copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Colombia (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-04): In Antioquia, armed clashes mainly involved members of the Gulf Clan and the military forces of Colombia. However, unidentified armed groups were also significant drivers of political violence, engaging in deadly attacks on local farmers, teachers, and other civilians. The Gulf Clan, also referred to as the Gaitanist Self Defense Forces of Colombia, controls illegal economic activities in drug production zones, trafficking corridors, and processing laboratories, as well as engaging in illegal mining and extortion. In addition to Antioquia, the group is active in several departments, including Choco, Valle del Cauca, Santander, and in the cross-border areas between Colombia and Venezuela.5InsightCrime, ‘Urabeños-Gulf Clan,’ 8 November 2022
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Colombia (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): More recently, the virulence of these disputes has been exacerbated locally by the presence, whether proven or assumed, of mineral or sea-life resources, as it is along this narrow coastal band that traditional fishing, hydrocarbon deposits, tourism, as well as the potential for aquaculture and marithermic power generation, are concentrated.1 Differences between Colombia and Venezuela over the tiny islets of Los Monjes at the entrance to the Gulf of Venezuela would be less acrimonious but for the significant presence of fishing resources, as well as the probability of oil reserves in nearby ocean depths. [...] This Venezuelan archipelago, 0.2 km2 in area, is situated at the mouth of the Gulf of Venezuela, 35 km from the Guajira Peninsula (Colombia) and 45 km to the northeast of the state of Zulia (Venezuela). It is made up of three groups of uninhabited rocks and islets (except for a Venezuelan garrison) and without vegetation: South Monjes (70 m in altitude), East Monjes (43 m) and North Monjes (41 m).
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Colombia (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-29): The Gulf Clan has a significant presence in Antioquia, Bolívar, César, Chocó, Córdoba, and Sucre. As the ELN expanded into Antioquia, Bolívar, and Chocó, feuds between the two groups, among the two largest insurgent groups in Colombia, have materialized. In César and Córdoba, groups such as the Pachenca and FARC dissident groups, among others, also challenge the Gulf Clan’s presence. In Sucre, high levels of violence have been attributed to social control exerted by the Gulf Clan over local communities.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Colombia (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-01): The AGC franchise has a presence in at least 20 of Colombia’s departments, as well as internationally. The group’s base and territorial stronghold is centered around the Gulf of Urabá in the departments of Antioquia and Chocó, and stretching into Córdoba. They have an extensive presence throughout the rest of these departments, as well as along the Caribbean coast, in the city of Medellín, and in departments such as La Guajira, Santander, Valle del Cauca, and Norte de Santander.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Colombia (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-07-20): Gulf of Venezuela gulf, Caribbean Sea verifiedCite [...] Gulf of Venezuela, inlet of the Caribbean Sea in Venezuela and Colombia, extending 75 miles (120 km) north-south and reaching a maximum east-west width of 150 miles (240 km). It is bounded by the Guajira Peninsula on the west and by the Paraguaná Peninsula on the east and is connected with Lake Maracaibo to the south through Tablazo Bay and a channel 35 feet (11 m) deep near the city of Maracaibo. The gulf is surrounded by lowlands with little or no cultivation. It is a shipping route for the petroleum-producing Lake Maracaibo region.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Colombia (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-09): The former Captaincy General of Venezuela, created in 1777, had about 1,500,000 square kilometers (the current Republic of Venezuela has 912,000), which included the island of Trinidad, one of the provinces of that entity, seized by the English from Spain in 1802. With the advent of independence, the country also lost control of the Guajira peninsula, part of the current Colombian eastern plains and large sectors of the Amazon, to the benefit of Colombia and Brazil. [...] "There are two ruling that have left a deep mark on Venezuela’s territorial identity," says Lauren Caballero, internationalist and analyst at the Central University of Venezuela. "The 1891 ruling, which defined the definitive border between Venezuela and Colombia and the almost total loss of the La Guajira peninsula, and the Paris Arbitral Award of 1899, which resulted in the loss of the Essequibo. These two events have somehow generated a kind of trauma in the conscience of generations of Venezuelans, to the point that diplomacy in Caracas avoided during almost the entire 20th century to commit itself to any international treaty that would oblige it to settle its territorial delimitation with third parties". The famous "landmark of Castilletes", after the delimitation that resulted in the loss of almost the entire La Guajira peninsula, is the starting point of the famous dispute over the Gulf of Venezuela - controlled by Venezuela, but claimed in part by Colombia - which for years was the one that monopolized all the news headlines in those years, with some peaks of diplomatic and military binational tension included.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Colombia (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-05-23): Thirty three of our respondents also provided information indicating that marine turtle products originating from Venezuela are being sent across the border into Colombia. The most common Colombian destinations are Riohacha and Maicao, which are cities lying adjacent to the Gulf of Venezuela and within the Colombian Guajira Peninsula (Fig. 1). However, there was less clarity around what species and products were being traded across the border as some respondents (n = 13) believed that the trade into Colombia comprised only of hawksbill turtle products (mainly its scutes) and the products were being sent to different cities such as: Valledupar, Santa Marta, Barranquilla, Cartagena de Indias, Rosario Islands (which are located outside of the Colombian portion of the Guajira Peninsula), or even into Panamá.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Colombia (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-09): Venezuelan state-owned PDVSA and the Nigerian capital company Veneoranto Petroleum Ltd. signed an agreement to develop two natural gas prospects in the areas of Barracuda, located in territorial waters of the Gulf of Venezuela bordering Colombia, and Boca de Serpiente, located in Delta Amacuro state, bordering a territory under claim by Guyana. [...] Th offshore prospect called Barracuda in the Gulf of Venezuela, is estimated to have reserves of 20 Tcf of natural gas and about 2 trillion barrels of condensate, according to available official information. [...] Colombia and Venezuela share an extensive 2,219-km land border. They also share a maritime border over which there are territorial disputes.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-30): The Gulf of Venezuela is a gulf of the Caribbean Sea bounded by the Venezuelan states of Zulia and Falcón and by La Guajira Department, Colombia. The western side is formed by the Guajira Peninsula. A 54 km (34 mi) strait connects it with Maracaibo Lake to the south.[1] Location [edit]The Gulf is located in the north of South America, between Paraguaná Peninsula of the Falcón State to the east in Venezuela and Guajira Peninsula in Colombia to the west. It is connected to the south to Maracaibo Lake through an artificial navigation canal. Colombia and Venezuela have had a longstanding dispute over control of the gulf that has not been resolved, despite the decades-long negotiations conducted by a bilateral commission. [...] See also [edit]References [edit]- ^ a b "Gulf of Venezuela | Caribbean Coast, Oil Fields, Marine Life | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Venezuela administers a number of Caribbean islands and archipelagos, among which are Margarita Island, La Blanquilla, La Tortuga, Los Roques, and Los Monjes. Since the early 19th century Venezuela has claimed jurisdiction over Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River totaling some 53,000 square miles (137,000 square km)—nearly two-thirds of the land area of Guyana. Venezuela also has had a long dispute with Colombia over the delimitation of maritime boundaries in the Gulf of Venezuela and around the archipelago of Los Monjes. [...] The islands and coastal plains are located in the north. They include the Caribbean "Islands to the Leeward," such as Margarita and La Tortuga, and several peninsulas, including the head-shaped Paraguaná in the northwest and, in the northeast, Araya and Paria, the latter a finger of land pointing at Trinidad. The coastal plains extend from the Colombian border and the Gulf of Venezuela eastward to the foothills of the coastal mountains, which are broken in the east by the Unare River basin. Farther east is the Orinoco delta, which opens onto the Atlantic Ocean through a number of distributaries (caños); an early gateway to the settlement of the interior, it is a low, dank, and swampy area heavily dissected by streams.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-04-15): The Gulf of Venezuela, which is also known as Golfo De Venezuela in Spanish, is a kidney-shaped embayment situated at the northwestern tip of South America. It is an inlet of the Caribbean Sea in Columbia and Venezuela. The Gulf of Venezuela separates the Guajira Peninsula to the west which is partly under Venezuelan Sovereignty and partly under Colombian Sovereignty, and the Paraguana Peninsula to the east which is under the sovereignty of Venezuela. It is at the northernmost boundary of both countries. [...] The Gulf extends 75 miles from north to south and reaches a maximum width from west to east of 150 miles. It is connected to Lake Maracaibo which is found to the south by the Tablazo Bay as well as a channel that is 35 feet deep near the city of Maracaibo. Little to no cultivation is carried out in the surrounding lowlands, and it mainly serves as a shipping route to the Lake Maracaibo petroleum-producing region. [...] There has been a longstanding dispute between Venezuela and Columbia over the Gulf of Venezuela. The dispute resurfaced recently when President Nicolas Maduro established the area as an insular zone of constitutive defense through a decree. In 1987, the dispute nearly led to a military conflict between the two nations when Colombia positioned two Corvettes in the disputed waters, and Venezuela sent troops and F-16 warplanes to the area. The areas in dispute are relatively small in size, but the possibility of oil deposits in the area makes it an area of great importance to both countries.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): More recently, the virulence of these disputes has been exacerbated locally by the presence, whether proven or assumed, of mineral or sea-life resources, as it is along this narrow coastal band that traditional fishing, hydrocarbon deposits, tourism, as well as the potential for aquaculture and marithermic power generation, are concentrated.1 Differences between Colombia and Venezuela over the tiny islets of Los Monjes at the entrance to the Gulf of Venezuela would be less acrimonious but for the significant presence of fishing resources, as well as the probability of oil reserves in nearby ocean depths. [...] This Venezuelan archipelago, 0.2 km2 in area, is situated at the mouth of the Gulf of Venezuela, 35 km from the Guajira Peninsula (Colombia) and 45 km to the northeast of the state of Zulia (Venezuela). It is made up of three groups of uninhabited rocks and islets (except for a Venezuelan garrison) and without vegetation: South Monjes (70 m in altitude), East Monjes (43 m) and North Monjes (41 m).
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-18): El Gulf of venezuela (or Gulf of Coquivacoa for Colombians) is a body of water located in the north of South America, which in its greater proportion occupies the territorial waters of Venezuela. A small part of the gulf is located off the coast of La Guajira de Colombia, which is why there have been many disputes between both countries as they cannot define the maritime border. [...] The limits of the Gulf of Venezuela are marked by the Guajira Peninsula (Colombia) to the west and Paraguaná Peninsula (Venezuela) to the east. To the north, the Archipelago of the Monks it is considered the natural border between the gulf and the open waters of the Caribbean Sea. To the south, the coasts of the Venezuelan states of Zulia and Falcón. Between them the Maracaibo Canal, which connects the waters of the Gulf with those of the Gulf of Maracaibo, a kind of Venezuelan inland sea. [...] The Gulf of Venezuela has great strategic and economic importance. On a strategic level, as it is the connecting route between the Gulf of Maracaibo and the Atlantic Ocean; economically, due to the presence under its seabed of important bags of oil and natural gas.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-08): Territorial Dispute between Guyana and Venezuela: Navigating the Essequibo [...] The Cooperative Republic of Guyana and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela dispute sovereignty over a territory of approximately one hundred and fifty-nine thousand (159,000) square kilometers west of the Essequibo River, along the border between the two countries. The parties to the dispute, however, have changed since the nineteenth century, as the Spanish, Dutch, and British colonial footprint gradually faded with the emergence of the South American Republics. The dispute has led to the execution of international treaties, international arbitration proceedings and a Good Offices process under the auspices of the United Nations (UN) Secretary General. The discovery of significant offshore oil reserves has further inflamed tensions and with Guyana filing an Application against Venezuela before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the parties now find themselves at a critical juncture of this long-standing dispute. [...] Quintero Vollmer, F.A. (2021). Territorial Dispute between Guyana and Venezuela: Navigating the Essequibo.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-11): Venezuelan state-owned PDVSA and a Nigerian company, Veneoranto Petroleum Limited., have signed an agreement to develop two natural gas prospects in the areas of Barracuda, located in territorial waters of the Gulf of Venezuela bordering Colombia and a territory under claim by Guyana. [...] The offshore prospect called Barracuda in the Gulf of Venezuela, is estimated to have reserves of 20 Tcf of natural gas and about 2 trillion barrels of condensate, according to available official information. [...] PDVSA is seeking investors for 25 development opportunities in offshore Gulf of Venezuela waters, which have the advantage of nearby onshore infrastructure, the Paraguaná Peninsula, where the two major refineries Amuay and Cardón are located, according to previous reports.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-01): The Gulf of Venezuela, also known as Golfo De Venezuela, is an inland sea located between Venezuela on the east, south, and west, and Colombia on the northwest. The gulf opens into the Caribbean Sea on the north and exchanges water with a tidal bay on the south known as Lake Maracaibo. Some segments of the gulf are the subject of a longstanding dispute between Venezuela and Colombia. Although the contested areas are relatively small, the possible presence of petroleum deposits has made it difficult to resolve the dispute, despite the involvement of a bilateral commission. The Gulf of Venezuela is an important shipping route for vessels transporting petroleum from the Lake Maracaibo region. The Gulf of Venezuela is one of the inlets of the Caribbean Sea located on the northernmost boundary between Venezuela and Colombia. The gulf separates the Paraguana Peninsula on the east and Guajira Peninsula on the west. The Paraguana Peninsula is wholly under Venezuela’s jurisdiction and contained within the Falcon State. The Guajira Peninsula (known as La Goajira Peninsula in Colombia) is shared by Guajira Department (Colombia) and Zulia State (Venezuela) countries. Much of the gulf’s coastline is within Venezuela’s sovereignty, while Colombia has a short coastline on the northeastern tip of the Guajira Peninsula.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-30): The Gulf of Venezuela is a gulf of the Caribbean Sea bounded by the Venezuelan states of Zulia and Falcón and by La Guajira Department, Colombia. The western side is formed by the Guajira Peninsula. A 54 km (34 mi) strait connects it with Maracaibo Lake to the south.[1] The Gulf is located in the north of South America, between Paraguaná Peninsula of the Falcón State to the east in Venezuela and Guajira Peninsula in Colombia to the west. It is connected to the south to Maracaibo Lake through an artificial navigation canal. Colombia and Venezuela have had a longstanding dispute over control of the gulf that has not been resolved, despite the decades-long negotiations conducted by a bilateral commission. The gulf was first seen by Europeans in 1499, when an expedition commanded by Alonso de Ojeda, in which he was accompanied by Amerigo Vespucci, explored the Venezuelan coasts. They compiled information and named the new lands; this expedition arrived at the gulf after passing through the Netherlands Antilles and the Peninsula of Paraguaná.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-18): The name "Venezuela" is believed to have originated from the cartographer Amerigo Vespucci who, together with Alonso de Ojeda, led a 1499 naval expedition along the northwestern coast's Gulf of Venezuela. On reaching the Guajira Peninsula, the crew observed the distinctive stilt villages, palafitos, that the indigenous Añu people had built over the water. This reminded Vespucci of the city of Venice (Italian: Venezia), so he named the region "Venezuola," meaning "little Venice" in Italian. In Spanish, the suffix -zuela is used as a diminutive term. [...] Venezuela has long-standing border disputes with Colombia—aggravated by the capture of a Colombian insurgent leader inside Venezuela—and Guyana, but seeks in general to resolve them peacefully. Bilateral commissions have been established by Venezuela and Colombia to address a range of pending issues, including resolution of the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Venezuela. Relations with Guyana are complicated by Venezuela's claim to roughly three-quarters of Guyana's territory. Since 1987, the two countries have held exchanges on the boundary under the "good offices" of the United Nations.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The borders of Venezuela are the international borders that Venezuela shares with neighboring countries. Venezuela borders with 14 countries totaling 5,161 kilometers which includes territories of France (Martinique and Guadeloupe), the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire), the United Kingdom (Montserrat) and the United States (Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands). Venezuela has the seventh largest number of land and maritime borders after France, China, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States and Italy. [...] Total list [edit]This is a list of countries and territories by land and maritime borders bordering Venezuela. The number and identity of other countries and territories that neighbor it are listed. Land borders and maritime boundaries are included and are tabulated separately and in combination. For purposes of this list, "maritime boundary" includes boundaries that are recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which includes boundaries of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones. However, it does not include lake or river boundaries, which are considered land boundaries. [...] Tripoint between Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana located on Mount Roraima. Due to the Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute, Venezuela does not recognize this point as the tripoint.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-07-20): Gulf of Venezuela gulf, Caribbean Sea verifiedCite [...] Gulf of Venezuela, inlet of the Caribbean Sea in Venezuela and Colombia, extending 75 miles (120 km) north-south and reaching a maximum east-west width of 150 miles (240 km). It is bounded by the Guajira Peninsula on the west and by the Paraguaná Peninsula on the east and is connected with Lake Maracaibo to the south through Tablazo Bay and a channel 35 feet (11 m) deep near the city of Maracaibo. The gulf is surrounded by lowlands with little or no cultivation. It is a shipping route for the petroleum-producing Lake Maracaibo region.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-01): The AGC franchise has a presence in at least 20 of Colombia’s departments, as well as internationally. The group’s base and territorial stronghold is centered around the Gulf of Urabá in the departments of Antioquia and Chocó, and stretching into Córdoba. They have an extensive presence throughout the rest of these departments, as well as along the Caribbean coast, in the city of Medellín, and in departments such as La Guajira, Santander, Valle del Cauca, and Norte de Santander.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-03-23): There are islands that are not Venezuelan territory much closer to the mainland: northern Trinidad (Trinidad and Tobago) is 11 km off shore, to the east of the Paria peninsula and dropping south above the Orinoco delta; at the other end of the country, in the west, the Dutch island of Aruba is 25 km north of the Paraguaná peninsula (at the mouth of the Gulf of Venezuela); while a little further east is Curaçao (55 km off shore), and then Bonaire (80 km), although Bonaire is further from the mainland than it is from the Venezuelan dependencies in the Lesser Antilles (specifically, the Islas Las Aves—not to be confused with the single, northerly Aves island mentioned above). Aves is the most northerly of the 72 Caribbean islands, islets or cays included within the territory of Venezuela, which totals 916,445 sq km (353,841 sq miles).
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): ArmeniaAzerbaijanBangladeshChinaEgyptGeorgiaIranIraqIsraelNorth KoreaOffice of the SpokespersonPakistanPalestinian TerritoriesPhilippinesRussiaSwedenUkraineVenezuela