copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-03): Among all the partition complexities, the Fergana Valley was the most dramatic one, as the Soviet Union didn’t care about the fact that, in the valley, Kyrgyz, Tajik and Uzbek people, were all sharing the same piece of land. [...] The Fergana Valley is a depression limited by the Tien Shan mountains in the north and the Alay mountains in the south. It is the most fertile area in Uzbekistan and in the southern part of Central Asia, hence it became the agricultural heartland in the region. [...] The Fergana Valley is a place only suitable for the most voracious and real travelers who prefer hanging out with locals rather than visiting historical sites.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-07): Fergana Valley, 300 km lengthwise and 100km across, lies between mountain ridges of Tien Shan (in the northwest) and Alay (in the southeast) at the eastern part of Uzbekistan bordering on Kyrgyzstan (north and east) and Tajikistan (south). Three provinces of Uzbekistan are there: Fergana, Namangan and Andijan provinces. Central Asia’s first long and second deep river Syrdariya (nearly 3000km) runs through this valley making it an agricultural paradise: nearly everything except tropical fruits is grown there. As long as 4 thousand years back, the valley already was agriculturally well developed. They grew pomegranates, grapes, figs, walnuts, rice, wheat and clever that Chinese got knowledge of only in the 2nd c BC and only due to their contacts with Fergana.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-07): In many respects, these events are typical of border conflicts in the Fergana Valley, a fertile plain covering 22,000 square kilometres, surrounded by high mountains, and, since the Soviet era, divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. However, water is no respecter of borders and the distribution of this precious elixir is a conflict factor throughout the Fergana Valley. Growing water scarcity has exacerbated the situation in recent years. Other conflict factors are access to grazing and farmland and any form of use of (as yet) undefined sections of border by one side, whether to plant fruit trees or build a hayloft. The disputed water facility is located in one such contested area between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. As in many other cases, the border here was redrawn multiple times during the Soviet era and today, the two sides are at loggerheads over which borderline should serve as the basis for delimitation. This step, in which the borders are marked on paper, comes before demarcation, namely the practical action taken to provide visible evidence of the border on the ground.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-20): The ethnically and culturally complex region of the Fergana Valley is divided among three countries: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Kyrgyz and the Tajik parts of the Fergana Valley are geographically closer to Uzbekistan than to the capitals of their own countries. Tashkent is only two hours by car from Khujand (the main city in the Tajik part of the valley), while the trip from Khujand to Dushanbe takes about ten hours. From Osh in the Kyrgyz part of Ferghana to Uzbekistan’s border takes only 40 minutes, but travel to the capital Bishkek is ten hours. "The Fergana Valley is a knot of difficult problems: disputed border territories, interethnic tensions, the activities of Islamic radicals. The valley interlinks three Central Asia countries; a conflict in one part on the valley spreads to the other parts, which belong to neighboring countries. Therefore, stability in the Ferghana Valley determines stability in the whole Central Asia," believes Dr. Sergey Abashin, the head of the Central Asia Department of the Russian Institute of Ethnology (author’s interview, September 27).
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-30): Site selection - - [...] Highly Restricted Endemics of FV - [...] Further research - -
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-19): Centrally located at the intersection of trade, economic, and transport corridors, Fergana Valley has the potential to drive economic development in Central Asia. It includes some of the most productive agricultural lands in the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and has a relatively high level of industrial development compared to other parts of the region. [...] Open market reforms in Uzbekistan are considered as the best-case scenario and a positive policy option to transform Fergana Valley into a more thriving, better integrated, and prosperous area that drives regional growth and integration in Central Asia. Uzbekistan’s provinces in Fergana Valley could serve as a hub of regional horticulture value chain integration that could connect producers and suppliers from the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan with Uzbekistan’s producers and exporters. [...] Fergana Valley represents a complex interplay of risk factors and significant—yet, largely unexplored—opportunities to drive growth and prosperity in adjoining provinces and the whole of Central Asia.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-07-20): Fergana Valley, enormous depression between the Tien Shan and Gissar and Alay mountain systems, lying mainly in eastern Uzbekistan and partly in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The roughly triangular valley has an area of 8,500 square miles (22,000 square km). It is bordered on the northwest by the Chatkal and Kurama mountains, on the northeast by the Fergana Mountains, and on the south by the Alay and Turkistan ranges, which rise to more than 16,500 feet (5,000 metres). In the west it is linked to the Mirzachül (Myrzashöl) steppe by the narrow Khujand Gates. [...] The Fergana Valley is one of the most densely populated areas of Central Asia and is a major producer of cotton, fruit, and raw silk. Among the mineral deposits that are exploited are coal, oil, mercury, antimony, and ozocerite. The chief cities are Khujand, Kokand (Quqŏn), Fergana, Marghilon, Andijon, and Namangan. Sedentary agriculture has been practiced for many centuries in the Fergana Valley, which also lay on one of the main trade routes to China. The valley was conquered by the Arabs in the 8th century, by Genghis Khan in the 13th, and by Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th. The khans of Kokand ruled it from the late 18th century until it was taken by Russia in 1876.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-29): UNHCR project helps ethnic minority in Fergana Valley get Kyrgyz nationality JANY-KYSHTAK, Kyrgyzstan, December 5 (UNHCR) - The minority Lyuli people have been living in Jany-Kyshtak and other villages of the fertile Fergana Valley for more than 200 years. Many grew up under Soviet rule, when the Fergana straddled the Soviet republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and nationality was not a major consideration. [...] Azizbek Ashurov is the director of Fergana Valley Lawyers without Borders, which works with UNHCR by providing legal aid to stateless people and people of undetermined nationality. He listed the main reasons for statelessness in Kyrgyzstan. "First is the collapse of the USSR [Soviet Union]. People did not exchange their Soviet passports and became stateless," he said, adding that a second reason was the lack of harmony between the nationality laws in different countries.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-01): Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan share the waters of the Syr Darya River. The transboundary river rises in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan, and flows through Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. As climate change alters water availability in the region, claims over the resource have become increasingly fraught, particularly in the fertile and economically important Ferghana Valley region, which spans the territories of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. [...] Throughout the 1990s, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (along with other Central Asian countries) signed more than eight agreements pledging to work together and raise the level of water cooperation. In recent years, however, expert commentators say these efforts have intensified – particularly as water scarcity grows in the Ferghana Valley. Improvement in Kyrgyz-Uzbek relations
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-10-08): Central Asia: Tensions Grow in the Fergana Valley [...] Editor's Note: This is the second installment of a two-part series on the Fergana Valley region of Central Asia, its complex demographics and the history and future of conflicts in the area. Click here for Part 1. In the coming years, the Fergana Valley is likely to experience increased volatility as the population continues to grow and so does the competition for its land and resources. Given the importance of the location of the Fergana Valley, this is bound to draw in powers with competing interests in the region, including Russia, China and the United States.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-16): In June 2015 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) set up a fund to deal with radioactive contaminated material resulting from Soviet-era uranium mining and processing in the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It said that the Environmental Remediation Account for Central Asia "is being established at the request of the European Commission, which is providing an initial €8 million, with additional funding under consideration." The fund would be used to finance remediation of "high-priority sites." It added: "Many of the legacy sites are concentrated along the tributaries to the Syr Darya River, which runs through the densely populated Fergana Valley, the agricultural centre of the region, which is shared by the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan."
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-06-16): After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, the newly established independent sovereign republics of Central Asia were free to chart their own course in domestic and geopolitical affairs, rid of the constraints long imposed on them by Moscow. Unfortunately for the inhabitants of the region, independence was nothing more than a trigger for renewed ethnic conflict, driven mainly by the new states’ disputes over water and land, particularly within the densely populated Fergana Valley region. [...] However, whether unable or unwilling to, the Soviet demarcation strategy did not fully take into account the vast array and relatively random geographical spread of ethnic groups that resided in the Fergana Valley. As a result, several ethnic groups found themselves positioned outside of their ‘home’ republics, with both Tajik and ethnic Uzbek communities existing in the form of enclaves and exclaves within the Kyrgyz nation, and vice versa. [...] Blog written by Lewis Walters for Global Risks Insights. Original posting at: https://globalriskinsights.com/2021/06/kyrgyz-tajik-relations-in-the-fergana-valley-trapped-in-a-soviet-era-labyrinth/
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-01-01): Northern (Fergana) road, which was used in the early Han period, had a special value in Antiquity. A considerable portion of this road passed within what are, today, the administrative borders of Southern Kyrgyzstan, covering the foothill areas of East, Southeast, Southwest and Northwest Fergana Valley. The route went from Kashgar through Terek-Davan pass, to the Alay Valley, along the Gulcha River and its inflows and to the city of Uzgen. It then turned to the Osh Oasis and to West and North Kanguy. It is documented that Zhang Qian travelled this road in 138 BC. This portion of the road is well marked by different sites, especially from Islamic period, when it was described in guidebooks as a transit corridor with two branches:
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-10): Osh, considered the "southern capital" of Kyrgyzstan, is situated where the southern ranges of the Tian Shan give way to the irrigable and fertile lowlands of the Fergana (or Ferghana) Valley. At around 8,500 square miles, the Fergana Valley is roughly the size of Israel. Two major rivers and numerous streams and tributaries make the valley highly fertile, and the area has an overall warm, dry climate. Cotton production, instituted by the Soviets, is central to the regional economy, as are farming and livestock breeding. The wider area also offers several natural resources, including coal, iron, sulfur, salts, and precious metals, which have led to recent growth in industry and mining. The Fergana Valley has long served as a bread basket and trading hub for the civilizations that have occupied the surrounding mountains. Thus, the area has traditionally been ethnically diverse, with substantial Uzbek, Tajik, and Kyrgyz populations which tend to live in large pockets rather than within easily discernible boarders. The area is also home to significant Russian, Kashgarian, Kipchak, Bukharan Jew, and Romani minorities.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-15): Fergana valley has in total six enclaves which are divided between the sovereign post-Soviet states of eastern Uzbekistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan. It is though a bit unclear how accurate the number is because some territories are small and their locations and the decisions between the states are not very clear. We are fairly certain that the seventh enclave that used to exist, called Barak near Osh, has now been given to Uzbekistan in exchange to some land in the Ala-Buka district in the Northern Fergana valley. [...] Six of the Fergana enclaves are located in Kyrgyzstan’s Batken region. Batken region holds four Uzbekistan’s enclaves with Soh and Shokimardon as the two largest and significant ones. There are also two enclaves of Tajikistan in Kyrgyz Batken region named Vorukh and another very small called Kairragach. Uzbek Fergana Valley also has a small enclave of its own called Sarvak. It is just 14 km long and 500 m wide and belongs to Tajikistan. [...] Fergana Valley borders have always been highly challenged and led to disputes. Because of the the Tian Shan and Pamir mountains in the southern half of Batken region, for easy land travel to Tajikistan, particularly to the major city of Khujand.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-03-18): Seismotectonic study of the Fergana Region (Southern Kyrgyzstan): distribution and kinematics of local seismicity [...] The Fergana basin is an east-west-trending intermontane basin filled with up to 8 km of Cenozoic sediments situated in the southwestern part of the Tien Shan (Bazhenov 1993; Thomas et al. 1993; Cobbold et al. 1996). The Tien Shan mountain belts stretch east-west for more than 2,000 km, with elevation exceeding 7,000 m in places (Nelson et al. 1987). The maximum topographic relief between the Fergana Valley floor with an altitude of roughly 450 m and the surrounding mountain peaks is about 4,500 m.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Kyrgyzstan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-18): Monitoring and early warning systems on climate risks and challenges in the Ferghana Valley are being developed Bishkek – 18 August 2023 – The Fergana Valley – a transboundary zone of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan – is a unique ecological region facing a range of climate challenges, including increased drought and floods, rising temperatures, and other extreme weather events. The growth of climate threats is increasing in the region and the occurrence of numerous cases endangers the population, adversely affecting agriculture, water management, energy, and the health of the entire region. To develop strategies to combat these climate challenges, UNDP together with the Ministry of Emergency Situations organized the regional training on monitoring and early warning systems on climate risks and challenges in the Ferghana Valley. The event took place on August 17-18 in the city of Osh and brought together representatives of emergency situations authorities and other government agencies, stakeholders, environmental experts, and specialists from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Tajikistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-22): Fergana Valley is a valley in Central Asia, lying mostly in eastern Uzbekistan, extending into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan. [...] The Fergana valley was ruled by a series of Muslim states in the medieval period. For much of this period local and southwestern rulers divided the valley into a series of small states. From the 16th century, the Shaybanid dynasty of the Khanate of Bukhara ruled Fergana, replaced by the Janid dynasty of Bukhara in 1599. In 1709 Shaybanid emir Shahrukh of the Minglar Uzbeks declared independence from the Khanate of Bukhara, establishing a state in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley. He built a citadel to be his capital in the small town of Kokand. As the Khanate of Kokand, Kokand was capital of a territory stretching over modern eastern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, southern Kazakhstan and all of Kyrgyzstan.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Tajikistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-01): Fergana Valley Background Info The Fergana Valley spans a vast area, encompassing numerous cities across Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. It includes the Uzbek cities of Kokand, Fergana, Andijan, and Namangan, as well as the Kyrgyz city of Osh and the Tajik city of Khujand. [...] The Fergana Valley is considered safe nowadays, according to the governments of many countries, including the US and UK, which advise against visiting only the border with Afghanistan, a considerable distance from Fergana. The official Australian advice suggests reconsidering travel to the eastern region of the Fergana Valley, including Andijan and Namangan.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Tajikistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-17): Fergana Valley spans the northeastern part of Uzbekistan and extends into neighboring Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Approximately 300 kilometers (190 miles) long and up to 70 kilometers (43 miles) wide, the valley covers an expansive area of 22,000 square kilometers (8,500 square miles). Nestled between the Tian Shan Mountains to the north and the Alay Mountains to the south, this lush depression is often regarded as the heartland and agricultural basket of Central Asia. The Fergana Valley plays a crucial role in the region’s vitality with its fertile soil and abundant water supply from the Syr Darya River and its tributaries. [...] The Fergana Valley is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in Central Asia, drawing human presence for over a million years. Archaeological findings at the Selungur site, have revealed a set of flint stone tools, animal remains, and, most importantly, ancient human bones and teeth. For thousands of years, these early inhabitants survived through hunting, fishing, and gathering plants from the valley’s fertile landscape. [...] The Fergana Valley is perfect for those seeking to explore the local way of life and immerse themselves in the everyday rhythms of Central Asia. It’s an ideal destination for visiting family-run businesses of traditional artisans, from blacksmiths and embroiderers to potters and weavers, offering a unique glimpse into the region’s rich cultural heritage. With our expert guides, you’ll enjoy an authentic and personalized journey while we handle all the details.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Tajikistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-17): In the 18th century, the Kokand Khanate was formed on the territory of the Fergana Valley. Kokand Khanate was abolished in 1876 after the entry of Tsarist Russian troops. The newly formed Fergana region became part of Russian Turkestan. [...] The Fergana Valley is known for its folk arts and crafts. Many artisans live and work here using ancient techniques of pottery, silk, wood carving and embroidery passed down from generation to generation. The Fergana Valley is the most densely populated part of Uzbekistan. The territory of Fergana Valley occupies only 4% of the territory of Uzbekistan, which is home to 27% of the total population of Uzbekistan (as of 2022).
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Tajikistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-07): Fergana Valley, 300 km lengthwise and 100km across, lies between mountain ridges of Tien Shan (in the northwest) and Alay (in the southeast) at the eastern part of Uzbekistan bordering on Kyrgyzstan (north and east) and Tajikistan (south). Three provinces of Uzbekistan are there: Fergana, Namangan and Andijan provinces. Central Asia’s first long and second deep river Syrdariya (nearly 3000km) runs through this valley making it an agricultural paradise: nearly everything except tropical fruits is grown there. As long as 4 thousand years back, the valley already was agriculturally well developed. They grew pomegranates, grapes, figs, walnuts, rice, wheat and clever that Chinese got knowledge of only in the 2nd c BC and only due to their contacts with Fergana.
Claim: Fergana Valley is a territory of Tajikistan (Fergana Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-02): The Fergana valley is the oasis of Central Asia with fine soils and a climate suiting abundant arable farming. However, just a the Wakhan exhibits a political border solution without current rationale, so the Fergana valley international borders weave across the flat valley floor, making a patchwork quilt of enclaves composed of ‘Tajik’, ‘Kyrgyz’ and ‘Uzbek’ villages. The Fergana valley of northern Tajikistan lies to the north of the Zarafshan Range and the district is relatively cut-off from the south by high mountain passes that close in winter months. Access by air, however, is relatively straight forwards from Dushanbe with a regular service flying into Khujand. Access from Khujand into Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan is theoretically easy overland. However, crossing the political borders can be very time consuming and visas are essential. Pamir Highway Adventure will facilitate this transfer and the sourcing of appropriate visas for your journeys. [...] The international borders of the Fergana valley may not seem very logical to Western tourists wishing to travel this region.