copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-02): Some Japanese scholars, however, dispute the conclusion of the Grand Council of State and interpret its edict differently. The Takeshima Research Center (竹島問題硏究所), an official arm of Shimane Prefecture, has been at the forefront in contending that Dokdo/Takeshima is a Japanese island. It claims that what is called "another island (外一島)" in the decision of the Grand Council of State did not refer to Matsushima (Dokdo/Takeshima). Because some Japanese people called Ulleungdo ‘Matsushima’, "another island" in the Grand Council’s decision thus refers to Ulleungdo, not Dokdo/Takeshima. The Takeshima Research Center then tries to read Grand Council’s edict: "The island (Ulleungdo) which sometimes is called Takeshima and sometimes called Matsushima is not Japan’s territory."72 In other words, "Takeshima and another island" refer to Ulleungdo by two different names, not to Takeshima and Dokdo/Takeshima. This interpretation can only be seen as a tortured reading of the text that defies common sense. Why would the Grand Council of State specifically state "another island" simply to repeat Takeshima (Ulleungdo)?
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-09): The territorial dispute over Dokdo/Takeshima (or Liancourt Rocks) has frequently strained South Korean-Japanese relations in the post World War II era. Japan claims that it acquired Dokdo/Takeshima as a terra nullius in 1905, whereas Korea rejects Japan's claim on the ground that Dokdo was a Korean island, not a terra nullius, which Japan usurped llegally in 1905.The dispute was exacerbated further due to the inconsistent U.S. policy in the disposition of the disputed island during the Allied occupation of Japan (1945-1952). Initially, the U.S. decided to return Dokdo/Takeshima to Korea in accordance with the Cairo Declaration (1943) and the Potsdam Declaration (1945). Furthermore, all of the U.S. drafts of the peace treaty with Japan from 1947 to November 1949 explicitly stipulated the return of Dokdo/Takeshima to Korea. (The rest omitted)
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-16): Japan, however, continues to maintain its claim and protests South Korea’s occupation of Takeshima as illegal.[16] In 2005, in response to South Korea issuing Dokdo stamps the previous year, Shimane Prefecture—the local government in Japan that would have jurisdiction over Takeshima—designated February 22 as "Takeshima day." Both countries include assertions of their sovereignty over the islands in middle and high school curriculum, along with defense documents that proclaim the islands as an integral part of their territory. On several occasions, Japan has indicated that it would take the matter to the International Court of Justice for adjudication. However, this is a moot point because both sides must agree to have the court consider the case, which South Korea would never do. Its position is that there is no dispute to settle—Dokdo is Korean. Moreover, the current circumstances of the islands are in South Korea’s favor, and thus it has little to gain by agreeing to adjudication.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-18): The Asia-Pacific region is home to numerous island and maritime disputes but the Dokdo/Takeshima dispute is unique in that it involves two U.S. allies placing Washington in a uncomfortable position. U.S. policy has long been that it takes no position on sovereignty and will abide by any negotiated resolution of the dispute. Yet when tensions have flared between South Korea and Japan over the issue, there have often been calls for the United States to intervene and help solve the problem. However, any U.S. attempt to exert its leverage to reach a solution would be dangerous. Instead, Washington’s best course of action is to quietly remind both sides of their common economic and security interests while helping Seoul and Tokyo to manage the dispute in a careful and judicious manner.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-06): In early 2020, Japan reopened its National Museum of Territory and Sovereignty. Displays at the museum in Tokyo assert that islands disputed by Japan, South Korea and North Korea are Japanese territory and refer to these islands as Takeshima. South Korea’s government, which also claims sovereignty over the islands and refers to them as Dokdo, responded by publicly chiding Japan for the reopening and requesting the museum’s closure. [...] The Dokdo/Takeshima dispute continues to strain South Korea and Japan’s government-to-government relations. In 2008, Japan’s Ministry of Education issued a manual to Japanese textbook publishers and teachers encouraging them to instruct their students that the islands constitute Japanese territory. In response, South Korea’s government recalled its ambassador to Tokyo. In 2012, when Lee Myung-bak became the first South Korean president to visit the islands, Japan responded by recalling its ambassador to Seoul. [...] The fact that the Dokdo/Takeshima islands are surrounded by natural resources, notably gas, alongside abundant fishing grounds, makes them important to the Japanese and South Korean governments. These islands are also crucial to Japan as any relinquishment of its territorial claim to Dokdo/Takeshima would likely weaken its claims to islands it disputes with China, Taiwan and Russia.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-08-20): I’ve been trapped in an August blogging-slump. But I am roused to my keyboard by the surge of territorial disputes in Asia. China has aggressively asserted ever stronger and more expansive claims in the South China Sea, sparking dissension amongst the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and serious protests in Vietnam and the Philippine. China, Taiwan, and Japan are trading diplomatic barbs over the disputed Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. And Korea and Japan are at loggerheads over the Dokdo/Takeshima islands. All of these disputes are getting worse, not better, and are exacerbating tensions all over Asia. This is shocking for most folks over here in the States, as it is hard to imagine why all of these countries are squabbling over (for the most part) a bunch of rocks. [...] According to news reports, Korean diplomats have said that the ICJ is inappropriate because the Dokdo/Takeshima islands plainly belong to Korea under international law. "Dokdo is clearly part of Korean territory historically, geographically and under international law, and no territorial dispute exists," said Cho Tai-young, spokesman at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "The Japanese government’s proposal to take the Dokdo issue before the ICJ is not worth attention."
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-02-06): In January 1905, the Japanese cabinet decided to incorporate Takeshima into its territory, referring to the "title by occupation." Effective control of an island is a key to occupation. In this paper, legal specialist Tsukamoto Takashi shows various examples of effective control, conducted peacefully and continuously by Japan, and examines Korea’s claims to the island (Korean name Dokdo) based on historical records up to around the turn of the twentieth century. [...] The territorial dispute between Japan and South Korea over Takeshima is complex, involving numerous issues that have unfolded over hundreds of years. Japanese and Korean fishermen clashed in the late seventeenth century over abalone fishing grounds around Ulleungdo. Korea points to the shogunal order banning Japanese fishers from this island—then called Takeshima in Japan—as evidence that Japan negated her claim to today’s Takeshima (Dokdo). This study, by legal specialist Tsukamoto Takashi, examines documentation of the incident to ascertain whether this is the case.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-08-10): Profile: Dokdo/Takeshima islands - Published [...] South Korea calls it Dokdo, which means solitary islands. Japan calls it Takeshima, which means bamboo islands. And it has also been known as the Liancourt Rocks, named by French whalers after their ship in 1849. [...] Dokdo was rightly restored to Korea after World War II, it says. "Dokdo is an integral part of Korean territory historically, geographically and under international law," it says on a government website dedicated to the issue, external.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-08-06): For decades, two small, rocky islets have been a source of political and social tension between two of the most powerful Asian nations. The islets are but a tiny, insignificant dot on a map; however, they mean much more to the people of Japan and South Korea. The Japanese call the islets Takeshima and have claimed their official ownership since 1905, during the Russo-Japanese War. Koreans call the land Dokdo and claim it has historically been Korean territory and was wrongfully taken during the Japanese occupation of Korea. This essay will outline ten historically accurate facts, unknown in Japan, surrounding the Dokdo dispute. [...] During this period, three more factscan be found in Japanese historical records. A Japanese survey conducted by Ihohara Fumiichi in the 20th century clearly registered Dokdo as Korean territory. Japanese scholar Hibata Sekko categorized Dokdo as part of Korea's Gangwon Province in 1930. In 1923, the Japanese Navy published "Korean Coastal Straits," citing Dokdo as part of Ulleungdo, a nearby Korean island.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-05-13): So, why not bring the case jointly to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to finally put the issue of sovereignty to rest? In fact, this has been a previous approach by Tokyo, which has asked Seoul three times to agree to a joint submission to the ICJ. South Korea has refused each time, as it believes there is no dispute over the sovereignty of the islets. During Tokyo’s last approach in 2012, the South Korean Foreign Ministry responded, "Dokdo is clearly part of Korean territory historically, geographically and under international law, and no territorial dispute exists. The Japanese government’s proposal to take the Dokdo issue before the ICJ is not worth attention." Ironically, this is similar to Tokyo’s approach with China over the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-10): Dokdo Takeshima Liancourt Rocks Facts of the Conflict [...] Dokdo Takeshima Island (called Liancourt Rocks by some nations and Takeshima by Japan) is 215 kms from mainland Korea and 250 kms from Japan proper. The nearest land mass is Korea’s Ulleung-do Island at about 87 kms away. The islets are visible from Korea’s Ulleungdo on fair days. The nearest Japanese territory Oki Islands is 157 kms away. [...] South Korea claims it as Korean territory from records that date back to the sixth century during the Unified Shilla period and on the 1900 Korean Empire ordinance officially incorporating three islands into modern Ulleung County. ( Korea’s 1900 Incorporation of Dokdo Island ) Japanese claims come from seventeenth century records ( Dokdo – Takeshima and Japan’s Historical Territorial Limits ), as well as a "terra nullius" incorporation in 1905. ( Japan’s Military Annexation of Takeshima (Dokdo) in 1905 ) Today, South Korea classifies the islets as a part of Ulleung County, North Gyeongsan Province, while Japan classifies them as part of Okinoshima, in Oki District, Shimane Prefecture.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-09-17): Dokdo/Takeshima/Liancourt Rocks (hereafter Dokdo) remains a sharp thorn in the side of contemporary Japan-ROK relations. The contentiousness of the issues is emblematic of unresolved political and territorial legacies of two centuries of colonialism in East Asia as well as of the post-war territorial disposition of the San Francisco Treaty and the global conflict that it mirrored and defined. The story has frequently been told in terms of Japan-ROK conflict. We explore its historical and contemporary ramifications here in a triangular century-long framework involving Japan, Korea and the United States. [...] 2 In addition to the residents, 613 households totaling 2,051 Koreans had formally established permanent residence on Dokdo as of 2007 in response to Japanese claims to the islets, link. In 2005, the first 26 Japanese residents established domicile; by February 2011, they numbered 69 and a total of 520 Japanese had established residence in areas contested by neighbors such as the Kuriles, Senkakus/Diaoyu, and Okinotorishima. Reiji Yoshida, "26 Japanese register Takeshima ‘domicile,’" Japan Times, May 18, 2005; "69 Japanese Change Domicile to Dokdo Islets," Chosun Ilbo Feb 21, 2011. It should be noted that North Korea also claims Dokdo as Korean territory.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): The Liancourt Rocks,[2] also known by their Korean name of Dokdo (Korean: 독도)[a] or their Japanese name of Takeshima,[b] are a group of islets in the Sea of Japan between the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago administered by South Korea. The Liancourt Rocks comprise two main islets and 35 smaller rocks; the total surface area of the islets is 0.187554 square kilometres (46.346 acres) and the highest elevation of 168.5 metres (553 ft) is on the West Islet.[4][dead link] The Liancourt Rocks lie in rich fishing grounds that may contain large deposits of natural gas.[5] The English name Liancourt Rocks is derived from Le Liancourt,[c] the name of a French whaling ship that came close to being wrecked on the rocks in 1849.[6] [...] References - BAEK In-ki; SHIM Mun-bo; Korea Maritime Institute (December 2006), A study of Distance between Ulleungdo and Dokdo and Ocean Currents (울릉도와 독도의 거리와 해류에 관한 연구), pp. 20–22, ISBN 978-89-7998-340-1, archived from the original on 12 January 2013 - BBC staff (20 April 2006), Seoul and Tokyo hold island talks, BBC - BBC staff (27 July 2008), "Island row hits Japanese condoms", BBC News - Fern, Sean (Winter 2005), "Tokdo or Takeshima? The International Law of Territorial Acquisition in the Japan-Korea Island Dispute", Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs, 5 (1)
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-14): "[Koreans] are very protective of their culture and their race—they want to protect whatever they have," French photographer Tim Franco, who travelled to the islands this summer, tells National Geographic. "Dokdo is a good example of that. This is one thing that they kept back from World War II and it's very important to them to keep it." And while Japan also claims to have sovereignty over the rocks, which they call Takeshima (meaning "Bamboo Island"), it is only Koreans who make the pilgrimage, says Franco. [See inside North Korea’s retro soviet planes.] [...] The dispute is well-worn. According to South Korea, Dokdo was recognized by Japan as Korean territory in 1696 following an altercation between Japanese and Korean fishermen. But, in 1905, despite allegedly being under formal jurisdiction of Korea’s Uldo county, the islands were annexed by Japan ahead of its occupation of the peninsula, which lasted for 35 years up until 1945. According to Korea, the islands were "rightly" restored to them at the end of World War II. Japan disagrees.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-07-28): The Liancourt Rocks dispute, also called the Takeshima dispute or Dokdo dispute is a territorial dispute between South Korea and Japan[1][2][3][4] regarding sovereignty over the Liancourt Rocks, a group of small islets in the Sea of Japan. The rocks also go by the names Dokdo (Korean: 독도; Hanja: 獨島) and Takeshima (Japanese: 竹島).[5] North Korea also claims sovereignty of the islands, but has not pursued its claim to the same extent as the other parties.[6]
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-01-01): This is a report submitted to the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs by an inspection team including Hakubo Sada. This report, entitled "A Confidential Inquiry into the Particulars of Korea’s Foreign Relations" records of "How Takeshima [Ulleungdo] and Matsushima [Dokdo] came to belong to Joseon [Korea]" which reveals that the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs clearly recognized Dokdo as Korean territory. [...] This is a regional notice announcing the incorporation of Dokdo into Japanese territory. Japan had been at war with Russia over its interests in Manchuria and the Korean peninsula since 1904, and needed the island to meet its military needs in the face of possible maritime clashes with Russia in the East Sea. Japan thus attempted to incorporate Dokdo in 1905 through this notice, claiming that the island was terra nullius. However, Shimane Prefecture Public Notice No. 40 was issued as part of Japan’s gradual aggression against Korea’s sovereign rights. Because the issuance of the regional notice was an illegal act that infringed on Korea’s territorial sovereignty over Dokdo, which Korea had firmly established historically, the notice had no legal force under international law. [...] > Korea's Position on Dokdo > Why Dokdo is Korean Territory ※ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea holds all rights to this image and prohibits any reproduction or duplication without permission.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-30): Dokdo (also known internationally as the Liancourt Rocks and in Japan as Takeshima) is an island located in the East Sea of Korea. South Korea asserts its territorial sovereignty over Dokdo through historical, legal and administrative evidence, arguing that the island has been an integral part of Korean territory for centuries, deeply rooted in historical records and continuous administrative management. [...] As discussed above, from the Korean perspective, the historical, legal and administrative evidence strongly supports Dokdo as an inherent part of Korean territory. The consistent documentation of Dokdo in historical records, uninterrupted administrative control, acknowledgment from Japan within a historical context and actions taken after World War II collectively reinforce Korea’s position. For Koreans, Dokdo is more than just a disputed territory; it symbolizes national sovereignty and historical continuity. The island represents the resilience and perseverance of the Korean people in the face of historical challenges.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-29): Dok-do or Takeshima? The Territorial Dispute Between South Korea and Japan. Located at a nearly equidistant position between South Korea and Japan in the East Sea, the Dok-do/Takeshima islet consists of two major islands and 30 smaller rocks. In a geographical perspective, the islet in no means is significant in nature; the rocky terrain of the islands have historically been uninhabited and the land is less than 200,000 square meters in size. However, the islet has been the center of a centuries-long territorial dispute between Korea and Japan. Both of these nations have been actively arguing their control over the Dok-do/Takeshima islet, and they have used various historical documents and international laws to support their respective claims, ultimately complicating the issue at hand. The yet-to-be resolved conflict of the sovereignty of the islet leaves us to explore a legal question that has presented itself consistently over the span of human history: the question of territorial sovereignty and geopolitics.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-23): Dokdo-Takeshima Islands: South Korea And Japan’s Intractable Maritime Dispute – Analysis [...] Today, the Dokdo-Takeshima islands remain administered by South Korea and the dispute has rumbled on at a relatively low level, albeit damaging bilateral relations between the two countries. South Korea has constructed a coast guard station on one of the two main islands, whilst on the other resides a Korean fisherman and his family – the territory’s only permanent residents. [...] Secondly, the dispute has proved even more intractable due to the economic and geo-strategic importance of the islands. The Dokdo-Takeshima islands are located in the middle of an important route for shipping and regional trade, and are surrounded by plentiful fish stocks. In addition, there is significant potential for the unexplored sea-bed around the islands to contain large amounts of oil and natural gas deposits.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-21): For South Koreans, Dokdo/Takeshima is a potent symbol of Japanese colonialism. South Koreans have written songs about Dokdo (see here, here and here) and conducted Dokdo K-Pop flashdances (here). As sources in the construction of national identity, museums and schools also promote Korean ownership of Dokdo. [...] Various Japanese defence white papers have declared Dokdo/Takeshima as 'inherent Japanese territory'. The administration of Prime Minster Shinzo Abe has come under fire in South Korea for sending high-ranking officials to the controversial Takeshima Day started in 2005 in the Shimane Prefecture, which claims the features. [...] Ultimately, maritime territorial disputes, such as Dokdo/Takeshima, may inhibit cooperation between countries on broader international issues. For Australia, this has implications for the formation of coalitions of 'like-minded allies' in the evolving order of the Indo-Pacific region.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of North Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-06): In early 2020, Japan reopened its National Museum of Territory and Sovereignty. Displays at the museum in Tokyo assert that islands disputed by Japan, South Korea and North Korea are Japanese territory and refer to these islands as Takeshima. South Korea’s government, which also claims sovereignty over the islands and refers to them as Dokdo, responded by publicly chiding Japan for the reopening and requesting the museum’s closure. [...] In 2005, the Japanese prefecture of Shimane declared an annual "Takeshima Day". In response, two Korean protestors sliced off their little fingers outside the Japanese embassy in Seoul, a site of weekly protests against the Japanese government. Other Koreans responded by publicly burning the Japanese flag – an unsurprising action given that anti-Japanese sentiment is widespread in South Korea. Similarly, in 2012, a Korean man rammed his truck against the gate of the embassy to protest Japan’s claim to the islands. On a 2019 visit, I witnessed an elderly Korean man protesting across the road from the Japanese embassy. The nonagenarian, who was undeterred by the chilly Seoul weather, wore a banner that read: "Dokdo is [the] beautiful territory of the Republic of Korea."