copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Highly infectious HIV 'VB' variant makes people ill twice as quickly (Emily Craig, 2022-09-02)
Evidence (2022-02-03): The variant, known as the "VB variant", causes CD4 cell decline to occur twice as fast in infected individuals compared with other viral variants. This is a clinical hallmark, or "signature" of the extent of damage caused by the HIV virus. In addition, those infected with the VB variant also demonstrated an increased risk of transmitting the virus to others, the data suggests. [...] This collection of mutations defines a particular type of virus, what we later came to call the VB variant (because it is virulent and part of the subtype B group of viruses). Technically, we performed a "principal components analysis": we found one direction in the space of all possible mutations that was correlated with viral load. Fifteen of the 17 individuals we found were from the Netherlands. To make sure this finding was not just a statistical fluke, we worked with colleagues at Stichting HIV Monitoring to obtain much more data from the Netherlands. We found another 92 individuals with the variant. Again, they had a substantially higher viral load than individuals with other HIV viruses, and we also found that their CD4 cells declined twice as fast. HIV attacks CD4 cells, gradually impairing an individual’s immune system, and the rate of this decline measures how much damage the virus is causing. [...] The VB variant of HIV provides a concrete example for the study of virulence evolution for viruses generally, which has been widely studied through theoretical means with few real-world examples to consider.
Claim: Highly infectious HIV 'VB' variant makes people ill twice as quickly (Emily Craig, 2022-09-02)
Evidence (2022-02-03): The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and destroys immune cells called CD4 cells in the body, causing the number of these cells to plummet. If left untreated, the infection then progresses to AIDS. In people infected with the newfound HIV variant, called the VB variant, the CD4 counts fall at about twice the rate as those of people infected with closely related HIV strains, meaning those of the same genetic subtype (B). [...] In other words, on top of being highly virulent, the VB variant may also be more transmissible than other versions of HIV. However, this finding is less conclusive than the evidence of increased virulence, since the tree provides only indirect evidence of the virus's transmissibility, Wymant said. [...] Future studies of the VB variant could reveal how it builds up in the blood and decimates CD4 cells so quickly, and also provide more details as to how the variant first evolved. The team found evidence that the variant steadily picked up its mutations, one by one, over time, but they couldn't tell if this evolution occurred in multiple individuals or just one, Wymant said.
Claim: Highly infectious HIV 'VB' variant makes people ill twice as quickly (Emily Craig, 2022-09-02)
Evidence (2022-02-06): Their analysis, published Thursday in the journal Science, showed that patients infected with what they call the "VB variant" had 3.5 to 5.5 times higher levels of the virus in their blood than those infected with other variants, as well as a more rapidly fading immune system. [...] In patients infected with the VB variant, CD4 decline occurred twice as fast compared to other variants, "placing them at risk of developing AIDS much more rapidly," the researchers said. [...] 'Critical' to diagnose and treat early "Because the VB variant causes a more rapid decline in immune system strength, this makes it critical that individuals are diagnosed early and start treatment as soon as possible," the press statement noted.
Claim: Highly infectious HIV 'VB' variant makes people ill twice as quickly (Emily Craig, 2022-09-02)
Evidence (2022-02-05): A new super-mutant HIV strain that makes infected individuals ill twice as fast as current versions of the virus has been detected in the Netherlands. The new mutant — called the VB variant — has infected at least 109 people, according to a study by Oxford University. [...] The VB variant also has a viral load between 3.5 and 5.5 times higher than the current strain, meaning infected people are more likely to transmit the virus to others.
Claim: Highly infectious HIV 'VB' variant makes people ill twice as quickly (Emily Craig, 2022-09-02)
Evidence (2022-02-11): The evolution that resulted in the VB variant took place during the late 1980s and 1990s in the Netherlands. It spread more quickly than other HIV variants during the 2000s, but its spread has been declining since around 2010. [...] Pursuing the BEEHIVE project’s primary aim, we identified a large number of mutations that were correlated with a substantially higher viral load. These mutations were also correlated with each other: individuals tended to have a virus with all of these mutations or none of them. This collection of mutations defines a particular type of virus, what we later came to call the VB variant (because it is virulent and part of the subtype B group of viruses). Technically, we performed a ‘principal components analysis’: we found one direction in the space of all possible mutations that was correlated with viral load. 15 of the 17 individuals we found were from the Netherlands. To make sure this finding wasn’t just a statistical fluke, we worked with colleagues at Stichting HIV Monitoring to obtain much more data from the Netherlands; we found another 92 individuals with the variant. Again, we found they had a substantially higher viral load than individuals with other HIV viruses, and we also found that their CD4 cells declined twice as fast. HIV attacks CD4 cells, gradually impairing an individual’s immune system, and the rate of this decline measures how much damage the virus is causing.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-02-28): Some childhood vaccines contain aluminum salts to boost the effectiveness of vaccination. Aluminum is rapidly excreted from the body through the kidneys. The amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines is lower than that consumed in their diets, and is below the safe limits for aluminum.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-09-25): Protect your baby by providing immunity early in life. Stay on track with the recommended vaccine schedule. [...] Between 2 and 3 years of age, your child should visit the doctor once a year for check-ups. [...] As we get older, our immune systems tend to weaken over time, putting us at higher risk for certain diseases.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-08-10): Additional guidance from a healthcare provider is needed if the child or teen: - Has a medical condition that puts them at higher risk for infection. [...] - Missed a vaccine recommended for their age.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-07-23): Are newborns more susceptible to germs and viruses? [...] Any final advice for parents?
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-08-21): Since February 2023, FDA has approved generic drugs with acceptable aluminum levels for pediatric patients. [...] FDA recommends health care providers use an FDA-approved potassium phosphates injection product with the aluminum content level considered acceptable for each patient based on age, weight, and recommended dose of phosphorus. [...] These FDA-approved products provide detailed dosing instructions for preparation and administration to minimize the risk of aluminum toxicity.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-07-22): Infants (Aged <12 Months) [...] (c) Do not withdraw more than 0.5 mL from the reconstituted product, even if some product is left in the vial. [...] - www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/pdfs/mm6510a2.pdf (accessed February 2, 2019).
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2021-06-07): Medication Safety Guidelines and Tips for Babies [...] - Dosing based on the child’s weight, rather than age, is always recommended, since baby sizes vary. Be sure to know your baby’s most recent weight. - Always use infant formulations. Don’t be tempted to give baby "smaller doses" of adult medication.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2015-05-27): Did you know that hundreds of children younger than 1 year die every year in the United States because of injuries — most of which could be prevented? Often, injuries happen because parents are not aware of what their children can do. Children learn fast, and before you know it, your child will be wiggling off a bed or reaching for your cup of hot coffee. [...] If your child has a serious fall or does not act normally after a fall, call your doctor.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-08-13): Routinely Administered Vaccines for Children [...] FDA's Web Page on Vaccines https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines [...] The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccine-adverse-events/vaers-overview
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Background: During the last years, human newborns have been overexposed to biologically reactive aluminum, with possible relevant consequences on their future health and on their susceptibility to a variety of diseases. Children, newborns and particularly preterm neonates are at an increased risk of aluminum toxicity because of their relative immaturity. [...] Results: Practical points of management and prevention are suggested. Aluminum sources that infants may receive during the first 6 months of life are presented. In the context of prevention of possible adverse effects of aluminum overload in fetal tissues during development, simple suggestions to pregnant women are described. Finally, practical points of management and prevention are suggested. [...] Aluminum Effects in Infants and Children.Pediatrics. 2019 Dec;144(6):e20193148. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-3148. Pediatrics. 2019. PMID: 31767714 -
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2023-03-28): Childhood vaccines: Tough questions, straight answers [...] Childhood vaccines protect kids from serious diseases and complications. Vaccines also lower the chance of spreading a disease. [...] Have more questions? Read the vaccine guidance from Mayo Clinic.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-05-17): Handling Infant Formula Safely: What You Need to Know en español (Spanish) | العربية (Arabic) | دری (Dari) | नेपाली (Nepali) | Soomaali (Somali) | မြန်မာ (Burmese) [...] - Two months and younger, or - With weakened immune systems, or - Born prematurely, or - Who are ill or receiving medical treatment, such as chemotherapy for cancer. [...] Translations en español (Spanish)
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2023-09-14): - Do NOT mix more than one vaccine in the same syringe in an effort to create a "combination vaccine." - Separate injection sites by 1 inch or more, if possible. [...] - Be aware of symptoms that precede fainting (e.g., weakness, dizziness, pallor).
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-08-14): Translations en español (Spanish)
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2022-12-15): The aluminum contained in vaccines is similar to that found in a liter (about 1 quart or 32 fluid ounces) of infant formula. While infants receive about 4.4 milligrams* of aluminum in the first six months of life from vaccines, they receive more than that in their diet. Breast-fed infants ingest about 7 milligrams, formula-fed infants ingest about 38 milligrams, and infants who are fed soy formula ingest almost 117 milligrams of aluminum during the first six months of life. [...] Given the quantities of aluminum we are exposed to on a daily basis, the quantity of aluminum in vaccines is miniscule. Aluminum-containing vaccines have been used for decades and have been given to more than 1 billion people without problem. In spring 2000, the National Vaccine Program Office (NVPO) reviewed aluminum exposure through vaccines and determined that no changes to vaccine recommendations were needed based on aluminum content. The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, part of the World Health Organization (WHO), has also reviewed studies and found no evidence of health risks that would require changes to vaccine policy. [...] Although aluminum at high doses can cause a variety of clinical manifestations, the quantity of aluminum in vaccines is too small to cause a direct toxic effect. Indeed, the quantity of aluminum in biological specimens from those receiving aluminum-containing vaccines is indistinguishable from unvaccinated subjects. The concern that aluminum in vaccines might be associated with a rare autoimmune disease called macrophagic myofasciitis has been refuted by previous studies.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-01-12): Why is aluminum in some vaccines? Aluminum salts are incorporated into some vaccine formulations as an adjuvant. An adjuvant is a substance added to some vaccines to enhance the immune response of vaccinated individuals. The aluminum salts in some FDA-approved vaccines are aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), or mixed aluminum salts. For example: aluminum salts are used in DTaP vaccines, the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and hepatitis B vaccines. Aluminum adjuvant containing vaccines have a demonstrated safety profile of over many decades of use and have only uncommonly been associated with severe local reactions. Of note, the most common source of exposure to aluminum is from eating food or drinking water.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-03-22): The information on this page is current as of Mar 22, 2024. For the most up-to-date version of CFR Title 21, go to the Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). [...] Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321, 331, 343, 351, 352, 353, 355, 358, 360, 360b, 360ccc, 360ccc-1, 360ee, 360gg-360ss, 371, 374, 379e; 42 U.S.C. 216, 241, 262, 264. Source: 40 FR 13998, Mar. 27, 1975, unless otherwise noted.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-08-28): - For infants weighing <5 kg, ACIP recommendations are unchanged. For infants born before October 2023, administer a 50mg dose of nirsevimab now. For infants born during October 2023 and throughout the RSV season, administer a 50mg dose of nirsevimab in the first week of life. [...] - Young infants aged <6 months. [...] - Avoid using two 50mg doses for infants weighing ≥5 kilograms (≥11 pounds), because 50mg doses should be reserved only for infants weighing <5 kilograms (<11 pounds), for example those born during the season who will be at increased risk for severe RSV illness because of their young age. Furthermore, providers should be aware that some insurers may not cover the cost of two 50mg doses for an individual infant.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2015-03-12): Aluminum levels in urban and industrial areas may be higher and can range from 0.4 to 8.0 ìg/m3. [...] - Buffered aspirin may contain 10–20 mg of aluminum per tablet - Vaccines may contain small amounts of aluminum compounds, no greater than 0.85 mg/dose. [...] Recommendations and regulations are also updated periodically as more information becomes available. For the most current information, check with the federal agency or organization that provides it. Some regulations and recommendations for aluminum include the following:
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2003-05-21): exceeded this threshold many times over. Federal health officials have not conceded that this amount of thimerosal in vaccines exceeded the FDA's more relaxed threshold of 0.4 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. In most cases, however, it clearly did. [...] For a 22-pound baby (ten kilograms), the threshold would be 1 microgram. The DTP (and DTaP) vaccine contained 25 micrograms of thimerosal per dose, as does the Hepatitis B vaccine. [...] The EPA's threshold is 0.1 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. For an eleven-pound baby, the EPA's safe threshold would be 0.5 micrograms. Although thimerosal has been removed from these vaccines today in the United States, in the 1990's, Aventis Pasteur's DTaP vaccine contained 25 micrograms of thimerosal. GlaxoSmithKline's Hepatitis B vaccine contained 12.5 micrograms of thimerosal. Wyeth
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-07-08): Featured topic and speakers [...] Dr. Fryhofer: Well, Todd, thanks for having me back. Unger: Dr. Fryhofer, the ACIP met for three days in June. Why don't you take us through some of the highlights?
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-02-28): The level of aluminum in childhood vaccines is safe, even for babies [...] Factually inaccurate: Contrary to what the claim suggested, the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines is below the safe limit for injectable biological products specified in the Code of Federal Regulations. An analysis of the pharmacokinetics of aluminum showed that the amount of aluminum from vaccines that enters the blood of babies isn’t dangerous. [...] According to the post, most vaccines contain "225 micrograms to 850 micrograms" of aluminum, while "per FDA guidelines, the max amount of aluminum anyone can safely handle is 4 micrograms per kilo". This means a child would need to weigh at least 56 kilograms to be able to safely receive a shot with 225 micrograms of aluminum (225 micrograms divided by four), and an unrealistic 212 kilograms to safely receive a shot with 850 micrograms of aluminum.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-08-16): Resources from the FDA: [...] More information about health effects can be found by visiting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [...] The FDA issues compliance policy guides for FDA staff to assist in their evaluation of evaluating industry compliance with FDA safety requirements. These guides are intended for FDA use but are made publicly available.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-07-22): Vaccination providers should adhere to recommended vaccination schedules (Table 3-2). Administration at recommended ages and in accordance with recommended intervals between doses of multidose antigens provides optimal protection. [...] (e)Based on expert opinion. [...] (cc) A special grace period of 2 months, based on expert opinion, can be applied to the minimum age of 15 months when evaluating records retrospectively, which results in an acceptable minimum age of 13 months. An additional 4 days should not be added on to this grace period.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-02-20): Claim understates federal limit for safe level of aluminum in vaccines | Fact check [...] "Someone asked ‘What are your reasons why you don't vaccinate?’ One lady responded with: 'My kids don't weigh enough yet!'" the post reads. "'Per FDA guidelines, the max amount of aluminum anyone can safely handle is 4 micrograms per kilo. Most shots are 225 mcg to 850 mcg. So my kids would need to weigh a minimum of around 123 pounds to safely vaccinate per FDA guidelines. And need to wait to hit 467 pounds to safely receive the pediarix vaccine. I don't make the rules, just follow them!'" [...] Federal regulations set the limit of aluminum in vaccines at 1.25 milligrams per dose. Additionally, the amount can be no more than what data shows is needed to cause the desired immune response without health impacts. Aluminum salts are used in vaccines to stimulate a stronger immune response to a vaccine, and USA TODAY has previously reported on a large body of research supporting the safety of the way they are used.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-08-08): - Authorized for children ages 6 months through 11 years and approved for people ages 12 years and older. [...] - Authorized for people 12 years and older. [...] - Daley MF, Reifler LM, Glanz JM, Hambidge SJ, Getahun D, Irving SA, Nordin JD, McClure DL, Klein NP, Jackson ML, Duffy J, DeStefano F. Association Between Aluminum Exposure from Vaccines Before Age 24 Months and Persistent Asthma at Age 24-59 Months [PDF – 10 Pages]. Academic Pediatrics. 2022 Sept 27. Online ahead of print.
Claim: Per FDA guidelines, babies are too small to safely handle the amount of aluminum in childhood vaccines (Instagram Users, 2024-02-28)
Evidence (2024-04-05): However, exposure to the small amounts of aluminum in vaccines poses an "extremely low risk to infants," according to calculations by scientists from the Food and Drug Administration. [...] Aluminum-containing vaccines are generally injected into the muscle, and the aluminum is released gradually into the bloodstream from the injection site over time. Taking into account the multiple possible sources of aluminum in the babies’ blood and the slow release from the vaccines, the body burden of aluminum would not be expected to rise above the safe limit, the researchers found. In fact, the level stayed at less than half the safe limit, they wrote, pointing out that this limit itself has a cushion built in and that exposure at or slightly above the limit might be safe. [...] "If the baby’s typical size, and let’s say he or she weighs about 8 pounds, the amount of aluminum in the hepatitis B vaccine alone is almost 14 times the amount of aluminum that’s FDA approved," Ty Bollinger misleadingly said in a video clip shared in a recent Instagram post. Bollinger, who owns a publishing company, has long been a prolific spreader of misinformation on topics such as cancer and vaccines.