copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-07-08): The big picture: Sunscreen is an important part of a complete sun protection strategy to safeguard your skin against sun damage and skin cancer. But sunscreen alone isn’t enough to keep you safe in the sun. [...] Decrease your risk of skin cancers and skin precancers. Studies show that regular daily use of SPF 15 sunscreen, when used as directed, can reduce your risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by about 40 percent, and lower your melanoma risk by 50 percent. [...] Sunscreen reduces your overall UV exposure and lowers your risk of skin cancer and sun damage.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (1999-08-04): For the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Group [...] Philippe Autier, Jean-François Doré, Sylvie Négrier, Danièle Liénard, Renato Panizzon, Ferdy J. Lejeune, David Guggisberg, Alexander M. M. Eggermont, For the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Group, Sunscreen Use and Duration of Sun Exposure: a Double-Blind, Randomized Trial, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 91, Issue 15, 4 August 1999, Pages 1304–1309, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.15.1304 BACKGROUND: In epidemiologic studies, sunscreen use is associated with increased risk of cutaneous melanoma, basal cell skin cancer, and higher numbers of nevi. It has been proposed that sunscreens may encourage prolonged sun exposure because they delay sunburn occurrence.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2018-07-09): But the evidence of how well sunscreen protects against skin cancer is mixed. For starters, it’s difficult to study the links between sun exposure, sunscreen use, and skin cancer because sun exposure across a person’s entire lifetime contributes to skin damage. By the time a participant enrolls in a study, the damage may have already occurred. In addition, it can be hard to assess how well and often study participants apply sunscreen. Researchers categorize skin cancers into two main types: melanoma and non-melanoma. Some data show that sunscreen is more useful in preventing non-melanoma skin cancers. There is also limited evidence that sun exposure and sunburns increase one’s risk for developing melanoma, the deadliest form or skin cancer. But there are also many studies that find sunscreen does not reduce one’s risk for developing either type of skin cancer. [...] - Many sunscreens include a vitamin A additive that may speed the development of skin cancer. The sunscreen industry adds a form of vitamin A called retinyl palmitate to some sunscreen products to help prevent aging. But studies show it may trigger development of skin tumors and lesions when used on skin in the presence of sunlight.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2003-12-16): Sunscreen use and the risk for melanoma: a quantitative review - PMID: 14678916 - DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-139-12-200312160-00006 [...] Background: Originally developed to protect against sunburn, sunscreen has been assumed to prevent skin cancer. However, conflicting reports include claims that sunscreen increases risk for melanoma. [...] Use of sunscreen and risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Dermatol. 2018 Apr 1;28(2):186-201. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2018.3251. Eur J Dermatol. 2018. PMID: 29620003 Review.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2022-08-09): Efficacy of Sunscreen to Prevent Skin Cancer, Sunburn, and Photoaging [...] Finding: Consistent use of broad spectrum, SPF 30 sunscreen when outdoors reduces the risk of developing skin cancer (keratinocyte carcinomas and melanomas), photoaging, and sunburn. [...] CORRELATES OF SUNSCREEN USE AND CHANGES IN SUNSCREEN USE
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2017-05-23): Association Between Perceived Skin Cancer Risk Reduction and Sunscreen Use - PMID: 31517656 - DOI: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000002126 Association Between Perceived Skin Cancer Risk Reduction and Sunscreen Use [...] Conclusion: Larger perceived skin cancer (BCC, SCC, and melanoma) risk reduction was associated with increased sunscreen use.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2018-01-04): The use of sunscreen is a key component of public health campaigns for skin cancer prevention, but epidemiological studies have raised doubts on its effectiveness in the general population. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between risk of skin cancer and sunscreen use. We searched PubMed, BIREME and Google Scholar from inception to May 17, 2017, to identify observational studies and controlled trials. We used a random-effects model for conventional and cumulative meta-analyses. We included 29 studies (25 case-control, two cohort, one cross-sectional, and one controlled trial) involving 313,717 participants (10,670 cases). The overall meta-analysis did not show a significant association between skin cancer and sunscreen use (odds ratio (OR) = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.91-1.28, I2 = 89.4%). Neither melanoma (25 studies; 9,813 cases) nor non-melanoma skin cancer (five studies; 857 cases) were associated with sunscreen use, with a pooled OR (95% CI) of 1.10 (0.92-1.33) and 0.99 (0.62-1.57), respectively. The cumulative evidence before the 1980s showed a relatively strong positive association between melanoma and sunscreen use (cumulative OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.66-3.33). The strength of the association between risk of skin cancer and sunscreen use has constantly decreased since the early 1980s, and the association was no longer statistically significant from the early 1990s. While the current evidence suggests no increased risk of skin cancer related to sunscreen use, this systematic review does not confirm the expected protective benefits of sunscreen against skin cancer in the general population.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2018-08-09): The effect of sunscreen on vitamin D: a review - PMID: 30945275 - DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17980 [...] Conclusions: There is little evidence that sunscreen decreases 25(OH)D concentration when used in real-life settings, suggesting that concerns about vitamin D should not negate skin cancer prevention advice. However, there have been no trials of the high-SPF sunscreens that are now widely recommended. What's already known about this topic? Previous experimental studies suggest that sunscreen can block vitamin D production in the skin but use artificially generated ultraviolet radiation with a spectral output unlike that seen in terrestrial sunlight. Nonsystematic reviews of observational studies suggest that use in real life does not cause vitamin D deficiency. What does this study add? This study systematically reviewed all experimental studies, field trials and observational studies for the first time. While the experimental studies support the theoretical risk that sunscreen use may affect vitamin D, the weight of evidence from field trials and observational studies suggests that the risk is low. We highlight the lack of adequate evidence regarding use of the very high sun protection factor sunscreens that are now recommended and widely used. [...] Sunscreens block cutaneous vitamin D production with only a minimal effect on circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D.Arch Osteoporos. 2017 Dec;12(1):66. doi: 10.1007/s11657-017-0361-0. Epub 2017 Jul 17. Arch Osteoporos. 2017. PMID: 28718005 Review.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-03-29): When it comes to skin cancer, a lack of accurate information is a big reason why people don’t take the proper precautions or don’t get diagnosed early enough for treatment to be effective. She hopes that increasing sun safety education and debunking common myths can help everyone understand and reduce their risks of skin cancer. [...] UV lamps, like those used in tanning beds and nail salons, damage your skin and increase your chances of developing skin cancer. [...] The risk of skin cancer also increases with age. You are also exposed to more UV radiation at higher elevations and at locations closer to the equator.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2018-05-29): Use of sunscreen and risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis [...] This systematic reviewand meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between risk of skin cancer and sunscreen use. [...] We included 29 studies (25 case-control, two cohort, one cross-sectional, and one controlled trial) involving 313,717 participants (10,670 cases). The overall meta-analysis did not showa significant association between skin cancer and sunscreen use (odds ratio (OR) = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.91-1.28, I2 = 89.4%). Neither melanoma (25 studies; 9,813 cases) nor non-melanoma skin cancer (five studies; 857 cases) were associated with sunscreen use, with a pooled OR (95% CI) of 1.10 (0.92-1.33) and 0.99 (0.62-1.57), respectively. The cumulative evidence before the 1980s showed a relatively strong positive association between melanoma and sunscreen use (cumulative OR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.66-3.33). The strength of the association between risk of skin cancer and sunscreen use has constantly decreased since the early 1980s, and the association was no longer statistically significant from the early 1990s.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2021-08-11): The messaging can be confusing, says skin cancer specialist and dermatologist Dr. Larisa Geskin, who works to raise awareness of skin cancer prevention and sun safety. "People should enjoy being outdoors and spending time on the beach and in the sun, but you have to be protected." Sun exposure is a major risk factor for skin cancer, the most common form of cancer, with an estimated 9,500 people in the U.S. diagnosed each day. A small percentage of these diagnoses are melanoma, a form of skin cancer that is a potentially fatal disease. Today, melanoma is the fifth most common cancer among men and women, and recently there has been an increase in the incidence of melanoma affecting individuals aged 15 to 39 years. To raise awareness for skin cancer prevention, Dr. Geskin and her colleagues in the Department of Dermatology at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons are always looking to share key facts on what the public should know about sun safety and sunscreen. Here’s what they had to say.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2017-01-01): Regular use of sunscreen is an important component of sun protection and has been shown to reduce the risk of skin cancer.1 Multiple professional organizations, including the American Academy of Dermatology, as well as dermatologists themselves, have recommended patient counseling regarding the use of sunscreen.2,3 However, there have been other conflicting messages about sunscreen (sometimes without scientific support) that have led to confusion by the public.4 Dermatologists regularly discuss these issues with patients and their recommendations affect patients’ selection of sunscreen; however, to our knowledge, their actual views have not been studied.2,5 The purpose of this study was to determine, via a survey, US dermatologists’ perceptions of the safety and efficacy of sunscreen, recommendations to patients regarding its use, and their personal use of sunscreen (Figure). [...] Of the 165 US dermatologists offered the survey, 156 (94.5%) participated and completed enough of the questions (26 of 28 [92.9%]) to be included in the outcome analyses. Dermatologists have an overall positive view of sunscreen: 97% agree that regular use of sunscreen helps lower the risk of skin cancer, 100% agree that use of sunscreen reduces subsequent photoaging, and 99% recommend that their family and friends use sunscreen (Table). Nearly all dermatologists (96%) consider sunscreens approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that are currently available in the United States to be safe. Ninety-nine percent of dermatologists believe that their patients generally do not apply enough sunscreen. [...] CC. A prospective randomized controlled trial indicates that sunscreen use reduced the risk of developing melanoma.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2023-08-29): Sunscreen is essential for protecting your skin from early aging and skin cancers, which often are a direct result of the sun's ultraviolet, or UV, radiation. [...] Myth #6: I won't get enough Vitamin D if I wear sunscreen. Fact: Even well-applied sunscreen lets 2% to 3% of the sun's ultraviolet B rays reach your skin, and your body needs only a little to produce vitamin D. Rather than risk skin cancer, it's better to seek your vitamin D needs through a healthy diet or supplement.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-07-19): In mid-July 2024, a Facebook reel with almost half a million views claimed there is "a direct correlation" between the introduction of sunscreen use and skin cancer. It added that wearing sunglasses reduces natural protection against sunburn. [...] For the same reason, wearing sunglasses will also not prevent the skin from producing vitamin D. We already explained that vitamin D synthesis occurs in the skin, stimulated by solar UVB radiation. Because this process also doesn’t involve the eyes, wearing sunglasses doesn’t interfere with it. In brief, wearing sunglasses doesn’t increase the risk of sunburn and vitamin D deficiency but can help prevent other health problems instead. Overexposure to solar and artificial UV radiation can harm the eyes in the same way it harms the skin. The American Academy of Ophthalmology explains that too much exposure to UV light increases the risk of eye problems, including cataracts and eye cancers. To minimize these risks, the association recommends "wearing UV-blocking sunglasses" that provide 100% protection against both UVA and UVB rays.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Learn moreSeeking shade, wearing sun-protective clothing — including a lightweight and long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses with UV protection — and wearing sunscreen on all skin not covered by clothing — are all important behaviors to reduce your risk of skin cancer. Sunscreen products are regulated as over-the-counter drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [...] Using sun protection may decrease your skin’s production of vitamin D. However, the AAD recommends that healthy adults should obtain an adequate amount of Vitamin D from a diet that includes foods naturally rich in vitamin D and/or foods/beverages fortified with vitamin D. This approach gives you the vitamin D you need without increasing your risk for skin cancer. [...] Protect your skin from the sun to prevent sunburn and reduce your risk of skin cancer and premature skin aging. Seek shade, wear sun-protective clothing — such as long sleeves, pants, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses with UV protection. Apply a broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to all skin not covered by clothing.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2023-05-26): An Instagram post liked almost 10,000 times claims that sunglasses increase the likelihood of getting sunburned. This is false. The post caption says: "[Sunglasses] trick the brain into thinking that it’s dark due to their dark lens. This leads to a reduction in the production of melanin which is essential for vitamin D synthesis. Wearing sunglasses therefore increases your risk of low vitamin D and sunburn." As we will explain, the idea that melanin leads to vitamin D synthesis which then protects against sunburn is wrong at every step.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2023-09-29): Sunscreen is just one of the defenses against the harmful effect of UV radiation. Strategies such as seeking shade and dressing children in sun-protective clothing are just as important. A bad sunburn in childhood or adolescence doubles the risk of melanoma later in life, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation. [...] Sun Exposure & Vitamin D Some sunlight is good for you and is needed for bone health. It has been suggested by some vitamin D researchers that approximately 5 to 30 minutes of sun exposure at least twice a week to the face, arms, legs, or back without sunscreen usually lead to sufficient vitamin D. Individuals with limited sun exposure need to include good sources of vitamin D in their diet or take a supplement to achieve recommended levels of intake.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2022-06-21): UVR in small amounts is essential to good health as it leads to the production of vitamin D in the body. Vitamin D strengthens the bone and musculoskeletal system. People who have very low sun exposure – such as those in institutional care or housebound, people with deeply pigmented skin living in high latitudes or those who, for religious or cultural reasons cover their entire body surface when they are outdoors – should consider oral vitamin D supplementation. [...] Fair-skinned people suffer more from sunburn and have a higher risk of skin cancer than dark-skinned people; however, darker-skinned people also develop skin cancers. Consideration of eye damage is important for everyone. [...] - Avoid use of artificial tanning devices. Sunbed use increases the risk of developing skin cancers. Artificial tanning should never be considered as an option to achieve sufficient vitamin D status. Several countries have implemented legislation to ban or restrict the use of sunbeds.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2019-11-01): Sunscreen use and vitamin D status/outcomes in real sun exposure (controlled studies) in skin cancer patients and healthy volunteers [...] Cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis is initiated by terrestrial‐range UVB and can be achieved with suberythemal exposures to a relatively small BSA. Daily sunscreen use, for nonintentional solar exposure, is mainly based on products with low SPF and high UVA‐PF. This is unlikely to impact on vitamin D production. In fact, most studies published to date have shown no association between sunscreen use and vitamin D deficiency, even with regular use of SPF > 15. Some studies have even reported a positive association between sunscreen use and 25(OH)D3, suggesting that their use may have increased sun exposure. Indeed, time spent outdoors and BSA exposed to sun have been positively correlated with vitamin D status. Overall, other photoprotection behaviours (such as seeking shade, wearing protective clothing and long sleeves) may have more impact on vitamin D status than sunscreen use. The recommendations of the panel for daily and recreational photoprotection, as well as the need for vitamin D screening and supplementation, are summarized in Table 5. [...] Sunscreens block cutaneous vitamin D production with only a minimal effect on circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D .
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Vitamin D is a vitamin involved in maintaining healthy bone strength. One way you can get this vitamin is exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun. However, you don’t need much time in the sun to reap the benefits. Moeller recommends only 15 minutes of sun exposure to provide all the vitamin D you need. [...] Moeller says the worst consequence of long-term exposure to the sun is the development of skin cancer. Because the sun damage to the skin develops over years, the older you are, the greater the risk of developing skin cancer. After years of exposure to the sunlight, providers look for three common types of skin cancer (in order of how often they occur): basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. [...] In the United States, research shows more than 400,000 cases of skin cancer each year are attributed to indoor tanning. Studies have shown the risk of malignant melanoma is much higher in people who use tanning beds.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-06-20): Everybody needs some sun exposure to produce vitamin D (which helps calcium absorption for stronger and healthier bones). But unprotected exposure to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays can cause damage to the skin, eyes, and immune system. It can also cause cancer. There are other contributing factors such as heredity and environment. But sunburn and excessive UV light exposure do damage the skin. This damage can lead to skin cancer or premature skin aging (photoaging). [...] UVB rays cause a much greater risk of skin cancer than UVA. [...] UVA also increases the damaging effects of UVB, including skin cancer and cataracts.