copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-01): When the European nations began to partition Africa among themselves in the late 19th century, France already possessed (from 1862) a coaling station at Obock near the mouth of the Red Sea. By the end of the 1880s, France had expanded its holdings to the area of present Djibouti, which was known as French Somaliland. In 1967 it was renamed the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas. [...] Djibouti’s somewhat acrimonious relationship with neighbouring Eritrea (a former Ethiopian province that had gained independence in 1993) worsened in April 2008 when Eritrea amassed troops along the Ras Doumeira border area of Djibouti; this action resulted in border skirmishes that in June led to the deaths of more than 30 people and injuries to many more. Eritrea’s actions were widely criticized, notably by the African Union, the United Nations Security Council, and the Arab League, and the UN Security Council imposed sanctions on Eritrea in 2009. Eritrean troops eventually left Djibouti in June 2010. Eritrea remained under UN sanctions until November 2018, when the Security Council agreed to lift them. This came on the heels of a September 2018 agreement between Djibouti and Eritrea to restore relations and was one of several rapprochements that occurred in 2018 among the various Horn of Africa countries, inspiring hope for a future of greater regional stability.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-19): Ras Doumeira (Cape Doumeira, Somali: Raas Dumeera) is a geographic cape that extends into the Red Sea, towards the Doumeira Islands. The area is in the north of Djibouti and also border Eritrea, and was the subject of the 2008 border dispute between the two countries. In September 2018 ten years after the conflict, it was announced that Djibouti and Eritrea agreed to normalize their relations. [1]
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-03): Islands in the Gulf of Tadjoura 4 [...] List of islands of Djibouti 5 languages العربية [...] Doumeira [ note 1 ]
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-11-24): The Doumeira Islands (Somali: Dumeera, Tigrinya: ዱሜራ, Arabic: دميرة) are situated northeast of Djibouti and east of Eritrea near the Bab el-Mandeb in the Red Sea. They consist of Doumeira, located less than one kilometer off of the Eritrean and Djiboutian shore, and the much smaller island of Kallîda, which is 250 metres (820 ft) to the east. The currently-in-force 1900 boundary agreement specifies that the international boundary starts at Cape Doumeira (Ras Doumeira) at the Red Sea and runs for 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) along the watershed divide of the peninsula. Furthermore, the 1900 protocol specified that Ile Doumeira (Doumeira Island) immediately offshore and its adjacent smaller islets would not be assigned sovereignty and would remain a demilitarized neutral zone.[1] In January 1935, Italy and France signed the Franco-Italian Agreement wherein, among other things, a strip of territory at the northernmost end of French Somaliland (Djibouti), including the Doumeira Islands, was ceded to Italy (Eritrea).[2] However, the question of ratification has brought this agreement, and its provision of substantial parts of Djibouti to Eritrea, into question.[3][4] In April 1996 the two countries almost went to war after a Djibouti official accused Eritrea of shelling Ras Doumeira.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-31): Background [edit]The currently in force 1900 boundary agreement specifies that the international boundary starts at Cape Doumeira (Ras Doumeira) at the Red Sea and runs for 1.5 km along the watershed divide of the peninsula. Furthermore, the 1900 protocol specified that Île Doumeira (Doumeira Island) immediately offshore and its adjacent smaller islets would not be assigned sovereignty and would remain demilitarized.[8] Djibouti and Eritrea had twice previously clashed over the border area. In January 1935, Italy and France signed the Franco-Italian Agreement wherein parts of French Somaliland (Djibouti) were given to Italy (Eritrea).[9] The actual border at Ras Doumeira (a hill) though was never fully demarcated save for a broad agreement that the northern slopes of hill were Italian and the southern slopes were French and this arrangement sufficed whilst France and Italy remained in control of the area. However, the question of ratification has brought this agreement, and its provision of substantial parts of Djibouti to Eritrea into question.[10][11] In April 1996 the Djiboutian government accused Eritrean forces of having made a 7 km incursion into its territory following a clash at the Djiboutian border post of Ras Doumeira. [...] Following the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis, Qatar withdrew its peacekeeping forces from the disputed territory. Shortly after, Djibouti accused Eritrea of reoccupying the mainland hill and Doumeira Island.[34]
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-01): The border dispute between Djibouti and Eritrea over the Ras Doumeira peninsula and Doumeira Islands dates back to the colonial era and has roots in competing colonial interests between Italy and France in the Horn of Africa region. Despite intermittent attempts at resolution, the dispute continues to fester and remains a source of tension between the two countries. This article will provide an overview of the historical origins and key dimensions of the border dispute, analyze the impact it has had on relations between Djibouti and Eritrea, and assess expected and possible future developments. [...] The ongoing border dispute has proven to be a major impediment to normalizing relations between Eritrea and Djibouti. The countries have not had diplomatic relations since 2008.[15] Resolution of the issue via bilateral channels has been complicated by the hardened stances of both governments. The Afwerki and Gouled administrations insist on sovereignty over Ras Doumeira.[16] Litigating the dispute at the International Court of Justice also does not appear politically viable for either country.[17] [...] Strategically, the dispute fuels mutual suspicions between Asmara and Djibouti. The Ras Doumeira peninsula overlooks the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, a sensitive maritime chokepoint leading to the Suez Canal.[21] Djibouti hosts military bases for the U.S. and France, while Eritrea has cultivated closer ties to countries like Russia, Iran and China.[22] Each capital perceives motives to monitor or influence the other’s strategic outlook and external partnerships.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-24): In a recent statement, China offered to mediate in the lingering border dispute in the Horn of Africa region where Eritrea and Djibouti are both claiming ownership of the Dumeira Mountains and Islands. [...] Fast-forward 12 years, the thin ice on which both countries stood hasapparently melted away as war broke outin June 2008. Djibouti accused Eritrea of digging trenches at Ras Doumeira and of stationing troops in its territory before Qatar’s intervention in 2010. The Doumeira region is highly disputed because it is close to a vital shipping route for global trade, the Baba-el-Mandeb strait.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-06-20): The peacekeepers had been in place since 2010 as part of efforts to resolve a dispute over the status of Dumeira Mountain and Dumeira Island, claimed by both Djibouti and Eritrea. The tiny Dumeira Island lies just off the coast of the two countries, at the southern end of the Red Sea. It is close to the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, an important shipping lane for global commerce. [...] On 16 June, Djibouti accused Eritrea of sending its troops into the disputed territory, following the withdrawal of the Qatari peacekeepers, a move that Doha had confirmed two days earlier, though without giving any reason.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-08-01): Mohamed’s statement angered Djibouti, which says Eritrea is occupying the disputed Doumeira islands and is holding more than 10 Djiboutian prisoners.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-12-16): On 14 January the Council adopted resolution 1862 in response to Eritrea’s continued refusal to withdraw its troops from the areas occupied when border clashes between Eritrea and Djibouti erupted in June 2008 (Ras Doumeira and Doumeira island) and acknowledge its border dispute with Djibouti. The Council gave Eritrea five weeks to comply with the demands of the resolution and requested a report from the Secretary-General within six weeks. The report, which was issued on 30 March, concluded that Eritrea had taken no action to withdraw its troops and had refused to engage with the Secretary-General’s good offices. The Council at that time deferred taking any follow-up action in spite of Eritrea’s continuing lack of cooperation and non-compliance with the Council’s demands.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-11-14): It has been almost ten years since Eritrea breached international law, illegally moved into our territory and occupied Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island. It has also been almost ten years since Eritrea took Djiboutian prisoners of war, refused to provide a list of names and identification numbers of all the prisoners and other missing persons in its custody, or otherwise account for the Djiboutians that it has in its custody and held incommunicado and in the most inhumane and degrading conditions. [...] Following the end of Qatar’s mediation efforts, and after the departure of Qatar’s personnel from the international border, Eritrea moved its military personnel to Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island, thus contributing to heightened tensions and insecurity and threatening a new outbreak of violence. Alarmed at the possibility of resumption of hostilities, the African Union decided to deploy a fact-finding mission to both Djibouti and Eritrea. [...] Four months have elapsed since the withdrawal of Qatar’s observers, and Eritrea continues to illegally occupy Djibouti’s sovereign territory.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-09): After a border dispute in 1898, France and Italy signed a Protocol Agreement on 24 July 1900. This protocol defined the north-eastern section of the border as running from the northernmost tip of Ras Doumeira on the Red Sea coast, through the watershed along the peninsula for approximately 18 kilometres and then heading along a straight line – delimited by the 1901 protocol but never marked – towards the southwest to Bissidiro on the banks of the We'ima (Oueima) River.Footnote 4 Under this protocol, Ras Doumeira fell under the territory of what is now Djibouti. Article 3 of the 1900 protocol further provided that until France and Italy could resolve the issue of which state would hold sovereignty over the Doumeira Islands and the unnamed adjacent islands, both colonial powers would refrain from attempting to occupy them and would prevent any third party from occupying them. Article 2 of this protocol provided for a special commission to delimit the boundary inland from Ras Doumeira.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-03-21): Doualeh said Djibouti holds 19 Eritrean POWs and 267 Eritrean military deserters who were handed over to the UNHCR in 2014. He stressed that the International Committee of the Red Cross and other international organizations have regular access to the POWs. [...] The dispute between the two Horn of Africa countries relates to the shared land border, rights to the Doumeira Islands in the Red Sea and the delineation of the maritime boundary. Doualeh said he believes the boundaries should be based on 1900 and 1901 treaties between then colonial powers Italy and France. Those treaties, he said, would give the contested islands to Djibouti. Fighting erupted in 2008 between armies from the two countries in a sandy outcropping known as Ras Doumeira.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-16): Jump to search islands near Djibouti and Eritrea - dewiki Doumeira - enwiki Doumeira Islands - eswiki Isla Doumeira - frwiki Douméra - itwiki Isole Doumeira - kawiki დუმეირის კუნძულები - nlwiki Doumeira-eilanden - plwiki Dumajra - ptwiki Ilhas Doumeira - ruwiki Думейра (острова)
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-01): Tension between the ethnic Afar and Somali populations increased over time, as the ethnic Somalis perceived that the French unfairly favored the Afar and gave them disproportionate influence in local governance. In 1958, the French held a referendum that provided residents of French Somaliland the option to either continue their association with France or to join neighboring Somalia as it established its independence. The ethnic Somali protested the vote, because French colonial leaders did not recognize many Somali as residents, which gave the Afar outsized influence in the decision to uphold ties with France. After a second referendum in 1967, the French changed the territory’s name to the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, in part to underscore their relationship with the ethnic Afar and downplay the significance of the ethnic Somalis. A final referendum in 1977 established Djibouti as an independent nation and granted ethnic Somalis Djiboutian nationality, formally resetting the balance of power between the majority ethnic Somalis and minority ethnic Afar residents. Upon independence, the country was named after its capital city of Djibouti. Hassan Gouled APTIDON, an ethnic Somali leader, installed an authoritarian one-party state and proceeded to serve as president until 1999. [...] Djibouti-Eritrea: in 2008, Eritrean troops moved across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupied Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea; the Eritrean occupation of remote Doumeira Island and portions peninsula persists unabated as of September 2009; porous boundary over largely uninhabited areas provides access for smuggling and other illegal activities; as of 7 June 2010, Qatar was mediating Eritrea-Djibouti border dispute,
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-06-13): Today the UN Security condemned Eritrea’s military action against Djibouti in Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island." The Council further urged the two parties to commit to a ceasefire asking Eritrea to withdraw its troops to the status quo ante. In Cairo, the Arab League issued a tough statement calling Asmara to withdraw its troops from Ras Doumeira in respect of Djibouti sovereignty and territorial integrity. Eritrea had refused to receive an Arab fact finding committee on May 8. [...] Experts say the only undecided area of the border is the tiny Ras Doumeira island, next to a village of the same name.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-06-13): The UN Security Council has condemned Eritrea for killing at least six soldiers during border raids against Djibouti. The attacks were carried out at Ras Doumeira, a strategic territory both countries claim as their own. [...] The Security Council "condemns Eritrea's military action against Djibouti in Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island," read the declaration, adopted unanimously. Ras Doumeira, in northern Djibouti, is a strategic promontory overlooking the Red Sea.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-29): Turning to the tense standoff with Eritrean forces in the north of Djibouti, he said the Security Council had consistently condemned Eritrea’s forceful occupation of his country’s territory, Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island, and in Council resolution 1862 (2009), had demanded, among other things, that Eritrea withdraw it forces and military hardware to locations prior to the standoff.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-12-23): (i) Withdraw its forces and all their equipment to the positions of the status quo ante, and ensure that no military presence or activity is being pursued in the area where the conflict occurred in Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island in June 2008; (ii) Acknowledge its border dispute with Djibouti in Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island, engage actively in dialogue to defuse the tension and engage also in diplomatic efforts leading to a mutually acceptable settlement of the border issue; and, (iii)Abide by its international obligations as a Member of the United Nations, respect the principles mentioned in Article 2, paragraphs 3, 4, and 5, and Article 33 of the Charter, and cooperate fully with the Secretary-General, in particular through his proposal of good offices mentioned in paragraph 3 of resolution 1862 (2009); [...] The part of Djibouti’s territory now occupied by Eritrea had been the subject of a previous contention in 1996, he recalled. A decade later, in 2008, there had been a military confrontation between the two countries, followed by the occupation of Ras Doumeira and Domeira Island by Eritrean forces. The conclusions of a Security Council fact-finding mission had been clear, unmistakable and far-reaching. They were a damning indictment of the Eritrean regime’s erratic behaviour and its dishonest and deliberate distortions of facts.
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-09): Djiboutian territory without warning and seized Ras Doumeira and
Claim: Doumeira Island is a territory of Djibouti (Doumeira Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-06-16): Qatar troop removal from Doumeira sparks tension Djibouti says neighbouring Eritrea occupied disputed territory along their border after Qatar withdrew its peacekeepers in June. Both countries sided with Saudi Arabia and its allies in their standoff with Qatar. [...] "They are now in full control of Doumeira Mountain and Doumeira Island. This is in breach of the UN Security Council resolution," he added, referring to areas that the neighbours dispute.
Claim: Lake Constance is a territory of Austria (Lake Constance, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-08): Lake Constance (German: Bodensee, pronounced [ˈboːdn̩ˌzeː] ) refers to three bodies of water on the Rhine at the northern foot of the Alps: Upper Lake Constance (Obersee), Lower Lake Constance (Untersee), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein (lit. 'Rhine of the lake(s)'). These waterbodies lie within the Lake Constance Basin (Bodenseebecken) in the Alpine Foreland through which the Rhine flows.[2][3] The nearby Mindelsee is not considered part of Lake Constance. The lake is situated where Germany, Switzerland, and Austria meet. Its shorelines lie in the German states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria; the Swiss cantons of St. Gallen, Thurgau, and Schaffhausen; and the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. The actual locations of the country borders within the lake are disputed. [...] - ^ a b c Kramsch, Olivier Thomas (2015). "Austria-Germany-Switzerland: Lake Constance (Konstanz)". In Brunet-Jailly, E. (ed.). Border Disputes: A Global Encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 453. ISBN 978-1-61-069024-9.
Claim: Lake Constance is a territory of Austria (Lake Constance, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-16): Lake Constance (in German, Bodensee) is the third largest lake in Central Europe after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva. Since it was formed by the Rhine Glacier during the Ice Age, it is a glacial lake. Lake Constance has a total surface area of 571 km2 and is located 395 meters above sea level. The lake is located at the Northern foot of the Alps, on the border between Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Its shoreline belongs to the federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Wuttemberg in the German side, the federal state of Vorarlberg on the Austrian side, and the Swiss cantons of Thurgau, St. Gallen and Schaffhausen. The culminating point of the drainage basin of Lake Constance is the Todi, with an elevation of 3614 meters. Since the Rhine, the Bregenzer Ache and the Dornbirner Ache all carry sediments from the Alps into the lake, they are constantly, but gradually decreasing the lake’s depth and coastline extension on the southeastern end. [...] Lake Constance has four main parts: 476 km2 Obersee is the main section, Uberlinger See with a surface area of 61 km2 lies on the north, Untersee with 63 km2 is located on the west, whilst Zeller See and Gnadensee can be found on the northwestern part. The maximum depth of 252 meters can be found on the eastern part of the lake, in Obersee.
Claim: Lake Constance is a territory of Austria (Lake Constance, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-14): Lake Constance (or Bodensee as the locals call it) is a destination that offers a symphony of experiences to awaken the soul. From stunning sunsets where the sky meets the water on the horizon, to a variety of things to do in Lake Constance, it’s a truly enchanting spot cradled between Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. [...] Lake Constance, or Bodensee, is a gem that straddles the borders of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Its popularity can be attributed to a variety of factors that make it a compelling destination for different types of travelers. Here’s why Lake Constance enjoys such widespread acclaim: [...] Yes, Lake Constance and Bodensee refer to the same body of water. "Lake Constance" is the name commonly used in English-speaking countries, while "Bodensee" is the German name for the lake. The lake is situated in Central Europe and is bordered by Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It’s one of the largest lakes in Europe and serves as a popular destination for tourists and locals alike, offering a wide range of recreational activities, natural beauty, and cultural attractions. Whether you call it Lake Constance or Bodensee, it remains a beloved destination with a lot to offer.
Claim: Lake Constance is a territory of Austria (Lake Constance, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-01-01): Where can you take a short vacation around a lake and see three countries? Try the Bodensee, otherwise known as Lake Constance. You'll see interesting parts of Germany, Switzerland and a tip of Austria. The circumferance of the lake makes it the 3rd largest lake in Central Europe. Lake Constance is a large lake, so there's lots to see. The towns on the lake have fantastic lakeside promenades which offer cafes, humorous modern sculptures with a bite, fountains and fine view restaurants. It was here the Zeppelin was conceived; you can see it at the Zeppelin Museum in Friedrichshafen, which claims to have the largest collection on airship travel in the world. [...] There is a cycling path that runs along the banks of the lake called the Lake Constance Cycle Path.