copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-01): Suriname is a pluralistic society consisting primarily of Creoles (persons of mixed African and European heritage), the descendants of escaped African slaves known as Maroons, and the descendants of Indian and Javanese (Indonesian) contract workers. The country overall is in full, post-industrial demographic transition, with a low fertility rate, a moderate mortality rate, and a rising life expectancy. However, the Maroon population of the rural interior lags behind because of lower educational attainment and contraceptive use, higher malnutrition, and significantly less access to electricity, potable water, sanitation, infrastructure, and health care. [...] Suriname-France (French Guiana): in March 2021, Suriname and France signed an agreement to establish their border along the Maroni River and its tributary the Lawa River and to cooperate in combatting illegal gold mining; however, the area further south between the Litani and Marouini Rivers is still disputed, with Suriname claiming the border is along the Marouini to the east and France arguing it is along the Litani River to the west Suriname-Guyana: the two countries dispute the territory between two rivers, known as the New River Triangle, with Suriname contending that the New River (also called the Upper Corentyne) to the west marks their common border, while Guyana asserts that the Kutari River to the east forms the border; each side claims that their river is the source of the Corentyne River that forms a border further north between the two countries; the Permanent Court of Arbitration settled the maritime boundary between Suriname and Guyana in 2007 in an area with potentially substantial oil reserves
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2004-12-31): The Marouini River Tract and Its Colonial Legacy in South America @article{Donovan2004TheMR, title={The Marouini River Tract and Its Colonial Legacy in South America}, author={Thomas W. Donovan}, journal={Chicago-Kent journal of international and comparative law}, year={2004}, volume={4}, pages={1}, url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54062539} [...] In perhaps the most desolate and under-populated area in the South America lies one of the most lingering boundary conflicts of modern nations. Suriname and French Guiana (an overseas colony of France) dispute which of the upper tributaries of the Maroni River was originally intended to form the southern extension of their border. The Maroni River exists as the northern boundary between the two bordering nations on the Caribbean coast, and was intended to serve as the boundary to the Brazilian… studentorgs.kentlaw.iit.edu 1 Citation
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-03): About the Maroni River Along some 320 miles, this Amazonian river is the royal way to discover fluvial Guiana. Creating the border with Surinam, it provides a lifeline of exchanges for riverside populations such as Wayana Indians and Bushinengues. Sometimes as broad as a lake, it also meanders through a labyrinth of rocks, river falls and rapids known as "sauts". Just like a long natural road, it connects a wide variety of human types, landscapes and existential rhythms—all preserved in harmony with the water and vegetation. The Maroni River can be motored upstream on pirogue (dugout canoe) from Camp Dany Campou (located right near Apatou) and all the way up to Maripasoula. Numerous stops will allow you to keep in permanent touch with the local population. It can also be motored in the opposite direction, from Maripasoula down to Apatou. Both trips lasting 4 days are performed using locally built motorized pirogues fully adapted to river navigation.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The French Guiana-Suriname Boundary Dispute at the Itany-Marouini Triangle [...] The colonial legacy in Latin America and the Caribbean has fostered many enduring boundary conflicts, but none has persisted longer than the Itany-Marouini Triangle dispute in the South American Guianas.1 Possession of these lands, which consists of about 5,000 square miles in the southernmost region between Suriname and French Guiana, has been in dispute for over 300 years. Suriname maintains a de jure claim, asserting that the land was included in the earliest documents defining the boundaries of its predecessor, Dutch Guiana, and that people under its governance have lived there continuously. France maintains a de facto claim, asserting that it has actually administered and governed the territory as part of French Guiana from the time that the colony was delineated. While disputes over other territories in the region began long ago, most have either been subsequently resolved or international efforts to resolve them have advanced considerably after prolonged and intense negotiations.2 However, the dispute over the Itany-Marouini Triangle persists and there has been no indication of movement toward resolution. Neither Suriname nor French Guiana has pursued its claim vigorously for the past century, and the efforts of both governments to establish predominance during that time have been little more than perfunctory. Suriname has maintained virtually no governmental presence and France, through its French Overseas Department, has devoted minimal resources and administration to the area. It appears that neither side wants to expend the considerable sums and effort required to resolve the issue and develop the region's infrastructure.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-23): The Litani or Itany is a river which forms part of the boundary between Suriname and French Guiana. It is a tributary, or the upper course, of the Maroni. The boundary is disputed, with Suriname also claiming land to the east of the river.[1] The Litani river flows in the Lawa near Antecume Pata, and is fed from the Loë en Ulemari creeks.[2] The river was first explored in 1950 by A. Franssen Herderschee into the Tumuk Humak Mountains.[3] The total length of Litani, Lawa and Maroni is 612 km (380 mi).[4] [...] - ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - maroni, le (fleuve); lawa, la (riviere); alitanie, l' (riviere) (5---0000)".
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-25): The Maroni (French: [maʁɔni]) or Marowijne (Dutch: [maːroːˈʋɛinə]; Sranan Tongo: Marwina-Liba) is a river in South America that forms the border between French Guiana and Suriname. Course [edit]The Maroni runs through the Guianan moist forests ecoregion.[1] It originates in the Tumuk Humak Mountains and forms the (disputed) border between France (region of French Guiana) and Suriname. In its upper reaches, it is also known as the Lawa, and close to its source it is known as the Litani. The total length of Litani, Lawa and Maroni is 612 km (380 mi).[2] [...] Exploration [edit]The Maroni is the most extensively studied of all the rivers in Suriname. In the 16th century, there were already ships exploring the estuary, by Lawrence Keymis, Thomas Masham, Antonio de Berrio and Adriaen Cabeliau[3] and in the 17th century, by Harcourt, Fisher and De Vries. In the 18th century more extensive excursions took place, by Mentell, Patris, Le Blond and Heneman and in the 19th century by Zegelaar, Jules Crevaux, Coudreau, Ten Kate, Joost and others.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-07-20): Maroni River, river forming the boundary between French Guiana and Suriname (formerly Dutch Guiana), in South America. It rises on the northern slopes of the Tumuc-Humac Mountains, near the Brazilian border, and descends generally northward through dense tropical rain forests, to enter the Atlantic Ocean at Point Galibi, Suriname, about 19 miles (30 km) below the river ports of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana, and Albina, Suriname. For much of its 450-mile (725-kilometre) length the river divides French Guiana on the east from Suriname on the west. Its upper course is known as the Litani in Suriname, or Itany in French Guiana; its middle course, along which there is placer gold mining, is called the Lawa, or Aoua. Shallow-draft vessels can penetrate 60 miles (100 km) upstream from the river’s mouth; beyond that point there are many waterfalls and rapids. The river’s chief tributary is the Tapanahoni, in Suriname, from the southwest.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-10): Eastern border [edit]In 1860, the question was posed from the French side, which of the two tributary rivers of the Marowijne River (also called Maroni and Marowini) was the headwater, and thus the border. A joint French-Dutch commission was appointed to review the issue. The Dutch side of the commission consisted of J.H. Baron van Heerdt tot Eversberg, J.F.A. Cateau van Rosevelt and August Kappler. Luits Vidal, Ronmy, Boudet and Dr. Rech composed the French side. In 1861 measurements were taken, which produced the following result: the Lawa had a flow rate of 35,960 m3/minute at a width of 436 m; the Tapanahony had a flow rate of 20,291 m3/minute at a width of 285 m. Thus, the Lawa River was the headwater of the Maroni River. There were no problems with this decision until 1885, when the discovery of gold in the area between the Lawa and the Tapanahony created a new border conflict. On November 29, 1888, France and the Netherlands reached an agreement that the conflict should be subject to arbitration. Tsar Alexander III of Russia, acting as the arbitrator, decided that the Lawa was the headwater of the Maroni, and thus should be considered the border. The Netherlands and France concluded a border treaty on this section of the river on 30 September 1915. A protocol delineating the border from the mouth of the Maroni up to the village of Antecume Pata was attached to this treaty on 15 March 2021.[1]
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-09): The Malani (Dutch: Marowijnekreek), also Marouini (Dutch: Marowini), is a river in the disputed area between French Guiana and Suriname. According to Suriname, it is the border river,[1] however France considers the Litani the border.[2] The river has its source at Pic Coudreau in the Tumuk Humak Mountains. It has its mouth at the confluence with the Litany at Antecume Pata and continues its journey as the Lawa River. The Malani has a length of 245 kilometres (152 mi).[3] The river is known in Suriname and the Netherlands as the Marowijnekreek.[1] It used to be called Marouini in France, however the Wayana name of Malani is becoming the accepted version.[4][3] The names Marouini and Marowijnekreek were also used in the past for the Lawa River.[5] The Malani has its source at Pic Coudreau, a 711 metres (2,333 ft) high inselberg in the Tumuk Humak Mountains near the border with Brazil.[6] The river first heads south and makes a 180 degree turn around Pic Coudreau and continues its journey northwards through the tropical rainforest. The largest tributary is the Wanapi which measures 92 kilometres (57 mi).[7] After a meandering journey of 245 kilometres (152 mi), there is a confluence with the Litani, and both rivers continue as the Lawa River. The Lawa in turn flows into the Maroni which has its mouth at the Atlantic Ocean.[3]
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-03): Imagine yourself gliding on the tranquil waters of the Maroni River in Suriname, eyes wide with anticipation as you venture into uncharted territory. With the gentle breeze caressing your face and the rhythmic sound of the paddle cutting through the water, you are immersed in the enchanting beauty of this remote region. As you delve deeper into this tropical paradise, you will encounter vibrant indigenous cultures, breathtaking wildlife, and awe-inspiring natural wonders. So, grab your sense of adventure and embark on a journey unlike any other, where the Maroni River beckons you to uncover its hidden treasures. [...] The Maroni River is located in South America, specifically on the border between Suriname and French Guiana. It flows through the pristine rainforests and remote wilderness of the Amazon Basin, creating a natural border that separates these two countries. The river starts in the Tumuc-Humac Mountains in the southeast of Suriname and stretches for approximately 600 kilometers before it meets the Atlantic Ocean. [...] The Maroni River can be accessed from various locations in Suriname and French Guiana. Travelers can fly into the capital cities of Paramaribo (Suriname) or Cayenne (French Guiana) and then take domestic flights or road transfers to the river region. Alternatively, organized tours and packages are available that provide transportation from major cities to the Maroni River, ensuring a hassle-free and enjoyable journey.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-09): Suriname’s territorial disagreement with French Guiana is another significant border issue. The dispute centers around the Marouini River, which forms a natural boundary between the two territories. Both countries have claimed the area as their own, with the conflict stemming from the influence and control of their respective colonial powers. The controversy over the Marouini River continues to be a point of contention between Suriname and French Guiana. [...] Suriname’s territorial disagreement with French Guiana primarily revolves around the Marouini River. Both countries lay claim to this area, which has historically been a subject of contentious debate and conflicting perceptions. The issue has its roots in the colonial period, as the Dutch and French colonial powers sought to establish control over the region, leading to overlapping claims and ongoing disputes. [...] The controversy over the Marouini River remains a source of friction between Suriname and French Guiana. The river serves as a natural boundary, but disagreement over ownership persists. Efforts to engage in diplomatic negotiations and international arbitration have been undertaken, with the hope of finding a peaceful and mutually acceptable resolution. However, the issue remains unresolved, exemplifying the challenges faced in resolving border disputes.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-13): Large-scale illegal gold mining is operating in plain sight on the Lawa River, a natural border between French Guiana and Suriname, despite public efforts from both governments to end the environmentally destructive practice. [...] Border delineation issues on the Lawa Rivers, as well as Maroni River, were officially resolved last year. This should have paved the way for a tougher stance on illegal mining by both governments. Yet Sleur contends that the Surinamese government remains an obstacle to completely erasing illegal mining on the river.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-02-11): After two centuries as a Dutch colony, Guyana was handed over to Britain in 1814 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The Dutch managed to retain control of an adjacent colony that centered around the Suriname River. Apparently it was 17th-century Italians who first settled the Guyane coast, but it was the French who soon claimed a territory that would one day harbor their most notorious prison. [...] The Suriname-Guyane frontier lies about a two-hour drive east of Paramaribo through a region populated by the Marron people – the descendants of African slaves who escaped the Dutch plantations and fled into the jungle. At the end of the road in Suriname is Albina, a sleepy river port where ferries depart for the French territory on the other side of the water. Climbing into an outboard-powered dugout canoe, I cruised over to Saint-Laurent du Maroni, Guyane’s second largest city.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-03): The Maroni River springs in Suriname, in the heart of the forest of the Guiana Plateau, and flows eastwards before joigning the Atlantic in a vast estuary 4.5 km wide. [...] This Maroni 2021 mission echoes a pilot mission carried out in 2017, which only targeted fish and vertebrates. It will therefore be possible, thanks to this new expedition, to monitor the evolution of the Maroni River over a 4-year period using standardised methods. These first two sampling campaigns initiate a long-term monitoring process with a view to the eventual deployment of a permanent scientific observatory on this exceptional territory, which is still one of the most preserved areas in Amazonia. This observatory project will be developed in consultation with the actors of research, conservation, and institutions in charge of local and national public policies for the knowledge and preservation of biodiversity in French Guiana.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-04): Soon, we are trundling along a badly maintained road in his white pickup. It’s a short trip to the edge of the Maroni River, which forms a natural border between Suriname and French Guiana, an overseas department of France. On the Surinamese side is the town of Albina. Across the river sits Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. Codrington slows down as we turn onto a path running along the water. [...] Contraband smuggling on the Maroni River is nothing new, but cocaine trafficking into French Guiana has recently boomed. Overwhelmed, understaffed, and with corruption within their ranks, Surinamese authorities struggle to combat all kinds of illicit trade across what is possibly Europe’s weakest border. [...] Smugglers caught crossing the Maroni River typically face light punishments that do little to deter illicit commerce in Suriname. And recruits like the youths Codrington apprehended seem to cross frequently.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-05-18): France and Suriname share 520km of border along the river Maroni. This common border brings common interests and challenges as regards development, infrastructure, migration and security. The Maroni region is historically a population basin rather than a tight border. The Surinamese civil war led to an influx of refugees from Suriname to French Guiana. These were essentially Maroons from the inner regions, thousands of whom remained in Guiana after the end of hostilities. Since the border re-opened in December 1991, traditional trade flows have been able to resume. Suriname has expressed the desire to strengthen relations with France, as shown by the decision to open an embassy in Paris in 2011 and the ratification on 26 October 2017 of the police cooperation agreement signed in 2006. France has also expressed strong interest in boosting bilateral relations. This came to fruition in autumn 2017 and was confirmed by the visit to Paris of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ms Pollack-Beighle. During her visit, she signed, alongside the French Minister for Overseas France, Ms Girardin, the maritime delimitation agreement establishing the border between France and Suriname from the Maroni estuary.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2003-10-01): The Aparai and the Wayana are peoples of the Karib language family who inhabit the frontier region between Brazil (East Paru River, state of Pará), Surinam (Tapanahoni and Paloemeu rivers) and French Guiana (upper Maroni River and its tributaries the Tampok and Marouini). In Brazil, they have lived together for at least a hundred years, in the same villages and marrying amongst themselves. Consequently, very often one finds references to this population as a single group, although their internal differences may be claimed on the basis of distinct historical trajectories and cultural traits. [...] Today, the Aparai and Wayana are distributed in three territorial groups defined by the coordinates of the East Paru River, in Brazil; the Marouni River, in French Guiana; and the Tapanahoni River in Surinam. While the great majority of the Aparai is found in Brazilian territory, the Wayana are also distributed in villages in French Guiana and Surinam. This distribution into three distinct territorial groups is the result of their long history of contact with non-Indians, marked by migrations, processes of fission and fusion with other indigenous peoples. In any case, spatial distance does not represent an obstacle to the interaction among these territorial groups, which takes place, basically, through kinship ties and formal trade partnerships.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-28): Take a look at the southwest and southeast corners. Notice something a little extra? Suriname believes its border with Guyana extends to the New River while others believe it follows the Kutari-Curuni River. Likewise, Suriname believes its border with French Guiana extends all the way to the Marouini River rather than the Litani River. The dispute also reaches into the territorial waters of the Atlantic Ocean. That one has been partially resolved so I won’t focus on it today. The disputed territories on land are shown on the map, below. [...] Marouini and Litani Rivers A similar situation exists on the French Guiana border. In this instance it’s the Marouini River and Litani River which are in question. One might wonder what the bother is all about in these very remote, sparsely inhabited interior jungles. Suriname is a small nation and territorial expansion would increase both its size and stature. The genuine possibility of gold, diamonds, bauxite and hydroelectric resources probably figure into the justification as well.
Claim: Marouini River is a territory of Suriname (Marouini River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-10-01): At the beginning of January 2004, the health services of French Guiana (Directorate of Health and Social Development) were informed by the Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology at Hospital of Cayenne (Cayenne, French Guiana) of 5 cases of multivisceral toxoplasmosis in adults, including 1 case that resulted in death and 2 cases of lethal congenital toxoplasmosis (in 1 fetus and 1 newborn). All of the patients resided in the village of Patam. This small, rural Surinamese village, located near the French Guianan border between the Maroni River (∼1 km from the village) and the Surinamese frontier town of Albina (∼5 km from the village), is surrounded by the Amazonian forest. Thirty-four Maroon persons belonging to the same family were living in the village. The eldest inhabitants were 2 sisters living with their descendents. The first 4 patients (including 2 pregnant women) were hospitalized in the French hospital of Saint-Laurent-du Maroni (Saint-Laurent-du Maroni, French Guiana). A serological diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis was made on the basis of a high level of anti-Toxoplasma IgG, presence of IgM, and low avidity (<30%) of IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. At the same time, a fifth patient from Patam was admitted to the hospital in Paramaribo, Suriname.