copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Switzerland stops COVID-19 vaccines due to safety concerns (Anthony Hinton, 2023-04-19)
Evidence (2023-04-19): Similarly, Switzerland updated its vaccine recommendations in April 2023. The Swiss Federal Office of Public Health announced that "In principle, no COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for spring/summer 2023. People at especially high risk can receive a vaccination following an individual consultation with their doctor." [...] One example is this tweet by Anthony Hinton, a surgeon and a member of the anti-vaccine Health Advisory and Recovery Team (HART) Group that is known for publishing medical misinformation. The tweet cited an article by the Austrian website Report 24, itself part of a German-language disinformation network, claiming that "Switzerland stops #COVIDvaccines" and asking "How many medical professionals will now be giving these jabs if they are personally legally liable for #vaccineinjuries?" This was retweeted more than 2,200 times and received more than 5,000 likes. [...] However, the claim that the updated Swiss recommendation was motivated by the COVID-19 vaccines’ lack of safety is false. In fact, the Federal Office of Public Health explained that this change was due to the reduced danger posed by the virus at this point in time:
Claim: Switzerland stops COVID-19 vaccines due to safety concerns (Anthony Hinton, 2023-04-19)
Evidence (2018-12-31): The Health Sciences Authority (HSA) is aware of a Swiss study published in the scientific journal, European Journal of Heart Failure, which reported that 22 out of 777 (i.e. 1 in 35) people who received the COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccine had heart injuries.1 HSA has reviewed this study as part of our ongoing safety surveillance of COVID-19 vaccines, and assessed that the benefit-risk profile of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines remains positive. [...] 4 HSA will continue to closely monitor the safety of all COVID-19 vaccines used in Singapore and will inform members of the public should there be any significant new safety concerns.
Claim: Switzerland stops COVID-19 vaccines due to safety concerns (Anthony Hinton, 2023-04-19)
Evidence (2021-01-20): Although immunocompromised people may not respond as well to the vaccine, there are no particular safety concerns. Immunocompromised people can still be vaccinated as they may be at higher risk from COVID-19. [...] Safety measures for Spikevax and its adapted vaccines are implemented in line with the EU safety monitoring plan for COVID-19 vaccines to ensure that new safety information is rapidly collected and analysed. The company that markets Spikevax provides regular reports on the safety and efficacy of the vaccine.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2019-06-26): Scientists at NASA—as well as other groups—constantly work to ensure that the data being used to estimate global average temperatures are as accurate as possible. As time goes on, updates can lead to small changes to estimates for previous years. These changes, however, are much too small to cause the warming trend that is clear in all available datasets.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2019-07-01): CLAIM: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past—temperatures from as long ago as the mid-1800s—downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. [...] In the unscientific formulation of [some], this means that the adjustments for this effect make the past warmer and the recent temperatures colder. But overall, the estimated global warming actually becomes smaller when taking into account all the adjustments—the opposite of [that claim]. [See figure in Mark Richardson’s comment below.] [...] Raw data show more global warming since 1880 than is reported by NOAA [or shown in other datasets]. This is because NOAA "adjusts" temperature data to fairly compare different measurement times, places, and technologies. The cooling effect of adjustments on global temperatures has been shown lots of times, such as with the graph below for 1880—2013 temperatures.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2023-11-16): NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - Visualizer - Mark SubbaRao (NASA/GSFC) [...] Scientist - Gavin A. Schmidt (NASA/GSFC GISS)
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2010-05-04): The first piece of evidence that the warming over the past few decades isn’t part of a natural cycle is how fast the change is happening. The biggest temperature swings our planet has experienced in the past million years are the ice ages. Based on a combination of paleoclimate data and models, scientists estimate that when ice ages have ended in the past, it has taken about 5,000 years for the planet to warm between 4 and 7 degrees Celsius. The warming of the past century—0.7 degrees Celsius—is roughly eight times faster than the ice-age-recovery warming on average. The second reason that scientists think the current warming is not from natural influences is that, over the past century, scientists from all over the world have been collecting data on natural factors that influence climate—things like changes in the Sun’s brightness, major volcanic eruptions, and cycles such as El Niño and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. These observations have failed to show any long-term changes that could fully account for the recent, rapid warming of Earth’s temperature. [...] - Lean, J. L., & Rind, D. H. (2008). How natural and anthropogenic influences alter global and regional surface temperatures: 1889 to 2006. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(18).
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2021-11-10): Skip to main content [...] Global temperature changes mapped across the past 24,000 years Palaeoclimate data and models have been used to produce a comprehensive report of Earth’s temperature changes over the past 24 millennia. The results suggest that modern warming differs from the gradual rise of the past 10,000 years.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2021-11-10): Global temperatures over last 24,000 years show today's warming 'unprecedented' [...] - The magnitude and rate warming over the last 150 years far surpasses the magnitude and rate of changes over the last 24,000 years. "This reconstruction suggests that current temperatures are unprecedented in 24,000 years, and also suggests that the speed of human-caused global warming is faster than anything we've seen in that same time," said Jessica Tierney, a UArizona geosciences associate professor and co-author of the study.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2017-07-20): These adjustments have long been a heated point of debate. Many climate sceptics like to argue that scientists "exaggerate" warming by lowering past temperatures and raising present ones. Christopher Booker, a climate sceptic writing in the Sunday Telegraph in 2015, called them "the greatest scientific scandal in history". A new report from the rightwing US thinktank, the Cato Institute, even claims that adjustments account for "nearly all the warming" in the historical record. [...] The figure below shows the net effect of all the adjustments to land stations to the global land temperature record. Adjustments increase the overall land temperature warming by 16% between 1880 and 2016. Most of this is concentrated in the earlier part of the temperature record. Since 1970, adjustments only increase warming by 3%.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2024-04-25): Read our profile on the United States government and media. [...] Failed Fact Checks - "[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[…] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years. But the graphs they release to the public show warming trend, and it’s all because they’ve altered the data." – Inaccurate - "NASA scientists fudged the numbers to make 1998 the hottest year to overstate the extent of global warming." – Pants on Fire - "[NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[…] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time." – Inaccurate [...] Last Updated on April 25, 2024 by Media Bias Fact Check
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2018-09-01): According to a new NOAA analysis, the warming trend during that period was somewhat smaller than the longer-term (1951-2012) trend, but it wasn’t zero. And with the latest data calibrations and the most recent two years of global temperatures added to the series—including record-warm 2014—the warming experienced since 1998 is on par with the rate observed in the second half of the 20th century. [...] The long-term trend—change over the course of a century or more—is what defines "global warming," not the change from year to year or even decade to decade. Rising emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution explain most of the overall warming trend over the past century, and the rate of emissions has not slowed significantly in the recent past. So what else has been going on in the climate system over the past decade that could account for the pause in Earth’s surface warming trend? [...] One of the most well-known natural climate oscillations—the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle—causes swings in sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific. Although ENSO originates in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, a strong El Niño or La Niña event is capable of bumping global temperatures upward or downward for a year or two. Since the last major El Niño event in 1997-1998, a series of La Niña events have dominated the tropical Pacific, resulting in a prolonged cooling of sea surface temperatures that has also likely stalled the rise in global temperatures.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2022-06-15): Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain glaciers show that Earth’s climate responds to changes in greenhouse gas levels. Ancient evidence can also be found in tree rings, ocean sediments, coral reefs, and layers of sedimentary rocks. This ancient, or paleoclimate, evidence reveals that current warming is occurring roughly 10 times faster than the average rate of warming after an ice age. Carbon dioxide from human activities is increasing about 250 times faster than it did from natural sources after the last Ice Age.3 [...] The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and other human activities.4 Most of the warming occurred in the past 40 years, with the seven most recent years being the warmest. The years 2016 and 2020 are tied for the warmest year on record.5 [...] The ocean has absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 100 meters (about 328 feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.67 degrees Fahrenheit (0.33 degrees Celsius) since 1969.6 Earth stores 90% of the extra energy in the ocean.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2020-01-29): Air temperatures on Earth have been rising since the Industrial Revolution. While natural variability plays some part, the preponderance of evidence indicates that human activities—particularly emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases—are mostly responsible for making our planet warmer. According to an ongoing temperature analysis led by scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), the average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1° Celsius (1.9° Fahrenheit) since 1880. The majority of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15 to 0.20°C per decade. [...] NASA’s temperature analyses incorporate surface temperature measurements from more than 20,000 weather stations, ship- and buoy-based observations of sea surface temperatures, and temperature measurements from Antarctic research stations. These in situ measurements are analyzed using an algorithm that considers the varied spacing of temperature stations around the globe and urban heat island effects.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2024-02-07): This graph shows the change in global surface temperature compared to the long-term average from 1951 to 1980. Earth’s average surface temperature in 2023 was the warmest on record since recordkeeping began in 1880 (source: NASA/GISS). NASA’s analysis generally matches independent analyses prepared by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and other research groups. Overall, Earth was about 2.45 degrees Fahrenheit (or about 1.36 degrees Celsius) warmer in 2023 than in the late 19th-century (1850-1900) preindustrial average. The 10 most recent years are the warmest on record. The animation on the right shows the change in global surface temperatures. Dark blue shows areas cooler than average. Dark red shows areas warmer than average. Short-term variations are smoothed out using a 5-year running average to make trends more visible in this map. [...] Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2024-01-12): "NASA and NOAA’s global temperature report confirms what billions of people around the world experienced last year; we are facing a climate crisis," said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson. "From extreme heat, to wildfires, to rising sea levels, we can see our Earth is changing. There’s still more work to be done, but President Biden and communities across America are taking more action than ever to reduce climate risks and help communities become more resilient – and NASA will continue to use our vantage point of space to bring critical climate data back down to Earth that is understandable and accessible for all people. NASA and the Biden-Harris Administration are working to protect our home planet and its people, for this generation – and the next." [...] "The exceptional warming that we’re experiencing is not something we’ve seen before in human history," said Gavin Schmidt, director of GISS. "It’s driven primarily by our fossil fuel emissions, and we’re seeing the impacts in heat waves, intense rainfall, and coastal flooding." [...] NASA assembles its temperature record using surface air temperature data collected from tens of thousands of meteorological stations, as well as sea surface temperature data acquired by ship- and buoy-based instruments. This data is analyzed using methods that account for the varied spacing of temperature stations around the globe and for urban heating effects that could skew the calculations.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2021-03-25): Let’s look more closely at why these adjustments are made. [...] GISTEMP also adjusts to account for the effects of urban heat islands, which are differences in temperatures between urban and rural areas. [...] Independent analyses conclude the impact of station temperature data adjustments is not very large. Upward adjustments of global temperature readings before 1950 have, in total, slightly reduced century-scale global temperature trends. Since 1950, however, adjustments to input data have slightly increased the rate of global warming recorded by the temperature record by less than 0.1 degree Celsius (less than 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit).
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2024-07-29): July 22, 2024, was the hottest day on record, according to a NASA analysis of global daily temperature data. July 21 and 23 of this year also exceeded the previous daily record, set in July 2023. These record-breaking temperatures are part of a long-term warming trend driven by human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse gases. As part of its mission to expand our understanding of Earth, NASA collects critical long-term observations of our changing planet. "In a year that has been the hottest on record to date, these past two weeks have been particularly brutal," said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson. "Through our over two dozen Earth-observing satellites and over 60 years of data, NASA is providing critical analyses of how our planet is changing and how local communities can prepare, adapt, and stay safe. We are proud to be part of the Biden-Harris Administration efforts to protect communities from extreme heat." [...] NASA Headquarters, Washington 202-358-1600 elizabeth.a.vlock@nasa.gov
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2023-08-14): NASA Study Reveals Compounding Climate Risks at Two Degrees of Warming If global temperatures keep rising and reach 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels, people worldwide could face multiple impacts of climate change simultaneously. This is according to a NASA-led study that analyzed the projected impacts of such warming to understand how different climate effects might combine. A 2-degree rise in global temperatures is considered a critical threshold above which dangerous and cascading effects of human-generated climate change will occur. [...] Members of the news media interested in covering these topics should reach out to the NASA Ames newsroom.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2023-11-01): Steady global surface warming from 1973 to 2022 but increased warming rate after 1990 [...] Concurrently, the rate of change, and balance between components of, anthropogenic radiative forcing is also changing4. Atmospheric concentrations of CH4 have increased strongly in the recent decade, while the increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions, the primary driver of warming, has slowed to ~1%/year, relative to ~3%/year in the period 1990–201010. Emissions of SO2, precursor of cooling sulfate aerosols, have decreased strongly over the last decade, largely due to strong Chinese efforts to combat air pollution11. Because of the rapid and potentially non-linear influence of aerosol emission changes on surface temperatures8, and the remaining uncertainty on the total anthropogenic aerosol forcing of the climate12, the near-term GSTA evolution can provide a crucial test of the strength of the aerosol-climate interaction. Tracking the rate of change of global surface temperatures is therefore crucial, on both short and long time scales. [...] Table 1 Global mean surface warming rates for the recent 50-, 20- and 10-year periods, and rate changes calculated using 20-year intervals.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] downward, while adjusting current-day temperatures upward, and those changes are responsible for most of the claimed global warming during that time. (Tony Heller, James Murphy, 2019-06-26)
Evidence (2023-09-27): Earth's climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 800,000 years, there have been eight cycles of ice ages and warmer periods, with the end of the last ice age about 11,700 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era — and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives. [...] Scientists demonstrated the heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases in the mid-19th century.2 Many of the science instruments NASA uses to study our climate focus on how these gases affect the movement of infrared radiation through the atmosphere. From the measured impacts of increases in these gases, there is no question that increased greenhouse gas levels warm Earth in response. [...] Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain glaciers show that Earth’s climate responds to changes in greenhouse gas levels. Ancient evidence can also be found in tree rings, ocean sediments, coral reefs, and layers of sedimentary rocks. This ancient, or paleoclimate, evidence reveals that current warming is occurring roughly 10 times faster than the average rate of warming after an ice age. Carbon dioxide from human activities is increasing about 250 times faster than it did from natural sources after the last Ice Age.3