerem Emmanuella, Facebook users, 2020-05-01)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Two interrelated and mutually reinforcing phenomena, that is, thrombosis and inflammation, are together believed to result in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and consumption coagulopathy as a terminal event in COVID-19,[2627] which is far more likely in nonsurvivors (71.4%) compared to survivors (0.6%).[28] In a recent report from Italy, hospitalized COVID-19 patients had arterial and venous thromboembolic complications, occurring at a cumulative rate of 21%, and DIC as a secondary outcome was present in 2.2% cases with associated elevated D-dimer levels indicating inflammatory and procoagulant state in these patients, particularly in those patients who succumbed to their illness.[29] Latest literature showed that COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients experienced much higher (11.7%) rate of thromboembolic complications compared to non-COVID-19 ARDS patients.[30] A recent series on 12 COVID-19 autopsy cases reported deep-vein thrombosis in seven cases, in which venous thromboembolism was not suspected antemortem.[31] Apart from hemostatic functions, both coagulation factors and platelets also act as an immunomodulator through their pro-inflammatory properties.[32]