copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-01): Preah Vihear—which Thais call Phra Viharn—long predates the modern states of Southeast Asia. Most surviving parts of the temple date from the 11th and 12th centuries, during the golden age of the Khmer Empire. The Khmer people were the direct ancestors of modern Cambodians, who still refer to themselves as Khmers. Their kings constructed the magnificent complex at Angkor and governed much of mainland Southeast Asia, including most of modern-day Thailand (then called Siam). Preah Vihear bears the influence of Hinduism, the predominant religion of Khmer monarchs at that time. It also reflects elements of Buddhism, which later became ascendant in the surrounding region. Despite its Khmer origins, Preah Vihear has not always been under Cambodian control. The area it occupies has sometimes been governed or occupied by Siamese kingdoms and the modern Thai state that succeeded them. [...] At the ICJ, Thailand maintained that the 1907 French survey was not legally binding, because it was never blessed by the mixed commission. They also cited their de facto control of the temple—which is much more easily accessible from the Thai side of the border—as evidence that they believed Preah Vihear belonged to Siam. Nevertheless, the ICJ found that the Thais had acquiesced in the French demarcation of the border for almost half a century and issued a 9 to 3 decision in favor of Cambodia in 1962.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-02-14): The Temple of Preah Vihear Situated on the edge of a plateau that dominates the plain of Cambodia, the Temple of Preah Vihear is dedicated to Shiva. The Temple is composed of a series of sanctuaries linked by a system of pavements and staircases over an 800 metre long axis and dates back to the first half of the 11th century AD. Nevertheless, its complex history can be traced to the 9th century, when the hermitage was founded. This site is particularly well preserved, mainly due to its remote location. The site is exceptional for the quality of its architecture, which is adapted to the natural environment and the religious function of the temple, as well as for the exceptional quality of its carved stone ornamentation.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) [...] Cambodia complained that Thailand had occupied a piece of its territory surrounding the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear, a place of pilgrimage and worship for Cambodians, and asked the Court to declare that territorial sovereignty over the Temple belonged to it and that Thailand was under an obligation to withdraw the armed detachment stationed there since 1954. Thailand filed preliminary objections to the Court’s jurisdiction, which were rejected in a Judgment given on 26 May 1961. In its Judgment on the merits, rendered on 15 June 1962, the Court noted that a Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1904 provided that, in the area under consideration, the frontier was to follow the watershed line, and that a map based on the work of a Mixed Delimitation Commission showed the Temple on the Cambodian side of the boundary. Thailand asserted various arguments aimed at showing that the map had no binding character. One of its contentions was that the map had never been accepted by Thailand or, alternatively, that if Thailand had accepted it, it had done so only because of a mistaken belief that the frontier indicated corresponded to the watershed line. The Court found that Thailand had indeed accepted the map and concluded that the Temple was situated on Cambodian territory. It also held that Thailand was under an obligation to withdraw any military or police force stationed there and to restore to Cambodia any objects removed from the ruins since 1954.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-04-23): The hearings are the latest round in a centuries-old battle between the two countries over the contested area, located along Cambodia’s northern border with Thailand. Preah Vihear and the land in question are geographically small and remote but the clash over them has represented larger internal struggles of nationalism and domestic political posturing. For both Thailand and Cambodia, the question of the land surrounding Preah Vihear represents critical issues of sovereignty and national pride. [...] A2: Thailand and Cambodia have each controlled the area of Preah Vihear at different points since the construction of the temple in the 11th century by two Khmer kings. Both sides have disputed its ownership for hundreds of years. Cambodia took Thailand to the ICJ in 1962 to settle the dispute; the ICJ ruled that the temple was "situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia." Cambodia was shortly thereafter engulfed in the Vietnam War, followed by the brutal Khmer Rouge regime and a Vietnamese occupation, so Preah Vihear received little attention until recently. [...] Widespread protests erupted in both countries. On July 15, 2008, Thailand sent soldiers to Preah Vihear to reclaim the territory surrounding the temple. Cambodia responded by increasing its troop levels as well. The border near Preah Vihear became increasingly militarized and relations between Cambodia and Thailand deteriorated. By mid-July over 1,200 Cambodian and Thai troops patrolled the area.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-11-07): A row over territory around the 11th Century border temple of Preah Vihear continues to strain ties between Thailand and Cambodia. The BBC looks at the background to the dispute.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-06-04): The background to the conflict dates back to the period of the great Angkorian Empire, when the territory of Cambodia stretched across most of South East Asia, preceding the emergence of Siam as a nation-state now known as Thailand. The 11th century temple of Preah Vihear preceded the completion of legendary Angkor Wat and Bayon temples, also renowned World Heritage sites. [...] Ultra-nationalists in Thailand hark back to the days of Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat’s military dictatorship which had occupied the Khmer temple of Preah Vihear in the late 1950s. Many in right-wing nationalist circles in Thailand never fully accepted either the World Court verdict or Cambodian sovereignty over the temple. Thongchai Winichakul, Thai Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin in the US, commented that the temple furore demonstrated that "the dark side of nationalism is dangerous as ever". The author of Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo Body of a Nation, he wrote in his book: "The Preah Vihear World Heritage case has gone beyond technicalities. It is abused to arouse the delusion that the temple belongs to Thailand, and a desire to revive the claim".
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-11-11): Preah Vihear temple: Disputed land Cambodian, court rules - Published Cambodia should have sovereignty over most of the disputed land around the Preah Vihear temple on the border with Thailand, the UN's top court has ruled. [...] Delivering the judgement, Peter Tomka, president of the International Court of Justice, said the court had decided "that Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah Vihear".
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-03-18): Cambodia and Thailand have been engaged in a territorial dispute over land in the vicinity of the temple of Preah Vihear, located near the countries' shared border, for over fifty years. This dispute has persisted in spite of a 1962 International Court of Justice (ICJ) judgment declaring the temple to be in Cambodia and a long history of negotiation and mediation attempts following the judgment. More recently, in July 2011, the IC, in connection with a request for intepretation of its 1962 judgment, indicated provisional measures creating a demilitarized Zone around the temple and steering both countries to cooperation with the help of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The establishment of this demilitarized Zone, which included territory not subject to overlapping claims, was hotly contested among judges on the court, raising broader questions about the scope of the court's authority to issue provisional measures. Additionally, the court's inclusion of ASEAN as a body to facilitate resolution of the dispute fashioned the provisional measures into a channel for integrated dispute resolution, pairing adjudication with mediation. [...] "Temple of Preah Vihear: Lessons on Provisional Measures,"
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-02-09): Council members are taking seriously the clashes between the Thai and Cambodian military in the vicinity of the Preah Vihear temple complex on the Thailand-Cambodia border. Unlike past Council responses to similar events on the Thai-Cambodian border, this time Council members have not been deterred from taking up the issue. [...] There is a long-running border dispute between Thailand and Cambodia over territory in the vicinity of Preah Vihear, a temple complex dating from the 11th century. The site sits atop a ridge on the Thai-Cambodia border overlooking the plain of Cambodia in the north-west. In 1959 the dispute was referred to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In 1962 the ICJ ruled (in a 9-3 decision) that the area in the vicinity of Preah Vihear was part of Cambodian territory, based upon maps that had been prepared in 1907 by a joint border commission established by Siam and the French colonial authorities in Cambodia. While the ICJ ruling meant the temple complex was in Cambodian territory, the geography of the area determines that the most easily accessible entrance to the complex is in Thailand. Thailand accepts Cambodia’s sovereignty over Preah Vihear. However land surrounding the temple remains in dispute.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-11-11): Border land around the cherished Preah Vihear temple belongs to Cambodia and Thailand’s police and security forces must leave the territory, the United Nation’s highest court ruled Monday in a decades-old dispute between the Southeast Asian neighbors. [...] "Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah Vihear," Judge Peter Tomka wrote in the decision of the 17-member panel in The Hague, Netherlands. [...] The territorial dispute over the Preah Vihear originates from maps drawn in 1907 when Cambodia was under French colonial rule.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-08-09): Since it began in 2008, the dispute over the temple of Preah Vihear and its adjacent area has envenomed Thai-Cambodian relations. Puangthong R. Pawakapan argues that initially Thai-Cambodian cooperation on the temple had begun within the framework of Thailand's strategy to become a regional economic centre and leader. It was the first time in Southeast Asia that two formerly antagonistic states were employing cultural methods to settle a territorial dispute and turned it into a symbol of friendship and cooperation between the two countries. But the ultra-nationalist movement derailed this essay in cooperation. Instead, the temple became a symbol of hatred between the two countries. The ultra- nationalists' success has to be attributed to the support it enjoyed from various civic groups and institutions.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): On 3 October 2008, there was a short exchange of fire between Thai and Cambodian troops near the Preah Vihear Temple. Soldiers from both sides were reportedly injured. On 6 October, two Thai soldiers were severely wounded while stepping on landmines, near the Temple. On the afternoon of 15 October, fighting erupted in 3 different locations near the Temple of Preah Vihear, including rocket firing. Three Cambodian soldiers were eventually confirmed dead and four to seven Thai soldiers were said to be injured. Ten Thai solders were also declared missing while Cambodia claimed to have taken them prisoners. [...] On 2 and 3 April, immediately after the Reinforced monitoring mission had left the area, a new, violent incident occurred at Preah Vihear between Thai and Cambodian soldiers, involving several casualties among the troops, the destruction of properties (a local market and the premises of the National Authority for the Preservation of Preah Vihear) and the relocation of civilians which were settled in the vicinity of the Temple. [...] Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia) (C 1224 rev)
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-04-28): On 28 April 2011, the Kingdom of Cambodia submitted to the Court, by an Application filed in the Registry, a Request for interpretation of the Judgment rendered by the Court on 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand). In that Judgment, the Court had ruled that "the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia" and that "Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw any military . . . forces . . . stationed . . . at the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory". In 2008, on Cambodia’s request, the Temple was included on the list of World Heritage sites by UNESCO. Following that inclusion, several armed incidents took place between the Parties in the frontier area close to the Temple. On the same day that it filed its Application, Cambodia, stressing the urgency and the risk of irreparable damage, also filed a Request for the indication of provisional measures. [...] The Court then examined the relationship between the second operative paragraph and the rest of the operative part. It considered that the territorial scope of the three operative paragraphs is the same: the finding in the first paragraph that "the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia" must be taken as referring, like the second and third paragraphs, to the promontory of Preah Vihear.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Since it began in 2008, the dispute over the temple of Preah Vihear and its adjacent area has envenomed Thai-Cambodian relations. Puangthong R. Pawakapan argues that initially Thai-Cambodian cooperation on the temple had begun within the framework of Thailand’s strategy to become a regional economic centre and leader. It was the first time in Southeast Asia that two formerly antagonistic states were employing cultural methods to settle a territorial dispute and turned it into a symbol of friendship and cooperation between the two countries. But the ultra-nationalist movement derailed this essay in cooperation. Instead, the temple became a symbol of hatred between the two countries. The ultra-nationalists’ success has to be attributed to the support it enjoyed from various civic groups and institutions. State and Uncivil Society in Thailand at the Temple of Preah Vihear [Whole Publication, ISBN: 9789814459914] -
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-11-11): UN court rules for Cambodia in Preah Vihear temple dispute with Thailand [...] In a June 1962 judgment, the ICJ found that the temple is situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia, and that Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw any military or police forces, or other guards or keepers, stationed at the Temple or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory. [...] In its decision today, the Court declared unanimously that the 1962 Judgement decided that Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah Vihear, and that Thailand is obligated to withdraw its forces from that territory.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-25): The modern-day conflict over Preah Vihear has it roots in the early twentieth century. A treaty between the governments of France and the kingdom of Siam signed in 1904 redrew the border dividing what is now Thailand and Cambodia. French surveyors sketched a line that was supposed to follow the watershed boundary, a line that separates the river basins between the two countries. Near Preah Vihear, the border follows the edge of a cliff but diverges from the cliff near the temple complex so that it is included in Cambodian territory.
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): A. OWNERSHIP AND RESENTMENT OVER PREAH VIHEAR [3] Like many South East Asian countries, Thailand and Cambodia still share a colonial legacy of an ambiguous border. In 1954, Thai troops occupied and claimed Preah Vihear, located about 400km north of Phnom Penh. Five years later, Cambodia took Thailand to the ICJ on the basis of colonial-era treaties and other documents in an attempt to regain what it regarded as part of its cultural heritage, arguing that the temple was inextricably linked to its Angkor Wat complex, 140km to the south west. In 1962, the ICJ ruled that the temple was "situated in territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia", mostly on the basis of a Franco-Siamese 1908 map that clearly showed the temple within the Cambodian border. […] It has been government policy ever since that the temple complex is in Cambodia. […] [4] Although the ICJ clearly determined the ownership of the Preah Vihear temple, the frontier around the cliff- top site remains in dispute. […]
Claim: Preah Vihear Temple is a territory of Thailand (Preah Vihear Temple, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-17): As Thai historian Thonchai Winichakul emphasized, the idea that a modern nation-state should be spatially bounded by geographical borders was imported from Europe. In the case of Preah Vihear temple, the problem dates back from 1904 when the French authorities controlling Cambodia drew the current border line along the Dangrek mountain range watershed, which should have left the temple on the Thai side, but nonetheless they ensured that the temple was within Cambodian territory. At that time, the Thai authorities did not pay much attention. This attitude changed in the following years. In 1940, the Thai government took advantage of France’s weakened position after her defeat to Germany to "take back" Preah Vihear. Following the withdrawal of French troops from Cambodia in 1954, Thai forces again occupied the temple to enforce their claim. The newly independent Cambodia succeeded in having the International Court of Justice [ICJ] rule that the temple and the surrounding land lay in Cambodian territory (The Hague, 1962). The international accepted view of the legal jurisdiction of the temples is therefore clearly in Cambodia’s favor. If the case has been legally cleared, it has remained a volatile political issue in both countries ever since. Diplomatic relations were severed a number of times, and threats of force were voiced by both governments.
Claim: Khao Phra Wihan is a territory of Thailand (Khao Phra Wihan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-13): Khao Phra Wihan National Park (Thai: อุทยานแห่งชาติเขาพระวิหาร) is a protected natural area in Sisaket Province, Thailand, that contains numerous ruins of the 11th century Khmer Empire. The park lies 98 km (61 mi) south of the town of Sisaket, at the end of Thai highway 221. Sited on a red stone cliff that is part of the Dangrek mountain range on the southern edge of the Khorat Plateau, it abuts the international border between Thailand's Sisaket Province and Cambodia's Preah Vihear Province. The name of the cliff in the Royal Thai General System of Transcription is Pha Mo I Daeng (ผามออีแดง). The park was established on 20 March 1998,[1] with an area of 81,250 rai ~ 130 square kilometres (50 sq mi).[2]
Claim: Khao Phra Wihan is a territory of Thailand (Khao Phra Wihan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Landmark to Visit: Prasat Hin Wat Sa Kamphaeng Yai is an ancient Khmer temple known for its stunning architecture and intricate carvings, reflecting the region’s rich cultural heritage. Also, Khao Phra Wihan National Park, including the famous Preah Vihear temple, offers breathtaking views and rich cultural history. [...] Sakon Nakhon is a province located in the northeastern region of Thailand, known for its rich cultural heritage and historical significance. The province features a diverse landscape, including the Phu Phan mountain range and the expansive Nong Han Lake, which is the largest lake in Northeast Thailand. Sakon Nakhon has a long history, dating back to the Khmer Empire, and is home to several ancient temples and cultural sites. The province is also famous for its agricultural activities, particularly rice farming, and traditional crafts such as indigo dyeing. [...] Khon Kaen is one of the largest provinces in Northeast Thailand and serves as a major commercial and educational hub in the region. Located on the Khorat Plateau, it is known for its vibrant culture, modern amenities, and rich agricultural landscape. The province is home to Khon Kaen University, one of the largest universities in Thailand, which contributes significantly to the local economy and culture. The city itself has a lively atmosphere with various markets, restaurants, and cultural events that reflect the traditional Isaan way of life.
Claim: Khao Phra Wihan is a territory of Thailand (Khao Phra Wihan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-01-01): Si Sa Ket - Old town Si Sa Ket - Khao Phra Viharn National Park - Prang Ku Khmer Ruins - Wat Mahaphuttaram - Wat Pa Maha Chedi Kaeo Or Wat Lan Khuat [...] As Si Sa Ket borders Cambodia, there are a number of Khmer ruins throughout the region and the History of the provincial capital is believed to date back to the Angkorian era. The greatest of these ruins in the region, and one of the most spectacular Khmer Temples ever constructed, is Preah Vihear. Phra Vihan, as it is referred to in Thai, is a temple that was constructed atop a cliffside escarpment that lies across the border in Cambodia but is far more accessible as a day Trip from Si Sa Ket, where Prasat Khao Phra Wihan national park contains a number of decent sights prior to crossing the border. [...] Travel Tips - Preah Vihear (Phra Vihan) Temple is occasionally closed as a result of border conflicts with neighbouring Cambodia.Cambodia allows day-Trip access to the Temple on a VISA-free basis from Thailand. Thailand imposes an admission fee of THB 400 for entering the national park.
Claim: Khao Phra Wihan is a territory of Thailand (Khao Phra Wihan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-03): Phra Wihan, or Preah Vihear in Khmer, is set atop a 547-metre spike of the Dangrek mountains. [...] Suggested itineraries featuring Phra Wihan [...] Places near Phra Wihan - Khong Jiam 78 miles away - Phanom Rung 129 miles away - Phimai 167 miles away - Nakhon Phanom 206 miles away - Khao Yai National Park 224 miles away - Isaan 244 miles away - Koh Kood 247 miles away - Udon Thani 248 miles away - Koh Munnork 249 miles away - Koh Samet 264 miles away - Nong Khai 277 miles away - Ayutthaya 288 miles away - Bangkok 295 miles away - Loei Province 297 miles away