copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2021-07-28): The best evidence that humans are omnivores comes from the teeth. Humans have short canines that are a functional consequence of having an enlarged cranium and associated reduction of the size of the jaws. In other primates, the canines are comparatively longer than humans as they function as both defense weapons and visual threat devices. Interestingly though, both Gorillas and gelada baboons prefer vegetarian diets. Humans may have no need for long pointy canines as carnivores do for such use, particularly for capturing prey and threatening enemies. They do have canines that are pointy enough to serve the purpose of tearing meat. The molars and premolars, in turn, are used to crush food. [...] References - Humans are Omnivores — The Vegetarian Resource Group. (2021). Vrg.org. https://www.vrg.org/nutshell/omni.htm - Bradford, A. (2016, January 26). Omnivores: Facts About Flexible Eaters. Livescience.com; Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/53483-omnivores.html#:~:text=The%20food%20is%20softened%20in,that%20either%20carnivores%20or%20herbivores.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2014-01-07): It's a platitude that we've all heard dozens of times, whether to justify our treatment of other species or simply to celebrate a carnivorous lifestyle: humans are the top of the food chain. [...] On a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being the score of a primary producer (a plant) and 5 being a pure apex predator (a animal that only eats meat and has few or no predators of its own, like a tiger, crocodile or boa constrictor), they found that based on diet, humans score a 2.21—roughly equal to an anchovy or pig. Their findings confirm common sense: We're omnivores, eating a mix of plants and animals, rather than top-level predators that only consume meat. To be clear, this doesn't imply that we're middle-level in that we routinely get eaten by higher-level predators—in modern society, at least, that isn't a common concern—but that to be truly at the "top of the food chain," in scientific terms, you have to strictly consume the meat of animals that are predators themselves. Obviously, as frequent consumers of rice, salad, bread, broccoli and cranberry sauce, among other plant products, we don't fit that description.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2021-12-08): It is widely accepted that humans are omnivores. We don’t quite have all the traits of a classic carnivore, such as fang-like teeth, claws, or the ability to produce our own vitamin C. We are able to survive solely on plants for years and decades. But I would argue that does not mean we are omnivorous, or at least not optimally. Our brain and capability to makes tools and think strategically make up for the fact that we do not have fangs or claws. We are also able to consume vitamin C from animal parts, particularly organs. [...] Humans have many small fat cells like all carnivores. ‘Pond and Mattacks compared the structure of fat cells in various types of animals. Carnivores were found to have a higher number of smaller fat cells and omnivores a smaller number of larger fat cells. Humans were found to be at the top of the carnivorous pattern. Pond and Mattacks conclude: "These figures suggest that the energy metabolism of humans is adapted to a diet in which lipids and proteins rather than carbohydrates, make a major contribution to the energy supply."’ [...] From all of these adaptations, it is clear that humans have been moving further from herbivory/omnivory, and closer to carnivory. But there are counter-arguments that need to be acknowledged.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2018-02-02): It also has a species of wilderness-living, large (roughly between the size of a large dog and a large feline), sapient, intelligent, land-dwelling carnivores. These live in groups and do not have any magical or supernatural abilities. In other words, what you might consider just another species of group-living animal, just a very smart one. Naturally, not having evolved from apes, these creatures' intelligence is rather different from that of humans, but it is of a similar level. [...] For the most part, these creatures are happy to live their lives with minimal interaction with humans. Some might tolerate or even enjoy human company, but most are relatively indifferent to humans. (That isn't cast in stone, however.) They might, at most, defend themselves or their offspring if threatened. As such, for the very most part, they are not a direct threat to humans, and they pose little threat to for example humans' livestock. They are, however, decidedly carnivores, easily able to kill an unprotected human should they see the need to. [...] I could put these carnivores and humans in different parts of the world, but as we know, particularly humans aren't exactly known to historically have stayed put, so especially in recent centuries, almost no matter where on Earth I put these creatures, humans will have encountered them, and might very well feel threatened by the existence of such a creature that they had no idea even existed.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2017-12-08): But maybe there is some residual force to arguments from the natural. Yes, some things are natural and immoral, but perhaps the fact that particular behavior comes naturally counts at least somewhat in favor of its morality, even if other factors can outweigh the moral power of naturalness. After all, we do not judge lions to be acting immorally when they kill and devour their prey in part because lions are naturally carnivorous. On the assumption that our nature is relevant to figuring out what we ought to do, it is worth asking whether human beings are naturally and fundamentally a carnivorous species like lions or even an omnivorous species like bears. [...] Want to learn more about how human anatomy compares with that of carnivores and omnivores? The video below is instructive. You can see more common justifications for eating animals here.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2023-10-23): Abstract 1. Carnivorous Plants 2. Carnivorous Pitcher Plants 3. Nepenthes Trap as a Human Digestive System 4. The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in External Digestion by Carnivorous Plants 5. The Significance of Reactive Nitrogen Species in Carnivorous Plant External Digestion 6. Conclusions [...] Krasuska, U.; Wal, A.; Staszek, P.; Ciacka, K.; Gniazdowska, A. Do Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Have a Similar Effect on Digestive Processes in Carnivorous Nepenthes Plants and Humans? Biology 2023, 12, 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12101356 [...] Chicago/Turabian StyleKrasuska, Urszula, Agnieszka Wal, Paweł Staszek, Katarzyna Ciacka, and Agnieszka Gniazdowska. 2023. "Do Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Have a Similar Effect on Digestive Processes in Carnivorous Nepenthes Plants and Humans?" Biology 12, no. 10: 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12101356
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2024-10-07): - In a new study, researchers were able to reconstruct the nutrition of stone-age humans. The study's authors collected about 25 lines of evidence from about 400 scientific papers from different scientific disciplines, dealing with the focal question: Were stone-age humans specialized carnivores or were they generalist omnivores? [...] In a process unprecedented in its extent, Dr. Ben-Dor and his colleagues collected about 25 lines of evidence from about 400 scientific papers from different scientific disciplines, dealing with the focal question: Were stone-age humans specialized carnivores or were they generalist omnivores? Most evidence was found in research on current biology, namely genetics, metabolism, physiology and morphology. [...] Evidence from human biology was supplemented by archaeological evidence. For instance, research on stable isotopes in the bones of prehistoric humans, as well as hunting practices unique to humans, show that humans specialized in hunting large and medium-sized animals with high fat content. Comparing humans to large social predators of today, all of whom hunt large animals and obtain more than 70% of their energy from animal sources, reinforced the conclusion that humans specialized in hunting large animals and were in fact hypercarnivores.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2022-02-03): Humans have short, soft fingernails and small "canine" teeth. In contrast, carnivores all have sharp claws and large canine teeth that are capable of tearing flesh. Carnivores’ jaws move only up and down, requiring them to tear chunks of flesh from their prey and swallow them whole. Humans and other herbivores can move their jaws up and down and from side to side, allowing them to grind up fruit and vegetables with their back teeth. Like other herbivores’ teeth, humans’ back molars are flat for grinding fibrous plant foods. [...] Carnivorous animals swallow their food whole, relying on extremely acidic stomach juices to break down flesh and kill the dangerous bacteria in it, which would otherwise sicken or kill them. Our stomach acids are much weaker in comparison, because strong acids aren’t needed to digest prechewed fruits and vegetables.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2024-07-18): Carnivore space use behaviors reveal variation in responses to human land modification [...] Carnivore spatial behavior and response to human modification [...] Gorman, N.T., Eichholz, M.W., Skinner, D.J. et al. Carnivore space use behaviors reveal variation in responses to human land modification. Mov Ecol 12, 51 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-024-00493-7
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2022-09-19): The question of which dietary category humans fall into is one that has sparked much debate. What we know for sure is that there are people who thrive on plant-based diets and who avoid consuming not just meat but all animal-derived products. There are also a great number of people who consume omnivorous diets consisting of both animal- and plant-derived foods. The small population of purely carnivorous humans is made up primarily of those seeking to lose a large amount of weight quickly. Following a purely carnivorous diet void of any plant-derived ingredients and foods can lead to constipation due to a lack of fiber, bad cholesterol, and increased risk of heart disease. [...] Both our nutritional needs and our physical makeup suggest that humans are not carnivorous animals. Consuming only meat excludes the fiber necessary for us to maintain a healthy gut — one that is able to function without becoming backed up, causing constipation. Further, consuming high levels of meat, specifically red meat, has been linked to decreased cardiovascular health. [...] The arguments surrounding whether humans are biologically obligated to eat meat are numerous and problematic. One oft-heard argument is that humans have canines and thus must be carnivores. The reality is that there are a number of herbivores, such as gorillas, with canines far more impressive and dangerous than our own. When it comes to teeth the ones that really matter are absent from our mouths. Carnivores sport carnassials that are blade-like and sharp, ideal for slicing; humans lack these teeth.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2019-07-23): Researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine say the loss of a single gene two to three million years ago in our ancestors may have resulted in a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease in all humans as a species, while also setting up a further risk for red meat-eating humans. The findings are published July 22, 2019 in PNAS.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2022-01-24): A new analysis has looked at multiple sites which show evidence of early humans and found something surprising. It suggests that findings of increasing carnivory over time in Homo erectus are just a quirk of sampling. Suggestions that the evolution of ancient humans was linked to meat consumption have been found to be a little tough to swallow. [...] Dr W A Barr, the study's lead author, says, 'Generations of paleoanthropologists have gone to famously well-preserved sites in places like Olduvai Gorge looking for, and finding, breath-taking direct evidence of early humans eating meat, furthering the viewpoint that there was an explosion of meat eating after two million years ago.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2010-12-16): Habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization are among the primary threats to global biodiversity (Mcdonald et al. 2008; McKinney 2002). Mammalian carnivores tend toward large home ranges, low population densities, and slow population growth rates, making them especially vulnerable to extinction brought on by habitat loss or human persecution (Gittleman et al. 2001; Noss et al. 1996). Carnivores have been considered prophetic indicators of the overall fate of ecosystems due to their top-level trophic position (Crooks et al. 2010; Estes et al. 2001; Faeth et al. 2005; Noss et al. 1996). Therefore, carnivores can be useful study species when attempting to measure the relative health of ecosystems undergoing urbanization, such as those in southern California. [...] Camera-trap visitation by carnivore species in southern California during 36,152 camera-trap sampling nights across 217 camera traps, 1997–2007. [...] Urban carnivores: ecology, conflict, and conservation (
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2023-10-23): Do Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Have a Similar Effect on Digestive Processes in Carnivorous Nepenthes Plants and Humans? [...] Carnivorous plants attract animals, trap and kill them, and absorb nutrients from the digested bodies. This unusual (for autotrophs) type of nutrient acquisition evolved through the conversion of photosynthetically active leaves into specialised organs commonly called traps. The genus Nepenthes (pitcher plants) consists of approximately 169 species belonging to the group of carnivorous plants. Pitcher plants are characterised by specialised passive traps filled with a digestive fluid. The digestion that occurs inside the traps of carnivorous plants depends on the activities of many enzymes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) also participate in the digestive process, but their action is poorly recognised. ROS and RNS, named together as RONS, exhibit concentration-dependent bimodal functions (toxic or signalling). They act as antimicrobial agents, participate in protein modification, and are components of signal transduction cascades. In the human stomach, ROS are considered as the cause of different diseases. RNS have multifaceted functions in the gastrointestinal tract, with both positive and negative impacts on digestion. This review describes the documented and potential impacts of RONS on the digestion in pitcher plant traps, which may be considered as an external stomach.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (1999-11-21): The carnivory of hominins is unique among primates in three ways: (1) use of flaked stone tools to access animal resources; (2) acquisition of resources from animals much larger than the hominins themselves (Figure 3); and (3) procurement of animal resources by scavenging. Chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, routinely hunt, capture by hand, and eat meat from colobus or other smaller monkeys (e.g. Mitani and Watts 2001), but meat is a small proportion of their diet and they rarely scavenge (Watts 2008), most likely because they cannot efficiently digest carrion (Ragir et al. 2000). How this novel source of food was first recognized by hominins remains unknown. Hominins would likely not have been able to directly exploit grass as grassland expanded habitats across Africa - (though see Sponheimer et al. 2013) but an increase in large (grazing) animal resources would have been useful for any species that could procure and digest them (Plummer 2004). This shift marks an encroachment of a primate onto the larger carnivore guild, which would have challenged hominins with entirely new selective pressures (Brantingham 1999; Pobiner & Blumenschine 2003; Werdelin & Lewis 2005). [...] Ferraro et al. Earliest archaeological evidence of persistent hominin carnivory. PLoS ONE8, e62174 (2013). [...] Pobiner, B. Hominin-Carnivore Interactions: Evidence from Modern Carnivore Bone
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2015-12-01): The relationship between climate, diseases of domestic animals and human-carnivore conflicts [...] Human-carnivore conflicts over livestock predation threaten biodiversity conservation and rural development, but the impact of climate and its change on such conflicts is insufficiently studied. The effect of climatic factors on diseases of predation-prone domestic animals and then on conflicts is unstudied, but potentially significant. This empirical case study addressed the conflict between people and leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Hyrcanian humid temperate forest (Iran). We analyzed our questionnaire and other data from all 34 villages around Golestan National Park in terms of probabilities of human-leopard conflicts over livestock predation, diseases of domestic animals and WorldClim bioclimatic variables. Using multiple predictive modeling approaches (generalized linear modeling GLM, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines MARS, Bayesian Belief Network BBN, BIOCLIM and DOMAIN), we show that climate continentality and precipitation patterns affect diseases, and more diseases lead to more conflicts. The Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) scenarios forecast aridization of the study area in 2041–2080 and a resultant decline of disease and conflict probabilities by 18.4–21.4% and 10.4–11.9%, respectively. We conclude that diseases can drive human-carnivore conflicts which may become less intense with projected aridization of the studied humid environment.
Claim: The humans are carnivorous species !! (Dr. Janaka Wannaku, 2023-12-28)
Evidence (2016-03-07): Citation: Caruso N, Lucherini M, Fortin D, Casanave EB (2016) Species-Specific Responses of Carnivores to Human-Induced Landscape Changes in Central Argentina. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0150488. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150488 [...] For each carnivore species the estimated values of the parameters of the average model and its 95% confidence interval are shown. GA: "Anthropization Gradient", GC: "Conservation Gradient", GF: "Fragmentation Gradient", GM: "Shrubland Gradient". [...] Our study demonstrates that human activities impact all species of carnivores in the Espinal of central Argentina and that this effect varies among species differing in their ecological and behavioral attributes as observed in other agricultural landscapes [14]. Because of these species-specific responses of carnivores, we can expect that human-induced changes will modify the structure of the carnivore community, favoring the most adaptable species.
Claim: A scene of Sri Lankan passengers of an overcrowded train in the morning ,on 15th June,2022 !! (Social Media Users, 2022-06-15)
Evidence (2022-06-15): Our findings confirm that a 3-year-old photograph taken at the Kelaniya Railway Station showing passengers suffering in an overcrowding train as a result of a railway trade union action in June 2019 is currently being circulated on social media as a recent photograph connected with ongoing fuel crisis.
Claim: A scene of Sri Lankan passengers of an overcrowded train in the morning ,on 15th June,2022 !! (Social Media Users, 2022-06-15)
Evidence (2014-12-09): But after having been literally stalled in its tracks due to a savage civil war that led to abject neglect, the Sri Lankan Railways are these days on a comparative roll. After a nearly 25-year hiatus, the Queen of Jaffna is due to resume services, linking the once war-ravaged Tamil-dominated north with the rest of the country. It's also nearly a decade since a tsunami careered onto a tranquil Sri Lankan coastline, killing 50,000 people including passengers on a crowded train travelling on a line, which will feature on my own journey, directly beside the palm-fringed beaches of the south-west corner of the so-called tear-drop island. [...] Here, at 6.55am on December 26, 2004 the Queen of the Sea – so named because its route hugged the scenic south western coastline of Sri Lanka – departed Colombo on a routine journey to Galle. Aboard the packed train were as many as 1500 passengers. At 9.30am at the village of Peraliya, now literally erased from the map, the first of the tsunami waves from the earthquake that had earlier struck off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, swamped the Queen of the Sea. It was followed by a second massive watery tumult, fatally trapping passengers inside the overcrowded carriages and drowning those who managed to somehow extricate themselves. It's surely not just its shape that leads people to call this the teardrop isle.
Claim: A scene of Sri Lankan passengers of an overcrowded train in the morning ,on 15th June,2022 !! (Social Media Users, 2022-06-15)
Evidence (2024-09-14): The Sri Lankan rail network is 1,508 km (937 mi) of 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge. Some of its routes are scenic, with the main line passing (or crossing) waterfalls, mountains, tea estates, pine forests, bridges and peak stations. [...] - ^ "Brakes of 100 Chinese faulty train compartments in Sri Lanka to be replaced: Govt". ANI News. Retrieved 18 August 2022. [...] - ^ "India to supply passenger coaches to Sri Lanka Railways". Railway Technology. 10 September 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
Claim: A scene of Sri Lankan passengers of an overcrowded train in the morning ,on 15th June,2022 !! (Social Media Users, 2022-06-15)
Evidence (2023-11-04): Challenges and Opportunities in Sri Lanka’s Overcrowded Railway System [...] To address these issues and enhance the railway experience in Sri Lanka, regulatory measures are essential. The Sri Lankan government and relevant authorities should consider implementing a comprehensive set of regulations to manage overcrowding, ticket evasion, and the presence of beggars and sellers on trains. [...] In conclusion, while Sri Lanka’s railway system offers an affordable and accessible mode of transportation, it faces significant challenges related to overcrowding, ticket evasion, and the presence of beggars and sellers. Regulatory measures are necessary to address these issues and improve the overall train travel experience. By striking a balance between affordability and regulation, Sri Lanka can ensure its railways remain a convenient and safe means of transportation for all.
Claim: A scene of Sri Lankan passengers of an overcrowded train in the morning ,on 15th June,2022 !! (Social Media Users, 2022-06-15)
Evidence (2024-10-01): Join us in revolutionizing train travel in Sri Lanka, backed by the power of the crowd.