copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Shatt al-Arab is a territory of Iran (Shatt al-Arab, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-08): Feb. 25 - The United States conducted airstrikes in eastern Syria against Iran-backed militias in the first military action by the Biden administration. The Pentagon said that warplanes struck "several facilities" used by Kataib Hezbollah and Kataib Sayyid al Shuhada, two Iraqi Shiite militias trained, armed and funded by Iran. The facilities were located near the Abu Kamal border crossing on the Syrian side of the border with Iraq. The exact death toll was unclear; Kataib Hezbollah claimed that one of its fighters was killed, while a Britain-based monitor claimed that at least 22 militants had been killed. On March 1, the Pentagon said that one fighter was killed and two others were injured. [...] March 10 – An Iranian container ship, the Shahr-e Kord, was hit by an explosive object in international waters – about 50 miles off the Israeli coast and reportedly heading for the Syrian port of Latakia – in the eastern Mediterranean. It caused a small fire but no casualties. Iran blamed Israel for the attack because of the geographical location and the way the ship was targeted. The shipping company claimed that the Shahr-e Kord was bound for Europe. [...] June 27 – The United States conducted airstrikes against three targets operated by two Iraqi militias—Kataib Hezbollah and Kataib Sayyid al Shuhada—that are trained, armed, funded and sometimes directed by Iran. F-15 and F-16 fighters targeted operational and weapons storage facilities at two locations in Syria and one location in Iraq. The U.S. strikes were in response to a string of at least six drone attacks attributed to Iraqi militias from April to June 2021.
Claim: Shatt al-Arab is a territory of Iran (Shatt al-Arab, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Slaughter over the Shatt al-Arab [...] The Iran–Iraq War ostensibly concerned sovereignty of the Shatt al-Arab, a stretch of water dividing the two nations. The Algiers Accord of 6 March 1975 allowed Saddam and the Shah of Iran to announce that they had put an end to their disagreements. The demarcation of terrestrial and fluvial borders resulted in the border running through the middle of the Shatt al-Arab, rather than along the Persian bank, which had served as the previous demarcation. For Saddam, the accord had been a humiliation and on 17 September 1980, after months of tension, he renounced it. On 22 September Iraq launched an air offensive, striking inside Iranian territory. The conflict continued, through phases of operations and different styles of warfare, only ending on 20 August 1988, after Iran accepted the UN Security Council’s Resolution 598. And yet, as Razoux shows, this conflict concerned more than a stretch of water separating Iran and Iraq. It covered everything from the Cold War to ancient Persian-Arab tensions to Islamic sectarianism and ethnic separatism.
Claim: Shatt al-Arab is a territory of Iran (Shatt al-Arab, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-04-26): Core issue: Political antagonism between the Iraqi and Iranian governments, and territorial disputes over the province of Khuzestan and the Shatt al-Arab river [...] The Iran-Iraq war was initiated on September 22, 1980, after Iraq's invasion of Iran. With the attack, Saddam Hussein intended to seize the Iranian province of Khuzestan and the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab River. Contributing to the decision was also Saddam's distrust of Iran's post-1979 government. [...] After almost two years of talks, and mainly because of Iraq's concession, both countries came to an informal agreement to reestablish the previous terms of the 1975 Treaty Concerning the State Frontier and Neighbourly Relations between Iran and Iraq. This move was followed by the normalization of diplomatic relations, an agreement on the use of the Shatt al-Arab River and an agreement concerning a prisoner exchange, which was only finalized in 2003. The conflict resolution process is considered as peaceful thawing.
Claim: Shatt al-Arab is a territory of Iran (Shatt al-Arab, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): A border dispute between Iran and Iraq, which developed into a major war. In 1980 President Saddam Hussein of Iraq abrogated the 1975 agreement granting Iran some 518 sq km (200 sq miles) of border area to the north of the Shatt-al-Arab waterway in return for assurances by Iran to cease military assistance to the Kurdish minority in Iraq, which was fighting for independence. Calling for a revision of the agreement to the demarcation of the border along Shatt-al-Arab, a return to Arab ownership of the three islands in the Strait of Hormuz (seized by Iran in 1971), and for the granting of autonomy to minorities inside Iran, the Iraqi army engaged in a border skirmish in a disputed but relatively unimportant area, and followed this by an armoured assault into Iran's vital oil-producing region. The Iraqi offensive met strong Iranian resistance, and Iran recaptured territory from the Iraqis. In 1985 Iraqi planes destroyed a partially constructed nuclear power plant in Bushehr, followed by bombing of civilian targets which in turn led to Iranian shelling of Basra and Baghdad.
Claim: Shatt al-Arab is a territory of Iran (Shatt al-Arab, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-23): The Shatt al-Arab river is formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iraq. The river constitutes the border between Iraq and Iran on the last 50 miles of the river flowing down to the Persian Gulf (Francona, 2001). Being the only access point of Iraq to the Persian Gulf, the Shatt al-Arab has a strategic importance for the country’s transportation and exports. Moreover, given the arid climate in this part of the Middle East, the water from the river is crucial for agriculture (ICE, 1998). [...] In addition, the Shatt al-Arab symbolises a cultural and historical line between both countries, being a boundary between Persians under a Shia government and Arabs under a Sunni government (ICE, 1998). It was also a point of contention between the Ottoman and Persian empires for centuries as both empires sought to gain control of the river (Francona, 2001).
Claim: Shatt al-Arab is a territory of Iran (Shatt al-Arab, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-13): Tensions between Iran and Iraq began almost immediately after the establishment of the latter nation in 1921, in the aftermath of World War I. By the 1970s, one enduring source of conflict involved control of the Shatt al-Arab, the waterway formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the southern end of which forms the border between the two nations. Signed in 1975, the Algiers Agreement reduced Iraqi control over the waterway in exchange for Iran’s withdrawing support for a Kurdish insurgency in northern Iraq. A turning point occurred with the Iranian Revolution of 1978-79, which toppled the pro-Western government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pallavi in favor of a fundamentalist regime led by Shi’ite Muslim cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Saddam Hussein, who became president of Iraq and leader of the country’s Ba'ath Party in July 1979, counted on the support of his nation’s minority Sunni Muslim population, and feared an expansion of Iran’s revolution to Shi’ite-dominated Iraq. Saddam also sought to overturn the border agreements of 1975 and reassert control over both sides of the Shatt al-Arab, Iraq’s only access point to the Persian Gulf.
Claim: Shatt al-Arab is a territory of Iran (Shatt al-Arab, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-15): Israel was not happy with these initiatives, and was particularly displeased by the Shah’s signing of an agreement in 1975 with Saddam Hussein’s Iraq which settled a territorial dispute over the Shatt al-Arab waterway in Iran’s favor in exchange for the Shah ending support for Iraqi Kurds fighting Baghdad. (The CIA also walked away from the Kurds at the time at the Shah’s insistence.) Israel, then as now a supporter of the Iraqi Kurds, felt betrayed by this act and lost faith in the Shah as an ally. Israel saw Iran’s more conciliatory approach to Arab radicals as potentially shifting the balance of power against Israel. Israel has always preferred some tension between Iran and the Arabs in order to use them against each other.
Claim: Shatt al-Arab is a territory of Iran (Shatt al-Arab, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-19): Iran and Iraq’s cultural and religious ties date back centuries. The two countries share an almost 1,000 mile-long (1,599 kilometer-long) border, and the adjacent regions, particularly Khuzestan and Basra, have been the subject of territorial disputes.2 Notably, how to mark the borders of the Shatt al-Arab river fueled tensions prior to the Iraq-Iran war.3 In an effort to address these issues, Algerian President Houari Boumediene facilitated the signing of the 1975 Algiers Agreement between Iraq and Iran.4 This diplomatic effort focused on resolving the border disputes, especially around the Shatt al-Arab waterway, which holds strategic importance for oil exports.5 As per the agreement, Iraq and Iran decided to mark their border along the river’s thalweg.6 Additionally, Iran agreed to stop supporting Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq.7 This agreement briefly reduced tensions. However, it did not fully address deeper issues like territorial and ideological ambitions.
Claim: Shatt al-Arab is a territory of Iran (Shatt al-Arab, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-11-09): The Shatt al-Arab question has been the subject of several studies, most of which concentrate on the internationalization of the subject. However, few, if any, works have analyzed how this territorial dispute was perceived within Ottoman bureaucratic circles. When the Ottoman Empire reinstated a constitutional monarchy in 1908, the Ottoman–Iranian border dispute regarding the Shatt al-Arab had to be readdressed, with international players involved in the process. Considering the role of foreign factors, this study focuses on the contesting interests of the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of War on the Shatt al-Arab question (1912–13) and considers how these interests shaped foreign policy in the process of negotiating a resolution. [...] References 1 Genelkurmay ATASE Başkanlığı, Birinci Dünya Harbinde Türk Harbi, Irak–İran Cephesi 1914–1918 (Ankara), V: 3/1, 28;Google Scholar Baram, Amatzia, "Shatt Al-Arab," Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition (Leiden, 1997), V: 9, 368Google Scholar; Harrison, J.V., "The Shatt-el-Arab," Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society 29 (1942): 44CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-24): Abu Musa (Persian: بوموسا , IPA: [æbu mu'sɒ], Arabic: أبو موسى) is a 12.8-square-kilometre (4.9 sq mi) island in the eastern Persian Gulf, found near the entrance of Strait of Hormuz.[3] Due to the depth of sea, oil tankers and big ships have to pass between Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunbs, making these islands some of the most strategic points in the Persian Gulf.[4] The island is under the administration of Iran, as part of the Hormozgan province.[5][6] [...] Iran claims Abu Musa Territorial and political ambitions, combined with the economic interests of influential elements within the government, helped strengthen the first Iranian claim to the island of Abu Musa in 1904. Iran began to challenge ... [...] - ^ Pike, John. "Abu Musa Island – Iran Special Weapons Facilities". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2006.
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-14): In a move that escalated the longstanding dispute between Iran and UAE over the sovereignty of the three islands of Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, and Abu Musa, in April 2020, the IRGC Navy Commander Admiral Alireza Tangsiri announced that under the direct order of the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, the islands of the Persian Gulf in the Iranian territory are to be converted into residential properties. While addressing the strategic importance of these three islands, the present research sets out to investigate and test the factors that led to Iran’s current political decision through a survey answered by 94 Iranian academic, political, and military experts. In addition, this research investigates the consequences of this strategic decision which could affect the political, military, and economic situation of the Persian Gulf. Therefore, our main argument is that although Iran’s primary purpose for turning the three islands into residential areas is to settle the disputes over sovereignty as well as to preserve its territorial integrity, the latter aims to increase its domination over the Persian Gulf and extend its influence in the region. [...] Al-Mazrouei, N.S. (2015). Disputed Islands between UAE and Iran: Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb in the Strait of Hormuz (pp. 3–31). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Gulf Research Centre Cambridge. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/194095/GRM_Noura_paper__30-09-15_new_7634.pdf. [...] Eslami, M., Sotoudehfar, S. (2021). Iran–UAE Relations and Disputes Over the Sovereignty of Abu Musa and Tunbs.
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-01): Although not as well covered by the media as other disputes over island territories, the conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United Arab Emirates concerning the sovereignty over the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Abu Musa is one of the most crucial current unresolved territorial questions. [...] Hilal Al-Kaabi M (1994) The question of Iranian occupation of the Islands, Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, and Abu Musa Belonging to the United Arab Emirates,17 May 1994, US Army War College, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA280066. Accessed 25 Oct 2015 [...] Mojtahed-Zadeh P (1995) The Islands of Tunb and Abu Musa: an Iranian argument in search of peace and cooperation in the Persian Gulf. SOAS, University of London, London
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-12): In the statement, issued by Russia and the GCC after a joint strategic dialogue meeting on Monday in Moscow, Iran’s ownership of the Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Abu Musa are challenged. [...] The three islands in the Strait of Hormuz have been governed by Iran since 1971, but are claimed by the UAE as part of its territory.
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-10-01): Tehran, Oct 1, IRNA - Undoubtedly, Iran’s sovereignty over the three Persian Gulf islands of the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Abu Musa was, is, and will remain the Islamic Republic's territory forever, underscored 'Iran Daily' on Wednesday.
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-04-26): Kamrani said that the Abu Musa Island, with its strategic position in the Persian Gulf, is of special importance in securing the national interests and security of Iran. The official emphasized the need to increase investment and facilities in Abu Musa to develop the island and to solve the problems of the people residing in the region, adding that Abu Musa belongs to all Iranians. [...] The 12.8-square-kilometer Abu Musa, along with two other Iranian islands of Greater and Lesser Tunb, sit near important oil shipping channels at the mouth of the strategic Strait of Hormuz in the eastern parts of the Persian Gulf.
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-12): Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb [edit]In 1971, after the British left the area Iranian forces claimed the islands of Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb, located at the mouth of the Persian Gulf between Iran and the UAE. The Iranians asserted their claims to the islands. Iran continued to hold the islands in 1993, and its action remained a source of contention with the UAE, which claimed authority by virtue of Britain's transfer of the islands to the emirates of Sharjah and Ras al-Khaimah. However, Britain had also agreed to give full authority to the Iranians in return for Iran's withdrawal of its claim on Bahrain. By late 1992, Sharjah and Iran had reached agreement with regard to Abu Musa, but Ras al-Khaimah had not reached a settlement with Iran concerning Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb.[1] The UAE have attempted to bring the dispute before the International Court of Justice,[2] but Iran refused. Tehran says the islands always belonged to it as it had never renounced possession of the islands, and that they are part of Iranian territory.[3]
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-09): Abu Musa (Persian: ابوموسي)[a] is a city in the Central District of Abumusa County, Hormozgan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[4] [...] See also [edit]Notes [edit]References [edit]- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (3 September 2023). "Abu Musa, Abumusa County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 3 September 2023. [...] - ^ Abu Musa, Iran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "216753" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-02): Sign up to get the latest insights and analysis on Israel-Palestine, alongside Turkey Unpacked and other MEE newsletters "The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps naval exercise started Wednesday morning for the defence of the Iranian islands in the Persian Gulf," the official IRNA news agency reported, citing IRGC navy commander Ali Ozmaee as saying that the drills "were held in Abu Musa island and Greater and Lesser Tunb". The barren islands contain little in the way of natural resources. Of the three, only Abu Musa has a civilian population, which numbers around 2,000 people. But the three islands sit near the Strait of Hormuz, the vital sea passage between the Gulf and the open ocean through which around 20 percent of the world's oil, and around 25 percent of the world's liquified natural gas, pass through. [...] For nearly twenty years, the UAE and Iran maintained an uneasy interim agreement which led to both countries sharing Abu Musa's offshore oil revenues. However, after talks collapsed to settle the dispute in 1992, Iran began cementing its military presence on the islands.
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-12-03): For over forty years, the dispute over the three islands of Abu Musa, Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb has been a sore in relations between the United Arab Emirates and Iran. Initially occupied by Iran in 1971 during the time of the Shah and the formation of the UAE, the islands are a useful study of a seemingly intractable territorial dispute between a small set of city states and a regional hegemon.
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-30): The row centred on Bahrain and three small but strategically located islands near the Strait of Hormuz: Abu Musa, and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs. [...] The documents also reveal that Sheikh Zayed agreed with the decision. The emir of Sharjah meanwhile agreed a last-minute deal with Iran to share the administration of Abu Musa. This lasted until 1992, when Iran took full control of the island.
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-04-23): Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's visit to the small island of Abu Musa near the Strait of Hormuz on in mid-April sparked a furious response from the United Arab Emirates, which disputes Tehran's claim to sovereignty over the island. [...] The row is the latest flare-up in a long-standing territorial dispute between Iran and the UAE over the islands of Abu Musa and the nearby Greater and Lesser Tunbs. [...] Iran gained control of the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and of part of Abu Musa in 1971 after the departure of British forces from the Gulf. It has since consolidated its control of Abu Musa and claims sovereignty over all three islands on historical grounds. On 18 April 2012, the Iranian Foreign Ministry said the country's ownership of the islands was "definitive, permanent and non-negotiable".
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-29): The seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs by the Imperial Iranian Navy took place on 30 November 1971, shortly after the withdrawal of British forces from the islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, all located in the Strait of Hormuz between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.[1] The Imperial State of Iran had claimed sovereignty over both sets of islands, while the Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah claimed the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and the Emirate of Sharjah claimed Abu Musa. [...] On 30 November 1971, an Iranian contingent landed on Abu Musa to occupy the part of the island alluded to in the memorandum of understanding with Sharjah. It was led by the commandant of the navy who was received by the deputy ruler of Sharjah and some aides.[7] On the same day, Iranian Prime Minister officially broke the news of the seizure of the islands of Lesser and Greater Tunbs and the partial occupation of Abu Musa and stated that the Iranian flag had been hoisted on the tip of Haifa mountain, the highest point in Abu Musa. He said Iran's sovereignty of the islands was restored following prolonged talks with the British government and declared that Iran would not abandon its sovereignty over the whole of Abu Musa and accordingly, the presence of local officials in certain parts of the island was inconsistent with Iran's sovereignty over the whole island.[13]
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The United Arab Emirates has consistently and forcefully protested Iran’s illegal occupation of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs from the moment Iranian military forces occupied the three islands on 30 November 1971, just two days before the establishment of the UAE.
Claim: Abu Musa is a territory of Iran (Abu Musa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-08): On August 2, 2023, Channel 1 (Iran) aired a report about the "Power and Strong Defense of the Iranian Islands" drill, which was held by the IRGC at the disputed Abu Musa Island in the Persian Gulf. According to the report, the drill simulated defense of the island independently of mainland Iran, and it featured use of the Ghadir cruise missile system and the AI-equipped Fath ballistic missile. Reporter: "The 'Power and Strong Defense of the Iranian Islands' drill was held today at the Abu Musa Island, while the Ghadir cruise missile systems and the Fath ballistic missile systems, equipped with AI, were unveiled. "IRGC combat cargo planes transport troops and equipment to Abu Musa Island, in order to reinforce the troops deployed in that island.