copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-02): In 1960, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, accompanied by Foreign Minister Chen Yi and a 31-member Chinese delegation, arrived in Delhi to negotiate a final settlement of the disputed Sino-Indian boundary with his Indian counterpart, Jawaharlal Nehru. The boundary was a vestige of British colonial rule, and had been in dispute for longer than the existence of the Republic of India as well as the People’s Republic of China. [...] Isolated stand-offs in feeding pastures along the Himalayan border had also begun to creep up as early as 1954 in areas in the Central Sector such as Bara Hoti. Historically, these boundaries were highly fluid and had been used by agrarians on both sides. However, the imposition of nation-statehood now demanded territorial exclusivity. Despite this, both India and China did not choose to directly address the boundary issue, opting instead to build a stronger negotiating position before showing their hand. However, their position was forced when the Tibetan Revolution broke out in 1957. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) forces from China, chasing Tibetan rebels, entered disputed border areas, often provoking confrontations with Indian border patrols. Since there was no formal demarcation of the boundary, the armed forces of both sides found themselves in a highly unenviable situation.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of People's Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-08): In late August this year, over 100 Chinese soldiers transgressed at least 5 km into Indian territory in Uttarakhand's Barahoti and damaged infrastructure, including a bridge, before retreating.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-01): Barahoti (Bara Hoti, Hoti Plain), also called Wu-Je or Wure (Chinese: 乌热; pinyin: Wū rè), located in the 'middle sector' of the disputed Sino-Indian border, is a 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) sloping plain situated in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, Chamoli district.[1] It is disputed by China, which also disputes a 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi) area surrounding it.[2] The entire disputed area also goes by the name "Barahoti", or sometimes "Barahoti–Sangchamalla–Lapthal disputed area". The entire area is on the Ganges side of the Sutlej–Ganges water divide, which is also the current Line of Actual Control between India and China.[3] Barahoti was the first location in Indian territory claimed by China in 1954.[4] In 1960, China added Lapthal and Sangchamalla to the dispute and said that three places formed one composite area.[5]
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): The last unresolved territorial issue between the two countries was settled by the 2004 Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China–Russia Boundary.[69] Pursuant to that agreement, Russia transferred to China a part of Abagaitu Islet, the entire Yinlong (Tarabarov) Island, about half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, and some adjacent river islets. The transfer has been ratified by both the Chinese National People's Congress and the Russian State Duma in 2005, thus ending the decades-long border dispute. The official transfer ceremony was held on-site on October 14, 2008.[70] However, in China Standard Map Edition 2023, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island has been speculated by some journalists to be asserted as Chinese territory by China.[71] Tajikistan [edit]China had a longstanding territorial claim on about 28,430 square kilometers (10.977 square miles) of Tajik territory since 1884, which was taken from the then Qing dynasty by unequal treaties.[72][73] [...] - ^ "Ladakhi and Bhutanese Enclaves in Tibet" (PDF). John Bray. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-01): Barahoti (Bara Hoti, Hoti Plain), also called Wu-Je or Wure (Chinese: 乌热; pinyin: Wū rè), located in the 'middle sector' of the disputed Sino-Indian border, is a 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) sloping plain situated in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, Chamoli district.[1] It is disputed by China, which also disputes a 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi) area surrounding it.[2] The entire disputed area also goes by the name "Barahoti", or sometimes "Barahoti–Sangchamalla–Lapthal disputed area". The entire area is on the Ganges side of the Sutlej–Ganges water divide, which is also the current Line of Actual Control between India and China.[3] Barahoti was the first location in Indian territory claimed by China in 1954.[4] In 1960, China added Lapthal and Sangchamalla to the dispute and said that three places formed one composite area.[5] [...] On 29 June the Government decided to ask the North-Western Provinces to deal with these intrusions strictly, and enforce territorial claims at Barahoti. Two days later, on the basis of a letter from the local patwari (Durga Dutta), the ministry evaluated that Tibet had acknowledged British sovereignty over Barahoti, and only engaged in routine cross-border trade. However, the letter was "not lucidly written" and officials proposed that a civil officer be sent to the disputed territory for dual purposes of conducting a detailed investigation as well as enforcing territorial sovereignty.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-08-01): Short Note: Chinese Army Incursion in Barahoti [...] Barahoti in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand is a midpoint on the 3440 kilometer Sino-India Line of Actual Control (LAC). The Chinese ingressions there are a routine affair and have been taking place since as back as 1954. In 1958, India and China had declared Barahoti as a disputed territory where neither side would send its troops. In 1962 war, China had focused only western and eastern sectors and not Barahoti.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-28): A few days later, the Department got the proper map: "I have now got the 1884 sheet nod several other maps from the Intelligence Branch. Bara Hoti [now written Barahoti] is within the British frontier, but last year the Tibetans were in possession much lower down, on our side, than Bara Hoti. They prevented the Assistant Commissioner passing within two days' march of Hoti - a proceeding the Commissioner of Kumaon thought perfectly reasonable and harmless." [...] Though Barahoti was well inside Indian territory, the exchange of notes continued during the following months and years. This exchange is the first of more than one thousand Memoranda, Notes and Letters exchanged by the Governments of India and China over the next ten years, published in the White Papers on China. [...] How Barahoti, a pass between Tibet and India, suddenly got a Chinese name is still today a mystery.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-09-15): JOSHIMATH: Along an eight-km stretch in Barahoti village in Joshimath (Chamoli), near the border with China, district officials from the Indian side would every six months or so spread out to stamp the country's presence. They would leave behind newspapers, magazine covers, wrappers of biscuits to mark the territory as theirs. [...] Barahoti had begun emptying out around eight years ago. Ever since, district officials have been marking the territory at regular intervals, as strategic locations are thought to be vulnerable to claims by China. [...] ITBP sources said migration had led to a situation where claims were being made by the Chinese on Indian soil. They added that if villagers were to continue to visit Barahoti, even if only to offer prayers at a site considered sacred, the pond called Paravati Kund, then the team of officials would not need to visit.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-05): TAIPEI (Reuters) - It is "impossible" for the People's Republic of China to become Taiwan's motherland because Taiwan has older political roots, the island's President Lai Ching-te said on Saturday. Lai, who took office in May, is condemned by Beijing as a "separatist". He rejects Beijing's sovereignty claims, saying that the island is a country called the Republic of China, which traces its origins back to the 1911 revolution that overthrew the last imperial dynasty.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-09): The history of how Barahoti became a disputed area is interesting. [...] Soon after the Chinese occupied western Tibet in the early 1950s, they started claiming Barahoti as theirs. The IB recommended to the Government of India that it was essential that Delhi "should make it clear to the Government of Tibet and its Dzongpon that the Hoti Plain is Indian territory and the Tibetans have no right to establish any customs post there; nor can they exercise any authority in the area." [...] Over the years, as the situation continued to deteriorate, a note was prepared by Jagat Mehta, Director (China) in the Ministry of External Affairs in 1961. It provides the background of Barahoti saga during the preceding years. Mehta writes: "The Chinese claim to the Barahoti became known to us in 1954, when the Indian and Chinese army faced each other in the small pasture ground. The suggestion for refraining from sending the troops was first made in 1955 and was reiterated in 1956; it was agreed that no troops should be sent by either party in 1957, and a conference to discuss the dispute regarding Bara Hoti was held in April – June 1958."
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-07-28): Beneath is the idyllic scene it presents as a pasture land where local people graze sheep, Barahoti has a decades-long history of incursions by Chinese troops from across the Line of Actual Control close to it in rugged Chamoli district. A pasture land where local people graze sheep, Barahoti in Chamoli district has a decades-long history of incursions by Chinese troops from across the McMahon Line close to it. The latest such instance happened on July 19. Chief minister Harish Rawat termed the matter as "worrisome", while the Centre chose to downplay it as a "minor breach". [...] 1) Barahoti, located in Uttarakhand’s border with China, is 397 km from the hill-state’s capital Dehradun 2) The scenic grassland in Chamoli district is connected roadways to Joshimath, and has a 100-km motorable road up to Rimkhim, the last Indian post 3) It requires a 3-km steep trek to Barahoti ridge, from where Tibet (under China) is visible 4) A 700-metre descend from the ridge takes one to pond called Parvati Kund. A little away, within the Barahoti pasture land is the seasonal Hoti river 5) Indian villagers worship the Parvati Kund. Permission from the local authorities is needed to visit the pond. Shepherds from Niti valley had been grazing their sheep for long across the Barahoti pasture land even as there are reports of Chinese thwarting them back frequently.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-04-01): Contestations along the Sino-Indian border are complex and deeply region-specific. When it comes to Barahoti the same understanding of where the border is has never been accepted by China, Tibet, or India. Barahoti is a grazing ground about 16,000 feet above sea-level, close to the Tun Jun La pass between India and Tibet. To date there is no agreement on the geographical location of Barahoti. India claims it lies two miles south of Tun Jun La, China say it is 12 km to the north of the pass (Mathur 2012). In the everyday functioning of the local state’s outpost, this zone is a forgotten space where herdsmen, primarily Bhotiyas (lit. of Tibet) still take their livestock for grazing as the seasons change. In addition, a small contingent of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is stationed there.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-04): On August 30, over 100 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) soldiers reportedly crossed the Line of Actual Control (LAC) at Barahoti in Uttarakhand, according to a recent report in Economic Times. The Chinese soldiers entered some 5 km into territory on the Indian side of the LAC. Although they remained here for 3 hours and damaged infrastructure, including a bridge, Indian troops did not challenge them or force them to leave. [...] While the two sides have disengaged from the south bank of Pangong Tso and Gogra and have set up buffer zones in Galwan Valley and Pangong Tso’s north bank, they are yet to begin talks on Hot Springs, Demchok, and Depsang. Meanwhile, with the incident at Barahoti in August, yet another friction point looms, this time in the LAC’s middle sector. While incidents of Chinese "transgressions" in the middle sector are not new – at the height of the crisis in Doklam in 2017, for instance, PLA soldiers breached the LAC at Barahoti – "there is an increase in the number of PLA troops coming in" here of late, defense ministry officials told The Hindu. During the recent incident at Barahoti, not only did PLA soldiers come in from "multiple locations within the Barahoti bowl," but also this time around, the transgression was "on a much higher scale," the officials said.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-02): In July 2016, The Times of India explained: "It all began on July 22, when an Indian team of 19 civilians led by a Sub Divisional Magistrate first entered into the area in Barahoti, an area perceived by Chinese as their territory. …Six Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) personnel, in civil clothes and unarmed, accompanied the Indian civilians 200 metres inside the ‘alleged disputed’ territory." [...] As a result of India not insisting on all the passes, China started claiming several areas south of the watershed, in particular the area south of the Tunjun-la pass, where the plain of Barahoti is located. [...] More than 60 years after it started, the case of Barahoti shows that for the Chinese, there is no big or small moustache, every inch is a victory, and the second lesson is that there is no short cut to building a strong infrastructure even it costs the nation some sacrifice.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-08-02): Bara Hoti in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand is where the first Chinese intrusions into Indian soil took place in 1954 and has continued since, the latest being on 25 July 2017. [...] The then foreign secretary Subimal Dutt’s note to prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru states: "Our case is that Bara Hoti is an area of about one and a half square miles. We have given the exact position with reference to its latitude and longitude. The Chinese have not defined which area they mean by Wu-Je… an area south of Tun Jun La…. If the Chinese claims are conceded, the international boundary would lie south in what is undoubtedly Indian territory." [...] With its own long history of ’transgressions’, Bara Hoti is a direct issue between China and India that otherwise would have been brushed off as an annual feature. However, coming as it does even as the Sikkim standoff continues, pertinently on 25 July, coinciding with the NSA’s Beijing visit, it seems deliberately timed to issue a sharp signal to India that the Chinese are not yet relenting from their harsh position.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): Republic of China's position [edit]Throughout the Cold War, the Government of the Republic of China had the same understanding on the China-India border dispute as the PRC.[2] In 1962, the ROC's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that they did not recognise the legality of the McMahon Line. The same year western countries increased pressure on ROC leader Chiang Kai-shek to recognise the legality of the McMahon Line in order to isolate Beijing.[2] However, Chiang dismissed the McMahon Line as an 'imperialist imposition on China'. In February 1987, India's move to elevate the status of 'Arunachal centrally administered region' to the state of Arunachal Pradesh was declared null and void by the ROC's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[2] The Ministry, in a formal statement, stated that it did not recognise the 'illegal occupation' of ROC territory south of the McMahon Line and that the establishment of 'Arunachal Pradesh state' was an illegal act. In 1995, Ambassador Teng Pei-Yin (the ROC's first representative to India) in response to an Indian member of parliament, stated that the ROC did not recognise the McMahon Line.[2] However, the ROC has not made any statement on the China-India dispute since.[2]
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-08): In late August this year, over 100 Chinese soldiers transgressed at least 5 km into Indian territory in Uttarakhand's Barahoti and damaged infrastructure, including a bridge, before retreating.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-02): Isolated stand-offs in feeding pastures along the Himalayan border had also begun to creep up as early as 1954 in areas in the Central Sector such as Bara Hoti. Historically, these boundaries were highly fluid and had been used by agrarians on both sides. However, the imposition of nation-statehood now demanded territorial exclusivity. Despite this, both India and China did not choose to directly address the boundary issue, opting instead to build a stronger negotiating position before showing their hand.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-08-02): Reports of Chinese transgressions in Barahoti, in the central portion of the India–China boundary, in late July may be part of such efforts. More widely, China could also pressure India through support for Pakistan, redoubled outreach to India’s South Asian neighbours or more assertive intelligence gathering in the Indian Ocean.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-14): In late August 2021, over 100 Chinese soldiers had transgressed at least five kilometers into Indian territory in Uttarakhand’s Barahoti and damaged infrastructure, including a bridge, before retreating. And in October 2021, Indian and Chinese troops were engaged in a face-off in Tawang after scores of Chinese soldiers crossed over to the Indian side.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2007-08-02): Almindelige termer og sĉtninger administrative Agency of India aggression alignment shown Barahoti Bhutan boundary between India boundary question Chinese forces Chinese Government Chinese maps Chinese party Chinese Prime Minister Chinese side Chip Chap area Chou En-lai countries crest Dalai Lama Delhi discussions disputes East Frontier Agency eastern fact Five Principles friendly friendship Government of China Government of India Himachal Pradesh Himalayan Range India and China India and Tibet India are prepared India-China boundary Indian evidence Indian Government Indian Parliament Indian side Indian territory intrusions by Chinese Jammu and Kashmir Jelepla Pass Kuomintang Lhasa Longju McMahon Line ment middle sector miles of Indian mutual never been delimited North East Frontier October peace People's Republic Prime Minister Nehru proposed PUBLICATIONS DIVISION recognised regarding the McMahon relations between India reply settlement shown by India Shri Nehru Sikkim Sino-Indian sion six border passes square miles talks territorial claims Tibetan tion traditional boundary traditional India-China treaties Uttar Pradesh watershed western sector
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-06): Chinese have claimed part of Tajikistan territory based on historical precedent (Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912). Their bilateral relations were established on January 4, 1992, shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Ever since, China has been penetrating every aspect of Tajik life. More than 2,000 Tajik students are trained in more than 112 different institutions in China. A large number of students are trained in an educational and cultural center of Confucius in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Chinese Government is organizing training courses and seminars in various fields for Tajikistan’s specialists. Chinese language centers have been opened in a number of higher education institutions of the Republic of Tajikistan, moreover, the citizens of the People’s Republic of China are also trained in various universities of the country. The "Chinese culture corner" was opened at the National Library of Tajikistan. [...] This stretch of 545 kms runs along the states of Himachal and Uttar Pradesh. Though least complicated of the three sectors, it nevertheless has disputed portions. Here the Chinese claims account for some 2000 sq kms in eight small separate blobs. Though comparatively more stable, in this sector too China keeps asserting its presence and the claims from time to time. As a result, this segment also has its share of occasional ‘incidents’. Chinese troops have often driven away Indian shepherds from grazing grounds close to the border near Barahoti. Their makeshift shelters were also dismantled.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-11): Two months later, with the ink on the treaty hardly dried, Chinese troops walked into Indian territory; the PLA entered for the first time in Barahoti, a small flat grazing ground located in today’s Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. [...] The Case of Barahoti Every year, intrusions are reported in this area ‘perceived’ by China as its territory, even though the small basin is located south of the watershed marked by the Tunjun-la pass. In April 1958, for the first time, officials of India and China sat together to try and sort out the issue. It was a first rehearsal for the long negotiations which would take place in 1960. Both would lead nowhere. As a compromise, India agreed that Chinese ‘unarmed’ patrols could visit the place in summer till the case was solved; Beijing never kept its promise and repeatedly sent armed soldiers to Barahoti. Sixty-two years after the negotiators agreed to be unarmed, the Chinese still cross the Tunjun-la and walk into the desolate area.
Claim: Barahoti is a territory of Republic of China (Barahoti, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-19): Background: In a reality check of India’s lost territories, it is found that India has been mauled since the 1960s; the Chinese aggression continues from Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh) to Tangtse (Ladakh). It multiplied under Xi Jinping-led CPC-PLA’s ballistic missile use in Taiwan and Japanese zone; giving warning of ‘dire consequences’ to all neighbours, especially India. [...] On 17.07.1954: China protested against Indians in Barahoti. Chinese troops entered Barahoti on 28.06.1955 and claimed Barahoti on 26.07.1956. [...] In September 1958, Chinese troops re-entered Barahoti and s month later built outposts at Lapthal and Sangchanalla.