copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-08): Viewing only this and similar evidence, China’s claims of sovereignty over the islands in the SCS are understandable and appear to be legal. This evidence, at minimum, suggests that the Chinese people were openly living and using land in the SCS at multiple points during the last several thousand years and that the Chinese people were the first to use the area. China views this as sufficient evidence to support its stance that its claims of sovereignty in the SCS are legally valid and, as a result, believes that other countries’ sovereignty claims within the SCS encroach on its historically recognized territory. [...] 10 Vietnam and China engaged in battles over islands in the South China Sea in 1974 and again in 1988. See: Ngo Minh Tri and Koh Swee Lean Collin, "Lessons from the Battle of the Paracel Islands," The Diplomat, 23 January 2014, https://thediplomat.com/. [...] 40 Teh-Kuang Chang, "China’s claim of sovereignty over the Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective," Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 23 (1991), 399, 408–10.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-11-07): China’s claims in the South China Sea include claims to territorial sovereignty over island groups as well as claims to maritime jurisdiction. As with the claim made by Taiwan, the People’s Republic of China claims sovereignty over the Spratly Islands (Nansha), Paracel Islands (Xisha), and Macclesfield Bank (Zhongsha). Vietnam also claims the Paracel Islands and Spratly Islands, while Malaysia, the Philippines, and Brunei claim some of the Spratly Islands. China has controlled part of the Paracels since the 1950s and the entire Paracel Islands archipelago since 1974, and also currently occupies seven reefs in the Spratly Islands. [...] March 1959: China establishes an administrative office for the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands and Macclesfield Bank in Guangong Province, referred to as "Sansha" or "three sands." [...] February 1992: China issues a Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, which affirms China’s claims to sovereignty over the Paracel Island, Spratly Islands and Macclesfield Bank.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-29): Article 2(f) of the Treaty of Peace with Japan, signed on September 8, 1951, stipulates that, "Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Spratly Islands and to the Paracel Islands," but prior to this, on August 15, 1951, then Premier Zhou Enlai had stated the following, "The draft stipulates that Japan renounces all rights to the Spratly and Paracel Islands, but again deliberately fails to mention the issue of restoring sovereignty over these islands. As a matter of fact, just like all the Nan Sha Islands, Chung Sha Islands and Tung Sha Islands, the Si Sha Islands (the Paracel Islands) and Nan Wei Island (Spratly Island) have always been China’s territory."3 In light of the name of the "Map of South China Sea Islands," and subsequent statements by the Chinese government, such as the one above, it is reasonable to interpret that in essence the nine-dash line was initially considered to be a line indicating China’s claims of ownership over the islands.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-06-01): These are Paracel Islands [Xisha Islands=Chinese name for Paracel Islands, Hoang Sa Islands=Vietnamese name for Paracel Islands, Yong Xing=Chinese name for Woody Island]; Spratly Islands [Nansha Islands=Chinese name for Spratly Islands, Kalayaan Island Group (KIG)=Philippine name for group in the Spratly Islands, Truong Sa Islands=Vietnamese name for Spratly Islands, Tai Ping=new Chinese name for Itu Aba]; Dongsha Islands=Chinese name for Pratas Islands; Zhongsha Islands=Chinese name embracing Macclesfield Bank and certain rocks, sandbanks, and reefs; and Huang Yan=Chinese name for Scarborough Shoal or Reef. See for the presentation, Lori Fisler Damrosch and Bernard H. Oxman, Agora: the South China Sea, editors’ introduction, 107 AJIL (2013), 95-97 at 97. Taiwan’s claims are similar to the one asserted by China. [...] China first expressed its intentions regarding the South China Sea in the international arena in its 4 September 1958 Declaration on China’s Territorial Sea. Although paragraph 1 clearly indicates that China considered the Pratas Islands, Paracel Islands, Macclesfield Bank, and Spratly Islands to belong to its territories, the declaration provided no legal explanation. Its sole purpose was, it seems, to define the limits of its sovereignty as a pure fact.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-10): The PRC, Taiwan, and Vietnam each claim sovereignty over the Paracel Islands. In violation of international law, all three claimants require either permission or advance notification before a military vessel or warship engages in "innocent passage" through the territorial sea. Under customary international law as reflected in the Law of the Sea Convention, the ships of all States – including their warships – enjoy the right of innocent pass through the territorial sea. The unilateral imposition of any authorization or advance-notification requirement for innocent passage is unlawful. By engaging in innocent passage without giving prior notification to or asking permission from any of the claimants, the United States challenged these unlawful restrictions imposed by the PRC, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The United States demonstrated that innocent passage is not subject to such restrictions. The United States also challenged the PRC’s 1996 declaration of straight baselines encompassing the Paracel Islands. Regardless of which claimant has sovereignty over these islands, it is unlawful to draw straight baselines around the Paracel Islands in their entirety. Customary international law as reflected in the Law of the Sea Convention is both clear and comprehensive regarding the circumstances under which States can depart from "normal" baselines. The PRC-claimed straight baselines violate customary international law reflected in Article 7 of the Law of the Sea Convention. Furthermore, international law does not permit continental State, like the PRC, to establish baselines around entire dispersed island groups. With these baselines, the PRC has attempted to claim more internal waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf than it is entitled to under international law.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-05): Paracel Islands, group of about 130 small coral islands and reefs in the South China Sea. They lie about 250 miles (400 km) east of central Vietnam and about 220 miles (350 km) southeast of Hainan Island, China. Apart from a few isolated, outlying islands (Triton in the south, Lincoln in the east), they are divided into the Amphitrite group in the northeast and the Crescent group in the west. The low, barren islands, none of which exceeds 1 square mile (2.5 square km), lack fresh water. Turtles live on the islands, and seabirds have left nests and guano deposits, but there are no permanent human residents.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-15): Backgrounder by Lindsay Maizland January 31, 2022 - [...] Webinar with Carolyn Kissane and Irina A. Faskianos April 12, 2023 -
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-08): The Republic of China (ROC) proclaims that the Nansha Islands (Spratly Islands, 南沙群島), Xisha Islands (Paracel Islands, 西沙群島), Zhongsha Islands (Macclesfield Bank, 中沙群島), and Dongsha Islands, as well as their surrounding waters, are an "inherent part of ROC territory and waters." The ROC argues that its rights over these territories are based on history, geography, and international law. Its historical claims in the South China Sea date back to 1947, when Chiang Kai-shek (蔣中正) drew a U-shaped, "eleven-dash line" (十一段線) on a map around the territory in the South China Sea that he claimed as encompassing ROC territory. After coming to power in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) changed the "eleven-dash line" to a "nine-dash line" (九段線), though neither concepts are considered legal terminology. Therein lies Taiwan’s dilemma: changing the ROC’s historical claims would indicate—especially to Beijing—that the island democracy was abandoning its historical political identity and moving towards an inherently Taiwanese national identity, or even independence.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-15): I would like to propose a discussion on this matter, sharing that, based on the information I have, the Paracel and Spratly Islands are territories under the sovereignty of Vietnam. I have researched from [Geofabrik Download Server] and would like others to share their opinions and knowledge on this issue. [...] The Paracel Islands are listed in the examples on that page, with a link to Wikipedia: Paracel Islands, which states, in part, the following: The ownership of the islands remains hotly contested. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Mainland China, Vietnam, and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan all claim de jure sovereignty, although the PRC has had de facto control of the archipelago since the Battle of the Paracel Islands in January 1974.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The Paracels and Spratlys were handed over to the Republic of China's control after the 1945 surrender of Japan,[63] since the Allied powers had assigned the Republic of China to accept the Japanese surrender in the area.[64] At the end of the war (Asian-Pacific Region), the ROC formally retook the Paracels, Spratlys, and other islands in the South China Sea in October and November 1946. In the Geneva accord of 1954 Japan formally renounced all of its claims to, inter alia, the South China Sea islands that it had occupied during World War II.[65] After WW2 ended, the Republic of China was consistently the "most active claimant" of the islands. The ROC would go on to garrison Woody Island in the Paracels in 1946 and post Chinese flags and markers on it; France tried, but failed, to force ROC forces to leave Woody island.[66] The aim of the ROC was to block the French claims.[67] In December 1947, the ROC drew up a map showing its eleven-dotted line U-shaped claim to the entire South China Sea, including the Spratly and Paracel Islands as Chinese territory.[68]
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): Vietnam [edit]China and Vietnam have an ongoing territorial dispute over the Paracel Islands. The islands are claimed by Vietnam but administered by China.[23] South China Sea [edit]The PRC and ROC claimed sovereignty over an area surrounding shoals and islands in the South China Sea, as well as a historical right over the area within the nine-dash line.[35] In 1932, China sent a Note Verbale to France, declaring that China's southernmost territory was the Paracels.[36][37][38] In 1933, when France occupied six features in the Spratlys, China did not protest as it recognized the year before that its southernmost territory was limited to the Paracels.[36][37][38] [...] In 1974, China and South Vietnam fought the Battle of the Paracel Islands.[2]: 254 China took a defensive posture, directing its forces "not to fire the first shot; fight back when attacked".[2]: 254 The battle was relatively brief and China defeated South Vietnam.[2]: 254 China moved quickly to consolidate its position in the area and has maintained control of the Paracel Islands since.[2]: 254
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-01): The Paracel Islands are surrounded by productive fishing grounds and by potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932, French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island; maintenance was continued by its successor, Vietnam. China has occupied all the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. China built a military installation on Woody Island with an airfield and artificial harbor, and has scattered garrisons on some of the other islands. The Paracel islands also are claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam. [...] Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Paracel Islands etymology: Portuguese navigators began to refer to the "Ilhas do Pracel" in the 16th century as a designation of low lying islets, sandbanks, and reefs scattered over a wide area; over time the name changed to "parcel" and then "paracel" [...] Military - note occupied by China, which is assessed to maintain 20 outposts in the Paracels (Antelope, Bombay, and North reefs; Drummond, Duncan, Lincoln, Middle, Money, North, Pattle, Quanfu, Robert, South, Tree, Triton, Woody, and Yagong islands; South Sand and West Sand; Observation Bank); the outposts range in size from one or two buildings to bases with significant military infrastructure; Woody Island is the main base in the Paracels and includes an airstrip with fighter aircraft hangers, naval facilities, surveillance radars, and defenses such as surface-to-air missiles and anti-ship cruise missiles; fighter aircraft have deployed to the island (2021)
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-09): The Paracel Islands (Chinese: 西沙群岛, Xīshā Qúndǎo; Vietnamese: Quần đảo Hoàng Sa) are an archipelago in the South China Sea, administered by China as part of Hainan Province, but also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam. They are a minor destination for patriotic Chinese citizens, not yet open to visitors from other countries. Understand [edit]The Paracels now have a small population of Chinese residents, mainly fishermen, who are encouraged to move here in order to bolster the Chinese government's territorial claims. (Each resident receives a daily subsidy from the government.) The islands are visited by cruises from mainland China; they're seen as a patriotic destination for Chinese tourists eager to help defend their country's territory. [...] It was occupied by the French in 1884, though the occuption was protested by the Chinese government. In 1932, French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island; maintenance was continued by its successor, South Vietnam. China has occupied the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. Following the fall of Saigon in 1975, the South Vietnamese claim has been maintained by the unified Vietnam.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-24): By the Song dynasty, China maintained that it was naming and claiming territory in the island chains it calls Nansha (the Spratly Islands) and Xisha (the Paracel Islands). [...] In the 20 years since, China has reinforced the map with more concrete signs of its claim – building on rocks and islets and expanding its military facilities on these man-made outposts. It has also backed up its claims with ships from its coast guard, maritime militia and fishing fleets. [...] "In the 1970s and 1980s, China took over control of much of the Paracel Islands in the northern SCS [South China Sea] and Johnson South Reef in the Spratly Islands in the southeast quadrant of the SCS, both in Vietnam’s EEZ," the United States department of defence wrote.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): Opinion | Why a code of conduct for the South China Sea remains out of reach For South China Sea code of conduct negotiations to succeed, the US must refrain from interfering behind the scenes, while Asean members must commit to resisting China’s influence. However, this is all unlikely.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-25): Welcome to the Paracel Islands. [...] Two Chinese cruise ships have been back in service since December 9, running from Sanya, a port city in southern Hainan province, to the Paracel Islands – which the Chinese call Xisha – an archipelago in the disputed South China Sea that Beijing has laid territorial claim to. [...] The Paracel Islands, in the northwestern part of the South China Sea, consist of 130 small coral islands and reefs. China has occupied all of the area’s Islands since 1974, according to the CIA Factbook.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-13): See the official Note of the Republic of China ("ROC") Diplomatic Mission in Paris dated on September 29, 1932. Nguyen, supra note 48, at 232. Renmin Ribao Peking N. 3 of July 1956, Chinese authors claimed that Paracels and Spratlys lying east of the frontier line traced by the Franco-Chinese Treaty of 26 June 1887, i.e. the 1080 03′13″ E would be under the Chinese administration. In fact, the text of Franco-Chinese Treaty of 26 June 1887 said that: "The north–south line passing through the eastern point of island of Tcha’s-Kou or Ouan-Chan (Tra Co) which form the boundary, are also allocated to China. The island of Gotho (Kao Tao) and other islands west of this meridian belong to Annam." The purpose of the text is allocation of coastal islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. It didn’t mention the two archipelagos.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): The Battle of the Paracel Islands (Chinese: 西沙海战, Pinyin: Xisha Haizhan；Vietnamese: Hải chiến Hoàng Sa) was an engagement between the Chinese and South Vietnamese navies near the Paracel Islands on January 19, 1974. The battle was part of an attempt by the South Vietnamese navy to remove the Chinese navy from the area towards the end of the Vietnam War. Prior to the conflict, part of the Paracel Islands was controlled by China and another part was controlled by South Vietnam. The battle resulted in a victory for China over South Vietnam. Consequently, the PRC occupied the portion formerly controlled by South Vietnam and established full de facto control over the Paracels. Background [edit]Confrontation in the Paracels [edit]The Paracels are in the South China Sea approximately 300 kilometers south of China and 370 kilometers east Vietnam. The islands are divided into the northern Amphitrite Group, and the Crescent Group 80 kilometers to the southwest. The islands were subject to overlapping territorial claims by multiple countries. By the early 1970s, the Amphitrite Group and Crescent Group were controlled by China and South Vietnam respectively, and both countries were engaged in hydrocarbon exploration.[2]
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-01): The Paracel Islands are surrounded by productive fishing grounds and potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932, French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island. China has occupied all the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. China has built a military installation on Woody Island with an airfield and artificial harbor, and it has scattered garrisons on some of the other islands. Taiwan and Vietnam also claim the Paracel Islands. [...] Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Paracel Islands etymology: Portuguese navigators began to refer to the "Ilhas do Pracel" in the 16th century as a designation of low lying islets, sandbanks, and reefs scattered over a wide area; over time the name changed to "parcel" and then "paracel" Military - note occupied by China, which is assessed to maintain 20 outposts in the Paracels (Antelope, Bombay, and North reefs; Drummond, Duncan, Lincoln, Middle, Money, North, Pattle, Quanfu, Robert, South, Tree, Triton, Woody, and Yagong islands; South Sand and West Sand; Observation Bank); the outposts range in size from one or two buildings to bases with significant military infrastructure; Woody Island is the main base in the Paracels and includes an airstrip with fighter aircraft hangers, naval facilities, surveillance radars, and defenses such as surface-to-air missiles and anti-ship cruise missiles; combat aircraft have deployed to the island (2024)
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-29): Named by 16th century Portuguese mapmakers, the Paracels are a collection of 130 small coral islands and reefs in the northwestern part of the South China Sea. They support abundant marine life. But more than being just a rich fishing ground, there is speculation the islands could harbor potential energy reserves. [...] China calls the Paracels the Xisha Islands. [...] Since ousting the last Vietnamese troops from the Paracels in 1974, China has been steadily fortifying its claim to the islands putting military garrisons on them and building an airfield and artificial harbor on Woody Island. Earlier this summer, China deployed J-10 fighter jets to the island, a signal to the region that "it is their territory and they can put military aircraft there whenever they want," said Carl Schuster, a former director of operations at the US Pacific Command’s Joint Intelligence Center.
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): According to Filipino sources, China released its English language "China Handbook (1937-1943)" in 1943, where it reiterated for the second time that its southernmost territory is the Paracels, specifically Triton Island.[35][46][34] China again changed its position and had published by 1947 an updated China Handbook, which Filipino sources interpret as claiming for the first time that its southernmost territory was the Spratly Islands. Under the new handbook, China also admitted on record that the Philippines and Indochina also claimed the territory,[47] effectively making China's claim as "defective" under international law on Carpio's interpretation.[32] In August 1951, Zhou Enlai, then the PRC's Foreign Minister, responding to the draft of the Treaty of San Francisco, claimed that the Paracel and Spratly Islands "have always been Chinese territory",[48]: 389–390 despite Chinese historical records from its previous dynasties specifically stating that the southernmost part of China has always been Hainan.[18][32][34][35][36][46] During the 1951 San Francisco Peace Conference, the USSR made a motion to grant the Paracels and the Spratlys to China, but the motion was defeated by a vote of 46 against, 3 in favour, and 1 abstention, adding the results into international historical records.[49][50]
Claim: Paracel Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Paracel Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-11): Paracel Islands is the name for a number of uninhabited atolls and reefs in the South China Sea. They are about 330 kilometres (210 mi) from Hainan and about 400 kilometres (250 mi) from Vietnam. Currently they are under the control of the People's Republic of China, but Taiwan and Vietnam also claim them. The islands are uninhabited.[1] [...] Related pages [change | change source]References [change | change source]- ↑ "Paracel Islands" at CIA World Factbook Archived 2014-09-24 at the Wayback Machine; excerpt, "no indigenous inhabitants"; retrieved 2013-4-19. - ↑ Paracel Islands Population - Demographics