copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: “WNBA organizers have officially announced an investigation into the referees in all of Caitlin Clark's games for ignoring all dirty actions by her opponents against her.” (Facebook posts, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Authorities arrested 4 people in connection with the caseGemini and Scorpio compatibility: What to know about the 2 signs coming togetherComfy flats, lightweight dresses and more Amazon spring fashion finds — starting at just $10Taylor Swift reacts to Ryan Gosling singing her song on ‘SNL’ with Emily BluntCaitlin Clark says she’s ‘confident’ going into WNBA future: ‘I've earned to be in this moment’Caitlin Clark on making time for her young fans: ‘That never gets old’Scottie Scheffler wins the 2024 Masters Tournament, joining select group of golfers who have earned the title twiceOlivia Rodrigo re-creates Gwen Stefani’s style to join No Doubt onstage at CoachellaRyan Gosling is still tortured by the Papyrus font in sequel to fan-favorite ‘SNL’ skitJill Duggar Dillard and husband Derick Dillard announce stillbirth of daughter at 4 monthsDua Lipa set to host and perform on 'SNL' following Ryan Gosling's appearanceMegan Fox says she thinks ‘Love Is Blind’ star Chelsea Blackwell is ‘telling the truth’ about look-alike commentsCaitlin Clark roasts Michael Che in hilarious ‘Weekend Update’ appearanceTravis Kelce and Taylor Swift pack on the PDA while dancing to ‘Karma’ at CoachellaBrittney Griner and wife Cherelle Griner are expecting their first childIran launches attack on Israel that risks sparking
Claim: “WNBA organizers have officially announced an investigation into the referees in all of Caitlin Clark's games for ignoring all dirty actions by her opponents against her.” (Facebook posts, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-02-29): Caitlin Clark makes big decision on her basketball future [...] Iowa coach eviscerates NCAA after Caitlin Clark breaks another record [...] Caitlin Clark makes more college basketball history: 'Real record'
Claim: “WNBA organizers have officially announced an investigation into the referees in all of Caitlin Clark's games for ignoring all dirty actions by her opponents against her.” (Facebook posts, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-08-21): Facebook posts stated on August 5, 2024 in a Facebook post: "Caitlin Clark declines $1 million offer from ABC to appear on ‘The View.’" [...] Facebook posts stated on July 23, 2024 in a Facebook post: "Elon Musk backs Caitlin Clark, offers $10 million endorsement."
Claim: “WNBA organizers have officially announced an investigation into the referees in all of Caitlin Clark's games for ignoring all dirty actions by her opponents against her.” (Facebook posts, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-06-20): CAITLIN CLARK RECEIVES ADVICE FROM WORLD SERIES CHAMP AMID RISING FAME, JEALOUSY TOWARD HER "Badly missed call by @WNBA officials; this happens too often, to many players," another person suggested. Clark being on the receiving end of hard fouls has been widely debated throughout the WNBA season. [...] The next day, the WNBA determined that Carter's foul against Clark was a flagrant-1 violation after reviewing the play.
Claim: “WNBA organizers have officially announced an investigation into the referees in all of Caitlin Clark's games for ignoring all dirty actions by her opponents against her.” (Facebook posts, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-09-19): June 25: What's Happening in the WNBA Besides Caitlin Clark vs Angel Reese? [...] June 13: The WNBAs Identity Debate Began Long Before Caitlin Clark The first month of the WNBA season has been full of compelling on-court storylines. The Connecticut Sun looks ready to contend for a title. The defending champion Las Vegas Aces have struggled to find their footing with veteran Chelsea Gray injured. But all of that is getting crowded out by one big distraction: a debate over whether or not the league is being fair to its rookie megastar, Cailtin Clark. Chennedy Carter's hard foul on Clark is the match that lit the flame, but the firestorm had been brewing long before that. So today, Elle Duncan, host of ESPNs women's basketball coverage, is here to help understand how we got here, unpack what's really going on in this conversation, and gauge if and when we can get back to actual basketball. Check out The Elle Duncan Show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or YouTube.
Claim: “WNBA organizers have officially announced an investigation into the referees in all of Caitlin Clark's games for ignoring all dirty actions by her opponents against her.” (Facebook posts, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-10-04): Can the WNBA Cash in on the Caitlin Clark Effect? Caitlin Clark has lifted women’s college basketball to new heights, setting records on and off the court. Now the Iowa superstar is going pro and joining the WNBA. WSJ’s Rachel Bachman on what Caitlin Clark’s huge popularity might mean for the sometimes-struggling women’s league.
Claim: “WNBA organizers have officially announced an investigation into the referees in all of Caitlin Clark's games for ignoring all dirty actions by her opponents against her.” (Facebook posts, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-03-24): During Women’s History Month and March Madness 2024, NCAA sexism clouds the all-time record-breaking greatness we’re witnessing in intercollegiate basketball. It’s a pity. The NCAA’s actions distract from the achievements of University of Iowa basketball great Caitlin Clark, who this month scored more points than any other collegiate basketball player ever, woman or man. And in the process, the NCAA disrespected the highest-scoring women’s basketball player before Clark, Lynette Woodard. That’s a pity, though I can’t say it’s a surprise. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has a long history of trying to block and minimize women’s sports that continues […]
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2020-05-21): U.S. Rep. Glenn Grothman touted a correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and COVID-19 deaths, suggesting the supplement may help combat the virus. Early research verifies that correlation, but more work needs to be done. Grothman emphasized that point and didn’t imply vitamin D is a cure for COVID-19.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2022-11-12): Despite the aforementioned findings for an association between vitamin d deficiency and COVID-19 infection, there are other studies that draw the significance of this finding into question in addition to the relationship between supplementation with vitamin D and COVID-19. One meta-analysis of three recent studies found no relationship between vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 mortality while infected23. Another meta-analysis explained that much of the evidence from observational studies that found an inverse association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 infection risk, severity, and mortality was weak, and that more randomized controlled trials were needed to clarify the relationship24. A third meta-analysis was unable to identify a statistically significant relationship between vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 infection risk, mortality, and ICU admissions25.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2021-01-26): An analysis of data from 4962 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found that 1981 (39.92%) were vitamin D deficient, defined as a blood level lower than 20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/L). Vitamin D deficiency was greater in certain subpopulations, such as people with obesity or with type 1 or type 2 diabetes—all 3 of which have been associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. [...] On the other hand, a study in a northern Italy hospital found no association between vitamin D and COVID-19. In a review article published in a different journal the same day as their study, the researchers in Italy concluded that poor vitamin D status appears to be linked to an increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but age, sex, and comorbidities seem to play a more important role in COVID-19 severity and mortality. Nine days later, a different group of Italian researchers published an observational study of 324 patients with COVID-19 that found taking vitamin D supplements was not linked to risk of hospitalization but was associated with a higher risk of dying if hospitalized. [...] The authors focused on an Indonesian retrospective study linking low vitamin D levels to a higher risk of dying from COVID-19. Although the publication had not been peer-reviewed, "it has taken the internet by storm," garnering thousands of tweets, not to mention headlines in major news outlets, the letter writers noted.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2022-02-15): A recent study has shown a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity and mortality. The study is based on data from Israel’s first two coronavirus waves before vaccines were widely available. It found that people with a vitamin D deficiency are more likely to develop a severe or critical case of COVID-19 compared to people who had sufficient levels of the vitamin in their blood. Patients with a vitamin D deficiency were 14 times more likely to have a severe or critical case of COVID-19. Additionally, the mortality rate for those with insufficient vitamin D levels was 25.6%, compared with 2.3% among those with adequate levels.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2023-01-01): The relationship between vitamin D deficiency and mortality in older adults before and during COVID-19 pandemic [...] Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin thought to be associated with chronic diseases,COVID-19 and mortality. [...] Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin thought to be associated with chronic diseases, mortality and COVID-19.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Association between vitamin D status and risk of covid-19 in-hospital mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies - PMID: 34882024 - DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2012419 [...] Some earlier studies reported higher risk of COVID-19 mortality in patients with vitamin D deficiency, while some others failed to find such as association. Due to inconsistences between earlier meta-analyses and needs for an updated study, we conducted current systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between vitamin D status and risk of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality among observational studies. We searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science up to 27 July 2021. We conduct our systematic review and meta-analysis in according to PRISM statement. Two authors independently screened studies and extracted data from the relevant ones. All types of observational studies about the association between vitamin D status and in hospital COVID-19 mortality were included. Data was pooled using a random-effect model. P-values ˂ 0.05 was assumed as statistically significant. We identified 13 observational studies. Pooling 9 studies which categorized vitamin D level, a significant positive relationship was found between vitamin D deficiency and risk of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.11; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.03, 4.32). All subgroup analyses also showed significant relationship between vitamin D deficiency and risk of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2020-07-05): Background Recent research has indicated that vitamin D may have immune supporting properties through modulation of both the adaptive and innate immune system through cytokines and regulation of cell signalling pathways. We hypothesize that vitamin D status may influence the severity of responses to Covid-19 and that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Europe will be closely aligned to Covid-19 mortality. Methods We conducted a literature search on PubMed (no language restriction) of vitamin D status (for older adults) in countries/areas of Europe affected by Covid-19 infection. Countries were selected by severity of infection (high and low) and were limited to national surveys or where not available, to geographic areas within the country affected by infection. Covid-19 infection and mortality data was gathered from the World Health Organisation. Results Counter-intuitively, lower latitude and typically 'sunny' countries such as Spain and Italy (particularly Northern Italy), had low mean concentrations of 25(OH)D and high rates of vitamin D deficiency. These countries have also been experiencing the highest infection and death rates in Europe.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2022-07-06): - 69. Abrishami A, Dalili N, Mohammadi Torbati P, Asgari R, Arab-Ahmadi M, Behnam B, et al. Association of Vitamin D Status with Lung Involvement and Outcome in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Study. Eur. J. Nutr. 2021, 60, 2249–2257, - 70. Vassiliou AG, Jahaj E, Pratikaki M, Orfanos SE, Dimopoulou I, Kotanidou A. Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels on Admission to the Intensive Care Unit may Predispose COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients to a Higher 28-Day Mortality Risk: A Pilot Study on a Greek ICU Cohort. Nutrients. 2020, 12, pmid:33316914 - 71. Tort AR, Mercado EAM, Martínez Cuazitl A, Puente Nieto AV, Pérez RAR. Deficiency of Vitamin D is a Risk Factor of Mortality in Patients with COVID-19. Revista de Sanidad Militar. 2020, 74.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2020-08-04): Strong correlation between prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency and population mortality rate from COVID-19 in Europe - PMID: 33721102 - PMCID: PMC7957444 - DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01833-y [...] Results: There were data sets from 10 countries that fitted the criteria and were analyzed. Severe vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D less than 25 nmol/L (10 ng/dL). Pearson correlation analysis between death rate per million of population from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency showed a strong correlation with r = 0.79, p = 0.007. Over time, correlation strengthened, and r coefficient asymptotically increased. After adjusting for countries' age structure and per capita health expenditures, multiple linear regression analysis showed that higher prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality. Each 1% increase in prevalence increased deaths by 55 per million (95% confidence interval, CI 8-102), p = 0.03. [...] Association between Average Vitamin D Levels and COVID-19 Mortality in 19 European Countries-A Population-Based Study.Nutrients. 2023 Nov 17;15(22):4818. doi: 10.3390/nu15224818. Nutrients. 2023. PMID: 38004213 Free PMC article. Review.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2021-05-01): Hastie et al70 is a retrospective cohort study that used data from the UK Biobank,72 using data from 348 598 people with complete information on vitamin D and covariates; 449 people tested positive for COVID-19. COVID-19 positives were older (median=49 years; IQR=40–58) than COVID-19 negatives (median=49 years; IQR=38–57) with p value of <0.05. Multivariable analysis showed that age at assessment (OR=1.02; 95% CI=1.00 to 1.03; p=0.016) and non-white ethnicity (black OR=4.30, 95% CI=2.92 to 6.31, p=<0.001; South Asian OR=2.42, 95% CI=1.50 to 3.93, p=<0.001) were associated with conﬁrmed COVID-19. There was no signiﬁcant interaction between ethnicity and vitamin D deﬁciency (OR=0.90; 95% CI=0.66 to 1.23; p=0.515). Median vitamin D concentration at recruitment was lower for people with subsequent conﬁrmed COVID-19 (28.7 (IQR 10.0–43.8) nmol/L) than for other participants (32.7 (IQR 10.0–47.2) nmol/L) (p<0.01). Although univariable analysis suggested an association between vitamin D and COVID-19 (OR=0.99; 95% CI 0.99 to 0.999; p=0.013), this association became insignificant (OR=1.00; 95% CI=0.998 to 1.01; p=0.208) after adjustment for covariates.70
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2023-11-17): Association between Average Vitamin D Levels and COVID-19 Mortality in 19 European Countries-A Population-Based Study - PMID: 38004213 - PMCID: PMC10680994 - DOI: 10.3390/nu15224818 Association between Average Vitamin D Levels and COVID-19 Mortality in 19 European Countries-A Population-Based Study Early epidemic reports have linked low average 25(OH) vitamin D levels with increased COVID-19 mortality. However, there has been limited updated research on 25(OH) vitamin D and its impact on COVID-19 mortality. This study aimed to update the initial report studying the link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 mortality by using multi-country data in 19 European countries up to the middle of June 2023. COVID-19 data for 19 European countries included in this study were downloaded from Our World in Data from 1 March 2020, to 14 June 2023, and were included in the statistical analysis. The 25(OH) vitamin D average data were collected by conducting a literature review. A generalized estimation equation model was used to model the data. Compared to European countries with 25(OH) vitamin D levels of ≤50 nmol/L, European countries with 25(OH) vitamin D average levels greater than 50 nmol/L had lower COVID-19 mortality rates (RR = 0.794, 95% CI: 0.662-0.953). A statistically significant negative Spearman rank correlation was observed between 25(OH) vitamin D average levels and COVID-19 mortality. We also found significantly lower COVID-19 mortality rates in countries with high average 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Randomized trials on vitamin D supplementation are needed.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2022-11-17): Most of the previous hospital-based studies observed an association between vitamin D deficiency and a more critical outcome of COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with elevated risk of oxygen support43, ICU admission24, invasive mechanical ventilation11, severe sepsis/septic shock24, lung damage15, hypoxia13, death11,14,15, higher level of the inflammatory marker CRP13 and severe/critical COVID-19 illness defined according to severity scales developed by WHO or CDC13,14. However, other studies observed no association between vitamin D deficiency and clinical outcome of COVID-19, such as ICU treatment19, requirement for mechanical ventilation16,19, mortality16,19,25, length of hospitalization17,19 and severe/critical COVID-1917 (WHO definitions). [...] Pereira, M. et al. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.62, 1308–1316 (2022). [...] Jude, E. B. et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher hospitalisation risk from COVID-19: A retrospective case-control study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.106, e4708–e4715 (2021).
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2021-03-15): There were data sets from 10 countries that fitted the criteria and were analyzed. Severe vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D less than 25 nmol/L (10 ng/dL). Pearson correlation analysis between death rate per million of population from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency showed a strong correlation with r = 0.79, p = 0.007. Over time, correlation strengthened, and r coefficient asymptotically increased. After adjusting for countries’ age structure and per capita health expenditures, multiple linear regression analysis showed that higher prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased mortality. Each 1% increase in prevalence increased deaths by 55 per million (95% confidence interval, CI 8–102), p = 0.03. [...] Data collected shows a strong and significant correlation between prevalence of severe Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 deaths per million in European countries. The correlation is asymptotically getting stronger over time, making it even less likely to be caused by a random chance. This is consistent with US and UK trends that show the mortality rate from COVID-19 is higher in dark-skinned and obese individuals than in general population, as these individuals are at higher risk for vitamin D deficiency. [...] There is a strong correlation between prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency and the mortality rate per million from COVID-19 in the European countries. The authors recommend for physicians to universally screen for vitamin D deficiency, and recommend further investigation of vitamin D supplementation in randomized control studies, which may lead to possible treatment or prevention of COVID-19.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2021-10-14): COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - PMID: 34684596 - PMCID: PMC8541492 - DOI: 10.3390/nu13103596 COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [...] Methods: Systematic literature search was performed to identify retrospective cohort as well as clinical studies on COVID-19 mortality rates versus D3 blood levels. Mortality rates from clinical studies were corrected for age, sex, and diabetes. Data were analyzed using correlation and linear regression.