copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-16): Shortly prior to Kutuzov’s arrival in Romania, five out of nine infantry divisions in the Moldavian army were recalled north to rejoin the main Russian army. This left Kutuzov with 27,000 infantry, 13,500 regular cavalry and Cossacks, and 4,500 artillery, plus a small rowboat flotilla on the Danube. This force was stretched thin defending more than 650 miles along the north bank of the Danube River, the border between Russian-occupied Romania and Ottoman-controlled Bulgaria. [...] Kutuzov was ideally suited to lead the Russian army against the Turks. The majority of Kutuzov’s military career had been spent fighting the Turks. Mikhail Illarionovich Galinischev-Kutuzov (shortened to Kutuzov) was born on September 16, 1745, into a military family. Kutuzov began his career as an artilleryman, but his first active-duty assignment was as an infantry company commander. Soon, his daring and intelligence won him the patronage of influential General Alexander Suvorov. [...] In the middle of June, the Turkish army numbering close to 60,000 men began to advance toward Ruschuk. Akhmed-Bey was well informed that the bulk of the Russian army was located on the northern side of the Danube and was expecting to deal with only the small Russian garrison of Ruschuk on the south side of the river. Unknown to him, upon learning of Turkish advance, Kutuzov recrossed the Danube with his main force and by June 19 began taking up positions roughly three miles south of Ruschuk.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-02): Kutuzov was Russia’s sixth most senior general when Napoleon crossed the River Niemen into the Russian empire on June 24 1812. An aristocrat who had won a war and signed a peace with the Ottomans, he had been a war hero ever since he had survived being shot in the head, not once but twice (blinding him in one eye). This superb biography portrays Kutuzov as "charming, intelligent, calculating, artful" – but, crucially, not the author of the scorched earth retreat-and-wait strategy that was to rout Napoleon’s 600,000-strong army. [...] Kutuzov is hero-worshipped by Russians today, who at the millennium voted him the greatest Russian of the 19th century. Mikaberidze, who has worked extensively in the Russian, French and Lithuanian archives for this book, rightly considers him underappreciated in the West, despite Kutuzov’s doing more to break Napoleon even than the Duke of Wellington, Field Marshal Blücher of Prussia or the Austrian commander Karl von Schwarzenberg. [...] During the Second World War, Russian propaganda depicted Kutuzov as a proto-Stalin, the patriotic Russian genius crushing the invader with his strategic insights and never putting a foot wrong, a cult that Mikaberidze, who left Georgia in the 1990s and now teaches at Louisiana State University, dismantles deftly. Stalin instituted the military Order of Kutuzov during the Great Patriotic War, but Mikaberidze concludes Kutuzov "deserves better than either disparaging dismissal or hero worship".
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-01-12): Meanwhile, in the terrible weather and mud which hampered the troops from 18th-23rd September, Napoleon turned his attention to Russian manoeuvres, hoping to crush any resistance. Cossack bands, however, continued to thwart French attempts at control led by Murat. By the 26th September, Napoleon had discovered that Kutuzov's main forces were on the main Kaluga road. Over the end of September and the beginning of October, the Russian Army slowly retreated to Tarutino, where it took up a defensive position on 3rd October after clashes with Murat's troops. [...] Upon seeing the conditions at Vilna, several days after the Emperor's departure, Murat (who had been left in charge of the Grande Armée) decided to abandon Napoleon's plan and evacuate the town. On the 12th December, Kutuzov made his triumphant entrance into Vilna. And the day after, what was left of the Grande Armée limped back across the Niemen.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Notes - ^ Crimea, which was annexed by Russia in 2014, remains internationally recognised as a part of Ukraine.[1] Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, which were annexed—though are only partially occupied—in 2022, also remain internationally recognised as a part of Ukraine. The southernmost Kuril Islands have been the subject of a territorial dispute with Japan since their occupation by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II.[2] [...] - ^ Including bodies on territory disputed between Russia and Ukraine whose annexation has not been internationally recognised: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol since the annexation of Crimea in 2014,[1] and territories set up following the Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in 2022. [...] - ^ Kuchkin, V. A. (2014). Русская земля [Russian land]. In Melnikova, E. A.; Petrukhina, V. Ya. (eds.). Древняя Русь в средневековом мире [Old Rus' in the medieval world] (in Russian). Moscow: Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ladomir. pp. 700–701.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-12): KUTUZOV, MIKHAIL (1745–1813), Russian field marshal. Field Marshal Kutuzov's career is emblematic of the evolution of a uniquely Russian military institution following the reign of Peter the Great in the early eighteenth century. It was Peter who had thoroughly reformed the kingdom of Muscovy's armed forces by establishing a standing conscript army and professional officer corps, modeled on Western standards, to defend and expand his newly proclaimed Russian Empire. He also decreed a lifetime obligation of state service for the nobility, preferably in the army, to staff his new state edifice. At a moment of crisis almost a century later, Kutuzov, a native Russian, would defeat a foreign invader, preserve the ruling dynasty, and project the empire to its apogee of power. [...] The historical memory of Kutuzov contrasts sharply with official distrust of him. While scholars continue to debate the character of the conflict as a "national" struggle, it is undeniable that in the face of a brutal invasion and occupation, the Russian people perceived the war not as one of defense, but survival. Kutuzov became emblematic of the sacrifice, determination, and sense of unity demonstrated in the Russians' resistance. He embodied the popular, as opposed to the dynastic, interpretation of the victory, a status immortalized by Leo Tolstoy's literary portrait of Kutuzov in the novel War and Peace.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-06): Ukrainian forces reportedly killed Russian Major General Roman Kutuzov on June 5. Russian Telegram channels reported that Kutuzov was killed near Mykolaivka, Luhansk Oblast (near Popasna) on June 5. Kutuzov likely commanded the Donetsk People’s Republic’s 1st Army Corps at the time of his death, though ISW cannot confirm his exact position. Some sources reported that Kutuzov commanded the 5th Combined Arms Army (CAA) at the time of his death, but we assess this is likely incorrect—Kutuzov served as acting commander of the 5th CAA from 2017 to 2019, and Major General Alexei Vladimirovich Podilov currently commands the 5th CAA. High-level Russian commanders have taken remarkably high losses during combat in Ukraine, and will likely continue to do so as the Russian command continues to deploy military leadership directly to the frontline. Kutuzov’s death has not yet been confirmed but would be at least the seventh death of a general in Ukraine since the beginning of the war. Maj-Gen Roman Kutuzov, commander of Russia's 5th Combined Arms Army, was reportedly killed in Luhansk Oblast, according to LDNR sources – https://t.co/ab5zAKYnYw pic.twitter.com/dlUZD70CM1 — Euromaidan Press (@EuromaidanPress) June 5, 2022 [...] - Ukrainian forces likely killed Russian Major General Roman Kutuzov near Popasna."
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-01-22): Called the Kurils by Russia and the Northern Territories by Japan, a string of volcanic islands are at the heart of a feud between the two countries that has prevented them signing a formal World War II peace treaty. [...] They are located to the southeast of the Russian island of Sakhalin and are administratively part of the same region, although Tokyo considers them part of its Hokkaido prefecture and "illegally occupied by Russia". [...] Strategically, control of the islands ensures Russia has year-round access to the Pacific Ocean for its Pacific Fleet of warships and submarines based in Vladivostok, as the strait between Kunashir and Iturup does not freeze over in winter.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-14): The decades-old dispute between Russia and Japan over the status of the Kuril Islands is far from over. Tokyo, which refers to the islands as the Northern Territories, still insists on a peace treaty with Moscow that would result in Russia’s return of at least two out of four islands to Japan, while the Kremlin keeps militarising the disputed territory. The chain of islands – stretching between the Japanese island of Hokkaido at the southern end and the Russian Kamchatka Peninsula in the north – was conquered by the Soviet Union at the end of the Second World War. Ever since, Moscow has considered the Kuril Islands an integral part of Russia. Japan thinks otherwise. [...] A potential return of the Kuril Islands to Japan would be interpreted as a clear sign of Russian weakness, which means that Moscow could also face strong pressure from the West to return Crimea to Ukraine.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-04-29): Kuril islands dispute between Russia and Japan - Published [...] The island chain known as the Kurils stretches north across the Pacific Ocean from the Japanese island of Hokkaido to the southern tip of Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula. [...] The islands are surrounded by rich fishing grounds and are thought to have offshore reserves of oil and gas. Rare rhenium deposits have been found on the Kudriavy volcano on Iturup.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): January 2019 talks in Moscow [edit]The Japanese foreign minister Taro Kono visited Moscow and held talks on the Kuril Islands dispute with Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov on January 14, 2019. At the conclusion of their meeting, Lavrov said that they agreed on wanting to increase ties between the two countries but serious differences remained between the Russian and Japanese positions on the issue. He also said that Japan must recognize them as sovereign Russian territory as a start. In a statement to reporters he had said "Russia's sovereignty over the islands isn't subject to discussion. They are part of the territory of the Russian Federation."[58][59] A couple days later on January 16, Lavrov questioned whether or not Japan has accepted the result of World War II.[60] [...] Ukraine's national parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, voted on October 7, 2022, to recognize the Kuril Islands as integral Japanese territories, illegally occupied by the Russian Federation.[98] The same day President Volodymyr Zelenskyy signed a decree recognizing the Kuril Islands as territory of Japan temporarily occupied by Russia.[99] [...] - ^ censor.net (7 October 2022). "Рада визнала Курили окупованою Росією територією" [The Council recognized the Kuril Islands as territory occupied by Russia]. Telegram (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 7 October 2022.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-25): Kutuzov was a favourite of Tsar Paul I (reigned 1796–1801), and after that emperor's murder he was temporarily out of favour with the new monarch Alexander I, though he remained loyal. [...] Kutuzov by Józef Oleszkiewicz from Hermitage Museum - Kutuzov by Roman Volkov -
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-08-08): In addition to that, Napoleon had to rethink his strategy and decided against mobilizing his army to capture St. Petersburg. His men simply did not have the energy to journey north, let alone a potential onslaught by Kutuzov’s forces. [...] As for Kutuzov’s army, it managed to cut off supplies to the Grand Armée, turning its retreat into complete hell. With little to eat and severely unprepared for the winter, Napoleon's forces drew back all the way to Paris suffering heavy losses along the way. Napoleon was just a human after all.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-29): Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov is best known in the West as the general who led imperial Russian forces to victory over Napoleon during his 1812 invasion of Russia. In Russian culture, Kutuzov became – almost immediately after his death in 1813 – a mythic figure, part of the national pantheon of heroes. To Western readers, he is above all the man presented by Leo Tolstoy in War and Peace: calm, inert, patient, allowing events to unfold before him. In this meticulously researched biography, Alexander Mikaberidze strips off layers of mythmaking and offers a balanced, judicious life of Kutuzov. [...] This book contains 20 maps and over 200 pages of notes, making it a great source for scholars to conduct further research. Alexander Mikaberidze, the author of the highly acclaimed The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History (2020), is Professor of History and Ruth Herring Noel Endowed Chair at Louisiana State University in Shreveport. A brief review is insufficient to discuss the rich nuance and detail in which Kutuzov: A Life in War and Peace abounds. The determined reader will find Mikaberidze's work a compelling story situating Kutuzov not only in imperial Russian culture and politics but in the broader context of European military history in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This book should remain the standard English-language biography of Kutuzov for years to come. [...] Campbell, Ian. "Kutuzov: A Life in War and Peace." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 29 May 2023. Web. 08 Oct 2024.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-12): Mikhail Kutuzov (born September 5 [September 16, New Style], 1745, St. Petersburg, Russia—died April 16 [April 28], 1813, Bunzlau, Silesia [now Bolesławiec, Poland]) was a Russian army commander who repelled Napoleon’s invasion of Russia (1812). [...] Kutuzov inflicted several defeats on the Turks and on May 28, 1812, concluded a Russo-Turkish peace settlement favourable to Russia (Treaty of Bucharest). [...] Kutuzov was the finest Russian commander of his day next to Suvorov himself. He typically relied on quick maneuvers and sought to avoid unnecessary battles, husbanding his forces to strike at the proper moment.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-01): Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov was a military figure whose extraordinary career has been lionised in Russia for more than two centuries. The field marshal led a life of almost ceaseless battlefield exploits. Kutuzov fought against the Polish Confederation of Bar and he served in the Russo-Turkish wars, in which he lost an eye. He took part in the Battle of Austerlitz, which was fought against his advice, and in 1811 he again took command against the Turks and defeated them in a brief and brilliant campaign which resulted in Bessarabia being annexed to Russia. The following year Kutuzov, recently created a prince, replaced Prince Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly as commander-in-chief against the invading armies of Napoleon I.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-30): Kutuzov, S., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Ginot, P., Mikhalenko, V., Shukurov, K., Poliukhov, A., and Toropov, P.: The Elbrus (Caucasus, Russia) ice core record – Part 2: history of desert dust deposition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14133–14148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14133-2019, 2019. Lavrentiev, I. I., Mikhalenko, V. N., and Kutuzov, S. S.: Ice thickness and subglacial relief of the Western ice plateau of Elbrus, Ice Snow, 2, 2–18, 2010. [...] Mikhalenko, V. N., Kutuzov, S. S., Lavrentiev, I. I., Toropov, P. A., Vladimirova, D. O., Abramov, A. A., and Matskovsky, V. V.: Glacioclimatological investigations of the Institute of Geography, RAS, in the crater of Eastern Summit of Mt. Elbrus in 2020, Ice Snow, 61, 149–160, https://doi.org/10.31857/S2076673421010078, 2021.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-01): Putin, Kotkin explained, shares Kutuzov’s vision of a Russia that is multiethnic in character. For Kutuzov and Putin alike, the people who live in Russia proper are "Greater Russians," Belarusians are "White Russians," and the Ukrainians are "Little Russians." During the era in which Kutuzov lived, a Ukraine with politically recognized borders did not exist. Moreover, at the time, the Crimean Peninsula was the domain of the Tatars, an ethnic Muslim population that had been under the rule of the Ottoman Empire until Empress Catherine the Great transferred this territory to Russian control in 1783. Despite Kutuzov and Imperial Russia’s victory over Napoleon, a nationalistic culture prevailed over the concept of imperialism in lands dominated by the Kremlin, especially in Ukraine. [...] Kotkin argued that some analysts are mistaken to believe that NATO expansion caused Russia to feel insecure and thus was the primary reason for Putin to start a war in Ukraine. As Kotkin explained above, Putin, like Kutuzov and other Russian imperialists, doesn’t believe Ukraine exists as a separate nation and is largely motivated by an impulse to make Russia a great power.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-18): Kutuzov: A Life in War and Peace [...] Mikaberidze, Alexander, 'The Tale of Two Ruses', Kutuzov: A Life in War and Peace (New York, 2022; online edn, Oxford Academic, 18 Aug. 2022), https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546734.003.0014, accessed 9 Oct. 2024. [...] Keywords:Mikhail Kutuzov, Napoleon Bonaparte, revolution, Tabor Bridge, Krems-Durrenstein, Hollabrunn, Schöngrabern
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-06): Maj Gen Roman Kutuzov was killed leading an assault on a Ukrainian settlement in the region, a reporter with the state-owned Rossiya 1 said. Alexander Sladkov said Gen Kutuzov had been commanding troops from the self-declared Donetsk People's Republic. [...] Ukraine's military also confirmed the killing of Gen Kutuzov, without offering further details about the circumstances.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-22): S. S. Kutuzov, V. N. Mikhalenko, M. Legrand, A. G. Khairedinova, M. A. Vorob’ev & M. M. Vinogradova [...] Stanislav Sergeevich Kutuzov, Cand. Sci. (Geogr.), is a Laboratory Head and Leading Researcher at the RAS Institute of Geography (RAS IG). Vladimir Nikolaevich Mikhalenko, Dr. Sci. (Geogr.), is Chief Researcher at the RAS IG. Michel Legrand is Head of the RAS IG International Laboratory of Paleoecological Reconstruction. Aleksandra Gayarovna Khairedinova is a Junior Researcher at the RAS IG. Mstislav Alekseevich Vorob’ev is a Junior Researcher at the RAS IG. Mariya Mikhailovna Vinogradova is a Researcher at the RAS IG. [...] Kutuzov, S.S., Mikhalenko, V.N., Legrand, M. et al. Promising Trends in Ice Core Research.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-19): Even if the theoretical case for the dilatory approach Kutuzov represented seemed persuasive, as the campaign went on it became more and more difficult to sustain. The French capture of Smolensk—the farthest into Russian territory an enemy army had reached in centuries—was a shock. An even more painful moment came with the Battle of Borodino outside of Moscow in September 1812, when 40,000 Russian casualties could not stop the French onslaught, despite inflicting comparable losses. The French then occupied the ancient capital unchallenged, provoking horror and indignation across the empire. Moscow’s governor, the arch-conservative aristocrat Fedor Rostopchin, had not known that Kutuzov planned to abandon the city. Furious as he was, Rostopchin suppressed his anger at Kutuzov and redirected it into a fiery propaganda campaign that successfully rallied nobles and commoners alike to seek patriotic vengeance against the godless French. It is also likely that he was the one who decided to start an enormous conflagration that devastated the city and made it impossible for the French to occupy it for long; had this not happened, Kutuzov’s talents might not have sufficed to save the empire.
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): This came at the price of losing Moscow, whose population was evacuated. Miloradovich would not give up his rearguard duties until September 14, allowing Moscow to be evacuated. Miloradovich finally retreated under a flag of truce.[158] Kutuzov withdrew to the southeast of Moscow. [...] Although Saint Petersburg was the political capital at that time, Napoleon had occupied Moscow, the spiritual capital of Russia, but Alexander I decided that there could not be peaceful coexistence with Napoleon. There would be no appeasement.[161] On 19 September Murat lost sight of Kutuzov who changed direction and turned west to Podolsk and Tarutino where he would be more protected by the surrounding hills and the Nara river.[162][163][164] On 3 October Kutuzov and his entire staff arrived at Tarutino and camped there for two weeks. He controlled the three-pronged roads from Obninsk to Kaluga and Medyn so that Napoleon could not turn south or southwest. This position not only allowed him to harass the French lines of communication but also stay in contact with the Russian forces under Tormasov and Chichagov, commander of the Army of the Danube. He was also well placed to watch over the workshops and arms factories in nearby Tula and Briansk.[165]
Claim: Kutuzov Island is a territory of Russia (Kutuzov Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-10): Khromova, T., Nosenko, G., Kutuzov, S., Muraviev, A., and Chernova, L.: Glacier area changes in Northern Eurasia, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 015003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/1/015003, 2014. [...] Shahgedanova, M., Nosenko, G., Kutuzov, S., Rototaeva, O., and Khromova, T.: Deglaciation of the Caucasus Mountains, Russia/Georgia, in the 21st century observed with ASTER satellite imagery and aerial photography, The Cryosphere, 8, 2367–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2367-2014, 2014. [...] Tielidze, L. G., Wheate, R. D., Kutuzov, S. S., Doyle, K., and Lavrentiev, I. I.: Supraglacial debris cover assessment in the Caucasus Mountains, 1986–2000–2014, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2017-96, in review, 2017.