copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2021-11-28): In May 2020, Glenn Grothman, a Republican congressman from Wisconsin, said that research illustrated a correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and higher COVID-19 mortality rates. We rated that True, as early studies supported the claim. [...] - Instagram post, November 3, 2021 - Lorenz Borsche, independent researcher, co-author of "COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," October 14, email exchange with PolitiFact on Nov. 9-10, 2021 - Margherita T. Cantorna, Ph.D., Professor of Molecular Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, email exchange with PolitiFact on Nov. 9-10, 2021 - Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, "The link between COVID-19 and VItamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis," March 16, 2021 - Michael F. Holick, MD, PhD, Director of Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory at Boston University, Professor of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics at Boston University School of Medicine, email exchange with PolitiFact on Nov. 9, 2021 - National Institutes of Health, COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines: Vitamin D, April 21, 2021 - Nutritional Journal, "Low vitamin D levels do not aggravate COVID-19 risk or death, and vitamin D supplementation does not improve outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis and GRADE assessment of cohort studies and RCTs," October 31, 2021 - PolitiFact, "Glenn Grothman on target about tie between vitamin D and COVID-19, but
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2022-08-19): The association was supported in further stratified Mendelian randomization analyses, which confirmed an inverse association between serum 25(OH)D in the deficiency range and CRP, but not with higher concentrations of serum vitamin D. [...] However, the nonlinear Mendelian randomization approach used in the current study allows for better detection of the association, and the authors point out that the method has also been recently used in research showing an adverse effect of vitamin D deficiency on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and mortality, which would not be visible using the standard linear Mendelian randomization approach. [...] Cite this: Vitamin D Deficiency Clearly Linked to Inflammation - Medscape - Aug 19, 2022.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2024-03-26): VitD also influences cellular signaling involved in myogenesis and activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) during metabolic stress. [...] VitD also plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses by its widespread distribution among immune cells and autonomic control of active VitD concentration at inflamed sites. [...] Studies indicate VitD's role in enhancing antimicrobial peptides, stabilizing gut barriers, and regulating microbiota composition.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2023-09-01): This exhibit was produced by the UN Department of Global Communications. NOW IS THE TIME FOR CHANGE [...] They offer a blueprint for tackling the defining issues of our time, such as climate change, which requires urgent and transformative action that leaves no one behind.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2024-01-01): While we regularly review and update the information provided here, this FAQ reflects only the best information available at a given point in time. The COVID-19 pandemic is a rapidly evolving global health crisis and new information may have become available since the revision date for each published FAQ. (Version 1.9; last updated May 9, 2022) Input from James B. Bussel, MD; Jean M. Connors, MD; Douglas B. Cines, MD; Cynthia E. Dunbar, MD; Laura C. Michaelis, MD; Lisa Baumann Kreuziger, MD; Agnes Y. Y. Lee, MD, MSc; and Ingrid Pabinger-Fasching, MD.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2020-06-28): A systematic review by Borsche et al. used data from 8 studies to determine a potential optimal vitamin D level to minimize COVID-19 mortality. The study confirmed an inverse correlation between COVID-19 mortality and vitamin D levels, which showed that as vitamin D levels increase, COVID-19 mortality decreases, to a point where the projected mortality rate reaches zero at a vitamin D level of around 50 ng/ml (125 nmol/L). This paper reviews how [...] A study by Karanova et al. found a significant relationship between low vitamin D levels and severity and death among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. This study included 133 patients whose vitamin D levels at hospital admission ranged from 3 ng/ml to 97 ng/ml. 81% of the patients had a moderate course of disease. Of those suffering a severe course of COVID-19, 35% were severely vitamin D deficient and 15% were mildly vitamin D deficient. Only one of the 18 patients (6%) who died from COVID-19 had a vitamin D level greater than 20 ng/ml (50 nmol/L). This study concluded that disease severity and death due to COVID-19 were both associated with vitamin D deficiency (levels below 20 ng/ml or 50 nmol/L), with increased significance among those whose vitamin D level was severely deficient, below 10 ng/ml (25 nmol/L). Those with vitamin D levels less than 10 ng/ml had more than 4 times the risk of severe disease and almost 6 times the risk of dying from COVID-19 compared to those 10 ng/ml and higher.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2020-08-01): Vitamin D deficiency and co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients – A fatal relationship? [...] Under a Creative Commons license open access © 2020 The Author. Published by Elsevier GmbH on behalf of Society of Nutrition and Food Science e.V.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2023-04-13): Clinical data increasingly has shown that patients with low vitamin D levels have a greater chance of COVID-19 infection—and severe disease and death. Now, research led by scientists from Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), part of Main Line Health, points to an explanation for the link and provides evidence that higher vitamin D intake can help fight off the disease. [...] Published literature has indicated that patients with vitamin D deficiency were five times more likely to become infected by COVID-19. Data supporting supplemental doses for those with vitamin D levels in the normal range are less clear, the authors said. "The benefits, however, are so clear and the risks so minimal that we believe physicians should be recommending supplemental vitamin D right away," Mullin said. "Cytokine storms, where the body's immune response kicks into overdrive and can result in severe disease and death in COVID, compromise the body's airway barrier function. We already know from past studies that vitamin D blunts cytokine storms in cases of flu. In cases of COVID-19, vitamin D therapy may allow time for a patient's own immune defenses to kick in before it's too late."
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2021-11-26): "The results, although interesting, should not be taken to indicate that vitamin D is beneficial for either the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 or that it’s a substitute for other preventive and effective means of COVID-19 prevention, including vaccines, masks, and social distancing." [...] The study suggests that vitamin D could be a therapeutic option for COVID-19 thanks to its role in hyper-inflammation. "This study reveals a potentially unique role that vitamin D plays in the activation of T-cell functions that regulate inflammation in COVID-19, and understanding these regulatory pathways may provide information that will lead to the development of novel therapies for the treatment of acute COVID-19," said Dr. Alcendor.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2020-03-20): New Guidelines effective on December 22, 2020 [...] - https://www.finances.gouv.ml/sites/default/files/Situa_depenses%20COVID_31_12_2020.pdf - https://www.finances.gouv.ml/sites/default/files/Sit_depenses%20COVID_31032021.pdf [...] SRD 1.4 billion (4.4 percent of GDP) has been made available in provisional COVID-19-related budget for health services and economic support for households and businesses. There are also funds being made available for Surinamese stranded abroad who cannot repatriate because of the ban on incoming flights.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2024-09-19): A retrospective case-control study by Jude et al indicated that vitamin D deficiency can be linked to a greater likelihood of hospitalization in patients with COVID-19. Results from a primary cohort revealed that in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the median serum level of 25(OH)D was 35.0 nmol/L, compared with 50.0 nmol/L in nonhospitalized individuals with COVID-19. The investigators suggested that the risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 could be reduced via widespread testing for and treatment of serum 25(OH)D insufficiency or deficiency. [67] A retrospective observational study by De Smet et al indicated that patients with COVID-19 who have vitamin D deficiency at hospital admission have an almost four-fold greater chance of mortality from COVID-19. This increase in the study occurred independently of age, ethnicity, the presence of chronic lung disease, or the degree of lung damage (as determined through chest computed tomography [CT] scan severity score). [68, 69] A retrospective, single-institution study by Dror et al of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 found that those who had a 25(OH)D level of less than 20 ng/mL prior to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, had a 14-fold greater likelihood of severe or critical COVID-19 than did those who had a 25(OH)D level of 40 ng/mL or greater before infection. Moreover, the mortality rate during hospitalization in patients with pre-infection vitamin D deficiency was 25.6%, compared with 5.0% in those with 40 ng/mL or more of 25(OH)D. [70]
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2024-10-06): For information on vitamin D and COVID-19, see Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID-19. [...] People can develop vitamin D deficiency when usual intakes are lower over time than recommended levels, exposure to sunlight is limited, the kidneys cannot convert 25(OH)D to its active form, or absorption of vitamin D from the digestive tract is inadequate. Diets low in vitamin D are more common in people who have milk allergy or lactose intolerance and those who consume an ovo-vegetarian or vegan diet [1]. [...] Older adults are at increased risk of developing vitamin D insufficiency, partly because the skin's ability to synthesize vitamin D declines with age [1,61]. In addition, older adults are likely to spend more time than younger people indoors, and they might have inadequate dietary intakes of the vitamin [1].
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2020-01-20): Vitamin D deficiency has been strongly associated with various health outcomes, including all-cause mortality [68]. A 2014 Cochrane meta-analysis showed a relevant and significant lower all-cause mortality of ~7% and cancer mortality of ~13% in patients who received vitamin D3 [69]. The results of a meta-analysis by using individual participant data conducted by Gaksch et al., analyzing almost 17,000 individuals, showed a strong association between low 25(OH)D and increased risk of all-cause mortality [70]. Using a Mendelian randomization with genetic variants in the vitamin D synthesis pathway, the analysis of Aspelund et al. supports a causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and increased all-cause mortality. However, despite a cohort of >10,000 participants, it was still too underpowered to confirm a causal relationship [71]. [...] Zhang Y, Fang F, Tang J, Jia L, Feng Y, Xu P, et al. Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;366:l4673. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4673
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2020-05-07): After studying global data from the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, researchers have discovered a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates. [...] The researchers noted that patients from countries with high COVID-19 mortality rates, such as Italy, Spain and the UK, had lower levels of vitamin D compared to patients in countries that were not as severely affected. [...] Backman and his team were inspired to examine vitamin D levels after noticing unexplained differences in COVID-19 mortality rates from country to country. Some people hypothesized that differences in healthcare quality, age distributions in population, testing rates or different strains of the coronavirus might be responsible. But Backman remained skeptical.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2021-12-03): Pereira, M., Dantas Damascena, A., Galvão Azevedo, L. M., de Almeida Oliveira, T. & da Mota Santana, J. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1841090 (2020). [...] Wang, Z. et al. Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Endocrinol.https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14540 (2021). [...] Jude, E. B., Ling, S. F., Allcock, R., Yeap, B. X. Y. & Pappachan, J. M. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher hospitalization risk from COVID-19: A retrospective case-control study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.106, e4708–e4715. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab439 (2021).
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2024-06-04): Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency on COVID-19-Related Mortality and Morbidity [...] Many studies have examined the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infections (COVID-19). This research — conducted across many cultures, ages, and pre-existing conditions — consistently demonstrates that vitamin D deficiency is an indicator of poor health and a statistically significant marker for poor outcomes from COVID-19.
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2021-11-23): In view of the enormous health implications of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, a possible link with poor vitamin D status and the risk or severity of COVID-19 has received great attention. Seven studies so far compared serum 25OHD concentrations in patients with COVID-19 compared with individuals without COVID-19 (ref.87) and found a lower level (mean difference of about 12 nmol/l) in patients with COVID-19; however, in many studies the sampling did not take place at the same time in both groups. In addition, these studies were unable to control for confounding factors, a major problem due to the large number of similarities in the risk factors for vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19. About 31 studies looked at a possible link between vitamin D status and severity of the outcome of COVID-19. Lower serum concentrations of 25OHD were associated with greater mortality, greater need for intensive care treatment or increased severity of illness in general compared with better vitamin D status. However, this finding was based on observational studies. [...] Bassatne, A. et al. The link between COVID-19 and vitamin D (VIVID): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism119, 15475 (2021). [...] Butler-Laporte, G. et al. Vitamin D and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative: a Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med.18, e1003605 (2021).
Claim: “Research illustrates a clear correlation between vitamin D deficiencies and (higher) COVID-19 mortality rates.” (Glenn Grothman, 2020-05-21)
Evidence (2020-09-01): This study has limitations. First, vitamin D deficiency may be a consequence associated with a range of chronic health conditions or behavioral factors that plausibly increase COVID-19 risk. Nevertheless, the results are robust to including a broad set of demographic and comorbidity indicators that have either physiological reasons for consideration or have been suggested to influence COVID-19 outcomes. Moreover, neither patients who were deficient in vitamin D and had increased treatment nor patients who were not deficient in vitamin D who had decreased treatment were more likely than patients who were not vitamin D deficient and at least maintained their current treatment (ie, had nondeficient status) to test positive for COVID-19. If the observed association were due to confounding by behavioral or other health factors, such associations might have been expected, although our limited sample size might be inadequate to identify such effects. An additional limitation is that our data are limited to those available in the UCM electronic health record. Patterns of vitamin D screening, treatment, or COVID-19 testing at UCM or in other institutions might have somehow selected for patients who induced an association between observed vitamin D status and testing positive for COVID-19.
Claim: "Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 returns after 10-year mystery" (Facebook Post, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-06-28): March 8, 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappeared off air traffic control radar. Later evidence signaled it likely crashed into the Indian Ocean. Despite an extensive three-year search, the plane has still not been recovered, but debris confirmed to be part of the plane has been found. The flight has not returned.
Claim: "Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 returns after 10-year mystery" (Facebook Post, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-03-03): Malaysia is pushing for a renewed search for Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370, the transport minister said on Sunday, as the 10th anniversary of its disappearance in one of the world’s greatest aviation mysteries approaches. Flight MH370, a Boeing 777 carrying 227 passengers and 12 crew, vanished en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing on March 8, 2014. [...] Photo credit: Families of those aboard Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 during their annual remembrance event
Claim: "Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 returns after 10-year mystery" (Facebook Post, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-03-03): After ten years the plane is still missing but families of those presumed dead have celebrated Sunday’s news [...] Fresh hope has been given in one of the biggest mysteries of modern times - the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines flight MH370. [...] Fresh hope in mystery of missing MH370 Malaysia Airlines flight
Claim: "Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 returns after 10-year mystery" (Facebook Post, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2021-12-03): MH370: Could missing Malaysian Airlines plane finally be found? The disappearance of a Malaysia Airlines flight, carrying 239 passengers and crew, is one of the world's biggest aviation mysteries. [...] "Any decision to resume the search for the aircraft would be a matter for the Malaysian government, as the state of registry of the aircraft."
Claim: "Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 returns after 10-year mystery" (Facebook Post, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-03-03): Malaysia could renew search for MH370 plane 10 years after it vanished [...] Malaysia may begin a renewed search for Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370, the transport minister has said, as the 10th anniversary of its disappearance approaches. [...] "No matter if it is 10 years, 20 years or more, as long as we are still alive … we will not cease to press for the truth. We believe the truth will eventually come to light," said Bai Zhong, another Chinese national, whose wife was on the plane.
Claim: "Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 returns after 10-year mystery" (Facebook Post, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-03-04): KUALA LUMPUR - Malaysia is pushing for a renewed search for Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370, the transport minister said on Sunday, as the 10th anniversary of its disappearance in one of the world's greatest aviation mysteries approaches. Flight MH370, a Boeing 777 carrying 227 passengers and 12 crew, vanished en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing on March 8, 2014. [...] Malaysia, China and Australia earlier had ended a fruitless two-year, A$200 million ($130.46 million) underwater hunt in January 2017.
Claim: "Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 returns after 10-year mystery" (Facebook Post, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-03-06): It has been ten years since Malaysia Airlines passenger flight MH370 disappeared on March 8 2014. To this day it remains one of the biggest aviation mysteries globally. It's unthinkable that a modern Boeing 777-200ER jetliner with 239 people on board can simply vanish without any explanation. Yet multiple searches in the past decade have still not yielded the main wreckage or the bodies of the victims. [...] On March 18 2014, ten days after the disappearance of MH370, a search in the southern Indian Ocean was led by Australia, with participation of aircraft from several countries. This search continued until April 28 and covered an area of 4,500,000 square kilometres of ocean. No debris was found.
Claim: "Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 returns after 10-year mystery" (Facebook Post, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-03-07): For the past 10 years it has remained one of the modern era’s greatest mysteries. [...] "There have been ships lost that are found after hundreds of years. So we cannot say that this plane will never be found," one family member V.P.R Nathan told Reuters during a recent commemorative event. His wife Anne Daisy was on board MH370. [...] "As we approach the 10 years remembrance of this heart-wrenching tragedy, it is a painful reminder of the decade-long journey of grief and resilience that loved ones of the victims have endured," he said.
Claim: "Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 returns after 10-year mystery" (Facebook Post, 2024-06-28)
Evidence (2024-03-07): For the families of those on board these have been 10 years of inescapable grief, battling to keep the search going, to find out exactly what happened to MH370, and why. [...] Over 10 years, the lives of those affected have moved on, yet they also feel chained to the missing plane. [...] Ten years after Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 and its 239 passengers and crew vanished, can new evidence help locate the plane and finally solve aviation's greatest mystery?