copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-26): The Murallón and Bolados hills were the only two points in common of both intended routes. [...] - Section B: from the summit of Fitz Roy to Cerro Murallón. From the summit of Fitz Roy, the line will descend along the watershed to a point at coordinates X=4,541,630 Y=1,424,600. From there, it will continue in a straight line to a point located at coordinates X=4,540,950 Y=1,421,200. Then the line will follow the parallel of the site to the west and will be drawn in accordance with the Protocol on Replacement and Placement of Landmarks on the Chilean–Argentine Border of 16 April 1941 and in the Plan of Work and General Provisions governing the Chile–Argentine Joint Boundary Commission. In the area determined between the parallels of South Latitude 49º10'00" and 49º47'30" and the meridians of West Longitude 73º38'00" and 72º59'00", the Chile–Argentina Joint Boundary Commission must draw up a chart at a scale of 1:50,000 in order to demarcate the boundary, in that sector the Additional Specific Protocol on Shared Water Resources of 2 August 1991 will not be applied.[30] This sector corresponds to a rectangular territory that goes from a few kilometers north of the summit of Fitz Roy to Mount Murallón, in which there is an area without boundary demarcation. Within this area, however, the agreement itself demarcated the boundary from Fitz Roy to a few kilometers to the southwest (point B), and, from the same mountain to the north, it was defined by means of the 1994 Laguna del Desierto arbitration award.[31][32][25][26][33]
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-04-14): Cerro Murallón is a glacier mountain of the Andes, in Patagonia, located on the eastern edge of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, southwest of Lake Viedma, at the border between Chile and Argentina. On the Argentine side, the hill has been part of the Los Glaciares National Park since 1937, in the Lago Argentino Department in the Santa Cruz Province, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1981. On the Chilean side, it has been part of the Bernardo O'Higgins National Park, since 1969, in the commune of Natales in the Última Esperanza Province in the Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region. According to some sources its height is 2,656 meters (8,714 ft) above sea level,[1] and according to others it is 2,831 meters (9,288 ft) above sea level.[2] Cerro Murallón is named for its immense granite wall it presents.[3] Cerro Murallón was photographed for the first time by the Salesian missionary Alberto María de Agostini in 1949,[4] and its first ascent was made by Eduardo García, Cedomir Marangunic, Eric Shipton and Jack Ewer on January 24, 1961, on its west face. The first climb to the northeast wall was made in 1984 by the Italians Carlo Alde, Casimiro Ferrari and Paolo Vitali.[5][6]
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-01): An interesting geopolitical aspect of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field involves a 50-kilometer (30-mile) stretch of the Chile-Argentina border between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón, which remains undefined on the ice field. This border section represents the last unresolved border issue between the two nations, highlighting the unique challenges the icy terrain poses.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-16): Cerro Murallón facts for kids Cerro Murallón is a glacier mountain of the Andes, in Patagonia, located on the eastern edge of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field , southwest of Lake Viedma, at the border between Chile and Argentina. [...] Cerro Murallón is named for its immense granite wall it presents. Cerro Murallón was photographed for the first time by the Salesian missionary Alberto María de Agostini in 1949, and its first ascent was made by Eduardo García, Cedomir Marangunic, Eric Shipton and Jack Ewer on January 24, 1961 on its west face. The first climb to the northeast wall was made in 1984 by the Italians Carlo Alde, Casimiro Ferrari and Paolo Vitali.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-09): The Patagonian Andes and Tierra del Fuego, from Río Aysén to Cape Horn (46–56° S) are characterized by a larger amount of annual rainfall well distributed throughout the year and a strong west–east gradient (e.g. Ohata and others, Reference Ohata and Nakajima1985; Carrasco and others, Reference Carrasco, Casassa, Rivera, Casassa, Sepúlveda and Sinclair2002). The Northern Patagonia Icefield (NPI) and the Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI) are the largest temperate ice-bodies of the Southern Hemisphere (Warren and Sugden, Reference Warren and Sugden1993). Although most of the SPI lies in Chile, it is partially shared with Argentina (Casassa and Rivera, Reference Casassa and Rivera2001), existing within its eastern side a rectangle (Mount Fitz Roy – Cerro Murallón), in which the boundary is not defined yet. In the periphery of the Patagonian icefields, mountain glaciers are found at Baker, Pascua and Serrano catchments, the three main large catchments, which drain meltwater from the east side of the icefields to the Pacific Ocean. [...] At Norte Chico, a large retreat rate is observed at Del Potro glacier with −0.17 km2 and Tronquitos glacier with −0.18 km2. Between Estrecho glacier and Cerro Volcán the retreat rate is more moderate (~ −0.5 km2). Large rock glaciers such as Maranceles and Las Tolas at Copiapó, and Elqui catchments, respectively, also showed no frontal change.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-21): CPHS, corresponde a la mayor masa de hielo del hemisferio sur fuera de la Antártica, en cuanto a su morfología, está compuesto por 49 glaciares, sumado a unos cien glaciares de menor tamaño que existen entre la cordillera de los Andes al occidente y al oriente. En la zona de acumulación, los hielos se unen de manera uniforme y plana, llamada ‘‘plateau’’, teniendo como altura unos 1600 metros. Existe una zona que permite la localización de los glaciares más grandes de los campos de hielo, al norte del cerro Murallón (cercano al lugar del conflicto) la zona cordillerana se torna más ancha ,contribuyendo a la formación de glaciares de mayor extensión. [...] - Vista aérea de la zona sin limites definidos, cercana al cerro Murallón, Patagonia / © NASA. Link ubicación
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-12): En 1998, Argentina y Chile dialogan poner fin al litigio del campo de hielo Patagónico Sur, fruto de esto surge un acuerdo que planeaba redefinir la demarcación entre el monte Fitz Roy y el cerro Daudet, sin embargo éste solo redefinió la zona entre el cerro Murallón y el cerro Daudet (correspondiente a la sección A del Acuerdo) y trazó una parte del límite entre el monte Fitz Roy y el cordón montañoso que se encuentra al oeste del mismo. Ambos países no pudieron ponerse de acuerdo sobre el límite entre el Fitz Roy y el cerro Murallón, por lo tanto se llegó al siguiente acuerdo sobre la zona en cuestión (sección B):[1] [...] Antártida [editar]Las reclamaciones territoriales de Argentina y Chile sobre la Antártida se superponen parcialmente una con la otra. Chile reclama para sí el Territorio Chileno Antártico, el cual se incluye en la Región de Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena, mientras que Argentina reclama la Antártida Argentina, cuyo territorio forma parte de la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. [...] Cerro Mirador, Parque Nacional Puyehue.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-31): Y en cuanto a la sección B - del monte Fitz Roy al cerro Murallón-, Argentina nunca logró que Chile aprobará la demarcación legal. Se tardó trece años para elaborar un carta a escala 1:50.000, y desde ese momento, el Palacio de la Moneda postergó todas las respuestas a los planteos diplomáticos de la Casa Rosada. Esa maniobra deliberada de Chile, terminó de manera abrupta con el decreto del 23 de agosto. Piñera consideró que no tiene sentido fijar los límites de la sección B - del Monte Fitz Roy al cerro Murallón -, y decidió de manera unilateral que esa zona también es chilena. La postura de Piñera implica que Chile añadió mil kilómetros cuadrados más a su territorio que pertenecen a la Argentina por el tratado suscripto en 1998. Ese acuerdo bilateral siempre fue aceptado por ambos países y sólo faltaba delimitar la sección B entre el Monte Fitz Roy y el cerro Murallón.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-16): The Murallón and Bolados hills were the only two points in common of both intended routes. [...] - Section B: from the summit of Mount Fitz Roy to Cerro Murallón. From the summit of Mount Fitz Roy the line will descend along the watershed to a point at coordinates X=4,541,630 Y=1,424,600. From there it will continue in a straight line to a point located at coordinates X=4,540,950 Y=1,421,200. Then the line will follow the parallel of the site to the West and will be drawn in accordance with the Protocol on Replacement and Placement of Landmarks on the Chilean-Argentine Border of April 16, 1941 and in the Plan of Work and General Provisions governing the Chile-Argentine Joint Boundary Commission. In the area determined between the parallels of South Latitude 49º10'00" and 49º47'30" and the meridians of West Longitude 73º38'00" and 72º59'00", the Chile-Argentina Joint Boundary Commission must draw up a chart at a scale of 1:50,000 in order to demarcate the boundary, in that sector the Additional Specific Protocol on Shared Water Resources of August 2, 1991 will not be applied. This sector corresponds to a rectangular territory that goes from a few kilometers north of the summit of Mount Fitz Roy to Mount Murallón, in which there is an area without boundary demarcation. Within this area, however, the agreement itself demarcated the boundary from Fitz Roy to a few kilometers to the southwest (point B), and from the same mountain to the north it was demarcated by means of the 1994 Laguna del Desierto arbitration award.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-12): Este límite «histórico» lo había afirmado la propia Argentina y su perito Francisco P. Moreno [ARGENTINE-CHILIAN BOUNDARY 1900], durante el arbitraje de Su Majestad Británica (arbitraje que culminó con el Laudo de 1902). Transcurre por la cumbre de los cerros Fitz Roy, Torre, Huemules, Campana, Agassiz y Stokes, los que fueron escogidos como «hitos naturales» que conforman los «trechos o puntos» que constituyen el límite acordado según las Actas de 1898. Adicionalmente, la Oficina de Límites Internacionales argentina reconoció como hitos naturales en el CHPS a los cerros Heim y Mayo [La frontera Argentino-Chilena. Demarcación general, 1894-1906, tomo I, pp. 464-5]. La nueva línea divisoria (Frei/Menem) ha sido ya acordada en la parte sur del área del CHPS, entre el monte Murallón y el cerro Daudet; y la Cancillería chilena informa que resta por trazar la línea entre los montes Fitz Roy y Murallón. [...] •el territorio chileno queda «estrangulado» en el sector de Laguna Escondida, con aguas del Pacífico a 8 km del límite;
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-06-04): Additionally, within the Santa Cruz province, there are a number of protected areas, including Patagonia National Park (Parque Nacional Patagonia), Perito Moreno National Park (Parque Nacional Perito Moreno), Lago del Desierto Provincial Reserve (Reserva Provincial Lago del Desierto), Los Glaciares National Park (Parque Nacional Los Glaciares), and Monte León National Park (Parque Nacional Monte León). [...] To this day there is still a section of border between Chile and Argentina that is up for dispute. A vast section of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field that both countries claim as their own. This region spans from Monte Fitz Roy to Cerro Murallón. [...] Situated along the east coast of the Santa Cruz province lies Monte León National Park. The park was established to help preserve the biodiversity of the region as well as protect numerous paleontological sites.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-12): 24/02/2018 Some corrections courtesy of Hugh Logan - Cerro Solo Cara Este headwall variation - Cerro Mojón Rojo Cara Noroeste. [...] 10/03/2017 - The Cerro Murallón section has been updated. [...] CLIMBING AREAS Chaltén Massif Cerro San Lorenzo Cerro Murallón Cerro Riso Patron Cerro Catedral/Frey Tetons (USA)
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): In the years 1990-1991, Argentina’s territorial claims continued to surface, reopening the issue seemingly settled in 1898 through the Experts’ Report. The border between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Daudet was renegotiated by Argentina, claiming 2,500 km2 of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. At that time, Chile lacked official maps at the necessary scale to negotiate this demand in its favour, and some voices argued that there was no intention to do so. Therefore, the task of the new demarcation was transferred to the Chile-Argentina Mixed Boundary Commission. Of the total 2,500 km2 claimed by Argentina, approximately 1,000 km2 are in the so-called Zone B, between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallon, for which no official demarcations had been established to date. The revision of the border between Cerro Murallon and Cerro Daudet in favour of Argentina sparked another wave of discontent among the public opinion, with citizens questioning what they stood to gain from willingly ceding to Argentina 2,500 km2 of Chilean territory of immense beauty, with ancient ice and part of the Torres del Paine National Park.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Our only photograph of the face had been taken in summer, and what we saw now barely resembled the dry, rocky peak in that photo. The spur we hoped to climb separates the north and east faces. Its lower half was painted in smears of ice, and the upper half plastered in rime. The pillar eventually gave way to a snowy arête and a huge summit mushroom. Our bet on the early season had paid off, as the air was cold and everything on the mountain seemed well glued together. We decided to start climbing immediately, even though we were tired and it was already 4 p.m. Conditions on the wall were great. Three pitches of ice up to 90° brought us to a bivy atop a snowy spur beneath a promising mixed wall. It was only the second day of spring, and the night was chilly, but the air was clear and still, allowing us to see Volcán Lautaro to the north and Cerro Murallón to the south. The immense ice cap, the Hielo Continental, glowed in the light of a full moon.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The most famous of Ice Field adventurers is the legendary English mountaineer Eric Shipton who led several successful expeditions. In 1960, Shipton together with fellow Englishman Jack Ewer, a professor at the University of Chile and accomplished Chilean climber Cedomir Marangunic completed a 52-day crossing of the ice field from Jorge Montt Glacier to the edge of the Upsala glacier and over a series of peaks, including Cerro Murallon. Shipton later crossed the Northern Ice Field from west to east, starting at San Rafael Glacier and finishing at the Cochrane river, making the first ascent of Cerro Arco in the process. [...] The Patagonian Ice Field largely remains a frontier landscape, with part of the border still not agreed upon by Chile and Argentina. A particular point of contention is a 50km stretch of border between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallon which remains the only contested area following the demarcation of 24 disputed borders in 1990. Territorial disputes remain unresolved as each country eyes the enormous freshwater resources preserved in the glacial ice.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Positioned at the base of the formidable Cerro Torre and Cerro Fitz Roy mountains, the village, founded in the late 1970s amid a border dispute with Chile, has evolved into a thriving hub for adventure seekers. Approximately 350 resilient inhabitants call El Chaltén home, braving the extremes of Patagonia's climate throughout the year. [...] Argentina and Chile have agreed that their international border detours eastwards to pass over the main summit of Mount Fitz Roy. However, a significant portion of the border to the south of the summit, extending to Cerro Murallón, remains undefined, adding an element of intrigue to the region. [...] Cerro Torre, a prominent peak in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, is a testament to nature's sculpting prowess. Situated in a disputed region between Argentina and Chile, west of Fitz Roy, Cerro Torre is part of a four-peak chain that includes Torre Egger, Punta Herron, and Cerro Standhardt. Rising to an elevation of 3,128 meters (10,262 feet), Cerro Torre poses a considerable challenge to climbers, thanks to its unpredictable weather conditions and the constant, formidable winds.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-14): Sin embargo, las diferencias con Chile no finalizan en el diferendo de la plataforma continental y los 20.000 kilómetros cuadrados del Fondo Marino que es Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Con la firma del Decreto 95, Piñera también desconoce lo pactado en un acuerdo sobre los Hielos Continentales vigente desde 1998. Ese año, Argentina y Chile firmaron un tratado para trazar el límite fronterizo entre el monte Fitz Roy y el monte Daudet, en la zona denominada Hielos Continentales. Este acuerdo contiene dos secciones: una primera sección, para fijar los límites del cerro Murallón al monte Daudet y, una segunda, para fijar el límite desde el monte Fitz Roy al cerro Murallón. [...] En cuanto a los límites de la primera sección, Chile no emitió objeciones. Dado que el trazado se extiende hacia el Este, una área de pertenencia geográfica de la Argentina, el mismo beneficia sus aspiraciones geopolíticas. Ahora bien, respecto a los límites trazados en la segunda sección, Argentina nunca logró que Chile aprobara la demarcación legal. Si esto ocurriera, Argentina se extendería hacia el Oeste, circunstancia geopolítica que se rechaza en el país vecino. Con la firma del decreto 95, Piñera añadió esa zona como parte del territorio chileno. Esto implica que Chile añadió 1000 kilómetros más a su territorio que pertenecen a la argentina por el Tratado suscripto en 1998, reconocido por ambos Estados. Argentina rechazó este avance de Chile sobre los Hielos Continentales pero su postura no aparece explícita en la nota que se envió al Gobierno de Chile.
Claim: Cerro Murallón is a territory of Chile (Cerro Murallón, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-06): Respecto a los límites de la sección A -del cerro Murallón al monte Daudet-, Chile no opuso objeciones. El trazado beneficia sus aspiraciones geopolíticas porque se inclina hacia el este, un área de pertenencia geográfica de la Argentina. Y en cuanto a la sección B - del monte Fitz Roy al cerro Murallón-, Argentina nunca logró que Chile aprobará la demarcación legal. Si se así ocurriera, Argentina se acercaría muchísimo al Océano Pacífico, una circunstancia geopolítica que se rechaza de plano al otro lado de la cordillera. [...] La postura de Piñera implica que Chile añadió mil kilómetros cuadrados más a su territorio que pertenecen a la Argentina por el tratado suscripto en 1998. Ese acuerdo bilateral siempre fue aceptado por ambos países y sólo faltaba delimitar la sección B entre el Monte Fitz Roy y el cerro Murallón.
Claim: Bakassi is a territory of Cameroon (Bakassi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-31): Bakassi is a peninsula on the Gulf of Guinea. It lies between the Cross River estuary, near the city of Calabar and the Rio del Ray estuary on the east. It is governed by Cameroon, following the transfer of sovereignty from neighbouring Nigeria as a result of a judgment by the International Court of Justice.[1] On 22 November 2007, the Nigerian Senate rejected the transfer, since the Greentree Agreement ceding the area to Cameroon was contrary to Section 12(1) of the 1999 Constitution.[2] Regardless, the territory was completely ceded to Cameroon on 14 August 2008, exactly two years after the first part of it was transferred.[3][4] [...] Despite the formal handover of Bakassi by Nigeria to Cameroon in 2006, the territory of Bakassi is still mentioned as part of the 774 local governments in Nigeria as embodied in the First Schedule, Part I of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999.[18] After the Nigerian 2015 general elections, Nigeria's 8th National Assembly still accommodates the Calabar-South/Akpabuyo/Bakassi Federal Constituency represented by Hon. Essien Ekpeyong Ayi of the People's Democratic Party.[19]
Claim: Bakassi is a territory of Cameroon (Bakassi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-04-30): On the 10th of October 2002 the International Court of Justice delivered the Bakassi decision, which, amongst other things, excised the resource rich land and maritime territory of Bakassi from Nigeria and transferred its legal title to Cameroon. These two countries under the auspices of the United Nations established the mechanism of the Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission to honour and implement their obligations under the ICJ decision. Over a decade after the ICJ decision this volume brings together academics and practitioners to assess the impact of this decision and the challenges and issues that have been raised in the course of its implementation. Hailed by some as a model of preventive diplomacy and a blueprint for the future, this timely assessment illuminates the difficulties in imposing such controversial decisions and considers whether this type of Mixed Commission is an adequate mechanism for implementing them.
Claim: Bakassi is a territory of Cameroon (Bakassi, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-02-10): Moreover, by Diplomatic Note No. 570 of 27 March 1962, the government of Tafawa Balewa of Nigeria exchanged diplomatic notes with Cameroon acknowledging the fact that Bakassi was indeed Cameroonian territory (Aghemelo and Ibhasebhor 2006). In July 1966, Lt.-Col. Gowon came to power in Nigeria. As the Balewa government, he too committed his government to respect all prior international agreements made by the Balewa and Ironsi governments. [...] On 10 October 2002, after eight years of deliberations, the ICJ at The Hague decided that Cameroon had sovereignty over Bakassi, basing its decision on old colonial documents (Lacey and Banerjee 2002). The boundaries in the Lake Chad region were determined by the Thomson-Marchand Declarations of 1929–1930 and the boundary in Bakassi was determined by the Anglo-German Treaty of 11 March 1913. The Court requested Nigeria to quickly and unconditionally withdraw her administration, police and military from the area of Lake Chad under Cameroonian sovereignty and from the Bakassi Peninsula. The ICJ equally requested Cameroon to expeditiously and without condition remove any administration or military or police forces which may be present along the land boundary from Lake Chad to the Bakassi Peninsula on territories which, pursuant to the judgment, fall within the sovereignty of Nigeria.