copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2023-02-09): Glaciers form as layers of snow accumulate on top of each other. Each layer of snow is different in chemistry and texture, summer snow differing from winter snow. Over time, the buried snow compresses under the weight of the snow above it, forming ice. Particulates and dissolved chemicals that were captured by the falling snow become a part of the ice, as do bubbles of trapped air. Layers of ice accumulate over seasons and years, creating a record of the climate conditions at the time of formation, including snow accumulation, local temperature, the chemical composition of the atmosphere including greenhouse gas concentrations, volcanic activity, and solar activity. [...] At sites where the ice is well below freezing, such as the interiors of the polar ice sheets, mechanical drills must be used. In contrast, thermal drills are particularly effective at coring through warmer ice (e.g., ice approximately above -10°C) and are frequently used on mid- or low-latitude glaciers. On many non-polar glaciers, however, ice conditions can vary from "cold" ice to "warm" ice, requiring both mechanical and thermal drilling to retrieve the best possible core quality over the entire depth interval that is drilled.
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2021-06-04): Geological records show that there have been a number of large variations in the Earth’s climate. These have been caused by many natural factors, including changes in the sun, emissions from volcanoes, variations in Earth’s orbit and levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). Global climate change has typically occurred very slowly, over thousands or millions of years. However, research shows that the current climate is changing more rapidly than shown in geological records. [...] Each of these factors contributes to changes in the Earth’s climate, but the way they interact with each other makes it more complicated. A change in any one of these can lead to additional and enhanced or reduced changes in the others.
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2020-06-22): Ice sheets have one particularly special property. They allow us to go back in time and to sample accumulation, air temperature and air chemistry from another time[1]. Ice core records allow us to generate continuous reconstructions of past climate, going back at least 800,000 years[2]. By looking at past concentrations of greenhouse gasses in layers in ice cores, scientists can calculate how modern amounts of carbon dioxide and methane compare to those of the past, and, essentially, compare past concentrations of greenhouse gasses to temperature. [...] The large Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have huge, high plateaux where snow accumulates in an ordered fashion. Slow ice flow at the centre of these ice sheets (near the ice divide) means that the stratigraphy of the snow and ice is preserved. Drilling a vertical hole through this ice involves a serious effort involving many scientists and technicians, and usually involves a static field camp for a prolonged period of time. [...] Ice cores provide us with lots of information beyond bubbles of gas in the ice. For example, melt layers are related to summer temperatures. More melt layers indicate warmer summer air temperatures. Melt layers are formed when the surface snow melts, releasing water to percolate down through the snow pack. They form bubble-free ice layers, visible in the ice core. The distribution of melt layers through time is a function of the past climate, and has been used, for example, to show increased melting in the Twentieth Century around the NE Antarctic Peninsula[8].
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2009-01-01): What they found was alarming. The Greenland ice sheet, parts of the Antarctic ice sheet, and Arctic sea ice are melting at rates that are unprecedented in the last 10,000 years. [...] Ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland may have already passed the point of no return; their collapse could raise sea levels by 10 metres [...] The Greenland ice sheet is also melting at an accelerating rate, and could add a further seven metres to sea levels. Models show that the Greenland ice sheet will collapse when the Earth warms to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, which could happen as soon as 2030.
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2021-09-29): Rain fell on Greenland summit for the first time on record, as accurately reported by CNN "The article is highly factual. One issue that we have is the lack of data over the Greenland Ice Sheet (both spatially and temporally). Thus some of the claims, although backed by the limited data, are valid; we can’t be sure that we may have missed similar outliers. For example, we can’t be sure that a rain event of the type described did not occur in the period before observations were made or may have occurred somewhere on the ice sheet before in a region without any observations."
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2020-05-06): There are many places on Earth where fire meets ice. Volcanoes located in high-latitude regions are frequently snow- and ice-covered. In recent years, some have speculated that volcanic activity could be playing a role in the present-day loss of ice mass from Earth’s polar ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. But does the science support that idea? In short, the answer is a definitive "no," though recent studies have shed important new light on the matter. For example, a 2017 NASA-led study by geophysicists Erik Ivins and Helene Seroussi of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory added evidence to bolster a longstanding hypothesis that a heat source called a mantle plume lies deep below Antarctica's Marie Byrd Land, explaining some of the melting that creates lakes and rivers under the ice sheet. While the study may help explain why the ice sheet collapsed rapidly in an earlier era of rapid climate change and why it’s so unstable today, the researchers emphasized that the heat source isn't a new or increasing threat to the West Antarctic ice sheet, but rather has been going on over geologic timescales, and therefore represents a background contribution to the melting of the ice sheet.
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2023-05-11): Glaciers and ice sheets, large land-based formations of ice, are melting as global temperatures rise. That meltwater drains into the sea, increasing the ocean's water volume and global sea level. Melting ice has caused about two-thirds of the rise in sea level to date, one-third from land ice in Greenland and Antarctica and one third from melting ice on mountains. Ice sheets and glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica melt three ways: from above due to warming air, from the sides as they break off into the sea, and from below due to warming ocean water where the ice extends over the sea. Because of this, the rate of ice melt varies from place to place as conditions change. The Arctic is warming more quickly than the Antarctic, which explains why the ice there is thinning more quickly. However, recent research suggests that the melting of Antarctica’s ice shelves may be unstoppable—although the process may take centuries.
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The only ice sheets on Earth currently cover Antarctica and Greenland. Ice sheets are enormous continental masses of glacial ice and snow expanding over 50,000 square kilometers (19,300 square miles). The ice sheet on Antarctica is over 4.7 kilometers (3 miles) thick in some areas, covering nearly all the land features except the Transantarctic Mountains, which protrude above the ice. Another example is the Greenland Ice Sheet. In the past ice ages, huge ice sheets also covered most of Canada (the Laurentide Ice Sheet) and Scandinavia (the Scandinavian Ice Sheet), but these have now disappeared, leaving only a few ice caps and mountain glaciers behind. [...] Scientists have adopted three general approaches to ice sheet mass balance measurement: comparing outflow and melt to snowfall accumulation (the mass budget method), observing changes in glacier elevation (volume change or geodetic method), and detecting changes in Earth’s gravity field over the ice sheet (gravimetric method). [...] Satellite radar altimetry mapping and change detection, developed in the early to mid-1990s, allowed the research community to finally extract reliable quantitative information regarding the overall growth or reduction of the volume of the ice sheets. Like the 2002 publication, in which researchers were able to report that both large ice sheets were losing mass.
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2023-12-07): The study was assembled over seven years by a consortium of more than 80 researchers from 16 nations. It appears today in the journal Science. [...] The giant caveat: Earth system sensitivity describes climate changes over hundreds of thousands of years, not the decades and centuries that are immediately relevant to humans. The authors say that over long periods, increases in temperature may emerge from intertwined Earth processes that go beyond the immediate greenhouse effect created by CO2 in the air. These include melting of polar ice sheets, which would reduce the Earth’s ability to reflect solar energy; changes in terrestrial plant cover; and changes in clouds and atmospheric aerosols that could either heighten or lower temperatures. [...] The researchers confirmed the long-held belief that the hottest period was about 50 million years ago, when CO2 spiked to as much as 1,600 ppm, and temperatures were as much as 12 degrees C higher than today. But by around 34 million years ago, CO2 had dropped enough that the present-day Antarctic ice sheet began developing. With some ups and downs, this was followed by a further long-term CO2 decline, during which the ancestors of many modern-day plants and animals evolved. This suggests, the paper’s authors say, that variations in CO2 affect not only climate, but ecosystems.
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2022-07-18): Explore a stunning gallery of before-and-after images of Earth from land and space that reveal our home planet in a state of flux. Travel through Earth's recent climate history and see how increasing carbon dioxide, global temperature and sea ice have changed over time. [...] Earth's ice cover is shrinking. See how climate change has affected glaciers, sea ice, and continental ice sheets.
Claim: [A] series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets. (James Edward Kamis, 2018-08-07)
Evidence (2010-06-03): These natural causes are still in play today, but their influence is too small or they occur too slowly to explain the rapid warming seen in recent decades. We know this because scientists closely monitor the natural and human activities that influence climate with a fleet of satellites and surface instruments. [...] Perhaps the most well known feedback comes from melting snow and ice in the Northern Hemisphere. Warming temperatures are already melting a growing percentage of Arctic sea ice, exposing dark ocean water during the perpetual sunlight of summer. Snow cover on land is also dwindling in many areas. In the absence of snow and ice, these areas go from having bright, sunlight-reflecting surfaces that cool the planet to having dark, sunlight-absorbing surfaces that bring more energy into the Earth system and cause more warming. [...] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that sea levels will rise between 0.18 and 0.59 meters (0.59 to 1.9 feet) by 2099 as warming sea water expands, and mountain and polar glaciers melt. These sea level change predictions may be underestimates, however, because they do not account for any increases in the rate at which the world’s major ice sheets are melting. As temperatures rise, ice will melt more quickly. Satellite measurements reveal that the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets are shedding about 125 billion tons of ice per year—enough to raise sea levels by 0.35 millimeters (0.01 inches) per year. If the melting accelerates, the increase in sea level could be significantly higher.
Claim: “Moderna and Pfizer shots have a bovine protein in them that then creates an autoimmune response in those that take the shot so that many of them can no longer eat beef” (Alex Jones, 2023-11-08)
Evidence (2023-11-08): Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is a condition where people develop an allergic reaction to products containing the sugar molecule alpha-gal (galactose-α-1,3-galactose). Alpha-gal is present in animal-derived products, including red meat, milk, and ingredients of animal origin in certain vaccines, like gelatin or bovine serum. However, mRNA COVID-19 vaccines don’t contain animal products, therefore they don’t carry the risk of causing allergic reactions in people with AGS nor would they be expected to cause a meat allergy.
Claim: “Moderna and Pfizer shots have a bovine protein in them that then creates an autoimmune response in those that take the shot so that many of them can no longer eat beef” (Alex Jones, 2023-11-08)
Evidence (2024-03-05): The updated vaccines, from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna, are available for those ages 6 months and older. The Food and Drug Administration approved the mRNA vaccines on Sept. 11 for those 12 years of age and up, and the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for children ages 6 months to 11 years old. The next day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices voted 13 to 1 to recommend that everyone 6 months and older should get the shots, and the CDC endorsed that recommendation. [...] All of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines — the originals, the bivalent boosters and the latest updates — use the same mRNA technology to trigger an immune response to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The spike protein is what the virus uses to enter cells. The mRNA in these vaccines provides instructions for cells to make their own spike proteins, which subsequently generates protective antibodies and T cells in the body. [...] Some studies suggest that the shots may produce a lower immune response if given on the same day, although it is not clear if such a reduction is clinically significant, the agency says.
Claim: “Moderna and Pfizer shots have a bovine protein in them that then creates an autoimmune response in those that take the shot so that many of them can no longer eat beef” (Alex Jones, 2023-11-08)
Evidence (2024-01-31): The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines work by introducing mRNA (messenger RNA) into your muscle cells. The cells make copies of the spike protein and the mRNA is quickly degraded (within a few days). The cell breaks the mRNA up into small harmless pieces. mRNA is very fragile; that's one reason why mRNA vaccines must be so carefully preserved at very low temperatures.
Claim: “Moderna and Pfizer shots have a bovine protein in them that then creates an autoimmune response in those that take the shot so that many of them can no longer eat beef” (Alex Jones, 2023-11-08)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Both the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (Comirnaty®) and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (Spikevax™) use messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) to stimulate an immune response that can protect against future infection. Memorial Sloan Kettering infectious disease specialist Tobias Hohl discusses the technology of mRNA vaccines. [...] Traditional vaccines put a weakened or inactivated germ into our bodies. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, like the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines, teach cells how to make a protein that triggers an immune response if someone gets infected. When the vaccine is injected into the upper arm, the mRNA enters cells near the site of the injection and tells the cells to start making the same protein that is found in the COVID-19 virus. The immune system recognizes this protein and begins producing antibodies that can fight the virus if the vaccinated person is later infected. [...] The idea is that the first shot primes the immune system, helping it recognize the virus, and the second shot strengthens the immune response. Pfizer’s second shot is given three weeks after the first one; Moderna’s is spaced four weeks later. It is very important to have both doses of the same vaccine and follow the same procedures that made the clinical trials so successful.
Claim: “Moderna and Pfizer shots have a bovine protein in them that then creates an autoimmune response in those that take the shot so that many of them can no longer eat beef” (Alex Jones, 2023-11-08)
Evidence (2024-04-19): As with most other COVID-19 vaccine designs, the Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA vaccine works by triggering an immune response against the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which sits on the surface of the virus and is what the virus uses to enter cells. [...] A CDC study found that during the omicron wave, adults who had received two doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna vaccines had a 79% lower risk of dying or needing a ventilator if hospitalized with COVID-19, compared with unvaccinated adults. Those who had received a booster vaccine dose as well had a 94% lower risk. [...] The link between the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines and rare cases of heart inflammation has been confirmed in subsequent work. A 2024 report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine "found convincing evidence that established a causal relationship with myocarditis" for both vaccines. The report, which looked at potential vaccine harms that were the subject of compensation claims, was not able to establish a causal relationship between the two vaccines and any other purported harms — in some cases favoring rejection of a causal relationship and in others finding insufficient data to draw a conclusion.
Claim: “Moderna and Pfizer shots have a bovine protein in them that then creates an autoimmune response in those that take the shot so that many of them can no longer eat beef” (Alex Jones, 2023-11-08)
Evidence (2024-02-20): As the updated COVID vaccines roll out around the country, one more competitor has joined the mix. In early October the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized a new booster shot made by the company Novavax. Like the mRNA-based Pfizer and Moderna shots, it targets a SARS-CoV-2 variant, XBB.1.5, which is a descendant of Omicron. It is the first protein vaccine to appear in more than a year, which some public health experts say is encouraging news for people who are hesitant the mRNA vaccines that have been widely used throughout the pandemic. [...] Unlike Moderna’s and Pfizer’s mRNA vaccines, which contain modified viral genetic material that the body’s own cellular machinery uses to make viral proteins that elicit an immune response, Novavax relies on a more traditional approach in which proteins resembling those in SARS-CoV-2 are injected directly into the body. This protein-based method has been used for more than 30 years in other vaccines, such as the hepatitis B vaccine. The company Novavax produces the protein in moth cells, which grow more quickly than mammalian cells.
Claim: “Moderna and Pfizer shots have a bovine protein in them that then creates an autoimmune response in those that take the shot so that many of them can no longer eat beef” (Alex Jones, 2023-11-08)
Evidence (2023-12-18): In a recent study, published in Nature, my colleagues and I revealed that these unintended proteins were produced in a third of the 21 people who participated in the study and were vaccinated with the Pfizer mRNA vaccine. Also, those people generated an immune response against these proteins. [...] The data is clear: there is no evidence linking unintended proteins and immune responses with harm. It’s important to note that humans regularly encounter unintended proteins and generate harmless immune responses, as seen with proteins produced from our food or by harmless gut bacteria. These immune responses, which occur in all of us constantly, are controlled by our immune system to prevent them from causing damage to our bodies.
Claim: “Moderna and Pfizer shots have a bovine protein in them that then creates an autoimmune response in those that take the shot so that many of them can no longer eat beef” (Alex Jones, 2023-11-08)
Evidence (2023-11-14): Protein to cause immune response [...] People who've had a severe allergic reaction to any of the vaccine's ingredients or after a prior dose of a Moderna vaccine shouldn't get the vaccine. [...] Moderna Existing health conditions
Claim: “Moderna and Pfizer shots have a bovine protein in them that then creates an autoimmune response in those that take the shot so that many of them can no longer eat beef” (Alex Jones, 2023-11-08)
Evidence (2024-04-19): Whereas the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine includes 30 micrograms of mRNA in each dose, Moderna’s original shot has 100 micrograms (Moderna boosters and omicron-updated bivalent and monovalent doses have 50 micrograms); the two vaccines also use a different mix of lipids. These differences may explain why Moderna’s vaccine appears to produce more expected side effects than its competitor. [...] Some data indicate that the Moderna vaccine is more likely than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine to cause rare cases of myocarditis or pericarditis. [...] The link between the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines and rare cases of heart inflammation has been confirmed in subsequent work. A 2024 report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine "found convincing evidence that established a causal relationship with myocarditis" for both vaccines. The report, which looked at potential vaccine harms that were the subject of compensation claims, was not able to establish a causal relationship between the two vaccines and any other purported harms — in some cases favoring rejection of a causal relationship and in others finding insufficient data to draw a conclusion.