copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2024-05-26): All things considered, planet earth is doing fine. Humans are doing better than at any other time in history. Over the last hundred years, when temperatures have warmed by about two degrees Fahrenheit: [...] But it’s not all good news. [...] - Humans are adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels.
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2019-05-08): Modern human impact on the environment and the Earth as a whole is unquestioned. In fact, many scientists are starting to suggest that the rise of human civilization ended and/or replaced the Holocene epoch and defines a new geologic time interval: the Anthropocene. Evidence for this change includes extinctions, increased tritium (hydrogen with two neutrons) due to nuclear testing, rising pollutants like carbon dioxide, more than 200 never-before seen mineral species that have occurred only in this epoch, materials such as plastic and metals which will be long lasting "fossils" in the geologic record, and large amounts of earthen material moved. The biggest scientific debate with this topic is the starting point. Some say that humans’ invention of agriculture would be recognized in geologic strata and that should be the starting point, around 12,000 years ago. Others link the start of the industrial revolution and the subsequent addition of vast amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Either way, the idea is that alien geologists visiting Earth in the distant future would easily recognize the impact of humans on the Earth as the beginning of a new geologic period.
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2022-11-16): Fossil fuel-related CO2 emissions reached 32 Gigatonnes in 2010. These emissions come from industrial processes and stationary emission sources, such as power stations, cement production and refineries. About 50 per cent of the total anthropogenic (human-made) CO2 emissions between 1750 and 2010 have been produced in the last 40 years. [...] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says that for well-selected, well-designed and well-managed geological storage sites, CO2 could be trapped for millions of years, retaining over 99 per cent of the injected CO2 over 1000 years. [...] Gases in the Earth’s atmosphere act as an insulating blanket around the planet, trapping more of the Sun’s heat.
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally-occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be about 33 °C warmer than it would have been in their absence.[118][119] Human activity since the Industrial Revolution, mainly extracting and burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas),[120] has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, resulting in a radiative imbalance. In 2019, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 48% and 160%, respectively, since 1750.[121] These CO2 levels are higher than they have been at any time during the last 2 million years. Concentrations of methane are far higher than they were over the last 800,000 years.[122] [...] - ^ a b Our World in Data, 18 September 2020 - ^ IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021, p. 67: "Concentrations of CO2, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have increased to levels unprecedented in at least 800,000 years, and there is high confidence that current CO2 concentrations have not been experienced for at least 2 million years."
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2024-08-28): The geochemistry here is quite involved, and I’m not qualified to assess how well this has been done, but it’s sufficient to take this as perfectly valid for the points I’ll make here. There are often somewhat heroic assumptions made in deriving paleo atmospheric CO2 from molecular markers, but the overall results (see left hand figure) – that CO2 went from 650 ppm 15 Million years ago (Ma) to 280 ppm in the most recent data point (close to the long term pre-industrial average), is not dramatically different from other recent compilations (such as CenCO2PIP (2023)) (right hand figure). The novelty here is (I think) that this change is calculated in a single core over the whole 15 Ma interval (albeit at a roughly 500,000 yr sampling interval).
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2021-05-03): It’s true that the current carbon dioxide level is higher than any time in human existence
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2023-11-22): - The hot house periods described in this article occurred millions and millions of years before humans existed. They have no bearing on whether modern human civilization can cope with the level of warming we are likely to face if we do not stop adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. [...] Even while ice sheets covered more and more of Earth’s surface, tectonic plates continued to drift and collide, so volcanic activity also continued. Volcanoes emit the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In our current, mostly ice-free world, the natural weathering of silicate rock by rainfall consumes carbon dioxide over geologic time scales. During the frigid conditions of the Neoproterozoic, rainfall became rare. With volcanoes churning out carbon dioxide and little or no rainfall to weather rocks and consume the greenhouse gas, temperatures climbed. [...] Geologists and paleontologists have found that, in the last 100 million years, global temperatures have peaked twice. One spike was the Cretaceous Hot Greenhouse roughly 92 million years ago, about 25 million years before Earth’s last dinosaurs went extinct. Widespread volcanic activity may have boosted atmospheric carbon dioxide. Temperatures were so high that champsosaurs (crocodile-like reptiles) lived as far north as the Canadian Arctic, and warm-temperature forests thrived near the South Pole.
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2020-02-11): Breitbart article baselessly claims a study of past climate invalidates human-caused climate change in Breitbart, by John Nolte — 11 Apr 2019 "By the reasoning of this article, if a rock rolled down a hill three million years ago, no human can be responsible for rolling a rock down a hill today. The fallaciousness of thi.. [...] It’s true that the current carbon dioxide level is higher than any time in human existence [...] Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...] It's all cyclical; [human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are] not a fart in the wind. Sea level rise is not going to happen.
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2022-05-09): Since the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s and early 1800s, people have been releasing large quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. That amount has skyrocketed in the past century. Greenhouse gas emissions increased 70 percent between 1970 and 2004. Emissions of carbon dioxide, the most important greenhouse gas, rose by about 80 percent during that time. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today far exceeds the natural range seen over the last 650,000 years. Most of the carbon dioxide that people put into the atmosphere comes from burning fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. Cars, trucks, trains, and planes all burn fossil fuels. Many electric power plants also burn fossil fuels. [...] A sudden increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere does more than change Earth's temperature. A lot of the carbon dioxide in the air dissolves into seawater. There, it forms carbonic acid in a process called ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is making it hard for some sea creatures to build shells and skeletal structures. This could alter the ecological balance in the oceans and cause problems for fishing and tourism industries.
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2023-04-12): Radioactive materials in the rock and increasing pressure deep within the Earth generated enough heat to melt the planet's interior, causing some chemicals to rise to the surface and form water, while others became the gases of the atmosphere. Recent evidence suggests that Earth's crust and oceans may have formed within about 200 million years after the planet took shape. [...] For more than three decades, Earth-observing satellites have been providing the facts needed to address the challenges of our changing world. [...] Water vapor, carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun, warming Earth. Without this so-called "greenhouse effect," Earth would probably be too cold for life to exist, although a runaway greenhouse effect led to the hellish conditions of Venus' current surface.
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2011-03-03): The ocean has absorbed about 30% of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide, resulting in ocean acidification and changes to carbonate chemistry that are unprecedented for at least the last 65 million years (high confidence). Risks have been identified for the survival, calcification, growth, development and abundance of a broad range of marine taxonomic groups, ranging from algae to fish, with substantial evidence of predictable trait-based sensitivities (high confidence). There are multiple lines of evidence that ocean warming and acidification corresponding to 1.5°C of global warming would impact a wide range of marine organisms and ecosystems, as well as sectors such as aquaculture and fisheries (high confidence). {3.3.10, 3.4.4}
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home (Denise Chow, 2019-05-14)
Evidence (2006-01-01): Earth than today, loomed large in the night sky. This cosmic quest takes us back in time to within moments of the Big Bang itself and retraces the events that created us, this place we call home and perhaps life elsewhere in the cosmos. Coming up tonight: the beginnings of planet Earth. [...] NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: What started as a giant ball of debris floating in space turned into Earth, but four and a half billion years ago, it wasn't exactly home sweet home. [...] NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: In its infancy, Earth was a primeval hell, a lifeless planet bombarded by massive asteroids and comets. The moon, much closer to Earth, loomed large in the sky. Instead of water, red hot lava streamed across the surface of our planet. Volcanoes spewed noxious gases into the primitive atmosphere. Scorched and battered, Earth was a planet under siege. Yet somehow, the world we call home emerged from these violent origins.
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2017-09-18): Manuka honey contains potent naturally-occurring antibacterial agents, such as the chemical methylglyoxal, making it especially effective for wound disinfection. However, manuka honey is only effective when applied topically to an infected wound, not when eaten. In addition, the process required to produce food-grade manuka honey may inactivate some of its antimicrobial properties, rendering it less effective for wound healing than medical-grade manuka honey.
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2021-01-07): How Manuka Honey Effectively Kills Bacteria Manuka honey is equally effective against antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic susceptible bacteria (2). [...] When it comes to antibiotic superbugs like MRSA, Manuka has even more potent antibacterial activity than pharmaceuticals (4).
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2019-06-10): In fact new research, from the University of Swansea, shows that manuka honey could offer an antibiotic alternative to treat antibiotic resistant respiratory infections, particularly the deadly bacteria found in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) infections. The manuka honey killed 39% antimicrobial resistant bacteria compared to 29% for antibiotics. Manuka honey also improved the activity of some antibiotics that were unable to function effectively by themselves, used together, honey and antibiotics combined killed 90% of the bacteria tested. [...] But does it really work? This is one case where the A-list hype is backed by science. Lab tests show that manuka honey does indeed have antimicrobial properties – meaning it kills bacteria – in lab conditions.
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2017-02-14): The health benefits of raw, unprocessed honey are well known, but in Australia, scientists recently made a startling discovery – that one particular, obscure type of honey is capable of killing just about everything scientists throw at it, including some of the worst bacteria known to man. [...] Manuka Honey Kills MRSA, Other Superbugs [...] The most exciting difference with the manuka honey that was tested is that none of superbugs killed by the honey were able to build up immunity, a common problem with today’s antibiotics.
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2023-02-28): Manuka honey is used as a natural ointment for wounds of all kinds. It has been hailed as a go-to germ fighter in an age of resistance to conventional antibiotics. Proponents also claim that Manuka honey can treat other conditions, including acne and sinus issues. [...] When it comes to superfoods, honey is associated with health benefits. Manuka is a specialized type of honey that’s antibacterial and bacterial resistant. This means that bacteria shouldn’t be able to build up a tolerance to its antibacterial effects. [...] Dozens of species of bacteria are susceptible to Manuka honey, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus. Manuka also appears to be effective against
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2024-05-01): This Honey Kills All Bacteria Scientists Throw At It [...] Far from being an obscure health food with dubious healing qualities, new research has shown the honey kills every type of bacteria scientists have thrown at it, including the antibiotic-resistant "superbugs" plaguing hospitals and killing patients around the world. Some bacteria have become resistant to every commonly prescribed antibacterial drug. But scientists found that Manuka honey, as it is known in New Zealand, or jelly bush honey, as it is known in Australia, killed every bacteria or pathogen it was tested on.
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2018-01-15): Manuka Honey Can Kill Every Kind Of Bacteria You Throw At It (Even The Superbugs!) [...] Clinical trials have found that manuka honey can effectively eradicate more than 250 clinical strains of bacteria, including certain antibiotic-resistant varieties.4 Manuka has an exclusive ingredient with antimicrobial qualities called the Unique Manuka Factor (UMF) that give it extraordinary antibacterial activity. Honey releases hydrogen peroxide through an enzymatic process that gives it its antiseptic qualities, but active manuka honey contains a "special something" that makes it far superior to other types of honey when it comes to killing off bacteria.
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2017-09-14): Can manuka honey kill superbugs? The activity of manuka honey has been tested against a diverse range of microbes, particularly those that cause wound infections, and it inhibits problematic bacterial pathogens, including superbugs that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. Manuka honey can also disperse and kill bacteria living in biofilms (communities of microbes notoriously resistant to antibiotics), including ones of Streptococcus (the cause of strep throat) and Staphylococcus (the cause of Golden staph infections).
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2024-10-09): - Manuka honey may kill bacteria by destroying key bacterial proteins. Researchers investigated the mechanisms of manuka honey action and found that its anti-bacterial properties were not due solely to the sugars present in the honey. Manuka honey may kill bacteria by destroying key bacterial proteins. Dr Rowena Jenkins and colleagues from the University of Wales Institute - Cardiff investigated the mechanisms of manuka honey action and found that its anti-bacterial properties were not due solely to the sugars present in the honey. [...] "Manuka and other honeys have been known to have wound healing and anti-bacterial properties for some time," said Dr Jenkins, "But the way in which they act is still not known. If we can discover exactly how manuka honey inhibits MRSA it could be used more frequently as a first-line treatment for infections with bacteria that are resistant to many currently available antibiotics."
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2020-03-09): Native to New Zealand and Australia — thanks to the Manuka bushes and Tea Trees there — Manuka honey kills more strains of bacteria and "super" bacteria than any antibiotic known to mankind. [...] One of the studies published in the European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases found that Manuka honey eradicated eight strains of common "problematic" wound pathogens — those with innate or acquired antibiotic resistance. [...] Compounds like methylglyoxal in Manuka honey apparently cause multi-system failure in the bacteria, killing them before they are able to adapt and build up immunity, explains one of the authors of the study, University of Sydney microbiologist Dee Carter.
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2023-09-18): Hydrogen peroxide gives most honey its antibiotic quality. But some types, including Manuka honey, also have unique antimicrobial qualities. One of the major antibacterial components of Manuka honey is a compound called methylglyoxal (MGO). MGO comes from the conversion of another compound in Manuka honey known as dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a high concentration of which is found in the nectar of Manuka flowers. [...] Another possible benefit of honey is that, unlike antibiotics, it doesn’t appear to lead to resistant bacteria. These so-called "superbugs" develop after repeated exposure to common antibiotics. Special antibiotics are needed to treat them.
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2016-09-01): These days, standardised sterile medical grade Manuka honey is available, and there is considerable evidence demonstrating its antibacterial effect against a wide range of infections. Furthermore, we now have explanations for the different process by which this particular honey can kill both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Laboratory testing of antibiotics – such as oxacillin, rifampicin, tetracycline and colistin – has revealed that the drugs have an increased potency against either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) when combined with very low concentrations of medical grade Manuka honey. When used to fight MRSA, the honey damages the bacterial genes involved in creating resistance to oxacilin, which then allows oxacillin to better kill the bacteria. The specific mechanism by which Manuka honey restores the power of the other three antibiotics is not yet clear, though several different research groups have now reported the improved effectiveness of antibiotics when combined with honey. [...] As some infections are resistant to multiple antibiotics, some treatments combine two or more drugs to battle infections. Our research suggests that Manuka honey has the potential to be used in a similar way, combined with antibiotics. As most infections come from a mixture of different bacteria, identifying an antibiotic which works better against them when combined with honey would be the most useful. We have successfully seen this effect, using honey to improve the efficacy of the drug tetracycline against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA.
Claim: Raw manuka honey kills every bacteria scientists throw at it, including antibiotic-resistant superbugs (Sara Burrows, 2017-09-18)
Evidence (2017-10-20): That story, as well as a similar post on the missed-bee-pun-opportunity website bewellhub.com from October 2017, highlights research from October 2010 and January 2015 (not exactly breaking science news) to suggest manuka honey has potential to avoid antibiotic resistance. They claim it could fight some strains of Staphylococcus aureus, which can develop marked resistance to antibiotics in the form of MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: [...] The most exciting difference with the manuka honey that was tested is that none of superbugs killed by the honey were able to build up immunity, a common problem with today’s antibiotics. [...] While it is accurate to suggest this study showed that manuka honey "killed every bacteria or pathogen it was tested" on, it would be inaccurate to suggest that evidence from two specific strains of bacteria and four heterogenous samples taken from wounds suggest broad superiority over antibiotics in all cases.