copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2020-01-17): Nicotinic Receptor Intervention in Parkinson's Disease: Future Directions - PMID: 29863173 - PMCID: PMC5975393 [...] Sufficient preclinical and epidemiological data are available to justify nicotinic intervention in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although use of nicotine patch has been suggested in some neurodegenerative disorders, including PD, the key for success with nicotinic intervention, particularly in PD, appears to rely not only on the dose but also on the mode of nicotine administration. Our aim in this short review is to provide justification for such contention. Thus, following a short introduction of nicotinic receptor pharmacology, the potential of nicotine in alleviating not only the motor symptoms, but also the mood disorders (e.g. depression) and mild cognitive impairments that are commonly co-morbid with PD will be presented. Moreover, since current PD therapy is associated with dyskinesia, the effectiveness of nicotine in ameliorating levodopa (L-Dopa)-induced dyskinesia will also be discussed. It is suggested that pulsatile nicotine administration (e.g. via inhalation or nasal spray) may be the optimal route in nicotinic intervention in PD. [...] Nicotine and Nicotinic Receptor Drugs: Potential for Parkinson's Disease and Drug-Induced Movement Disorders.Int Rev Neurobiol. 2015;124:247-71. doi: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.07.005. Epub 2015 Aug 18. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2015. PMID: 26472532 Review.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2012-01-19): The potential for nicotine has been borne out in other recent trials. At the University of Vermont College of Medicine, a small, randomized 12-week trial is now underway testing whether nicotine can reduce impulsivity in people with Parkinson disease. [...] The NINDS program director for Parkinson disease research acknowledged that inklings of nicotine's potential role as neuroprotective agent have been seen for years. [...] As to whether clinical neurologists should consider suggesting the use of a low-dose nicotine patch to their patients with MCI or Parkinson disease, both Dr. Newhouse and Dr. Boyd were cautious.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2013-01-18): This month, an exciting development toward learning more about nicotine and PD: A clinical trial sponsored by The Michael J. Fox Foundation (MJFF) is launching in the United States to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of those very same nicotine patches that people take to try and quit smoking. NIC-PD will enroll 160 PD patients in Germany and the U.S., providing some volunteers with nicotine patches and others with placebo patches, in order to determine if the real ones might have the potential to slow the progression of PD. Eighty of these patients will be enrolled at 11 centers in the United States, says Cornelia Kamp, the project manager of the American arm of the study. [...] The good news for people with Parkinson’s, says Boyd, is that pre-clinical studies have shown that nicotine could protect dopamine-producing neurons in the brain from dying. But we’ve yet to see this effect in people. NIC-PD will be the first clinical study to begin to get to the bottom of this disease-modifying potential.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2015-07-01): Nicotine may relieve symptoms of Parkinson's disease - PMID: 7862924 - DOI: 10.1007/BF02244882 Nicotine may relieve symptoms of Parkinson's disease Two elderly patients with Parkinson's disease were treated with nicotine gum and patch. Reliable changes in symptomatology were noted, using a single-subject, placebo-control reversal design. Improvement was associated with active nicotine dosing and involved diminished tremor and disorganized thinking in one patient and diminished bradykinesia and increased energy in the other.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2019-05-23): Nanoparticulate Complex of Nicotine and Cerium Oxide for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease [...] Neurodegeneration results from various causes including genetic mutation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the inability to handle increasing levels of oxidative or nitrosative. Mounting evidence shows an association with oxidative and nitrosative stress to neurodegenerative diseases. However, the administrations of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes to treat neurodegenerative diseases in human clinical trials have been less than satisfactory due to issues with bioavailability and stability after administration. Interestingly, nicotine may have protective effects against Parkinson's disease. Cigarettes are a widely accessible product that would allow for a readily available method to deliver nicotine to the blood and brain. However, due to the detrimental effects of smoking on a person’s health, this is not a viable option. Nicotine patches address the health issues associated with smoking but do not replicate the protective effect due to its slow approach to the brain. Available for license, the invention is a combination of nicotine and ceria nanoparticles coated with agglutinin to provide a therapeutic dose to neurodegenerative or neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The biodegradable agglutinin coating provides a stable and sustained release of the particles and/or nicotine to neurons and can be further conjugated with a dye to confirm delivery. In addition, this conjugate takes advantage of the anti-oxidant effect of the nanoceria to reduce the oxidant environment, which is also a major mechanism of neuronal damage in Parkinson's disease. In vitro studies demonstrated nicotine’s ability to promote protein clearance, thereby halting Parkinson's disease progression.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-01-01): But there may be at least one notable exception to this rule: Davide Dulcis, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry at UC San Diego School of Medicine, and others have shown that smoking may produce a protective effect against Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain that controls body movements. Nicotine is known to modulate the function and activity of these DAergic neurons. In previous animal studies, Dulcis and others have reported that chronic nicotine treatment contributed to neuroprotection against nigrostriatal damage. They found that nicotine treatment ameliorated some of the motor deficits in mouse models of PD. [...] Revealing the basic biology of how nicotine affects PD, said the authors, is an important step toward developing new strategies for replacing neurotransmitters lost to the disease, and perhaps eventually reversing and curing it.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2019-05-07): Objective: Determine if NC001, an oral formulation of nicotine that reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) in MPTP-Parkinson monkeys, could reduce falls, freezing of gait (FOG), and LIDs in Parkinson disease (PD) patients. [...] Citation: Lieberman A, Lockhart TE, Olson MC, Smith Hussain VA, Frames CW, Sadreddin A, McCauley M and Ludington E (2019) Nicotine Bitartrate Reduces Falls and Freezing of Gait in Parkinson Disease: A Reanalysis. Front. Neurol. 10:424. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00424
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Nicotine stimulates systems in the brain that are important for thinking and memory. The nicotine patch is currently being used as an evidence-based therapy for smoking cessation, but researchers believe it could be used to treat other conditions, like memory loss, mental illness, and Parkinson’s disease. [...] In an earlier study, 74 adults diagnosed with MCI were prescribed nicotine or placebo patches for six months. Those using the nicotine patch had improvement in attention and memory, and there were no serious side effects or signs of withdrawal.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2023-01-18): Apart from the prescription of transcutaneous nicotine application as a substitute for weaning smokers, the transcutaneous application of this substance has been investigated in clinical trials evaluating its therapeutic effects on neurologic or gastrointestinal disorders in non-smoking patients; these investigations showed no substantial side effects (Newhouse et al. 2012; Sandborn 1997; Pullan et al. 1994). Using very high dosages of nicotine (up to 107 mg/day), however, led nearly every patient with more than 90 mg/day to present with frequent nausea and vomiting (Villafane et al. 2007). Nonetheless, all individuals in a trial investigating the ameliorative effects of nicotine on Parkinson’s disease (PD) showed improved motor scores under reduced dopaminergic treatment (Villafane et al. 2007). In contrast to the well-known addictive potential linked to the chronic inhalation of nicotine, none of the trials could show a nicotine dependency after the withdrawal of transcutaneous nicotine application at the end of the investigations (Newhouse et al. 2012; Sandborn 1997; Pullan et al. 1994; Villafane et al. 2007). [...] Villafane G, et al. Chronic high dose transdermal nicotine in Parkinson’s disease: an open trial: chronic high dose transdermal nicotine in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:1313–6.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2018-11-08): Parkinson’s disease is characterized by progressive death of dopaminergic neurons, leading to motor and cognitive dysfunction. Epidemiological studies consistently show that the use of tobacco reduces the risk of Parkinson’s. We report that nicotine reduces the abundance of SIRT6 in neuronal culture and brain tissue. We find that reduction of SIRT6 is partly responsible for neuroprotection afforded by nicotine. Additionally, SIRT6 abundance is greater in Parkinson’s patient brains, and decreased in the brains of tobacco users. We also identify SNPs that promote SIRT6 expression and simultaneously associate with an increased risk of Parkinson’s. Furthermore, brain-specific SIRT6 knockout mice are protected from MPTP-induced Parkinson’s, while SIRT6 overexpressing mice develop more severe pathology. Our data suggest that SIRT6 plays a pathogenic and pro-inflammatory role in Parkinson’s and that nicotine can provide neuroprotection by accelerating its degradation. Inhibition of SIRT6 may be a promising strategy to ameliorate Parkinson’s and neurodegeneration. [...] Nicholatos, J.W., Francisco, A.B., Bender, C.A. et al. Nicotine promotes neuron survival and partially protects from Parkinson’s disease by suppressing SIRT6. acta neuropathol commun 6, 120 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-018-0625-y
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2018-10-08): At the annual Internal Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society conference in Hong Kong this weekend, researchers presented results of the NIC-PD trial, an MJFF-supported study evaluating nicotine patches in Parkinson's disease (PD). The investigators reported that nicotine patches do not slow clinical disease progression. [...] KK: There is strong epidemiological evidence (population studies) that links smoking with a lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease. This is only an association -- there are possibly factors other than exposure to smoking (or nicotine) that could explain the association. But pre-clinical studies also demonstrate that nicotine reduces the severity of illness in Parkinson's models. These findings motivated investigating nicotine in people with PD. Nicotine patches also are low-cost and widely available. These are attractive qualities for a potential Parkinson's treatment. [...] KK: This was a well-designed study that provides a clear and convincing answer to a long-standing question. Nicotine patches are an example of a repurposed therapy (a drug approved for one condition that is investigated for potential benefit in Parkinson's) and often there isn't much industry interest in studying these therapies. MJFF support made this trial, which involved an international collaboration, possible.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2019-02-27): In late 2018, a randomized-controlled trial produced high-quality evidence that showed direct doses of nicotine via patches to be an ineffective treatment for Parkinson’s. [...] "Our study is the first to investigate dietary nicotine and risk of developing Parkinson’s disease. Similar to the many studies that indicate tobacco use might reduce risk of Parkinson’s, our findings also suggest a protective effect from nicotine, or perhaps a similar but less toxic chemical in peppers and tobacco." [...] Dr. Nielsen advises that further research would be necessary to confirm nicotine as an effective, safe treatment for Parkinson’s.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2021-05-05): Quik, M., Perez, X. A. & Bordia, T. Nicotine as a potential neuroprotective agent for Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord.27, 947–957 (2012). [...] Lu, J. Y. D. et al. The neuroprotective effect of nicotine in Parkinson’s disease models is associated with inhibiting PARP-1 and caspase-3 cleavage. PeerJ2017, (2017). Mouhape, C. et al. Nicotine-induced neuroprotection in rotenone in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson’s disease: evidences for the involvement of the labile iron pool level as the underlying mechanism. Neurotox. Res.35, 71–82 (2019).
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Nicotine may relieve symptoms of Parkinson's disease [...] Two elderly patients with Parkinson's disease were treated with nicotine gum and patch. Reliable changes in symptomatology were noted, using a single-subject, placebo-control reversal design. Improvement was associated with active nicotine dosing and involved diminished tremor and disorganized thinking in one patient and diminished bradykinesia and increased energy in the other. [...] Fagerström, K.O., Pomerleau, O., Giordani, B. et al. Nicotine may relieve symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2017-01-01): High-dose transdermal nicotine in Parkinson's disease patients: a randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint evaluation phase 2 study - PMID: 28960663 - DOI: 10.1111/ene.13474 [...] Background and purpose: Studies of the effects of nicotine on motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) brought out discordant results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high doses of transdermal nicotine on motor symptoms in PD. [...] Lack of efficacy of a nicotine transdermal treatment on motor and cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;28(1):31-9. doi: 10.1016/S0278-5846(03)00172-6. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004. PMID: 14687854 Clinical Trial.
Claim: Nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease (Bryan Ardis, 2024-05-31)
Evidence (2024-05-31): In May 2024, a Facebook reel with over 350,000 views claimed that nicotine patches can cure Parkinson’s disease. In the reel, chiropractor Bryan Ardis shared the alleged testimony of a person who claimed "all of his Parkinson’s symptoms disappeared" after using the patches for seven days and had "been told by his neurologist he no longer has Parkinson." [...] Likewise, it is false that nicotine patches cure Parkinson’s, a chronic neurological disease that currently has no cure. While nicotine patches have been researched as a potential therapeutic strategy in people with Parkinson’s, the results from clinical trials don’t support their use for treating the disease. We explain below. [...] Parkinson’s is currently a chronic, incurable disease. Therefore, claims that any product, including nicotine patches, cures Parkinson’s are false. Nicotine has demonstrated some neuroprotective effects in preliminary studies in animals. While these effects might serve as a starting point for developing new treatments for Parkinson’s, evidence so far indicates that nicotine patches aren’t effective as a Parkinson’s treatment.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined (Nigel Lawson, 2017-08-10)
Evidence (2017-08-10): Global temperature has continued to rise during the last decade. The three warmest years on record are 2014, 2015, and 2016.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined (Nigel Lawson, 2017-08-10)
Evidence (2024-02-07): This graph shows the change in global surface temperature compared to the long-term average from 1951 to 1980. Earth’s average surface temperature in 2023 was the warmest on record since recordkeeping began in 1880 (source: NASA/GISS). NASA’s analysis generally matches independent analyses prepared by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and other research groups. Overall, Earth was about 2.45 degrees Fahrenheit (or about 1.36 degrees Celsius) warmer in 2023 than in the late 19th-century (1850-1900) preindustrial average. The 10 most recent years are the warmest on record.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined (Nigel Lawson, 2017-08-10)
Evidence (2022-08-11): The altimetry data also show that the rate of sea level rise is accelerating. Over the course of the 20th century, global mean sea level rose at about 1.5 millimeters per year. By the early 1990s, it was about 2.5 mm per year. Over the past decade, the rate has increased to 3.9 mm (0.15 inches) per year.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined (Nigel Lawson, 2017-08-10)
Evidence (2024-07-26): The EIA attributed the decline to numerous factors, including cheaper natural gas, an expansion of clean energy capacity, and improved energy efficiency of buildings, vehicles and equipment.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined (Nigel Lawson, 2017-08-10)
Evidence (2020-01-29): According to an ongoing temperature analysis led by scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), the average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1° Celsius (1.9° Fahrenheit) since 1880. The majority of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15 to 0.20°C per decade.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined (Nigel Lawson, 2017-08-10)
Evidence (2017-08-15): A claim by Britain’s leading climate science sceptic, Nigel Lawson, that the world’s average temperature has fallen in the past 10 years was based on an "erroneous" temperature chart, his think tank, the Global Warming Policy Foundation, has admitted. [...] And he then added: "As for the temperature itself, it is striking, he [Gore] made his previous film 10 years ago, and according – again – to the official figures, during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined." [...] Records kept by the UK’s Met Office, Nasa, and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are broadly in agreement despite using different temperature stations: the average global temperature is now about one degree Celsius above levels in the late 1800s.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined (Nigel Lawson, 2017-08-10)
Evidence (2024-01-22): We see that while emissions from fossil fuels have increased, emissions from land use change have declined slightly in recent years. Overall, this means total emissions have roughly stabilized over the past decade.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined (Nigel Lawson, 2017-08-10)
Evidence (2017-08-11): Lawson: No, it’s not happening. The reputable scientists, reputable experts, like Professor Pielke [Jr] and, as I’ve said, the IPCC, has confirmed that there has been no increase in extreme weather events. And as for the temperature itself, it is striking, he made his previous film 10 years ago, and according – again – to the official figures, during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined. A number of climate scientists have been quick to point out that Lawson is completely wrong to claim that the average global temperature has "slightly declined" since 2007. In stark contrast to Lawson’s claim, the global surface temperature over this period has risen, with the three hottest years on record occurring in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Lord Lawson argued on BBC that global temperatures have declined over past 10 years. Opposite is true, if anything warmed slightly faster. pic.twitter.com/k3nZumqYTH — Zeke Hausfather (@hausfath) August 10, 2017
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined (Nigel Lawson, 2017-08-10)
Evidence (2024-10-07): In comparison, the global mean surface air temperature (GSAT) is the "global average of near-surface air temperatures over land, oceans and sea ice. Changes in GSAT are often used as a measure of global temperature change in climate models."[10]: 2231 [...] Scientists use several methods to predict the effects of human-caused climate change. One is to investigate past natural changes in climate.[25] To assess changes in Earth's past climate scientists have studied tree rings, ice cores, corals, and ocean and lake sediments.[26] These show that recent temperatures have surpassed anything in the last 2,000 years.[27] By the end of the 21st century, temperatures may increase to a level last seen in the mid-Pliocene. This was around 3 million years ago.[28]: 322 At that time, mean global temperatures were about 2–4 °C (3.6–7.2 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures. The global mean sea level was up to 25 metres (82 ft) higher than it is today.[29]: 323 The modern observed rise in temperature and CO2 concentrations has been rapid. Even abrupt geophysical events in Earth's history do not approach current rates.[30]: 54Methods [edit]The instrumental temperature record is a record of temperatures within Earth's climate based on direct measurement of air temperature and ocean temperature. Instrumental temperature records do not use indirect reconstructions using climate proxy data such as from tree rings and marine sediments.[31]