copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Vaccines have caused an "explosion" of childhood cancer; vaccine package insert states vaccines weren’t tested for mutagenic effect (Candace Owens, 2024-01-25)
Evidence (2024-01-25): FULL CLAIM: "There is not a single doctor in the world that can tell you that vaccines do not cause cancer. On every single FDA insert for every vaccine, there is a disclaimer of sorts which states that the vaccine has not been tested for carcinogenic or mutagenic effect [...] An explosion of childhood cancers (particularly leukemia) coincides with the explosion of vaccines after manufacturers were removed from liability [...] Big Pharma knows that among other things, vaccines can cause childhood cancers." In January 2024, political commentator and talk show host Candace Owens posted a tweet on X (formerly Twitter) claiming that vaccine package inserts state vaccines haven’t been tested for carcinogenic or mutagenic effect, that there has been an "explosion" of childhood cancers after manufacturers were removed from liability, and that "vaccines can cause childhood cancers". [...] To sum up, the reason why vaccine package inserts state that "the vaccine has not been tested for carcinogenic or mutagenic effect" is because there’s no scientific grounds to think the vaccine would cause either effect. Childhood vaccines don’t use novel adjuvants or additives and vaccine ingredients aren’t present in quantities that are expected to cause cancer, based on previous research.
Claim: Vaccines have caused an "explosion" of childhood cancer; vaccine package insert states vaccines weren’t tested for mutagenic effect (Candace Owens, 2024-01-25)
Evidence (2022-03-11): Sahin, U. et al. Personalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer. Nature547, 222–226 (2017).
Claim: Vaccines have caused an "explosion" of childhood cancer; vaccine package insert states vaccines weren’t tested for mutagenic effect (Candace Owens, 2024-01-25)
Evidence (2023-12-13): Shared antigen vaccines target antigens commonly expressed across multiple cancer types compared to personalized cancer vaccines targeting specific mutations in an individual’s tumor, making them off-the-shelf and low-cost immunotherapies. [...] Sahin, U. et al. Personalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer. Nature547, 222–226 (2017).
Claim: Vaccines have caused an "explosion" of childhood cancer; vaccine package insert states vaccines weren’t tested for mutagenic effect (Candace Owens, 2024-01-25)
Evidence (2019-02-08): In terms of lives saved, vaccines have been the greatest triumphs of medicine. Since their first use by Edward Jenner and his contemporaries, vaccines have been developed to prevent numerous infectious diseases by training the immune system to rapidly and specifically destroy the offending pathogen thus preventing disease. The application of vaccines to cancer is an obvious extension of their utility, but attempts to achieve this have been a frustrating journey. An exception is the generation of prophylactic vaccines against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV), which are causes of liver and cervical cancer, respectively.1,2 These prophylactic vaccines have been successful because they circumvent three major challenges facing the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines: (1) low immunogenicity; (2) established disease burden; and (3) the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Much of the work on therapeutic cancer vaccines has taken aim at tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), which are aberrantly expressed self-antigens. Since high-affinity T cells recognizing self-antigens are eliminated during development by our immune system’s central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, TAA-directed cancer vaccines face the challenge of activating any remaining, low affinity T cells. [...] Castle, J. C. et al. Exploiting the mutanome for tumor vaccination. Cancer Res.72, 1081–1091 (2012). [...] Sahin, U. et al. Personalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer. Nature547, 222–226 (2017).
Claim: Vaccines have caused an "explosion" of childhood cancer; vaccine package insert states vaccines weren’t tested for mutagenic effect (Candace Owens, 2024-01-25)
Evidence (2024-08-15): Vaccines are made in batches called "lots," which are tested to make sure each dose remains reliable and safe for use in people.
Claim: Vaccines have caused an "explosion" of childhood cancer; vaccine package insert states vaccines weren’t tested for mutagenic effect (Candace Owens, 2024-01-25)
Evidence (2022-05-16): Cancer vaccines: past, present and future; a review article - PMID: 35576080 - PMCID: PMC9108694 - DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00491-4 [...] Cancer Vaccines: Promising Therapeutics or an Unattainable Dream.Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Jun 18;9(6):668. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9060668. Vaccines (Basel). 2021. PMID: 34207062 Free PMC article. Review.
Claim: Vaccines have caused an "explosion" of childhood cancer; vaccine package insert states vaccines weren’t tested for mutagenic effect (Candace Owens, 2024-01-25)
Evidence (2024-01-25): Misrepresents source: The fact that vaccine package inserts state a vaccine hasn’t been tested for carcinogenicity or mutagenicity doesn’t mean we have no data on whether vaccines cause cancer. Such tests weren’t performed because the safety of these vaccines had already been demonstrated through data acquired earlier, and vaccine ingredients aren’t present in quantities that pose a cancer risk. In January 2024, political commentator and talk show host Candace Owens posted a tweet on X (formerly Twitter) claiming that vaccine package inserts state vaccines haven’t been tested for carcinogenic or mutagenic effect, that there has been an "explosion" of childhood cancers after manufacturers were removed from liability, and that "vaccines can cause childhood cancers". [...] To sum up, the reason why vaccine package inserts state that "the vaccine has not been tested for carcinogenic or mutagenic effect" is because there’s no scientific grounds to think the vaccine would cause either effect. Childhood vaccines don’t use novel adjuvants or additives and vaccine ingredients aren’t present in quantities that are expected to cause cancer, based on previous research.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2018-06-11): Exposure to UV radiation is a well-established risk factor for skin cancer. There is strong scientific evidence showing that sunscreen helps to reduce the risk of skin cancer, although many factors can influence the effectiveness of sunscreen in preventing skin cancer, such as genetic risk factors and the manner in which sunscreen is used (e.g. amount applied, re-application over time). The claim that sunscreen causes cancer is not supported by scientific evidence.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2018-01-04): The use of sunscreen is a key component of public health campaigns for skin cancer prevention, but epidemiological studies have raised doubts on its effectiveness in the general population. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between risk of skin cancer and sunscreen use. We searched PubMed, BIREME and Google Scholar from inception to May 17, 2017, to identify observational studies and controlled trials. We used a random-effects model for conventional and cumulative meta-analyses. We included 29 studies (25 case-control, two cohort, one cross-sectional, and one controlled trial) involving 313,717 participants (10,670 cases). The overall meta-analysis did not show a significant association between skin cancer and sunscreen use (odds ratio (OR) = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.91-1.28, I2 = 89.4%). Neither melanoma (25 studies; 9,813 cases) nor non-melanoma skin cancer (five studies; 857 cases) were associated with sunscreen use, with a pooled OR (95% CI) of 1.10 (0.92-1.33) and 0.99 (0.62-1.57), respectively. The cumulative evidence before the 1980s showed a relatively strong positive association between melanoma and sunscreen use (cumulative OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.66-3.33). The strength of the association between risk of skin cancer and sunscreen use has constantly decreased since the early 1980s, and the association was no longer statistically significant from the early 1990s. While the current evidence suggests no increased risk of skin cancer related to sunscreen use, this systematic review does not confirm the expected protective benefits of sunscreen against skin cancer in the general population.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2023-08-29): Sunscreen is essential for protecting your skin from early aging and skin cancers, which often are a direct result of the sun's ultraviolet, or UV, radiation. Even with increased awareness of dangers from the sun, more people in the U.S. are diagnosed with skin cancer each year than all other cancers combined. By age 70, at least 1 in 5 people in the U.S. will develop skin cancer. [...] Fact: Even well-applied sunscreen lets 2% to 3% of the sun's ultraviolet B rays reach your skin, and your body needs only a little to produce vitamin D. Rather than risk skin cancer, it's better to seek your vitamin D needs through a healthy diet or supplement.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2020-09-04): Myth 3: Only sun exposure causes skin cancer. Sun exposure is the primary cause of skin cancer, but there are other causes: [...] "We have lots of evidence that shows that too much sun can cause skin cancer and very little that shows current sunscreen ingredients cause any significant harm," George says. "But I understand the concern people have about chemicals used in everyday products."
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2024-03-29): Sunburns and tans are caused by UVB radiation. The sun emits both UVA and UVB radiation, both of which damage your skin and DNA and increase your risk of skin cancer. "I hear all the time, ‘but my burn turns into a tan,’" says Weeraratna. But both burns and tans are signs of damage. [...] Acral lentiginous melanoma—the most common melanoma in people of color—is not caused by sun exposure, and there are no known ways to prevent it, so early detection is essential to increasing the success of treatment. [...] Skin cancer can be caused by more than just UV radiation. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, other things can increase your risk of skin cancer, including:
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2021-03-19): And then you catch a glimpse of a report saying the ingredients in sunscreen could actually cause cancer. Suddenly, you’re wary of a product you thought was protecting you. [...] The most important benefit of sunscreens is that they protect you from UV rays that can cause skin cancer. Skin cancers are the most common cancers in the U.S. Around 9,500 people are diagnosed with some form of skin cancer every day in the U.S., and two people die of skin cancer every single hour in this country. [...] Although there isn’t any evidence that sunscreens cause cancer, some studies have shown potential problems with certain ingredients in various sunscreen products.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2021-05-27): Cancer-causing chemical found in 78 sunscreen products [...] An independent testing lab has detected the chemical benzene, a known human carcinogen, in 78 sunscreen products and is now calling on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to recall the products. [...] The findings do not mean that people should stop using sunscreen, which can help prevent skin cancer, Bunick said "Many sunscreen products tested by Valisure did not have benzene contamination, and those products are presumably safe and should continue to be used, along with appropriate hats and sun-protective clothing, to mitigate skin cancer risk," Bunick said.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Regular Application of Sunscreen Can Prevent Skin Cancer - PMID: 33022203 [...] This review summarizes the evidence on the protection against skin cancer afforded by sunscreen. Solid evidence can come only from randomized controlled trials, despite a multitude of case-control and cohort studies that have addressed the issue, because observational evidence is intractably confounded since those at highest risk of skin cancer are naturally the highest users of sunscreen. Findings of the single human trial conducted in subtropical Australia during 1992-1996 with follow-up to 2014 showed that the application of a broad-spectrum, sun protection factor 16 sunscreen to exposed skin of the head and neck and upper limbs at least 3-4 days per week in adulthood can reduce the risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma but does not appear to reduce the risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) overall, although it may reduce the occurrence of multiple BCCs over time. [...] Prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer in organ transplant patients by regular use of a sunscreen: a 24 months, prospective, case-control study.Br J Dermatol. 2009 Nov;161 Suppl 3:78-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09453.x. Br J Dermatol. 2009. PMID: 19775361 -
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2024-02-09): For decades now, we've known sunscreen dramatically lowers a person's risk of developing skin cancer, with some of the first evidence coming from (aptly) the Sunshine State — Queensland. [...] In the years since, other studies have also supported sunscreen's cancer-preventing abilities. [...] Overall, according to the TGA, sunscreens are not likely to cause harm, but the risk of skin cancer from UV radiation is real.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2018-07-09): But the evidence of how well sunscreen protects against skin cancer is mixed. For starters, it’s difficult to study the links between sun exposure, sunscreen use, and skin cancer because sun exposure across a person’s entire lifetime contributes to skin damage. By the time a participant enrolls in a study, the damage may have already occurred. In addition, it can be hard to assess how well and often study participants apply sunscreen. [...] - Many sunscreens include a vitamin A additive that may speed the development of skin cancer. The sunscreen industry adds a form of vitamin A called retinyl palmitate to some sunscreen products to help prevent aging. But studies show it may trigger development of skin tumors and lesions when used on skin in the presence of sunlight. - Sunscreen doesn’t protect skin from all types of sun damage. The sun’s ultraviolet rays cause damage other than sunburns by generating free radicals that damage skin cells. Sunscreens help, but not completely. Not applying enough sunscreen, not applying frequently, and using products with poor UVA protection can lead to skin damage we cannot see with the naked eye.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2024-06-10): - The new anti-sunscreen movement makes several false claims about the association between sun exposure, sunscreen use, and cancer. [...] - Does sunscreen cause skin cancer: up to 110% - Does sunscreen cause cancer: up to 70%
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2021-02-15): A. No. These conclusions come incorrectly from studies where individuals who used sunscreen had a higher risk of skin cancer, including melanoma. This false association was made because the individuals who used sunscreen were the same ones who were traveling to sunnier climates and sunbathing. In other words, it was the high amounts of sun exposure, not the sunscreen, that elevated their risk of skin cancer. [...] A. No, there are excellent studies that sunscreen protects against all three of the most common skin cancers: squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. The degree of protection that sunscreen provides is directly related to the degree to which ultraviolet radiation is associated with the formation of the skin cancer. For instance, in prospective studies of sunscreen, the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma is reduced the most—as much as 40% over four years. [...] A. There's a danger in assuming that putting on sunscreen is by itself enough to protect you against the sun. Many studies have demonstrated that individuals who use sunscreen tend to stay out in the sun for a longer period of time, and thus may actually increase their risk of skin cancer.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2024-05-31): When selecting a sunscreen, MD Anderson dermatologists recommend choosing a broad-spectrum product with at least sun protection factor (SPF) 30. 'Broad spectrum' means the product protects from both UVA and UVB rays which can lead to sun damage and skin cancer. SPF refers to the amount of UVB rays it blocks. [...] Myth 3: Sunscreen causes cancer. False. There is no medical evidence that sunscreen causes cancer. However, there is a lot of evidence that UV rays from the sun and tanning beds do.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Everyone. Sunscreen use can help prevent skin cancer by protecting you from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Anyone can get skin cancer, regardless of age, gender, or skin tone. In fact, it is estimated that one in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime.1 Sunscreen can also help prevent premature skin aging, such as wrinkles and age spots, caused by too much unprotected UV exposure.2-4 [...] Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the U.S., and unprotected exposure to the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays is a major risk factor for skin cancer. The AAD remains committed to supporting and enhancing patient care. If you are concerned about the safety of the ingredients in your sunscreen, speak with a board-certified dermatologist to develop a sun-protection plan that works for you. [...] The use of sunscreen is one way to minimize short-term and long-term damage to the skin from the sun and to reduce the risk of skin cancer. In addition to applying a broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, the AAD also recommends that people seek shade and wear sun-protective clothing, including a lightweight and long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2022-12-06): - Excessive sun exposure. Anyone who spends considerable time in the sun may develop skin cancer, especially if the skin isn't protected by sunscreen or clothing. Tanning, including exposure to tanning lamps and beds, also puts you at risk. A tan is your skin's injury response to excessive UV radiation. [...] You absorb UV radiation year-round, and clouds offer little protection from damaging rays. Avoiding the sun at its strongest helps you avoid the sunburns and suntans that cause skin damage and increase your risk of developing skin cancer. Sun exposure accumulated over time also may cause skin cancer. Wear sunscreen year-round. Sunscreens don't filter out all harmful UV radiation, especially the radiation that can lead to melanoma. But they play a major role in an overall sun protection program.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2023-11-08): Nov. 28, 2023 -- The "sunscreen paradox" has confounded doctors of late: As more and more people use sunscreen, rates of melanoma and other skin cancers are going up. [...] Why is this happening? A new study from McGill University in Montreal might have solved some of the mystery: Many people may think sunscreen gives them free rein to tan or stay out in the sun as long as they want to. [...] You Don’t Wear Sunscreen Indoors "There are unexpected ways in which one may get sun exposure without realizing it," Sivendran said. "For example, the sun’s rays penetrate through windows, so sitting near a window for a prolonged period can increase skin cancer risk. It is important to wear sunscreen indoors to reduce this."
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2024-06-19): - Too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can damage DNA in your skin cells and cause skin cancer. [...] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a type of energy that is released naturally by the sun and artificially from sunbeds. Too much exposure to UV radiation is the main cause of skin cancer in the UK. Almost 9 in 10 UK cases of melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer, could be prevented by staying safe in the sun and avoiding sunbeds. [...] Dennis, L. K. et al. Sunburns and risk of cutaneous melanoma, does age matter: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol. 18, 614-627 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.04.006.Sunburns.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2024-08-16): How you use sunscreens, and what other protective measures you take, make a difference in how well you are able to protect yourself and your family from sunburn, skin cancer, early skin aging and other risks of overexposure to the sun. Some key sun safety tips include: [...] Skin Cancer/Skin Aging Alert: Spending time in the sun increases your risk of skin cancer and early skin aging. This product has been shown only to help prevent sunburn, not skin cancer or early skin aging. [...] Because sunscreens, if used as directed with other sun protection measures, help to prevent sunburn and/or to reduce the risks of skin cancer and early skin aging caused by the sun, it is important that they be both effective and safe for their intended uses.
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2024-08-31): Sunscreens help prevent skin cancer, but some can harm the environment. Three recent behavioral science papers describe ways to boost visitors’ use of eco-friendly sun protection. That way, national park visitors can protect themselves and the places they care about too. [...] Apply sun protection when you know you'll be out in the sun. Be thorough when you apply it (no gaps). This will help avoid painful sunburns or even sun poisoning. It can reduce your risk of melanoma and other skin cancers. Don't forget places like ears, eyelids, lips and feet! [...] Chemical sunscreen has chemicals that absorb the sun’s rays, keeping them from reaching your skin. It has active ingredients like these:
Claim: Recent Study Shows How Sunscreen Causes Cancer, Not the Sun (Anonymous, 2018-06-11)
Evidence (2013-06-04): It turns out sunscreen does more than protect you from cancer and painful sunburns – it offers a boost to simple vanity. A new study finds that regular sunscreen use protects against photoaging: the wrinkling, spotting and loss of elasticity caused by exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation. [...] More than 900 participants were followed for four years. Some were told to use sunscreen daily and instructed in proper use, including re-applying sunscreen after being outside for a few hours, after going in the water or after sweating heavily.