copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2021-12-30): But soldiers weren’t the only Americans required to receive a vaccine. In 1902, Massachusetts was once again at the forefront of the vaccine charge and once again, the focus was smallpox. As an outbreak spread across the state, the Board of Health in Cambridge issued a regulation ordering the vaccination of all residents. Pastor Henning Jacobson refused the vaccination, on the grounds that his childhood inoculation had gone badly back in Sweden. He pursued the legal case all the way to the Supreme Court, arguing that the law was a violation of his personal liberty and "unreasonable, arbitrary and oppressive." In 1905, the Court declared that the Massachusetts law did not violate the Constitution and affirmed that "in every well-ordered society charged with the duty of conserving the safety of its members the rights of the individual in respect of his liberty may at times, under the pressure of great dangers, be subjected to such restraint." They also determined that mandatory vaccinations were neither arbitrary nor oppressive if they do not exceed what is "reasonably required for the safety of the public."
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2024-01-19): Know your rights to care for your health.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2020-07-25): Although he deferred to Swedish health authorities’ designation of Stockholm as an affected area, Judge Dooling carefully reviewed the actions of the federal Public Health Service, which ordered Siegel’s quarantine upon her return to the USA. In upholding the quarantine order, Dooling pointed to the importance of an individualized risk assessment, "taking into account previous vaccinations and the possibilities of her exposure to infection."59 Siegel was initially asked to present a certificate of vaccination against smallpox, but she had failed to produce detectable antibodies following a series of vaccination attempts and could not be certified as successfully vaccinated. Dooling noted that federal health officials had not detailed Siegel’s husband, who apparently had been successfully vaccinated prior to the trip to Stockholm.60 The judge also emphasized the need to adopt less restrictive alternatives, where available. He urged "caution[] against light use of isolation," which "is not to be substituted for surveillance unless the health authority considers the risk of transmission of the infection by the suspect to be exceptionally serious."61
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2003-05-21): A primary concern that arose early in the investigation of vaccine safety was the exposure of infants and young children to mercury, a known toxin, through mandatory childhood immunizations. This concern had been raised as a possible underlying factor in the dramatic rise in rates of late-onset or ``acquired'' autism. The symptoms of autism are markedly similar to those of mercury poisoning. [...] ``My first concern was that it would harm the credibility of the immunization program. But gradually it came home to me that maybe there was some real risk to the children.'' [...] It is clear that inadequate scientific evidence exists to understand fully the likely damage done to a generation of children who were repeatedly exposed to significant levels of mercury through their mandatory childhood immunizations.
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2023-03-02): A second conflict story began soon after. An article in Politiken, headlined "Simone could hardly move without getting dizzy after having received her HPV vaccine," reported on a 13-year-old girl who used to be an elite gymnast but now suffered from suspected adverse reactions shortly after her three HPV vaccinations (April 16, 2013). The day after Politiken ran a headline quoting the parents: "HPV vaccine has made our daughter's life hell" (April 17, 2013). The parents said that their daughter suffered from chronic headaches and long spells of dizziness because of her vaccination. Since they received no information about possible adverse reactions, but also because of the critical stories about experts' conflicts of interests that had appeared in the news, the parents voiced criticism of the health authorities. "We feel powerless and responsible. The vaccine is like Russian roulette, and I often think it was not worth it," said Simone's mother in Politiken (April 17, 2013).
Claim: Sweden Bans Mandatory Vaccinations Over 'Serious Heath [sic] Concerns' (Baxter Dmitry, 2019-08-23)
Evidence (2024-09-19): On August 26, 1807, Bavaria became the first country in the world to introduce compulsory vaccinations. Baden followed in 1809, Prussia in 1815, Württemberg in 1818, Sweden in 1816 and the German Empire in 1874 through the Reichs Vaccination Act.[117][118] In Lutheran Sweden, the Protestant clergy played a pioneering role in voluntary smallpox vaccination as early as 1800.[119] The first vaccination was carried out in Liechtenstein in 1801, and from 1812 it was mandatory to vaccinate.[120]
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2019-06-08): Express articles repeat this claim frequently, but research does not support the idea of imminent global cooling due to low solar activity. It is not known that a "grand solar minimum" will occur, but even if it did, the temperature effect would be much smaller than human-caused warming.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2020-05-19): The most recent solar cycle was relatively quiet, leading to a lot of fearmongering over an impending Grand Solar Minimum, a longer period of time spanning several cycles where even the maximums are subdued. Reports suggested global temperatures would plummet, producing a mini ice age. NASA gave this idea a sound drubbing earlier this year. "The warming caused by the greenhouse gas emissions from the human burning of fossil fuels is six times greater than the possible decades-long cooling from a prolonged Grand Solar Minimum," wrote the NASA Global Climate Change team in February. "Even if a Grand Solar Minimum were to last a century, global temperatures would continue to warm. Because more factors than just variations in the Sun's output change global temperatures on Earth, the most dominant of those today being the warming coming from human-induced greenhouse gas emissions."
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2024-07-10): A given solar cycle begins at solar minimum, where the sun is near sunspot-less. During this window, there can be no solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs) for months at a time. From this period of solar minimum, solar activity gradually ramps up over several years, to a period of solar maximum. During solar maximum, large solar flares and CMEs are at their most frequent. [...] CircuitBurner Seriously, this is the 1st time in my 56 years that the 11 year solar cycle has gone rogue. The truth is we really have no control over the sun and what our star will do next. I find it curiously worrisome to observe our science institutions fraying at the edges not able to definitively dictate the natural behavior of our closest star, and the subsequent lack of coverage in main stream media. It might very well turn out that global warming wasn't driven by human activities after all....Reply
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2023-10-30): The sun will reach the peak of its current activity cycle in 2024, one year earlier than previous estimates, according to experts at NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC). [...] We are of course not without our own natural protection — Earth's magnetic field. [...] When energetic particles and magnetic fields are released from the sun during events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, Earth can sometimes find itself within the line of fire.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2023-10-30): Scientists finally acknowledge that they got their solar cycle predictions wrong, and that we are fast approaching the sun's explosive peak [...] Scientists forecasting solar weather have finally acknowledged that the initial predictions for the current solar cycle were way off. The researchers now say that we are fast approaching an explosive peak in solar activity. Earlier this year, Live Science reported that the solar maximum will likely hit harder and sooner than predicted. The sun is constantly in flux. Roughly every 11 years, our home star cycles from a period of tranquility, known as solar minimum, to a peak of solar activity known as solar maximum — when dark sunspots cover the sun and frequently spit out powerful solar storms. The star then transitions back to solar minimum before the next solar cycle begins.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2021-03-09): The Sun exhibits centennial-scale activity variations and sometimes encounters grand solar minimum when solar activity becomes extremely weak and sunspots disappear for several decades. Such an extreme weakening of solar activity could cause severe climate, causing massive reductions in crop yields in some regions. During the past decade, the Sun’s activity has tended to decline, raising concerns that the Sun might be heading for the next grand minimum. However, we still have an underdeveloped understanding of solar dynamo mechanisms and hence precise prediction of near-future solar activity is not attained. Here we show that the 11-year solar cycles were significantly lengthened before the onset of the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715 CE) based on unprecedentedly high-precision data of carbon-14 content in tree rings. It implies that flow speed in the convection zone is an essential parameter to determine long-term solar activity variations. We find that a 16 year-long cycle had occurred three solar cycles before the onset of prolonged sunspot disappearance, suggesting a longer-than-expected preparatory period for the grand minimum. As the Sun has shown a tendency of cycle lengthening since Solar Cycle 23 (1996–2008 CE), the behavior of Solar Cycle 25 can be critically important to the later solar activity.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2019-07-30): The most famous example of this is the Maunder minimum, which saw seven decades of freezing weather, began in 1645 and lasted through to 1715, and happened when sunspots were exceedingly rare. [...] Now, scientists are concerned that we could face another prolonged solar minimum again. [...] The researchers stated in the study published in the journal Nature: "Recently discovered long-term oscillations of the solar background magnetic field associated with double dynamo waves generated in inner and outer layers of the Sun indicate that the solar activity is heading in the next three decades (2019–2055) to a Modern grand minimum similar to Maunder one."
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2023-11-30): The last solar minimum, marking the end of solar cycle 24, took place in 2019. Solar cycle 24 was relatively quiet, as solar cycles go; the NOAA prediction was that solar cycle 25 would follow suit, with subdued activity, and a peak in July 2025. [...] In all, however, the evidence so far suggests that we need to be looking more closely at the Sun's magnetic activity, rather than just what's happening on the surface. The team's research has been published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2024-05-10): Associate Professor of Astronomy Douglas Leonard explains why sunspots, solar flares, and space weather events increase in frequency as the Sun's magnetic field flips. Every 11 years the Sun’s magnetic pole flips. Leading up to this event, there is a period of increased solar activity — from sunspots and solar flares to spectacular northern and southern lights. The current solar cycle began in 2019 and scientists predict it will peak sometime in 2024 or 2025 before the Sun returns to a lower level of activity in the early 2030s. [...] Scientists have dubbed this "solar cycle 25". How did scientists determine that the solar cycle is 11 years long?
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2023-07-26): "As we emerge from solar minimum and approach Cycle 25’s maximum, it is important to remember solar activity never stops; it changes form as the pendulum swings," said Lika Guhathakurta, solar scientist at the Heliophysics Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington. [...] With solar minimum behind us, scientists expect the Sun’s activity to ramp up toward the next predicted maximum in July 2025. Doug Biesecker, panel co-chair and solar physicist at NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) in Boulder, Colorado, said Solar Cycle 25 is anticipated to be as strong as the last solar cycle, which was a below-average cycle, but not without risk. [...] Elsayed Talaat, director of Office of Projects, Planning, and Analysis for NOAA’s Satellite and Information Service in Silver Spring, Maryland, described the nation’s recent progress on the Space Weather Action Plan as well as on upcoming developments, including NOAA’s Space Weather Follow-On L-1 observatory, which launches in 2024, before Solar Cycle 25’s predicted peak.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2020-03-05): Misunderstanding of science: A solar minimum would not cause cold weather across the globe. [...] UPDATE (19 August 2019): The article has been corrected again, removing the incorrect claim about Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the Maunder Minimum and clarifying the likely climate impact of a hypothetical grand solar minimum in the future. [...] While regional and seasonal effects might be larger, the expected global temperature response to a future grand solar minimum similar to the Maunder Minimum is a cooling of about 0.1°C. It should be pointed out that this cooling would occur on the background of current anthropogenic warming which is about a factor of 10 larger. To claim that temperatures will fall dramatically is thus not really justified. It is also clear from these numbers that a future grand solar minimum (which would last only for a few decades anyway) would not save us from global warming, as we have shown in a scientific paper and explained here. The marginal temperature differences between warming scenarios with and without a future Maunder Minimum is illustrated here:
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2024-06-14): Related: How a giant sunspot unleashed solar storms that spawned global auroras that just dazzled us all [...] As the sun's magnetic field shifts, the "current sheet" — a sprawling surface that radiates billions of miles outward from the sun's equator — becomes very wavy, providing a better barrier against cosmic rays. [...] Scientists will be keeping a watchful eye on the sun's magnetic field reversal and seeing how long it takes for it to bounce back into a dipole configuration. If that happens within the next couple of years, the next 11-year cycle will be relatively active, but if the buildup is slow, the cycle will be relatively weak, like the previous Solar Cycle 24.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2020-02-13): Anomalous periods like a Grand Solar Minimum show that magnetic activity and energy output from the Sun can vary over decades, although the space-based observations of the last 35 years have seen little change from one cycle to the next in terms of total irradiance. Solar Cycle 24, which began in December 2008 and is likely to end in 2020, was smaller in magnitude than the previous two cycles. [...] Even if a Grand Solar Minimum were to last a century, global temperatures would continue to warm. The reason for this is because more factors than just variations in the Sun’s output change global temperatures on Earth, the most dominant of those today is the warming coming from human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. [...] Several studies in recent years have looked at the effects that another Grand Solar Minimum might have on global surface temperatures. These studies have suggested that while a grand minimum might cool the planet as much as 0.3 degrees C, this would, at best, slow down but not reverse human-caused global warming. There would be a small decline of energy reaching Earth; however, just three years of current carbon dioxide concentration growth would make up for it. In addition, the Grand Solar Minimum would be modest and temporary, with global temperatures quickly rebounding once the event concluded.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2024-06-28): MEDIA RESOURCES - SOLAR MINIMUM [...] Go to this pageClick here for NOAA's Solar Minimum Press Kit with downloadable imagery and b-roll.Cut b-roll for the live shots will be posted Tuesday, Sept 15 by 4:00 p.m. EST || SolarBanner5.jpg (382x2448) [463.6 KB] || SolarBanner5_print.jpg (1024x159) [164.0 KB] || SolarBanner5_searchweb.png (320x180) [93.2 KB] || SolarBanner5_thm.png (80x40) [18.1 KB] || [...] A Decade of Sun
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2017-06-27): "This is called solar minimum," says Dean Pesnell of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. "And it’s a regular part of the sunspot cycle." [...] There are unique space weather effects that get stronger during solar minimum. For example, the number of galactic cosmic rays that reach Earth’s upper atmosphere increases during solar minimum. Galactic cosmic rays are high energy particles accelerated toward the solar system by distant supernova explosions and other violent events in the galaxy. [...] Solar minimum brings about many changes to our sun, but less solar activity doesn’t make the sun and our space environment any less interesting.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2018-08-13): What happens if the next solar cycle becomes less active? Will we enter into a new ice age? [...] In more depth, scientists know that even a prolonged Grand Solar Minimum would only serve to offset a few years of warming caused by human activities. In other words, warming caused by the greenhouse gas emissions from the human burning of fossil fuels is 6 times greater than the possible decades-long cooling from a prolonged Grand Solar Minimum. Even if a Grand Solar Minimum were to last for a century, global temperatures would still continue to warm. Because the Sun is not the only factor affecting global temperatures on Earth.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2009-01-01): Ice cores provide key information about what the Earth’s climate was like in the past. [...] However, as the planet warms and ice caps melt, less light is reflected, leading to even more warming. [...] The report delivers scientists’ starkest warning yet about the deepening climate emergency. It warns that we are already observing changes in the Earth’s climate that are unprecedented in thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of years.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Climate change threatens to reverse decades of progress towards better health and well-being, particularly in the most vulnerable communities. Scientific know-how and resources can help redress the balance, but are not sufficiently accessible or utilized, according to a new multi-agency report coordinated by the World Meteorological Organization. [...] A report from the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and the World Meteorological Organization warns that half of the countries globally are not protected by multi-hazard early warning systems. [...] The IPCC Special Report highlights the urgency of prioritizing timely, ambitious and coordinated action to address unprecedented and enduring changes in the ocean and cryosphere. Without a radical change in human behavior, hundreds of millions of people could suffer from rising sea levels, frequent natural disasters and food shortages, it warns.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2021-06-28): Priority action: Set near-term milestones to get on track for long-term targets [...] Priority action: Take international co-operation to new heights
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2024-09-30): Now climate scientists have concluded that we must limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2040 if we are to avoid a future in which everyday life around the world is marked by its worst, most devastating effects: the extreme droughts, wildfires, floods, tropical storms, and other disasters that we refer to collectively as climate change. These effects are felt by all people in one way or another but are experienced most acutely by the underprivileged, the economically marginalized, and people of color, for whom climate change is often a key driver of poverty, displacement, hunger, and social unrest. [...] Is the United States doing anything to prevent global warming? [...] This story was originally published on March 11, 2016 and has been updated with new information and links.