copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2022-01-06): Aspergillosis is an infection caused by a type of mold (fungus). The illnesses resulting from aspergillosis infection usually affect the respiratory system, but their signs and severity vary greatly. The mold that triggers the illnesses, aspergillus, is everywhere — indoors and outdoors. Most strains of this mold are harmless, but a few can cause serious illnesses when people with weakened immune systems, underlying lung disease or asthma inhale their fungal spores. [...] It's nearly impossible to avoid exposure to aspergillus, but if you have had a transplant or are undergoing chemotherapy, try to stay away from places where you're likely to encounter mold, such as construction sites, compost piles and buildings that store grain. If you have a weakened immune system, your doctor may advise you to wear a face mask to avoid being exposed to aspergillus and other airborne infectious agents.
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2014-12-03): Moulds that grow naturally on food can produce toxins that have serious effects on health, even causing cancer. Certain moulds — especially those that grow in maize (corn), peanuts and tree nuts such as almonds and pistachios — produce aflatoxin, a carcinogen that is estimated to cause up to 28% of the total worldwide cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of liver cancer1,2. Many people are unaware of the link between naturally occurring food contaminants and cancer. Education, stricter food-quality controls and the cultivation of alternative crops can have a large impact on worldwide rates of liver cancer. Aflatoxin is generated by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and, in addition to liver cancer, it has been associated with acute poisoning, immune-system dysfunction and stunted growth in children. People whose livers are already compromised by infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) are particularly susceptible to aflatoxin-induced liver cancer3.
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2024-06-11): The immune system protects the body against illness and infection that bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites can cause. It is a collection of reactions and responses that the body makes to damaged cells or infection. So it is sometimes called the immune response. [...] Chemotherapy, targeted cancer drugs and some radiotherapy treatments can lower the number of neutrophils in the blood. So you might get more bacterial or fungal infections after these treatments.
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Mushrooms are often talked about as a treatment for cancer. There is currently not enough evidence to say that any type of mushroom can prevent or cure cancer. [...] There is no evidence that mushrooms or mushroom extract can prevent or cure cancer. There is early research showing it may strengthen the immune system. So, researchers are looking at whether mushrooms might affect cancer cells too. [...] Research into mushrooms as a cancer treatment
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Tiny, microscopic organisms called fungi (the plural of fungus) cause a fungal nail infection. Many people pick up the fungi when they have skin-to-skin contact with someone who has a fungal infection such as athlete’s foot or ringworm on their hands.
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2023-05-15): One such myth is that the fungus Candida causes cancer or that cancer cells are actually a form of fungus. Research has revealed neither to be true. [...] And just to be clear: Cancer is not a fungus — this is one myth that needs to be permanently put to rest. [...] As for what causes cancer, the answer is not a fungus, but likely multiple potential causes. Doctors have found a combination of the following factors could cause cancer:
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2022-11-22): Study: Pan-cancer analyses reveal cancer-type-specific fungal ecologies and bacteriome interactions. Image Credit: Kateryna Kon / Shutterstock [...] Fungi seem like significant opportunistic pathogens that shape host immunity and infect cancer patients; however, they are understudied. It also remains unknown whether they could be part of polymorphic microbiomes representing cancer. This provided enough motivation to explore cancer clonal evolution as a multi-species process and characterize the pan-cancer mycobiome. Furthermore, since bacteria and fungi share symbiotic and antagonistic relationships in nature, studying their interactions in tumors could also potentially provide synergistic diagnostic performance for specific cancer(s). [...] - Pan-cancer analyses reveal cancer-type-specific fungal ecologies and bacteriome interactions, Lian Narunsky-Haziza, Gregory D. Sepich-Poore, Ilana Livyatan, Omer Asraf, Cameron Martino, Deborah Nejman, Nancy Gavert, Jason E. Stajich, Guy Amit, Antonio González, Stephen Wandro, Gili Perry, Ruthie Ariel, Arnon Meltser, Justin P. Shaffer, Qiyun Zhu, Nora Balint-Lahat, Iris Barshack, Maya Dadiani, Einav N. Gal-Yam, Sandip Pravin Patel, Amir Bashan, Austin D. Swafford, Yitzhak Pilpel, Rob Knight, Ravid Straussman, Cell 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.005, https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)01127-8
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2024-09-10): "Initially, we were astounded," says Iliyan Iliev, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York and one of the researchers who made the fungi-cancer connection. In addition to Candida, his team found several other fungal species that were associated with the disease, such as Blastomyces in lung cancer and Malassezia, a variety of yeast, tied to breast cancer. [...] Siew Ng, director of the Microbiota I-Center at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, says our body’s fungal community is a "small but crucial component" of the gastrointestinal microbiome in particular. But while gut fungi such as Candida, Saccharomyces, and Cladosporium are all fundamental to our health, they have also been linked to diseases. Candida, for instance, can overpopulate and cause dysbiosis, a disorder associated with many health issues, including colorectal cancer. In other words, good fungi can become too successful and run amok, and turn into bad fungi. [...] As for the connection between fungi and cancer cells, Iliev concedes that he initially considered it to be "biologically improbable," but he’s since shifted toward "cautious optimism" about unraveling more mysteries of the mycobiome. In another recent study, researchers at NYU, including Saxena, found that there are 20 distinct types of fungi that may someday be useful in distinguishing between people with cancer and those without, pushing forward the idea that early testing of fungi might pave the way for better diagnoses and treatment.
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2022-09-29): The presence of some fungal species in tumors predicts—and may even help drive—worse cancer outcomes, according to a study from Weill Cornell Medicine and Duke University researchers. [...] The idea that viruses and bacteria can trigger or accelerate cancer development is now well established. However, little is known about the cancer-related roles of fungi—which, like bacteria and viruses, colonize the gut, lungs, skin and other barrier tissues, interact with the immune system, and sometimes cause disease. [...] The analysis revealed that the DNA of certain fungal species are relatively abundant in some tumor types. These species include, in gastrointestinal tumors, Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans, which causes thrush and yeast infections; in lung tumors, species of the fungal genus Blastomyces; and in breast tumors, species of the fungus Malassezia.
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Fungi, such as yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes, are primarily associated with common skin infections like athlete's foot and nail fungus. However, recent research has raised questions about their potential role in cancer development. While no direct evidence suggests that fungus directly causes cancer, there is a link worth exploring. [...] While the potential connection between fungus and cancer is intriguing, there's no need to panic. Here are some practical measures you can take to minimize your risk: [...] The potential link between fungus and cancer is a complex and evolving area of research. While no definitive evidence suggests that fungus directly causes cancer, remaining vigilant about your health is essential. Take preventive measures, practice good hygiene, and consult with professionals for early detection and treatment of fungal infections.
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2023-10-02): The effects of some food-borne mycotoxins are acute with symptoms of severe illness appearing quickly after consumption of food products contaminated with mycotoxins. Other mycotoxins occurring in food have been linked to long-term effects on health, including the induction of cancers and immune deficiency. Of the several hundred mycotoxins identified so far, about a dozen have gained the most attention due to their severe effects on human health and their occurrences in food. Aflatoxins are amongst the most poisonous mycotoxins and are produced by certain moulds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains. Crops that are frequently affected by Aspergillus spp. include cereals (corn, sorghum, wheat and rice), oilseeds (soybean, peanut, sunflower and cotton seeds), spices (chili peppers, black pepper, coriander, turmeric and ginger) and tree nuts (pistachio, almond, walnut, coconut and Brazil nut). The toxins can also be found in the milk of animals that are fed contaminated feed, in the form of aflatoxin M1. Large doses of aflatoxins can lead to acute poisoning (aflatoxicosis) and can be life threatening, usually through damage to the liver. Aflatoxins have also been shown to be genotoxic, meaning they can damage DNA and cause cancer in animal species. There is also evidence that they can cause liver cancer in humans.
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2023-03-21): The most serious form of the disease, disseminated coccidioidomycosis, is uncommon. It occurs when the infection spreads (disseminates) beyond the lungs to other parts of the body. Most often these parts include the skin, bones, liver, brain, heart, and the membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord (meninges). [...] The spores are extremely small and can be carried far by the wind. Once inside the lungs, the spores reproduce, continuing the disease cycle. [...] Environmental exposure. Anyone who inhales the spores that cause valley fever is at risk of infection. People who live in areas where the fungi are common — especially those who spend a lot of time outdoors — have a greater risk.
Claim: Fungi are the cause of cancer (Doug Kaufmann, 2024-04-30)
Evidence (2024-08-14): Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin, which are naturally occurring toxic compounds produced by molds or fungi that can grow on a variety of crops. Mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, have potent carcinogenic properties. [...] Aflatoxins are particularly associated with an increased risk of liver cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies aflatoxins as Group 1 carcinogens, scientifically proven to cause cancer in humans. Chronic exposure can also lead to stunted growth in children and immunosuppression, increasing susceptibility to infectious diseases. The World Health Organization estimates that aflatoxins contribute to approximately 5% to 28% of global cases of liver cancer, with the highest burden in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and China. Every year, aflatoxin exposure is estimated to cause 25,000 to 155,000 liver cancer deaths worldwide. Further, the effects of aflatoxin exposure, even at lower levels, are more severe in animals.
Claim: Excessive mucus causes bronchitis, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and glaucoma (Facebook User, 2023-03-31)
Evidence (2023-03-31): Mucus is an important part of maintaining our health and excess mucus is triggered by infections or reactions to environmental factors. While excess mucus can be a symptom of disease, there’s no evidence that it causes bronchitis, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, or glaucoma. These conditions each have their own individual causes, and attempts to “detox” mucus will not prevent them.
Claim: Excessive mucus causes bronchitis, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and glaucoma (Facebook User, 2023-03-31)
Evidence (2024-07-09): If your excess mucus is triggered by a bacterial infection, your doctor will most likely prescribe antibiotics.
Claim: Excessive mucus causes bronchitis, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and glaucoma (Facebook User, 2023-03-31)
Evidence (2024-08-16): Treating the underlying cause of excess mucus helps reduce the production. Additional ways to decrease mucus include drinking plenty of water, taking medications to dry mucus, and using a PEP device to clear mucus out of the throat.
Claim: Excessive mucus causes bronchitis, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and glaucoma (Facebook User, 2023-03-31)
Evidence (2024-07-11): Excessive mucus and phlegm may not be much of a conversation starter (unless you’re 14 and trying to spit the farthest). But if you have too much mucus, it can drive you crazy in search of solutions.
Claim: Excessive mucus causes bronchitis, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and glaucoma (Facebook User, 2023-03-31)
Evidence (2023-03-31): Mucus doesn’t cause arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions; cold weather doesn’t "detox" the body of excess mucus Mucus is an important part of maintaining our health and excess mucus is triggered by infections or reactions to environmental factors. While excess mucus can be a symptom of disease, there’s no evidence that it causes bronchitis, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, or glaucoma. These conditions each have their own individual causes, and attempts to "detox" mucus will not prevent them. [...] There is no basis for suggesting that mucus is the cause of bronchitis, arthritis, MS, psoriasis, or glaucoma. While excess mucus can appear as a symptom or in conjunction with some of these diseases, it is not involved in the initial trigger. Cold weather doesn’t "detox" the body of mucus and this wouldn’t prevent any of the diseases listed.
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2023-07-11): Diabetes is a lifelong disease for which no cure currently exists. However, a balanced diet, an active lifestyle, and medication can help manage glucose levels and prevent disease complications. Products claiming to cure diabetes are therefore a scam and could lead to potentially life-threatening consequences. Such products may contain harmful ingredients or interact with other medications, leading to side effects. They can also lend a false sense of security that may lead a patient to delay or stop taking their medicine. This can result in a dangerous dysregulation in blood glucose levels, increasing the person’s risk of developing nerve, heart, kidney, and other organ damage.
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2023-11-07): An American doctor said he will pay a million dollars to anyone who cannot cure diabetes with his new drug. [...] I guarantee you that your blood sugar levels will return to normal in three days. All symptoms will disappear within two weeks and diabetes will never return. 100,000 Americans have already tried the medicine on themselves and got rid of diabetes.
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2024-07-17): - Medications: Certain medications, such as metformin, may be prescribed to manage blood sugar levels in people with prediabetes or diabetes. Research from 2023 found that metformin reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 35% in people with prediabetes (compared to those not taking metformin). - Insulin therapy: For people with diabetes, insulin therapy may be necessary to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. A 2024 study found that people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who received early insulin therapy had a 31% lower risk of stroke and a 28% lower risk of hospitalization for heart failure compared to those who didn’t receive early insulin therapy. - Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is crucial to track changes and adjust treatment plans accordingly.
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2024-06-05): Need help to achieve normal blood sugar levels? Join Us As a Member Today.
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2020-05-27): Starting a new medication [...] Although these medications can raise your blood glucose levels, it doesn't mean that you shouldn't take them if you need them. Make sure that you consult with your doctor or diabetes care team before taking any new medicines or changing medicines, even if it is for something minor such as a cough or cold.
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2023-11-06): "An American doctor said he will pay $1 million to anyone who could not cure diabetes with his new drug," CNN news anchor Wolf Blitzer appears to say in a video shared Nov. 6 on Facebook. The video then cuts to Dr. Mehmet Oz, former Republican Pennsylvania U.S. Senate candidate and former host of "The Dr. Oz Show," who appears to say: "I guarantee you that your blood sugar levels will return to normal in three days. All symptoms will disappear within two weeks and diabetes will never return. One hundred thousand Americans have already tried the medicine on themselves and got rid of diabetes."
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2024-10-08): New medicine can create a new life for diabetes patients -- without needles [...] - Researchers have found a new way to supply the body with insulin. The medication that can be taken orally has already been tested on baboons, in which it was found to lower the blood sugar levels without causing hypoglycemia. The new insulin is ready to be tested on humans in 2025. If all goes well, diabetics are facing an easier life without injections. [...] The new method works similarly to how insulin works in healthy people. The pancreas produces insulin which first passes through the liver where a large portion of it is absorbed and maintains stable blood sugar levels. In the new insulin method, the nano-carrier releases insulin in the liver, where it can be taken up or enter the blood to circulate in the body.
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2023-11-07): Factually inaccurate: While lifestyle changes and medication can help manage diabetes and prevent its complications, there is currently no cure for diabetes. There is also no evidence that any supplement, herb, or alternative therapy can prevent or treat diabetes. News reports allegedly of a new drug that cures diabetes in two weeks are the result of video manipulation. In October 2023, videos that appeared to show news reports about a new drug that cures diabetes and its complications spread on Facebook and TikTok. The videos featured popular anchors at major TV networks, including Wolf Blitzer at CNN and Laura Ingraham at Fox News, as well as the alleged developer of the drug, surgeon and TV personality Mehmet Oz. Similar phrases were used across all these videos, such as claims that with this drug "your blood sugar levels will return to normal in three days" and that the symptoms "will disappear within two weeks" and forever. In addition, the videos showed Oz promising to "pay a million dollars to anyone who could not cure diabetes with his new drug".
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2024-10-09): - Inhibiting the hormone somatostatin may be a new treatment strategy to prevent dangerous blood glucose drops in type 1 diabetes. The proposed strategy is said to have the potential to save lives. Inhibiting the hormone somatostatin may be a new treatment strategy to prevent dangerous blood glucose drops in type 1 diabetes. This has been shown by a study conducted at, among others, the University of Gothenburg. The proposed strategy is said to have the potential to save lives. In healthy individuals, a drop in blood glucose leads to the release of glucagon, a hormone that helps the liver produce glucose, which normalizes blood glucose levels. Glucagon has the opposite effect in the body to insulin, which lowers blood glucose. Both hormones are produced in the pancreas.
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Testing their glucagon-packed micelles in lab experiments, the researchers found that they disassembled and released glucagon only in liquid environments that mimicked hypoglycemia in humans and mice – a blood glucose of less than 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L). Mice with insulin-induced hypoglycemia treated with an injection of the micelles achieved normal blood sugar within 40 minutes.
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2024-10-08): - Researchers may have discovered a safe new way to manage blood sugar non-invasively. Exposing diabetic mice to a combination of static electric and magnetic fields for a few hours per day normalizes blood sugar and insulin resistance. The unexpected and surprising discovery raises the possibility of using electromagnetic fields (EMFs) as a remote control to manage type 2 diabetes. Researchers from the University of Iowa may have discovered a safe new way to manage blood sugar non-invasively. Exposing diabetic mice to a combination of static electric and magnetic fields for a few hours per day normalizes two major hallmarks of type 2 diabetes, according to new findings published Oct. 6 in Cell Metabolism. "We've built a remote control to manage diabetes," says Calvin Carter, PhD, one of the study's lead authors and a postdoc in the lab of senior author Val Sheffield, MD, PhD, professor of pediatrics, and of ophthalmology and visual sciences at the UI Carver College of Medicine. "Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) for relatively short periods reduces blood sugar and normalizes the body's response to insulin. The effects are long-lasting, opening the possibility of an EMF therapy that can be applied during sleep to manage diabetes all day."
Claim: “New medicine normalizes blood sugar levels after the first use” (Anonymous, 2023-07-11)
Evidence (2024-05-22): In 2022, the ADA and EASD jointly released new medication recommendations for adults with type 2 diabetes. They recommended newer types of diabetes medications as first-line (first recommended) treatment for adults with type 2 diabetes who also have: [...] This study showed that over 8 in 10 US adults with type 2 diabetes are eligible for new, effective diabetes medicines. These medicines are not just beneficial for blood sugar management. They also help reduce risk for diabetes complications by protecting the heart and kidneys, and help people lose weight if needed.