copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-03-27): One of the Valleys lying hidden in the inaccessible depths of the Trans Karakorams is the Shaksgam Valley but thats not its real claim to fame. It is purported to be an integral part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir but under Pakistani control and has since been "ceded" to China by Pakistan as per the terms of their Border Settlement Agreement.It is also referred to as the Trans Karakoram Tract and the Tract has an area of almost 7000 sq km. And as soon as it became a part of China access and approach to it became much more complicated and has been out of bounds till the Chinese decided to open the Valley as it serves as a an alternative Basecamp from the North for the K2, the second highest Peak on the Planet. The Valley itself is around the Shaksgam River and as said before its bounded by the Karakorams in the South and the Kun Luns in the North. Its political status notwithstanding the Shaksgam valley is one of the most inhospitable places on the planet. As mentioned one Passes through this Valley on the way to the North Base Camp of the K2 which is situated in the same Region and you descend into this amazing wilderness after crossing the Aghil Pass which serves as the Gateway to the Shaksgam Valley. The Shaksgam River itself is a tributary of the Yarkand River and hence the water ends of in the void of the Tarim Basin. The Shaksgam Valley was explored by sir Francis Younghusband once upon a time though he referred to it as the Oprang. Few Explorers had ventured into this Mountain wilderness before Younghusband.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-02): NEW DELHI: Amidst reports of China making roads and developing infrastructure in the Shaksgam Valley, India has reaffirmed that the area is part of its territory. India has also raised a protest with China over the construction. "The Shaksgam Valley is a part of the Indian territory. We have never accepted the so-called China Pakistan Boundary Agreement of 1963 through which Pakistan has unlawfully attempted to cede the area to China. We have registered our protest with the Chinese side against illegal attempts to alter facts on the ground," said Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal. [...] The Shaksgam tract (which includes the Shaksgam Valley) is an area of 5,200 sq km north of the Karakoram watershed that has been illegally occupied by China since 1963. It was earlier occupied by Pakistan since 1947.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-04): The Shaksgam Valley, also known as the Trans-Karakoram Tract, is a territory of about 5,200 square kilometres (2,000 sq mi) located north of the Karakoram watershed in the Kashmir region. It is currently administered by China as part of its Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The Shaksgam Valley is a source of contention between India, Pakistan, and China. India claims the entire Kashmir region, including the Shaksgam Valley. Pakistan controls a portion of Kashmir known as Gilgit-Baltistan, which includes the Shaksgam Valley. In 1963, Pakistan ceded control of the Shaksgam Valley to China as part of a boundary agreement. India has never accepted this agreement and continues to claim the Shaksgam Valley as its territory. [...] The Shaksgam Valley has some strategic importance due to its location on the border between China and Pakistan. The valley provides a potential route for a road connecting China to Pakistan. China has been investing in infrastructure development in the Shaksgam Valley in recent years, including the construction of roads and bridges. This development has raised concerns in India about China’s growing influence in the region.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-29): In 1963, Pakistan handed over 5,800 square kilometers of the territory of Gilgit-Baltistan to China without the consent of the local people. Authorities even threatened the ruler of Hunza, who claimed the valleys up to the Aghil Pass, of imprisonment and torture for objecting to such a deal. China currently occupies more than 20,000 square kilometer of Gilgit-Baltistan covering Shaksgam, Raskam and Aghil valleys. The Communist Party of China might find it interesting that the Chinese official maps of 1917, 1919 and 1933 recognize the border of Jammu & Kashmir at the Kunlun mountain range. An earlier map of Xinjiang compiled in 1762 at the orders of the Chinese Emperor Chien Lung also acknowledged the southern border of Xinjiang at Kunlun. This comfortably places Shaksgam, Raskam and Aghil valleys within Gilgit-Baltistan. [...] As part of the frontier settlement plan, both nations, represented by Pakistani Foreign Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Chinese Foreign Minister Chen Yi, signed a provisional agreement on March 2, 1963 in Beijing allowing China to occupy Shaksgam, Raskam, Shimshal and Aghil valleys of the disputed territory of Gilgit-Baltistan.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-04): Chinese Road Construction in Shaksgam Valley - 04 May 2024 - 1 min read India expresses concern over recent Chinese road construction activities in the Shaksgam Valley in the trans-Karakoram tract of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), a territory ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963. - India has consistently rejected the 1963 China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement, which attempted to cede the Shaksgam area to China and assert Shaksgam Valley as its territory.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-07): Understanding the Shaksgam Valley: - Location and Status: The Shaksgam Valley, also known as the Trans Karakoram Tract, lies within the Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK). It is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. [...] - History of Cession: In 1963, Pakistan ceded the Shaksgam Valley to China as part of a boundary agreement aimed at resolving border disputes between the two nations.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-03): Shaksgam Valley 03-05-2024 10:32 AM India has lodged a strong protest with China for carrying out construction activities in the Shaksgam valley, in an "illegal" attempt to alter the situation on the ground. About Shaksgam Valley - The Shaksgam Valley, or Trans Karakoram Tract, is part of the Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK) and is a disputed territoryclaimed by India but controlled by Pakistan.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): New satellite images from the European Space Agency reveal a Chinese road has been built through the Aghil Pass and now stretches into the lower Shaksgam Valley. The Indian government has consistently claimed the Shaksgam Valley, which is currently controlled by China, as part of its territory. This includes the region of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK)…. writes Dr. Anjali Sehrawat [...] The Indian government has consistently claimed the Shaksgam Valley, which is currently controlled by China, as part of its territory. This includes the region of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). In a 2019 speech, Home Minister Amit Shah reaffirmed this position, stating that the Indian constitution defines Jammu and Kashmir to include both Pok and Aksai Chin (another disputed territory with China). However, the situation is complex. A 1963 agreement between China and Pakistan grants China temporary control of the Shaksgam Valley until the Kashmir issue is resolved. India has not signed any similar agreement with China regarding the valley. Despite China’s control, India has actively protested Chinese actions in the region. These protests include objecting to Chinese infrastructure projects and the portrayal of Aksai Chin as Chinese territory.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-06): The Shaksgam valley in the trans-Karakoram tract, part of PoK, was handed over on a platter by a supine Pakistan to China through an illegal border agreement on March 2, 1963. However, the continuing Chinese occupation of Kashmir’s territory does not find adequate mention in the contemporary discourse surrounding this issue. China occupies 5,180 square kilometres in the Shaksgam Valley in addition to approximately 38,000 square kilometres in Aksai Chin. China and Pakistan have colluded to obfuscate these facts, even as they brazenly promote the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which runs through parts of Indian territory under their respective occupation.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): It resulted in both countries ceding over 1,942 square kilometres (750 sq mi)[clarification needed] to the other. Pakistan recognized Chinese sovereignty over land in Northern Areas of Kashmir and Ladakh.[4][5] However, Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction, Pakistan surrendered approximately 5,300 km2 (2,050 sq mi) of territory to China.[6][7] India claims the agreement is invalid, and claims sovereignty over part of the land. In addition to increasing tensions with India, the agreement shifted the balance of the Cold War by bringing Pakistan and China closer together while loosening ties between Pakistan and the United States. [...] The agreement resulted in China and Pakistan each withdrawing from about 1,900 square kilometres (750 square miles) of territory, and a boundary on the basis of the 1899 British Note to China as modified by Lord Curzon in 1905. Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction, Pakistan surrendered approximately 5,300 km2 (2,050 sq mi) of territory to China (to which they believe it had no right in the first place).[7] The claim given up by Pakistan was the area north of the Uprang Jilga River which also included the Raksam Plots where the Mir of Hunza had enjoyed taxing and grazing rights throughout much of the late 19th Century as part of agreements with Chinese authorities in Sinkiang. Despite this, sovereignty over area was never challenged by the Mir of Hunza, the British or the State of Jammu and Kashmir. [6]
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-12-27): Mandip Singh replies: The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK), and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Province of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the north, the Northern Areas of POK to the south and west, and the Siachen Glacier region to the east. The Shaksgam Valley was ceded to China by Pakistan in 1963 when both countries signed a boundary agreement to settle their border differences. However, Article 6 clearly stated that "the two Parties have agreed that after the settlement of the Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India, the sovereign authority concerned will reopen negotiations with the Government of the People's Republic of China, on the boundary as described in Article Two of the present Agreement, so as to sign a formal Boundary Treaty to replace the present agreement."
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-06): Home / External Affairs Defence Security / News / Shaksgam valley: How Pakistan 'unlawfully' ceded Indian territory to China Shaksgam valley: How Pakistan 'unlawfully' ceded Indian territory to China [...] Jaiswal said that India had never accepted the China-Pakistan border agreement of 1963, under which Pakistan tried to illegally cede this area to China. "The Shaksgam valley is a part of the territory of India. We have never accepted the so-called China-Pakistan boundary agreement of 1963 through which Pakistan unlawfully attempted to cede the area to China," Jaiswal said.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-04): The Shaksgam Valley was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963 through a boundary agreement known as the Sino-Pakistan Agreement. [...] India has consistently maintained that the Shaksgam Valley is part of its territory and rejects any attempts by Pakistan or China to alter the status quo in this region. [...] The Shaksgam Valley is situated in the northern part of POK, bordering the Xinjiang Province of the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-18): China, in turn, has built a 36-kilometer road in the 5,163-square-kilometer Shaksgam Valley, which was illegally ceded to it by Pakistan in 1963, while the territory was disputed by India. China was outraged enough by India’s abrogation in 2019 of its Articles 370 and 35A, which resulted in the reorganization of the frontier state of Jammu and Kashmir, of which Ladakh was then a part, to take the matter to the U.N. Security Council. It was particularly incensed over the change in Ladakh’s political status because China considers the region to be of strategic importance. India rebuffed China, terming Ladakh’s new status an "internal matter" that had "no implication for India’s external boundaries or the LAC with China." The Chinese Foreign Ministry, however, issued a statement asserting, "The recent unilateral revision of domestic laws by the Indian side continues to undermine China’s territorial sovereignty, which is unacceptable and will not have any effect."
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-09): India asserts that Pakistan concluded a boundary agreement with China in 1963 where Pakistan illegally ceded 5180 sq. km of Indian Territory in PoK (known as Shaksgam Valley) to China. The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. This agreement was condemned and highly objected to by the Government of India. According to India, Pakistan has been in illegal and forcible occupation of approximately 78,000 sq. km of Indian Territory in the state of J&K. In the light of the law related to the right to self-determination as propounded by the ICJ above and the facts about the transferring of the territory of Shaksgam Valley to China, Pakistan has violated rules of international law applicable to the right to self-determination. The 1963 Agreement was concluded by Pakistan – an administrating power – in violation of the customary norms of self-determination. The agreement was not concluded with the ‘free and genuine will’ of the people of J&K. Thus, the detachment of 5,180 sq. km of the Shaksgam Valley by the 1963 Boundary Agreement was unlawful as the obligations arising under international law and reflected in UNGA resolution 1514 require Pakistan, as the administrating power in PoK region, to respect the territorial integrity of that region.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-15): The Shaksgam Valley in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, was recently in the news following reports that China’s road building efforts have now brought it to within 48 km of the northern part of the Siachen Glacier. The glacier has been held by India since 1984 and the closer the Chinese come, the greater India’s concern. The Shaksgam Valley was handed over by Pakistan to China in 1963, an act which India regards as illegal since this is Indian territory. This essay aims to provide a rudimentary analysis to elucidate the situation in the Shaksgam Valley and its implications for India’s strategic calculations. The Shaksgam Valley measures around 5,163-sq km. Bearing the same name is the Shaksgam River, a tributary of the Yarkand River, boasting a greater number of glaciers feeding it compared to the headstream of the Yarkand. Situated between the western Karakorams, traditionally dominated by the Hunza of Kashmir, and the Kun Lun Range, serving the frontiers of Khotan, the Shaksgam Valley essentially constitutes no man’s land. Positioned just south of the Aghil Range, a minor mountain range nestled within the Trans Karakoram region between the imposing Kunlun and Karakoram ranges, Shaksgam holds strategic significance.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-10): With its new map of 4 August 2020, Islamabad underlined its position on the Kashmir issue. Pakistan’s national borders encompass the whole of Kashmir, which confirms the political claim to the territory. Pakistan had ceded the Shaksgam Valley in its part of Kashmir to the People’s Republic in 1963 as part of its political rapprochement with China (see Map 3, p. 6). The Aksai Chin region claimed by China is marked as "frontier undefined". This corresponded to the position agreed by the two states in the 1963 treaty. Earlier maps, on the other hand, often graphically separated Kashmir – including the GB and AJK regions – from Pakistani territory to indicate that Kashmir is a disputed territory as defined by UN resolutions.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-14): The Ladakh region is strategically valuable to China and India. For Beijing, its control of the Aksai Chin area, which borders Ladakh, provides the only road links between the Xinjiang and Tibet provinces and is essential to China’s territorial integrity.79 China’s possession of the Shaksgam area of Ladakh allows Beijing to connect these provinces with Pakistan to support its Belt and Road Initiative.80 For New Delhi, the region’s rugged terrain provides a bulwark against potential Chinese attacks. Additionally, both India and China see defending their territorial claims as vital to maintaining their states’ integrity.81 As a result, both India and China have taken various steps to improve road access to their forward areas, increase the quantity and quality of outposts, and improve their forces’ ability to operate in the high-altitude regions around the LAC to defend their claimed territory. The map illustrates the disputed Ladakh area. [...] 90 Ankit Panda, "China Issues Statement Condemning Indian Decision to Bifurcate Kashmir," The Diplomat, August 7, 2019, available at <https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/china-issues-statement-condemning-indian-decision-to-bifurcate-kashmir/>; Press Trust of India, "Article 370: China Says Opposed to Ladakh as Union Territory," India Today, August 6, 2019, available at <https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-reaction-jammu-kashmir-article-370-1577915-2019-08-06>; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Remarks on the Indian Government’s Announcement of the Establishment of the Ladakh Union Territory Which Involves Chinese Territory," August 6, 2019, available at <https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t1686549.shtml>.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-02): NEW DELHI: India said on Thursday that it has lodged a protest with China over "illegal attempts to alter facts on the ground" in the occupied territory of Shaksgam Valley by carrying out the construction of roads and other infrastructure. [...] Shaksgam Valley is part of the territory of India and the country has consistently conveyed its rejection of the China Pakistan Boundary Agreement. "This is a vexed issue. We have stated our position very clearly as to how we see developments in that part.Shaksgam Valley is our territory and we have been protesting as and when required," Jaiswal said. The Shaksgam Tract, which includes the Shaksgam Valley, is an area of 5,200 sq km north of the Karakoram watershed that has been illegally occupied by China since 1963. It was earlier occupied by Pakistan since 1947. Shaksgam Valley is claimed by India as part of the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-26): China sensed another opportunity during the India-Pakistan war of 1965. It accused India of violating the Sikkim-Tibet border by maintaining military installations on the Tibetan side, and issued it an ultimatum to withdraw; it also charged India with abducting 59 Chinese yaks.[36] On 19 September 1965, while the India-Pakistan war was underway, the PLA kidnapped and killed three Indian soldiers from across the LAC near Tsaskur in Ladakh.[37] The timing could not be missed: it sought to remind India of its vulnerability to the two-front situation. India did not escalate the matter as it could not afford to ignite a second front. As it was, the China-Pakistan border settlement agreement two years before in March 1963, whereby Pakistan ceded the Shaksgam Valley to China, had reinforced India’s fears of collusion between the two hostile neighbours. That India chose to abide by China’s ultimatum on the ceasefire during the 1965 war suggests that the latter’s manoeuvres succeeded in influencing the former’s decision.[38]
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-28): - With China-Pakistan 1963 agreement, Pakistan handed over the Shaksgam Valley of Aksai Chin to China. [...] Shaksgam Valley - The Shaksgam Valley or the Trans Karakoram Tract is part of Hunza-Gilgit region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK), and is a disputed territory claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan. [...] - The Shaksgam Valley was ceded to China by Pakistan in 1963 when both countries signed a boundary agreement to settle their border differences.
Claim: Shaksgam Valley is a territory of Republic of China (Shaksgam Valley, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-10): In 1963, Pakistan illegally gifted the Shaksgam valley to China under the China-Pakistan Agreement 1963 ("China-Pakistan Agreement") whereby Gen. Ayub Khan of Pakistan handed over parts of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir to China. The agreement purportedly establishes the formal boundary line between China's Xinjiang region and PoK by delineating the boundary alignment along mountain ridges and rivers. The said concession of territory to China was illegal from the start as the Shaksgam valley was rightfully an Indian territory that was under the illegal occupation of Pakistan. As such, as per the legal maxim nemo dat quod non habet (No one gives what he does), Pakistan could not have gifted what was not rightfully its territory in the first place. [...] The Shaksgam Valley dispute is a notable example of China's repeated attempts to unilaterally usurp the territorial sovereignty of other nations, reflecting its broader strategy to monitor and manage India's regional activities. As evidenced in Bhutan and Nepal, China aims to surveil India in addition to containing India within the subcontinent, thereby expanding its maritime presence. India's keen awareness of the recent construction activities in this contested area underscores its vigilance. India has firmly asserted its right to protect its territorial boundaries and undertake any measure to safeguard its sovereign integrity. This enduring dispute highlights the persistent tensions and complexities inherent in Sino-Indian relations and throws light on the Chinese policy of disrespect towards sovereign boundaries weather on land or at sea.