copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: The CDC found a 236% increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine (Brian Hooker, 2020-01-27)
Evidence (2015-04-21): In this large sample of privately insured children with older siblings, receipt of the MMR vaccine was not associated with increased risk of ASD, regardless of whether older siblings had ASD. These findings indicate no harmful association between MMR vaccine receipt and ASD even among children already at higher risk for ASD. [...] Consistent with studies in other populations,2-4 we observed no association between MMR vaccination and increased ASD risk among privately insured children. We also found no evidence that receipt of either 1 or 2 doses of MMR vaccination was associated with an increased risk of ASD among children who had older siblings with ASD. As the prevalence of diagnosed ASD increases, so does the number of children who have siblings diagnosed with ASD, a group of children who are particularly important as they were undervaccinated in our observations as well as in previous reports.10,15
Claim: The CDC found a 236% increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine (Brian Hooker, 2020-01-27)
Evidence (2024-02-20): How does the CDC arrive at this number? CDC researchers collect health and school records for 8-year-old children who live in select U.S. counties. These researchers are part of the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, which the CDC set up in 2000 to estimate autism prevalence. [...] Autism prevalence has traditionally been highest in white children in the U.S, but this is starting to change. African-American and Hispanic children have lower rates of diagnosis because of a lack of access to services. Widespread screening has improved detection of autism in these groups, and raised overall prevalence.
Claim: The CDC found a 236% increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine (Brian Hooker, 2020-01-27)
Evidence (2021-03-01): However, the prevalence increased by 43% from 2.21% (95% CI, 1.25%-3.17%) to 3.16% (95% CI, 2.50%-3.81%) in non-Hispanic Black individuals (P = .07 for trend), and by 40% from 1.49% (95% CI, 1.10%-1.87%) to 2.08% (95% CI, 1.09%-3.07%) in Hispanic individuals (P = .08 for trend). An increasing prevalence in non-Hispanic Black individuals was observed in the younger age group (3.02; 95% CI, 2.33-3.70 among those aged 3-11 years vs 2.60; 95% CI, 1.99-3.21 among those aged 12-17 years). [...] The decreasing trend in the prevalence of ASD between 2016 and 2018, especially the plateau in non-Hispanic White individuals, may suggest a stabilization of the environmental factors. The racial/ethnic disparities in ASD are complex and reflect multiple levels of inequities. These inequities range from individual etiologic factors (eg, genetic factors) and nonetiologic factors (eg, disease awareness and access to ASD evaluation)5 to environmental etiologic factors (eg, preterm birth and social experience in infancy). The main limitation of this study was the ascertainment of ASD cases, which was based on household respondents’ self-reports, rather than physicians’ evaluations. Further analysis to explore the racial/ethnic disparities by educational level, family income, and health insurance is necessary. [...] MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016;65(3):1-23. doi:
Claim: The CDC found a 236% increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine (Brian Hooker, 2020-01-27)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Autism and the African American community - PMID: 21707353 - DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2011.579499 Autism and the African American community [...] Is there an increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders?J Paediatr Child Health. 2003 Mar;39(2):81-2. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00097.x. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003. PMID: 12603792 Review.
Claim: The CDC found a 236% increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine (Brian Hooker, 2020-01-27)
Evidence (2023-03-23): ASD prevalence estimates from the following four data sources are presented on this webpage: [...] For every 1 GIRL, {{maleRatio}} BOYS were identified with ASD. [...] Make selections below to view prevalence estimates by location or across data sources or to add confidence intervals.
Claim: The CDC found a 236% increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine (Brian Hooker, 2020-01-27)
Evidence (2024-05-14): Although we know little about specific causes, the available evidence suggests that the following may put children at greater risk for developing ASD: [...] Understanding the risk factors that make a person more likely to develop ASD will help us learn more about the causes. CDC is currently funding and working on one of the largest US studies to date, called Study to Explore Early Development (SEED). [...] CDC's Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network has been estimating the number of 8-year-old children with ASD in the United States since 2000. ASD occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. It is more than 4 times more common among boys than among girls.
Claim: The CDC found a 236% increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine (Brian Hooker, 2020-01-27)
Evidence (2020-01-27): No increased risk of autism observed in African-American boys associated with MMR vaccine; claim based on erroneous study retracted in 2014 CDC data did not show an increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine. This claim is based on a study that was later retracted due to its methodological flaws which produced spurious results. Overwhelming scientific evidence shows that vaccines do not cause autism. [...] Snopes fact-checked this claim in 2014, and found it to be false: "Did collected data actually prove that the MMR vaccine produces a 340% increased risk of autism in African-American boys? The answer is no, it did not."
Claim: The CDC found a 236% increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine (Brian Hooker, 2020-01-27)
Evidence (2014-08-27): Table 3 shows results for the entire cohort excluding African American children. As can be observed, there is no statistically significant effect for any of the subclasses in either gender or age cut-off for MMR uptake. This shows that the effect observed overall is due to the very strong "signal" seen exclusively in African American boys. In other words, the strong, statistically significant relationship between younger first MMR age and higher autism incidence in African American males may be skewing the results for larger, more general populations that include African American males (e.g., all boys and all African Americans) to show a "relationship" that is actually only in African American males.
Claim: The CDC found a 236% increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine (Brian Hooker, 2020-01-27)
Evidence (2021-07-18): To that end let’s look at numbers as focused and comparable as possible. [...] Hardly fitting like a glove. [...] Again not even fitting like a glove (you’ll have to imagine me doing that thing he did with his hands).
Claim: The CDC found a 236% increased risk of autism in African-American boys associated with the MMR vaccine (Brian Hooker, 2020-01-27)
Evidence (2022-08-01): accessed 15 May 2018) [...] Kukulska-Hulme, A., Sharples, M., Milrad, M., Arnedillo-Sánchez, I., & Vavoula, G. [...] Merriam, S.B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2023-10-11): Getting COVID-19 while pregnant is associated with a higher risk of developing severe disease and pregnancy complications. Abundant data show that vaccination during pregnancy is safe for the mother and the unborn child and effectively reduces the risks of complications from the disease.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2023-07-15): Maternal and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy, a systematic review and meta-analysis [...] Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with increased pregnancy complications. Despite effective vaccination strategies for the general population, the evidence on the safety and efficacy of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations in pregnancy is limited due to a lack of well-powered studies. The present study compares the maternal, neonatal, and immunological outcomes between vaccinated pregnant and unvaccinated pregnant women using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. We included 37 studies with a total of 141,107 pregnant women (36.8% vaccinated) spread across all outcomes. Our evidence indicates a higher rate of cesarean section in the 1898 vaccinated pregnant women compared to the 6180 women who did not receive vaccination (OR = 1.20, CI = (1.05, 1.38), P = 0.007, I2 = 45%). Regarding immunological outcomes, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy or postpartum was significantly reduced in 6820 vaccinated pregnant women compared to 17,010 unvaccinated pregnant women (OR = 0.25, CI = 0.13–0.48, P < 0.0001, I2 = 61%), as evident from qualitative assessment indicating significantly higher postpartum antibody titers compared to that observed in both unvaccinated mothers and mothers who have recently recovered from a SARS-CoV-2 infection. [...] Systematic review and meta-analysis of neonatal outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2023-12-01): By contrast, we found that maternal COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was associated with a slightly increased risk of neonatal readmission in unadjusted analyses. We hypothesize the observed increase was due to depletion of susceptibles39; this is supported by the finding that a small proportion of infants in the unexposed group were more likely to be excluded from analyses of readmission either because they died during the birth admission or because their birth admission was longer than 28 days. In the weighted primary analysis and most subgroup/sensitivity analyses, the association between maternal vaccination and neonatal readmission was no longer significant and there was no increase in hospital readmission up to age 6 months.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2022-05-01): COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy plays a crucial role in preventing maternal illness.1 Safety concerns are reported as 1 of the top reasons to decline COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy.2 The exclusion of pregnant women from the initial COVID-19 vaccine trials led to information gaps regarding maternal and fetal response to vaccination. While several observational studies examined neonatal benefits via antibodies transfer across the placenta,3,4 large-scale assessments of neonatal safety are scarce. [...] Two descriptive studies provide preliminary information on neonatal outcomes after COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy.6,7 Both studies relied on self-reported questionnaires, which may bear selection bias and respondent bias, and were characterized by small sample size, short time frame, and lack of a comparison group of unexposed neonates. One of the studies7 showed lower reactogenicity of the messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine in pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women. This study aims to examine the association between maternal immunization during pregnancy and neonatal and early infant outcomes using a large population-based cohort. [...] Vaccination during pregnancy is common to prevent morbidity from other infectious diseases. Specifically, vaccines to prevent influenza and pertussis are recommended during pregnancy.17 The clinical data on safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination are abundant and cover both early and late gestation,18 as well as longer-term implications into early childhood.19 However, COVID-19 vaccines were not expressly studied in pregnant women and offspring prior to their availability in the United States under Emergency Use Authorization, leaving an unmet need for safety data.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2021-03-12): COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy: The Benefits Outweigh the Risks - PMID: 34253304 - PMCID: PMC8267012 - DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2021.03.010 COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy: The Benefits Outweigh the Risks [...] COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy: A review of maternal and infant benefits.Gynecol Obstet Clin Med. 2022 Sep;2(3):124-128. doi: 10.1016/j.gocm.2022.07.003. Epub 2022 Aug 9. Gynecol Obstet Clin Med. 2022. PMID: 38620770 Free PMC article. Review.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2024-07-17): Women infected with covid-19 during pregnancy have a higher risk of pregnancy complications.123 Based on this evidence, and studies showing that pregnant women are at increased risk of severe disease from covid-19,34 the authorities in most countries recommend that pregnant women get vaccinated against covid-19.5678 Because pregnant women are not often included in randomised controlled trials of vaccines before marketing, evidence relating to the safety of vaccines during pregnancy relies on observational data after the introduction of vaccines. Vaccination of pregnant women against covid-19 was therefore recommended before conclusive safety data were available. Studies evaluating the safety of covid-19 vaccines among pregnant women after marketing have been reassuring, providing no evidence of an increased risk of pregnancy complications.9101112 [...] Evidence supports an increased risk of certain pregnancy complications, including preterm birth and stillbirth, among women with covid-19 infection during pregnancy.330 We did not find any evidence of an increased risk of congenital anomalies after covid-19 infection, but newer variants were not included. However, current knowledge is in line with the new viral variants becoming less harmful.37 Vaccination of pregnant women protects the women and the infants from adverse outcomes. Furthermore, we did not find any indication that vaccination against covid-19 during the first trimester increased the risk of anomalies, providing additional evidence about the safety of vaccination in pregnant women. Overall, our findings support the current recommendations to vaccinate pregnant women against covid-19.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2021-10-01): Safety of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women and their neonatal outcome: a narrative Review - PMID: 36906793 - DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2183750 [...] COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy: early experience from a single institution.Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2021 Nov;3(6):100464. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100464. Epub 2021 Aug 16. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2021. PMID: 34411758 Free PMC article. Safety of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women: A study of the adverse perinatal outcomes.Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2023 Apr;161(1):298-302. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.14599. Epub 2022 Dec 13. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2023. PMID: 36452977 Free PMC article.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2024-02-06): The balance between benefits and risks of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy may be more nuanced among newborn infants than in the childbearing individual. Vertical transmission of COVID-19 has been found to be low (1%-3%).5 In addition, the infection in newborn infants may be milder than in older children and adults,5,6 and hospitalizations for COVID-19 in infancy are very rare (0.2-1/1000 person-years).7 [...] This large population-based safety study found no evidence of increases in adverse neonatal events in infants born to individuals vaccinated against COVID-19 during pregnancy. In contrast, exposure to COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was associated with reduced rates of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and neonatal mortality. The observed reduction in risk may reflect residual confounding rather than an actual protective effect of vaccination. However, these findings may provide reassurance to public health authorities, clinicians, pregnant individuals, and their families that infants are not at higher risk of adverse events due to COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2023-01-03): A total of 15 studies were included. We found that maternal vaccination during pregnancy was related to the reduction rates of Preterm, SGA, Low Apgar score at 5 min (<7). In addition, there was no evidence of a higher risk of adverse neonatal outcomes after maternal vaccination of COVID-19 during pregnancy, including NICU admission, preterm birth with gestation <34 weeks, low birth weight, very low birth weight, congenital anomalies, and so on. [...] Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data mainly concerning neonatal outcomes after maternal COVID-19 vaccination. In the present study, the main neonatal outcomes are preterm, SGA, NICU admission, and low 5 min Apgar score (<7). In population-based larger cohorts published from Israel, Canada, Sweden, and Norway, and the US, except for data from Canada, all three other studies reported that COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was not significantly associated with an increased risk for adverse neonatal outcomes.27,29,31,32 After pooling all of these data, our results showed not only no increased risk from maternal vaccination but also lower rates of adverse neonatal outcomes among those born to individuals vaccinated during pregnancy. As shown in Fig. 2 and Table 2, 17%, 7%, and 8% decreases in the odds of preterm, SGA, and low 5 min Apgar score (<7) were associated with COVID-19 vaccination when compared with unvaccination during pregnancy, respectively. These results may gain confidence to improve the acceptance of vaccines among pregnant women.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2023-02-17): Covid-19 vaccination and pregnancy: a systematic review of maternal and neonatal outcomes - PMID: 36800343 - DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0463 [...] Effects of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 infection and maternal and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Rev Med Virol. 2023 May;33(3):e2434. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2434. Epub 2023 Mar 10. Rev Med Virol. 2023. PMID: 36896895 Review. [...] COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Aug;227(2):136-147. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.05.020. Epub 2022 May 11. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022. PMID: 35568189 Free PMC article. Review.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2022-08-10): Covid-19 vaccination is the safest and most effective way for people who are pregnant to protect themselves and their babies against severe covid-19 disease. Available data do not support an increased risk of adverse outcomes following covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy, so vaccination should be recommended as the benefits of vaccination during pregnancy seem to outweigh any potential risks. The immunogenicity of vaccinations in pregnancy seems to be similar to that in the non-pregnant population; however, the optimal timing of vaccination in pregnancy for neonatal/infant benefit remains uncertain. Additional information on non-mRNA vaccines, vaccination early in pregnancy, and longer term infant outcomes are also needed. Given that pregnant people are at increased risks for severe complications from covid-19, increasing the data and knowledge surrounding vaccination in this population is important to help to reduce vaccine hesitancy. Along with more data, directed personal vaccine counseling by obstetric providers to pregnant patients may also improve vaccination rates. To meet all these goals, pregnant people around the world must be prioritized in covid-19 vaccine research.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2022-03-18): Table 1 Epidemiological studies on the safety of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy [...] Although each of these approaches to addressing the question of COVID-19 vaccine safety in pregnancy has its own weakness, the findings from each approach lend weight to the others. Together with the sheer number of participants in these studies, this gives us confidence that COVID-19 vaccination is not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. [...] Kharbanda E. O. Safety of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy, interim data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Centers for Disease Controlhttps://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-09-22/10-COVID-Kharbanda-508.pdf (2021).
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2021-01-01): COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy and postpartum - PMID: 33998379 - DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1920916 [...] Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccines administered in pregnancy can reduce the risk of severe COVID-19 and their serious consequences for mothers and their offspring. However, many aspects remain to be clarified. [...] Safety evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination during early pregnancy: A single-center prospective cohort study of Chinese pregnant women.Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2023 Aug 1;19(2):2226995. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2226995. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2023. PMID: 37462023 Free PMC article.
Claim: “No discernible benefit of covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy”; “higher rate of neonatal and all-cause readmissions among babies born to vaccinated mothers” (Peter McCullough, 2023-10-11)
Evidence (2021-10-01): COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy, Paediatrics, Immunocompromised Patients, and Persons with History of Allergy or Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Overview of Current Recommendations and Pre- and Post-Marketing Evidence for Vaccine Efficacy and Safety - PMID: 34739716 - PMCID: PMC8569292 - DOI: 10.1007/s40264-021-01131-6 COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy, Paediatrics, Immunocompromised Patients, and Persons with History of Allergy or Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Overview of Current Recommendations and Pre- and Post-Marketing Evidence for Vaccine Efficacy and Safety [...] COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: coverage and safety.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Feb;226(2):236.e1-236.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.007. Epub 2021 Aug 10. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022. PMID: 34389291 Free PMC article.