copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-30): In 1858, China's Qing empire (1644-1911) was stricken with domestic turmoil and foreign aggression. Besides the sprawling rebellions and wars, in the northeastern border town of Aihui (today's Heihe of Heilongjiang Province), the Qing official Yishan (1790-1878) of the Aisin Gioro clan bitterly signed a treaty with Nikolay Nuravyov (1809-1881) of the Russian Empire. The Treaty of Aihui was humiliating, for the Qing government was made to cede to Russia over 610,000 square kilometers of territory between the Heilongjiang River (or Amur River) in the south and the area beyond the Khingan Range in the north. Consequently the Heilongjiang River was made a border river between China and Russia rather than an inland waterway as it used to be, and the Qing government lost absolute control of the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers. Russia thus gained free access to the Pacific Ocean. The scene of the signing of the treaty is restored with wax figures in the Aihui History Museum, located in the heritage site of Aihui town which dates to the late 17th century. With ample documents and objects, the museum is dedicated to revisiting the history of the town and east Sino-Russian relations from the mid-17th to the early 20th century, with emphasis on key historical incidents such as the signing of the treaties of Nerchinsk (1689) and Aihui (1858), the Hailanpao Massacre (1900), the Massacre at the Sixty-four villages east of the River (1900) and the ensuing looting and burning-down of Aihui by the Tsarist Russian army.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-11): Proper noun [edit]Heilongjiang - A province in northeastern China. Capital: Harbin. [...] - More than 7,000 people of Hailanpao and the sixty-four villages east of the Heilongjiang River were murdered, burned to death or drowned in the river. [...] - Saul B. Cohen, editor (1998), "Heilongjiang", in The Columbia Gazetteer of the World[14], volume 2, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1260, column 3
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): 50.1°N 168°WThe Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu, Daur and Han-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) opposite of Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite of Blagoveshchensk. The area totaled 3600km2. [...] The Republic of China (ROC), has never recognized the Russian occupation as legitimate. In the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, the People's Republic of China (PRC) renounced sovereignty of the 64 Villages. However, the Republic of China now based in Taiwan never renounced sovereignty of the area nor does it recognize any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries due to the restrictions imposed by Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China and Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China. Therefore, the area still appears as Chinese territory in many maps of China published in Taiwan even though it is now administered as a part of Amur Oblast, Russia.[7]
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-03-18): The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River opposite to Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite to Blagoveshchensk.[1] Their area totalled 3,600 square kilometres (1,400 sq mi).[2] [...] The Republic of China (ROC), the successor of the Qing Empire, has never recognized the Russian occupation as legitimate.[2] In the 1991 Sino-Russian Border Agreement, the People's Republic of China (PRC) renounced sovereignty of the 64 Villages.[11] However, the Republic of China now based in Taiwan never renounced sovereignty of the area nor does it recognize any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries due to the restrictions imposed by Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China and Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China.[2] Therefore, the area still appears as Chinese territory in many maps of China published in Taiwan even though it is now administered as a part of Amur Oblast, Russia.[11][13] [...] The original article can be found at Sixty-Four Villages East of the River and the edit history here.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2004-12-31): Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; pinyin: Hēilóngjiāng; Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang; Manchu: Sahaliyan ula) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black Dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur River. The one-character abbreviation is 黑 (pinyin: Hēi), and the Manchu name of the region is Sahaliyan ula (literally meaning "Black river"), from which the name of Sakhalin island is derived. Heilongjiang borders Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west, and it also borders Russia to the north, with the Amur River marking the territorial border between the two countries. Heilongjiang contains both China's northernmost point (in Mohe County along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers). Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across all northeastern China.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): Located on the left bank of Heilongjiang, Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun is a collective name for a group of villages. It was originally under the jurisdiction of the Heilongjiang General. At that time, the Outer Xing'an Mountains were under the jurisdiction of China, and Heilongjiang was an inland river in China. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, especially after Xianfeng, with the signing of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Aigun, the Treaty of Tianjin, the Treaty of Beijing, etc., China's funerals covered a large area. The Heilongjiang and Ussuri Rivers became the Sino-Russian boundary rivers. However, Hailanpao on the left bank of Heilongjiang and Liusitun in Jiangdong are still Chinese territory. The specific area is from the mouth of Jingqili River in the north, to Huoer Molejintun in the south, to the left bank of Heilongjiang River in the west, and bounded by the Jingqili River to the Bolegerqin River in the east, with a width of more than 90 miles and a stretch of 180 miles. ten miles. A total of sixty-four villages.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-03-18): Territory ceded by the People's Republic of China to Russia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 50°06′N 127°41′E The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu, Daur and Han-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) opposite of Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite of Blagoveshchensk.[1] The area totaled 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi).[2] [...] The Republic of China (ROC), has never recognized the Russian occupation as legitimate.[2] In the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, the People's Republic of China (PRC) renounced sovereignty of the 64 Villages.[11] However, the Republic of China now based in Taiwan never renounced sovereignty of the area nor does it recognize any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries due to the restrictions imposed by Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China and Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China.[2] Therefore, the area still appears as Chinese territory in many maps of China published in Taiwan even though it is now administered as a part of Amur Oblast, Russia.[11][13]
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1999-02-22): The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu, Daur and Han-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) opposite of Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite of Blagoveshchensk. The area totaled 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi). Among Russian historians, the district occupied by the villages is sometimes referred as Zazeysky rayon (the "Trans-Zeya District" or "The district beyond the Zeya"), because it was separated by the Zeya from the regional capital, Blagoveshchensk.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-03-31): The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River (or 黑龙江, Hēilóng Jiāng, lit. "Black Dragon River") opposite to Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite to Blagoveshchensk.[1] Their area totalled Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value)..[2] [...] The Republic of China (ROC), the successor of the Qing Empire, has never recognized the Russian occupation as legitimate.[2] In the 1991 Sino-Russian Border Agreement, the People's Republic of China (PRC) renounced sovereignty of the 64 Villages.[11] However, the Republic of China now based in Taiwan never renounced sovereignty of the area nor does it recognize any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries due to the restrictions imposed by Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China and Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China.[2] Therefore, the area still appears as Chinese territory in many maps of China published in Taiwan even though it is now administered as a part of Amur Oblast, Russia.[11][13]
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-11): Name [edit]The name for the killings and reprisals that occurred in Amur is not standardized, and has been referred to by different names over time. The most common Chinese name for the pogroms is the Gengzi Russian disaster (traditional Chinese: 庚子俄難; simplified Chinese: 庚子俄难; pinyin: Gēngzǐ é nán), but the two most major events in Blagoveshchensk and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River are referred to as the Blagoveshchensk massacre (traditional Chinese: 海蘭泡慘案; simplified Chinese: 海兰泡惨案; pinyin: Hǎilánpào cǎn'àn) and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre (traditional Chinese: 江東六十四屯慘案; simplified Chinese: 江东六十四屯惨案; pinyin: Jiāngdōng liùshísì tún cǎn'àn) respectively.[2] [...] Further reading [edit]- Yang, Chuang; Gao, Fei; Feng (2006). 海兰泡和江东六十四屯惨案 [The Tragic Case of Blagoveshchensk/Hailanpao and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River]. 百年中俄关系 [A Century of China–Russia Relations] (in Chinese). Beijing: World Affairs Press. ISBN 7-5012-2876-0.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-06): In 1858, a weakening Manchu China was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun, except for a small region known as the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River (江東六十四屯|s=江东六十四屯, Jiāngdōng Liùshísì Tún), an area of 3,600 km² which had a majority of Chinese residents and was still designated as under the administration of China. By the nineteenth century, Manchu rule had become increasingly sinicized and, along with other borderlands of the Chinese Empire such as Mongolia and Tibet, came under the influence of colonial powers. Britain had aspirations in Tibet, France in Hainan and Germany in Shantung, while Russia encroached upon Turkestan and Outer Mongolia.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-13): The Treaty of Aigun (also known as the Sino-Russian Treaty of Aihui) was an unequal treaty imposed by tsarist Russia on the Qing government during the Second Opium War. In May 1858, when the Anglo-French Allied Forces seized Tianjin, tsarist Russia took the opportunity to send its troops into Aigun (Aihui) as a threat of force to the Qing government, forcing Yishan, the general stationed in the town, to sign this treaty. The treaty ceded to tsarist Russia more than 600,000 square kilometers of Chinese land north of Heilongjiang and south of the Stanovoi Mountains, with only sixty-four villages east of the Heilongjiang River kept under China’s control. It also brought a 400,000-square-kilometer Chinese territory east of the Wusuli River under "joint administration" by the two countries, and granted Russia the right of navigation on the Heilongjiang, the Songhuajiang, and the Wusuli River. The conclusion of this treaty deeply wounded China in terms of territorial sovereignty.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): History [edit]The 1860 Convention of Peking stipulated that the boundary between Russia and China lay along the Amur and Ussuri rivers. As such, the island at the confluence of the two rivers was Chinese. Until 2004, Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy Island was the site of a territorial dispute between mainland China and Russia. The Soviet Union forcefully occupied Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy and Yinlong Islands in 1929 in the wake of a Russo-Manchurian conflict, but this was not accepted by China. While Russia governed the islands as a part of Khabarovsk Krai, China claimed them as a part of Fuyuan County, Heilongjiang province, the easternmost part of China. [...] The Government of the Republic of China (ROC) in Taipei has never recognized the sovereignty of the PRC government in Beijing. Therefore, the ROC still formally claims all parts of the Heixiazi Islands, as it does not consider border treaties signed by the PRC with other countries to be valid.[citation needed] [...] External links [edit]- River islands of China - River islands of Russia - Geography of Northeast Asia - China–Soviet Union relations - International islands - China–Russia border - Islands of Khabarovsk Krai - Islands of Heilongjiang - Former disputed islands - Territorial disputes of the Soviet Union - Territorial disputes of China - Nature reserves in China
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-07): Xinjiang East: West of Kekeya Road, Stone Industrial Park, Shanshan County, Turpan City, Xinjiang (Hesheng Industrial Park), China. [...] 28, Vostochnoye shosse, Nizhni Tagil, Sverdlovsk region 622007, Russia; and 28 Vostochnoe shosse, Nizhni Tagil, Sverdlovskaya oblast 622007, Russia; and 40, Bolshaya Yakimanka Street, Moscow 119049, Russia.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-22): Gu Yuying, Liu Dayong, 2021. Analysis of the causes of the formation of the migration wave in Heilongjiang region in the early period of the Republic of China. Historical Records of Heilongjiang, (4): 16–19, 33. (in Chinese) [...] Wang Wan Li Xing, 2018. The Heilongjiang River in the context of Sino-Russian relations: from the boundary of disputes to cooperation. Russian, East European & Central Asian Studies, (1): 69–94, 157. (in Chinese) [...] Heilongjiang River (Amur River in Russia) watershed
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-03-28): Heihe (Chinese: 黑河; pinyin: Hēihé; "Black River") is a prefecture-level city of northern Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China, located on the Russian border, on the south bank of the Amur River, across the river from Blagoveshchensk. Heihe has an urban population of about 211,313, while the total population of the prefecture-level city is 1,673,893. Heihe marks the northeast terminus of the Heihe–Tengchong Line, which is sometimes used to divide China into east and west. [...] Jiamusi (Manchu: Giyamusi, Chinese: 佳木斯; pinyin: Jiāmùsī; formerly Kiamusze) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. Located along the middle and lower reaches of the Songhua River, it faces Russia's Khabarovsk Krai across the Ussuri River and the Amur River. In 2007 Jiamusi had a GDP of RMB 34.1 billion with a 14.3% growth rate. Its population was 2,552,097 at the 2010 census whom 881,711 lived in the built up area made of 4 urban districts.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): Heilongjiang[a] is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers). [...] Geography [edit]Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Datudingzi Mountain at 1,690 metres (5,540 ft), located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry. [...] Industry [edit]Heilongjiang is part of northeast China, the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food.[citation needed] Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with Russia. Since a wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation.[citation needed] As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of economic reform.[citation needed]
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-10-02): The most afflicted areas, with prevalence rates over 1%, are two provinces in the south-eastern part of the People’s Republic of China (Guangdong and Guangxi) and two in the north-eastern part (Heilongjiang and Jilin) (Table 1 and Fig. 1c) [51]. Compared to 2014–2015, the national control plan for 2016–2020 aims to decrease the prevalence in all major endemic provinces by 30% in 2020 through implementation of an integrating control strategy, consisting of chemotherapy, IEC, and improved sanitation [41].
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2010-08-14): - Russia gained the left bank of the Amur River that had been assigned to China as a result of Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689. (Chinese and Manchu residents of the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River would be allowed to remain, under the jurisdiction of Manchu government.) The Amur, Sungari, and Ussuri rivers were to be open exclusively to both Chinese and Russian ships. The territory bounded on the west by the Ussuri, on the north by the Amur, and on the east and south by the Sea of Japan was to be jointly administered by Russia and China—a "condominium" arrangement similar to that which the British and Americans had agreed upon for the Oregon Territory in the Treaty of 1818.[2] (Russia gained sole control of this land two years later)[4] Counting also the loss of this land, China effectively lost more than one million square kilometers of territory.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-31): South Tibet is a literal translation of the Chinese term '藏南' (pinyin: Zàng Nán), which may refer to different geographic areas: - The southern part of Tibet, covering the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River Valley between Saga County to the west and Mainling County to the east, as well as neighbouring areas located between the Himalayas to the south and the Transhimalayas range to the north. The region extends around 1,000 km from west to east and 300 km from north to south. By this definition, South Tibet includes most of modern-day Shigatse, Lhasa, Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture and Nyingchi Prefecture. [...] - When used in relation to the Sino-Indian border dispute, South Tibet is a term mainly used by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to refer to an area south of the McMahon Line currently administered by India as parts of the states of Arunachal Pradesh. This region was recognised by Tibet as belonging to British India under the McMahon Line Agreement (part of the 1914 Simla Convention). The PRC does not recognise the McMahon Line and claims that the area is a part of the Tibet Autonomous Region instead.[1] According to Hsiao-ting Lin, a scholar from Taiwan, and other scholars, both the British and the Chinese claim to sovereignty over the area can be deemed "largely imaginary", reflected only in official maps and political propagandas.[2][3][4]
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-14): Yet, regardless of where the existing boundary comes to lie, it would have kept Ladakh and Tibet apart: It would have merely formalized the fact that while Tibet lay in the Chinese sphere-of-influence, Ladakh would be associated with the political world of the Indian subcontinent. Despite their common history, religious heritage, and culture, how and why did Tibet and Ladakh come to be politically distinct? In fact, some of the western areas of the Tibetan plateau — Baltistan, part of the Pakistani region of Gilgit-Baltistan, the Indian union territory of Ladakh, as well as the Indian districts of Kinnaur and Lahaul and Spiti in Himachal Pradesh and the Nelong Valley of Uttarakhand— — were never truly ruled by the central Tibetan government, or a Chinese suzerin of Tibet.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-29): China says the area is part of Zangnan, or South Tibet, citing historical rights. It has renamed the region on its official maps and issues separate visas to Indian citizens from the area in a bid to assert sovereignty. [...] "The United States recognizes Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory, and we strongly oppose any unilateral attempts to advance territorial claims by incursions or encroachments, military or civilian, across the Line of Actual Control," Vedant Patel, a U.S. State Department spokesperson, said last week. [...] "China strongly deplores and firmly opposes this. The China-India boundary has never been delimited. Zangnan has always been China's territory, a basic fact that is undeniable," said ministry spokesperson Lin Jian.