copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Blank COVID-19 vaccine safety inserts show there are no safety and effectiveness studies for these vaccines (Social media users, 2023-08-03)
Evidence (2021-12-01): For the authorized uses, although limited scientific information is available, based on the totality of the scientific evidence available to date, it is reasonable to believe that the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine and COMIRNATY (COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA) may be effective for the prevention of COVID-19 in individuals as specified in the Full EUA Prescribing Information. [...] Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine is authorized for use in individuals 6 months through 17 years of age. This authorization is based on safety and effectiveness data in this age group and adults. [...] Clinical studies of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine include participants 65 years of age and older who received the primary series and their data contributes to the overall assessment of safety and efficacy [see Overall Safety Summary (6.1) and Clinical Trial Results and Supporting Data for EUA (18.1)]. Of the total number of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine recipients in Study 2 (N=20,033), 21.4% (n=4,294) were 65 years of age and older and 4.3% (n=860) were 75 years of age and older.
Claim: Blank COVID-19 vaccine safety inserts show there are no safety and effectiveness studies for these vaccines (Social media users, 2023-08-03)
Evidence (2024-06-04): The U.S. has three approved COVID-19 vaccines; however, the two that are most often used based on the current vaccine recommendations are those described as "mRNA vaccines." Find out more about each vaccine: [...] Even though the COVID-19 vaccines were initially released under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), they were still approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The review process was the same, but because of the pandemic, the data could be submitted after a shorter period of participant follow-up than usual. However, even after submitting data (and getting an EUA), those studies continued. [...] The COVID-19 vaccines available in the U.S. do not contain any blood products, including red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets.
Claim: Blank COVID-19 vaccine safety inserts show there are no safety and effectiveness studies for these vaccines (Social media users, 2023-08-03)
Evidence (2024-06-09): Product Information - Package Insert - SPIKEVAX - Patient Package Insert - SPIKEVAX - Demographic Subgroup Information – COVID-19 Vaccine, mRNA (SPIKEVAX).
Claim: Blank COVID-19 vaccine safety inserts show there are no safety and effectiveness studies for these vaccines (Social media users, 2023-08-03)
Evidence (2024-08-05): Yes, all the approved Covid-19 vaccines have been shown to be safe for people with heart and circulatory conditions. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) continues to monitor Covid-19 vaccines to make sure they meet strict standards of safety, quality and effectiveness. [...] Covid-19 vaccines have been proven to be very effective at preventing serious illness, hospitalisation and death from the virus.
Claim: Blank COVID-19 vaccine safety inserts show there are no safety and effectiveness studies for these vaccines (Social media users, 2023-08-03)
Evidence (2021-02-22): Walsh, E. E. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based Covid-19 vaccine candidates. N. Engl. J. Med.383, 2439–2450 (2020). [...] Voysey, M. et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. The Lancet397, 99–111 (2020). [...] Logunov, D. Y. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet396, 887–897 (2020).
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2019-06-09): This article highlights a particular dataset of surface temperature stations in the United States that it says differs from standard datasets, but in reality they match quite closely. Most importantly, the data presented in the article do exhibit a warming trend, making the article's claim simply false.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2019-09-19): Flawed Reasoning: Even if the US experienced a flat temperature change for 14 years, this would not prove that global warming isn't occurring. The US only covers a small portion of the planet, and a 14-year period is too short to reliably indicate long-term trends over short-term variability. CLAIM: But a new, improved system to assess surface temperatures established in 2005 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA, indicates otherwise. In fact, the U.S. Climate Reference Network -- comprised of 114 pristinely maintained temperature stations spaced relatively uniformly across the lower 48 states -- finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least [...] All of the asserted U.S. warming since 1930 is the product of the controversial adjustments made to the raw data. [...] Since it achieved nationwide coverage at the start of 2005, the warming rate (trend) in USCRN annual temperatures is 0.86°F per decade, with uncertainties ranging from -0.58°F to 2.31°F per decade. By contrast, the historical NOAA ClimDiv dataset only shows 0.64°F (ranging from -0.80°F to 2.07°F) per decade. As this is a relatively short time period and only covers around 2% of the surface of the Earth, we shouldn’t read too much into these numbers as an indication of longer-term changes, but we can say that USCRN data is completely consistent with the long-term warming trend, and suggestions that the USCRN "finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least" are categorically false.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2018-09-01): Using the data that were available at the time (through 2012), the last climate report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that there had been no statistically significant increase in global surface temperature from 1998-2012. [...] The most likely explanation for the lack of significant warming at the Earth’s surface in the past decade or so is that natural climate cycles—a series of La Niña events and a negative phase of the lesser-known Pacific Decadal Oscillation—caused shifts in ocean circulation patterns that moved some excess heat into the deep ocean. Even so, recent years have been some of the warmest on record, and scientists expect temperatures will swing back up soon. [...] Just because the global surface temperature has not risen significantly in the past decade doesn't mean the Earth's heat energy imbalance has vanished, though. Excess heat energy trapped by greenhouses gases can have more than one fate in the Earth system; among other things, it can cause water to evaporate, it can melt ice, and it can be mixed into the deep ocean by overturning currents.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2023-09-25): With that said, multiple studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals1 show that climate-warming trends over the past century are extremely likely due to human activities. In addition, most of the leading scientific organizations worldwide have issued public statements endorsing this position. The following is a partial list of these organizations, along with links to their published statements and a selection of related resources. [...] American Meteorological Society "Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ... The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century." (2019)7 -
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2023-03-01): The glaciers in a key reference network lost an average thickness of 94 feet between 1970 and 2023 (preliminary data).
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2024-08-06): The U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) is a systematic and sustained network of climate monitoring stations with sites across the contiguous U.S., Alaska, and Hawaii. These stations use high-quality instruments to measure temperature, precipitation, soil conditions, and more. USCRN provides a continuous series of climate observations to monitor national climate trends and support climate-impact research. [...] The vision of the USCRN program is to maintain a sustainable, high-quality climate observation network that can accurately document significant changes to the U.S. climate. USCRN stations were designed for long term climate science research, and are monitored, maintained, and calibrated to high standards to ensure continuity of record and observation accuracy. NCEI manages and maintains USCRN station observations, and NOAA’s Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division (ATDD) maintains instrumentation and field sites in a long term partnership with NCEI.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2021-08-09): The report shows that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are responsible for approximately 1.1°C of warming since 1850-1900, and finds that averaged over the next 20 years, global temperature is expected to reach or exceed 1.5°C of warming. This assessment is based on improved observational datasets to assess historical warming, as well progress in scientific understanding of the response of the climate system to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2022-07-14): But nearly a decade later, talk of a "pause" has re-emerged among climate sceptics, with columnist Melanie Phillips claiming in the Times this week that, "contrary to the dogma which holds that a rise in carbon dioxide inescapably heats up the atmosphere, global temperature has embarrassingly flatlined for more than seven years even as CO2 levels have risen". [...] As with the previous hiatus, drawing the conclusion that warming has "flatlined" relies heavily on looking at data over a short period in isolation. [...] One of the main drivers of the apparent "pause" in warming over the past eight years is the choice to cherry-pick the starting year to coincide with the 2015-16 super El Niño event. Indeed, when El Niño and La Niña are statistically removed from the observed record, the rise in temperatures is much more even, as shown in the figure below.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2024-06-05): On a larger 10-year time frame, which scientists prefer to single years, the world has warmed about 1.19 degrees Celsius (2.14 degrees Fahrenheit) since pre-industrial times, the report in the journal Earth System Science Data found. [...] Scientists had theorized a few explanations for the massive jump in September, which Hausfather called "gobsmacking." Wednesday's report didn't find enough warming from other potential causes. The report said the reduction of sulfur pollution from shipping—which had been providing some cooling to the atmosphere—was overwhelmed last year by carbon particles put in the air from Canadian wildfires.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Our report shows a continued rise in fossil fuel emissions, which remain at an all-time high. Despite years of warnings from scientists, fossil fuel consumption has actually increased, pushing the planet toward dangerous levels of warming. While wind and solar have grown rapidly, fossil fuel use is 14 times greater.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2021-10-28): In reaching this conclusion, it is important to distinguish between changes caused by human activities altering the atmosphere’s chemistry, and climate variability caused by natural factors. [...] Excluding these natural variations, Earth’s surface temperature was generally stable from about 2,000 to 1,000 years ago. After that, the planet cooled by about 0.3°C over several centuries, before the advent of fossil fuel-based industrialisation in the 1800s. [...] If human factors are removed from the data set and only volcanic and solar factors are included, then global average surface temperatures since 1950 should have remained similar to those over the preceding 100 years. But of course they haven’t.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2021-05-07): Climate change highlights the need for regularly updating these normals. For the past 10 years, weather professionals have used the 1981-2010 climate normals as our reference. But we’ve observed above-average temperatures much more frequently than below-average temperatures from 1991-2020 for much of the U.S. Updating the normals is a way to calibrate to our most recently observed climate. [...] Across the continental U.S., the temperature rose by about 0.5 F on average from the 1981-2010 to 1991-2020 period. The new average is 1.2 F warmer than that of the 20th century. A couple of exceptions are cooling observed in the spring over the Northern Great Plains and cooling over the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic in November. December shows the greatest amount of warming.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2021-08-09): Modern society’s continued dependence on fossil fuels is warming the world at a pace that is unprecedented in the past 2,000 years — and its effects are already apparent as record droughts, wildfires and floods devastate communities worldwide — according to a landmark report from the United Nations on the state of climate science. The assessment from the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says things are poised to get worse if greenhouse-gas emissions continue, and makes it clear that the future of the planet depends, in large part, on the choices that humanity makes today.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2019-09-06): Factually Inaccurate: It is simply false to claim that the data show no warming over that time period. There is a warming trend. Flawed Reasoning: Even if the US experienced a flat temperature change for 14 years, this would not prove that global warming isn't occurring. The US only covers a small portion of the planet, and a 14-year period is too short to reliably indicate long-term trends over short-term variability. [...] Since it achieved nationwide coverage at the start of 2005, the warming rate (trend) in USCRN annual temperatures is 0.86°F per decade, with uncertainties ranging from -0.58°F to 2.31°F per decade. By contrast, the historical NOAA ClimDiv dataset only shows 0.64°F (ranging from -0.80°F to 2.07°F) per decade. As this is a relatively short time period and only covers around 2% of the surface of the Earth, we shouldn’t read too much into these numbers as an indication of longer-term changes, but we can say that USCRN data is completely consistent with the long-term warming trend, and suggestions that the USCRN "finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least" are categorically false.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): During the day, the sun shines through the atmosphere, warming the earth’s surface. At night the earth's surface cools, releasing heat back into the air. But some of the heat is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That's what keeps the earth’s temperature at an average 14˚C (57˚F).
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2024-05-10): Tallying up each year's losses or gains through 2023, reference network glaciers have lost just over 26 feet of water equivalent relative to 1970—roughly the same as slicing an average of 28.6 meters (94 feet) off the top of each glacier.
Claim: the U.S. Climate Reference Network[...] finds there has been no warming for the past 14 years at least (James Taylor, John Hinderaker, 2019-06-09)
Evidence (2009-09-01): On the whole, these and other studies find consistent results. While the Sun's influence is detectable in Earth's temperature records, the global-scale warming influence of human-produced greenhouse gases is likely to be far stronger than even a very strong Grand Solar Minimum. [...] For the past million years at least, Milankovitch cycles have coincided with 100,000-year-long ice ages punctuated by short intervals of rapid warming. Although there are pieces of the puzzle experts still don’t understand, the key climate influence seems to be changes in the amount of incoming sunlight, or insolation, reaching the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the summer. The Northern Hemisphere is key to the ice ages because massive ice sheets can only grow over land, not ocean, and most of Earth’s land area has been concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere for at least tens of millions of years.
Claim: Moderna was already producing COVID-19 vaccines before the beginning of the pandemic (Instagram users, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2023-02-09): Moderna began to work on mRNA vaccines in 2010 and was already collaborating with the U.S. National Institutes of Health before the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019, the company was able to produce around 100,000 doses of mRNA vaccines of any kind. The COVID-19 outbreak in late 2019 and the decision to produce a vaccine against COVID-19 led the company to scale up its manufacturing capacity to address the possibility of an oncoming pandemic.
Claim: Moderna was already producing COVID-19 vaccines before the beginning of the pandemic (Instagram users, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2023-01-20): It is neither a "breaking" revelation nor an "admission" that Moderna was working on a vaccine for the newly discovered coronavirus variant (then called 2019-nCoV and later renamed SARS-CoV-2) in January 2020; both Moderna and the federal government issued myriad press releases at the time. Further, mRNA vaccines like the ones Moderna had been developing well before the COVID-19 pandemic had long been considered a possible pathway to a vaccine to stop a coronavirus-driven outbreak. [...] "Breaking," the viral tweet read, "Moderna CEO admits on live air at Davos they were making a COVID-19 vaccine in January of 2020 before SARS-CoV-2 even had a name." Davos refers to the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum — a meeting that occurs in January of each year and is a frequent target of conspiracy theorists. [...] Because it is not "breaking" news that Moderna had been working on a COVID-19 vaccine in January 2020, and because repeating publicly available information three years after its release does not constitute an "admission" of any kind, we rank this claim "False."
Claim: Moderna was already producing COVID-19 vaccines before the beginning of the pandemic (Instagram users, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2022-04-21): The Innovation System Behind Moderna’s Covid-19 Vaccine [...] Noubar Afeyan, cofounder and chair of Moderna Therapeutics and CEO of Flagship Pioneering, says that the breakthrough innovation behind the company’s Covid-19 vaccine came not as a stroke of luck, but from a repeatable process. He outlines a system called "emergent discovery" that involves working back from future ideals, pioneering in novel spaces, encouraging unreasonable ideas, and persistently questioning hypotheses. And he says this process applies to other industries besides life sciences. Afeyan is the coauthor, with HBS professor Gary Pisano, of the HBR article "What Evolution Can Teach Us About Innovation." [...] By the end of the year, Moderna was selling millions and millions of doses of one of the most effective Covid-19 vaccines in the world. That commercial product not come from a eureka moment or a stroke of luck in the lab. That vaccine based on cutting-edge messenger-RNA technology was the product of a repeatable process. It’s been used countless times by the company that founded Moderna: a venture creation firm called Flagship Pioneering.
Claim: Moderna was already producing COVID-19 vaccines before the beginning of the pandemic (Instagram users, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2020-12-17): Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine is expected to become the second to get the Food and Drug Administration's green light. A decision could come within days. [...] Vice President Mike Pence traveled to Bloomington, Ind., on Tuesday to tour Catalent, a contract manufacturing facility expected to help produce millions of Moderna coronavirus vaccines in the coming weeks and months. Catalent is probably the biggest drugmaker you've never heard of. It has dozens of factories around the world and makes more than 70 billion doses of all kinds of drugs each year. The company's facility in Pence's home state is working with Moderna on filling vials with the vaccine and preparing them for distribution. [...] Catalent is on track to manufacture and package 20 million doses of Moderna's vaccine candidate by the end of this month, and the facility in Bloomington, IN, is ramping up production to supply another 100 million doses in the first quarter of 2021. Globally, the company is working on more than 75 Covid-19-related programs including antivirals, vaccines and treatments."
Claim: Moderna was already producing COVID-19 vaccines before the beginning of the pandemic (Instagram users, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2024-03-09): It was clear, by the fall of 2020, COVID-19 vaccines could reduce symptomatic COVID-19 and also severe disease against prevailing strain(s) in adults. This finding will be remembered as a seminal moment in medical history, and two of these products rapidly received emergency use authorization (EUA) in the US. Pfizer received EUA on Dec 11, 2020 for ages 16 and up (Pfizer 2020b). Moderna received EUA on Dec 18, 2020 for 18 and up (Mezher 2020) with distribution following soon thereafter. [...] Mezher, M. 2020. FDA issues EUA for Moderna COVID vaccine | RAPS. Regulatory Focus. https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2020/12/fda-issues-eua-for-moderna-covid-vaccine [...] Moderna’s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Meets its Primary Efficacy Endpoint in the First Interim Analysis of the Phase 3 COVE Study | Business Wire. 2020. Business Wire. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201116005608/en/Moderna%E2%80%99s-COVID-19-Vaccine-Candidate-Meets-its-Primary-Efficacy-Endpoint-in-the-First-Interim-Analysis-of-the-Phase-3-COVE-Study