copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-11): The People's Republic of China has an area of about 9,600,000 km2 (3,700,000 sq mi). The exact land area is sometimes challenged by border disputes, most notably about Taiwan, Aksai Chin, the Trans-Karakoram Tract, and South Tibet. The area of the People's Republic of China is 9,596,960 km2 (3,705,410 sq mi) according to the CIA's The World Factbook.[1] The People's Republic of China is either the third or fourth-largest country in the world, being either slightly larger or slightly smaller than the United States, depending on how the area of the United States is measured. Both countries are smaller than Russia and Canada and larger than Brazil. [...] Territory and boundary disputes [edit]The territory of China has been defined as a homeland for many different ethnic and racial groups in the country. However, the way that the territory has been defined varies between ethnic groups. In relation to the Han Chinese, the homeland has been defined by national borders which are more or less accepted internationally. This is because the Han Chinese are the largest population and have most influence politically than any other ethnic population in China. To the Han Chinese population, the territory of the country is defined by the regions of Tibet, inner Mongolia, Manchuria, and the Xinjiang Province which is the most western land of China. The Chinese territory is the second largest in land area and also has the longest combined land border in the world. However, there are many other ethnic groups in China that have their own definitions of what concerns the territory of China.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1999-02-22): "Mainland China" is a geopolitical term defined as the territory governed by the People's Republic of China (including islands like Hainan or Chongming), excluding dependent territories of the PRC and other territories within Greater China. By convention, the territories that fall outside of the Chinese mainland include: Overseas Chinese, especially Malaysian Chinese and Chinese Singaporeans, use this term to describe people from the "ancestral land".
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-26): The People's Republic of China is commonly known as China and the Republic of China is commonly known as Taiwan. These are separate states with a shared history; China claims sovereignty over Taiwan. After the Kuomintang reunified China in 1928, most of mainland China was governed by the Republic of China (ROC). The island of Taiwan was under Japanese rule at the time. At the end of World War II in 1945, Japan surrenedered Taiwan to the Republic of China. In 1949, there was a civil war in China and the government (ROC) lost control of mainland China to the Communist Party, which established the People's Republic of China (PRC) and took control of all of mainland China. Only the island of Taiwan remained under the control of the ROC. Since then, both the ROC and the PRC have been claiming to represent all of "China", and both officially claim each other's territory. In the 1992 consensus, both governments agreed that there is only one "China" but each claimed to be the sole representative of the sovereignty of undivided China. The PRC's (China's) official policy is to reunify Taiwan with mainland China under the formula of "one country, two systems" and refuses to renounce the use of military force, especially if Taiwan seeks a declaration of independence.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-01): In order to understand the key differences between Mainland China and Greater China, it is important to first define each term. Mainland China refers to the geographical area under the jurisdiction of the People’s Republic of China, which includes all the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities on the mainland. On the other hand, Greater China encompasses a broader scope, including not only Mainland China but also the regions of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. [...] One key difference between the two is that while mainland China refers to the physical territory, the People’s Republic of China is the political entity that governs that territory. This means that while mainland China is a geographical concept, the PRC is a political one. [...] China, officially known as the People’s Republic of China, is a vast country located in East Asia. It is the world’s most populous country and the third-largest in terms of land area. Mainland China refers to the geographical area that encompasses the majority of China’s territory, excluding regions such as Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): China has 33 administrative units directly under the central government; these consist of 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities (Chongqing, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin), and 2 special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The island province of Taiwan, which has been under separate administration since 1949, is discussed in the article Taiwan. Beijing (Peking), the capital of the People’s Republic, is also the cultural, economic, and communications center of the country. Shanghai is the main industrial city; Hong Kong is the leading commercial center and port. [...] China stretches for about 3,250 miles (5,250 km) from east to west and 3,400 miles (5,500 km) from north to south. Its land frontier is about 12,400 miles (20,000 km) in length, and its coastline extends for some 8,700 miles (14,000 km). The country is bounded by Mongolia to the north; Russia and North Korea to the northeast; the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea to the east; the South China Sea to the southeast; Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), India, Bhutan, and Nepal to the south; Pakistan to the southwest; and Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan to the west. In addition to the 14 countries that border directly on it, China also faces South Korea and Japan, across the Yellow Sea, and the Philippines, which lie beyond the South China Sea.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-05-30): Geopolitical area comprising a large part of China From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Mainland China", also referred to as "the Chinese mainland", is a geopolitical term defined as the territory under direct administration of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War. In addition to the geographical mainland, the geopolitical sense of the term includes islands such as Hainan, Chongming, and Zhoushan.[1] By convention, territories outside of mainland China include:
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The Republic of China (ROC) began as a country in mainland China.[f] It was established on 1 January 1912 after the 1911 Revolution, which overthrew the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and ended China's imperial history. It was ruled by the Kuomintang (KMT) as a one-party state ("Dang Guo") while headquartered in Nanjing from 1927 until its relocation to Taiwan on 7 December 1949, following its defeat by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the Chinese Civil War. The CCP proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) on 1 October 1949, while the ROC retains control over the "Taiwan Area" and the political status of Taiwan remains in dispute. [...] - ^ "中華民國九十四年年鑑：第一篇 總論 第二章 土地 第二節 大陸地區" [Yearbook of the 94th Year of the Republic of China: Chapter 1 General Introduction, Chapter 2 Land Section, 2 Mainland Region]. Government Information Office, Executive Yuan, Republic of China. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-05): Mainland China, also called the Chinese Mainland, is the part of China not including the Republic of China controlling Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores. The term also excludes Hong Kong and Macau. [...] By the end the Qing Empire, China became Nationalist China (the Republic of China) and it got Taiwan back in 1945. After the Communists (the People's Republic of China) took over most of China, the Nationalists kept only Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores. Mongolia became an independent state later. [...] Later Hong Kong and Macau were returned to the government of China, but because the government calls them "special administrative regions" under a "one country, two systems" idea, they are still not thought of as part of Mainland China.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-25): The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949 after the Communist Party defeated the nationalist Kuomintang, who retreated to Taiwan, creating two rival Chinese states - the People's Republic on the mainland and the Republic of China on Taiwan. [...] PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: FACTS [...] 1945-49 - China's civil war resumes as Japan's military defeat becomes clearer. The Communists gain control of mainland China and established the People's Republic of China in 1949 under Mao Zedong, forcing the leadership of the Republic of China to retreat to the island of Taiwan.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): The official name of the modern state on mainland China is the "People's Republic of China" (Chinese: 中华人民共和国 pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó). [...] The People's Republic of China is divided into 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, each with a designated minority group; four municipalities; and two special administrative regions (SARs) which enjoy a degree of political autonomy. These 31 provincial-level divisions can be collectively referred to as "mainland China", a term which usually excludes two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau. Geographically, all 31 provincial divisions can be grouped into six regions, including North China, Northeast China, East China, South Central China, Southwest China, and Northwest China.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): Summary: Reconsider travel to Mainland China due to the arbitrary enforcement of local laws, including in relation to exit bans, and the risk of wrongful detentions. [...] The PRC government does not recognize dual nationality. Dual U.S.-PRC citizens and U.S. citizens of Chinese descent may be subject to additional scrutiny and harassment. If you are a U.S. citizen and choose to enter Mainland China on travel documents other than a U.S. passport and are detained or arrested, the PRC government may not notify the U.S. Embassy or the U.S. Consulates General or allow consular access. [...] If you decide to travel to Mainland China:
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-16): Article 2: This Law is applicable to the construction, operation, maintenance, and use of networks, as well as to cybersecurity supervision and management within the mainland territory of the People’s Republic of China. [...] Article 5: The State takes measures for monitoring, preventing, and handling cybersecurity risks and threats arising both within and without the mainland territory of the People’s Republic of China. The State protects critical information infrastructure against attacks, intrusions, interference, and destruction; the State punishes unlawful and criminal cyber activities in accordance with the law, preserving the security and order of cyberspace. [...] Article 37: Critical information infrastructure operators that gather or produce personal information or important data during operations within the mainland territory of the People’s Republic of China, shall store it within mainland China. Where due to business requirements it is truly necessary to provide it outside the mainland, they shall follow the measures jointly formulated by the State cybersecurity and informatization departments and the relevant departments of the State Council to conduct a security assessment; where laws and administrative regulations provide otherwise, follow those provisions.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-08): China sees self-ruled Taiwan as a breakaway province that will eventually be under Beijing's control - and has not ruled out the use of force to take the island. [...] This was at the height of a decades-long conflict between Chiang's forces and Mao Zedong's Communist Party. When the communists won in 1949, Chiang and what was left of the nationalist party, known as the Kuomintang or KMT, fled to Taiwan, where they ruled for several decades. They called this the Republic of China, a name Taiwan has retained. The Chinese Communist Party points to this history to claim Taiwan. But the Taiwanese point to the same history to argue that they were not part of the modern Chinese state that was first formed after the revolution in 1911 - or the People's Republic of China that was established under Mao in 1949.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-11-17): Article 2: This Law applies to data handling activities and their security regulation within the mainland territory of the People’s Republic of China (PRC).[2] When data handling activities outside the mainland territory of the PRC harm the national security, the public interest, or the lawful rights and interests of citizens or organizations of the PRC, legal liability is to be pursued according to the law. [...] [2] "中华人民共和国境内" is translated as "within the mainland territory of the People’s Republic of China." "Mainland" in not specified in the original, but it is generally thought to be implied that the territory referenced does not include Hong Kong or Macao.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-23): After World War Two, Japan surrendered and relinquished control of territory it had taken from China. Afterwards, Taiwan was officially considered occupied by the Republic of China (ROC), which began ruling with the consent of its allies, the US and UK. [...] Chiang's ROC government-in-exile at first claimed to represent the whole of China, which it intended to re-occupy. It held China's seat on the United Nations Security Council and was recognised by many Western nations as the only Chinese government. But by the 1970s some countries began to argue that the Taipei government could no longer be considered a genuine representative of the people living in mainland China.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-07-20): Tensions between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) in the 1950s resulted in armed conflict over strategic islands in the Taiwan Strait. On two separate occasions during the 1950s, the PRC bombed islands controlled by the ROC. The United States responded by actively intervening on behalf of the ROC. The importance of the islands in the Taiwan Strait was rooted in their geographic proximity to China and Taiwan and their role in the Chinese Civil War. Jinmen (Quemoy), two miles from the mainland Chinese city of Xiamen, and Mazu, ten miles from the city of Fuzhou, are located approximately one hundred miles west of Taiwan. When the Nationalist Government of the ROC under Chiang Kai-shek recognized that it had lost control of mainland China during the Chinese Civil War, the officials and part of the Nationalist Army fled to the island of Taiwan, establishing troops on these two islands and the Dachen Islands further north. In the early 1950s, Chiang's forces launched minor attacks from Jinmen and Mazu against the coast of mainland China. Leadership on both sides of the strait continued to view the islands as a potential launching pad for an ROC invasion to retake the Chinese mainland and had an interest in controlling the islands.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): People’s Republic of China National… [...] Remarks by APNSA Jake Sullivan in Press Conference | Beijing, People’s Republic of China [...] Outside of China: (+86) 10-8531 4000
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The territory of China lies between latitudes 18° and 54° N, and longitudes 73° and 135° E. The geographical center of China is marked by the Center of the Country Monument at 35°50′40.9″N 103°27′7.5″E / 35.844694°N 103.452083°E. China's landscapes vary significantly across its vast territory. In the east, along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, there are extensive and densely populated alluvial plains, while on the edges of the Inner Mongolian plateau in the north, broad grasslands predominate. Southern China is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges, while the central-east hosts the deltas of China's two major rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. Other major rivers include the Xi, Mekong, Brahmaputra and Amur. To the west sit major mountain ranges, most notably the Himalayas. High plateaus feature among the more arid landscapes of the north, such as the Taklamakan and the Gobi Desert. The world's highest point, Mount Everest (8,848 m), lies on the Sino-Nepalese border.[129] The country's lowest point, and the world's third-lowest, is the dried lake bed of Ayding Lake (−154 m) in the Turpan Depression.[130]
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The ROC was founded in 1912 in China. At that time, Taiwan was under Japanese colonial rule as a result of the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, by which the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan. The ROC government began exercising jurisdiction over Taiwan in 1945 after Japan surrendered at the end of World War II. [...] During World War II, ROC leader Chiang Kai-shek meets with U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in Cairo. After the conclusion of the conference, the Cairo Declaration is released, stating that "…Formosa [Taiwan], and the Pescadores [the Penghu Islands], shall be restored to the Republic of China…" [...] On Oct. 25, the United Nations General Assembly passes U.N. Resolution 2758 recognizing the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as the only legitimate representative of China to the global body. The ROC withdraws from the U.N.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-08): Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China (ROC), is an island separated from China by the Taiwan Strait. It has been governed independently from mainland China, officially the People’s Republic of China (PRC), since 1949. The PRC views the island as a renegade province and vows to eventually "unify" Taiwan with the mainland. In Taiwan, which has its own democratically elected government and is home to twenty-three million people, political leaders have differing views on the island’s status and relations with the mainland. [...] The KMT’s chief rival party, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), has never endorsed the understanding laid out in the 1992 Consensus. Former President Tsai refused to explicitly accept the consensus. Instead, she has attempted to find another formulation that would be acceptable to Beijing. In Tsai’s 2016 inaugural address, she noted she was "elected president in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of China," which is a One China document, and said she would "safeguard the sovereignty and territory of the Republic of China." However, Beijing rejected this formulation and cut off official contacts with Taiwan. Tsai’s successor, current DPP leader and Taiwanese Vice President Lai Ching-te, called for reopening dialogue with China to "replace confrontation" during his 2024 presidential election victory speech and pledged to maintain the "cross-strait status quo," aligned with his party. But experts are skeptical that China will be willing to engage in cross-strait dialogue.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-01-13): A1: When the United States moved to recognize the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and de-recognize the Republic of China (ROC) in 1979, the United States stated that the government of the People’s Republic of China was "the sole legal Government of China." Sole, meaning the PRC was and is the only China, with no consideration of the ROC as a separate sovereign entity. [...] To this day, the U.S. "one China" position stands: the United States recognizes the PRC as the sole legal government of China but only acknowledges the Chinese position that Taiwan is part of China. Thus, the United States maintains formal relations with the PRC and has unofficial relations with Taiwan. The "one China" policy has subsequently been reaffirmed by every new incoming U.S. administration. The existence of this understanding has enabled the preservation of stability in the Taiwan Strait, allowing both Taiwan and mainland China to pursue their extraordinary political and socioeconomic transitions in relative peace. [...] A2: In the San Francisco Treaty of Peace of 1951, Japan renounced "all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores." Neither the Republic of China nor the People’s Republic of China were parties to the treaty, and thus neither was declared a beneficiary of the Japanese renouncement.
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-18): The South China Sea Islands are part of the territory of the Republic of China. That the ROC is entitled to all rights over the South China Sea Islands and their relevant waters in accordance with international law and the law of the sea is beyond dispute. [...] The government will firmly safeguard the ROC’s territorial sovereignty in the South China Sea, as well as the rights over relevant waters it is entitled to under international law and the law of the sea. It will not renounce its sovereignty or legal rights. [...] 2. The ROC should be included in multilateral mechanisms aimed at resolving disputes;
Claim: Mainland China is a territory of Republic of China (Mainland China, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-20): China firmly supports building of ASEAN Community -- Chinese premier [...] Chinese state councilor attends reception marking 75 years of diplomatic relations between China, Russia [...] Chinese mainland records 13.57 mln entry, exit trips in National Day holiday