copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2018-10-12): By — Jamie Leventhal Jamie Leventhal Leave a comment 0comments Share Copy URL https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/a-quiet-rise-in-unvaccinated-children-could-put-the-u-s-at-risk-of-outbreaks Email Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Pinterest Tumblr Share on Facebook Share on Twitter A quiet rise in unvaccinated children could put the U.S. at risk of outbreaks Health Updated on Oct 12, 2018 10:39 AM EDT — Published on Oct 11, 2018 3:09 PM EDT Vaccine exemption rates among infants and school-aged children have been quietly rising, creating volatile pockets of unimmunized individuals, new data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows. For the third consecutive school year, unvaccinated communities have seen small but notable growth, according to the CDC’s latest National Immunization Survey. One school in Oregon has toddler vaccination rates lower than those in Venezuela. Only half of the preschoolers in the state received their MMR vaccines, compared to 57 percent of Venezuelan toddlers. Overall, the CDC reported child vaccination rates have been steadily increasing since 2001. The agency’s survey encompasses millions of children across 49 states* and the District of Columbia by pulling data from health care providers and schools. Their findings show that vaccine coverage remains high for 19- to 35-month-olds and kindergarteners.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2022-06-14): For adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, the unvaccinated vs vaccinated IRR against cases declined from 6.7 (95% CI, 6.2-7.2) the week of November 29 to 2.9 (95% CI, 2.8-3.0) the week of December 13 (Omicron 19% sequences), and declined further to 2.0 (95% CI, 1.9-2.2) by January 24 (Omicron >99% sequences) (Table). For unvaccinated vs fully vaccinated children aged 5 to 11 years, the IRR was 3.1 (95% CI, 2.7-3.6) the week of December 13 and declined to 1.1 (95% CI, 1.1-1.2) by January 24. Hospitalizations were higher in unvaccinated than fully vaccinated individuals by the week of January 24, with IRR of 1.9 (95% CI, 0.9-4.8) for children aged 5 to 11 years compared with 3.7 (95% CI, 2.1-6.5) for those aged 12 to 17 years. [...] The risks of infection and hospitalization were elevated for unvaccinated vs vaccinated children aged 5 to 11 and 12 to 17 years, although the risk declined as Omicron became more prevalent. Protection declined with time since vaccination. These results complement recent findings of reduced vaccine effectiveness for adolescents against the Delta variant2 and the dual effects of the variant and waning protection against infection, with sustained protection against hospitalizations.4
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2022-01-18): Amid new COVID-19 research indicating serious health risks for unvaccinated children, Sandra Fryhofer, MD, can’t underscore this point enough: vaccination matters. [...] Compelling findings published in the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report underscore the health risks associated with unvaccinated children. [...] A study of 12–18-year-olds demonstrated that a two-dose series of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, the only vaccine authorized for children, was 91% effective at preventing MIS-C. Among those children hospitalized with MIS-C, 95% had not been vaccinated. None of the vaccinated children required respiratory or cardiovascular life support, compared with 39% of unvaccinated children with MISC.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2021-04-29): Pediatricians Weigh In On What's Safe And Not Safe For Unvaccinated Children [...] Dr. Nia Heard-Garris: What I'll say is that outdoor play dates are probably the safest right now, especially for unvaccinated children. Indoor play dates are a significantly higher risk. And so if you're trying to organize a play date with multiple households, my strong recommendation is that it would be outside with kids wearing a mask and vaccinated adults. [...] Heard-Garris: In my opinion, if your kid is not vaccinated, they should be wearing a mask to play with other children, whether they have Type 1 diabetes or not, and I don't know that you should feel guilty about saying no when kids come to your door and they're unmasked.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2023-06-12): The World Health Organization today called for focused efforts to provide lifesaving childhood vaccines to the nearly 4.6 million children reported as unvaccinated or zero dose in 2021, as countries intensify efforts to equal or surpass pre-COVID-19 pandemic vaccination coverage levels. "The number of unvaccinated children more than doubled from 2 million in 2019 to 4.6 million in the Region by 2021 despite efforts by countries to maintain or restore routine childhood immunization. We need to urgently address gaps and challenges aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic," said Dr Poonam Khetrapal Singh, Regional Director WHO South-East Asia. [...] "We need to accurately identify high-risk areas with high numbers of zero-dose children, and rapidly improve access and uptake of routine immunization," Dr Khetrapal Singh said.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2021-06-30): While parents shouldn’t bring their "kids out to 10 concerts this year where there are 20,000 people … going to the beach, going hiking or other outdoor activities are great choices to do together as a family," he said. "If you have some children who are too young to be vaccinated, you still need to be cautious, but I wouldn't make it a hard stop and say, ‘Oh, you can't do this until everybody's vaccinated.’" [...] That means that "unvaccinated kids can spend time with grandparents and other relatives who are fully vaccinated," he said. But if families are "gathering with two or more households that include anyone unvaccinated or at high risk, masks should still be worn, and activities should be held outside as much as possible." [...] It is important to practice physical distancing, wash your hands and wear a mask if you are unvaccinated and there are large groups of people, explained Dr. Garofalo. But it seems that "most people can go to an amusement park and feel comfortable with their unvaccinated children."
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2021-05-03): If COVID-19 spread like the flu, a community where none of the children and the majority of adults were not yet fully vaccinated would be in trouble. Unvaccinated, unmasked kids playing outside together, going to restaurants or movie theaters with their vaccinated parents and traveling on vacation to other communities would pose a meaningful risk to a lot of people besides themselves. So, it is a pretty big relief that this is not the case, and we’re seeing that fact echoed in new guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that classify unvaccinated people (including kids) hanging out unmasked, outside in the safest category — so long as the people they’re with are all vaccinated. That said, risks remain. Young children do transmit the virus, and variants like the more-transmissible B.1.1.7 lineage increase how likely kids are to spread COVID-19. It’s also important to note that those low rates of children transmitting COVID-19 are very dependent on behavioral modifications — in particular, wearing masks indoors. A brand-new study out on Thursday found that risk-reduction strategies like teachers wearing masks, kids wearing masks, checking symptoms daily and canceling extracurricular activities like sports made the difference between in-person schooling that spread COVID-19 from kids through their families and in-person schooling that didn’t significantly increase the spread of COVID-19.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2022-02-03): How to protect unvaccinated children from COVID: vaccinate their parents [...] Parents vaccinated against COVID-19 shield their unvaccinated children from infection with the Alpha and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2, according to a study of more than 150,000 households in Israel1. [...] Between January and March 2021, when Alpha was dominant, children under the age of 16 were around 72% less likely to get infected if they lived with two fully vaccinated parents than if they lived with two unvaccinated parents. Between July and September 2021, when Delta was dominant, children younger than 12 were 58% less likely to become infected if both parents had received a booster jab than if they had received only two vaccine doses.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2023-11-16): Measles continues to pose a relentlessly increasing threat to children. In 2022, 37 countries experienced large or disruptive measles outbreaks compared with 22 countries in 2021. Of the countries experiencing outbreaks, 28 were in the WHO Region for Africa, six in the Eastern Mediterranean, two in the South-East Asia, and one in the European Region. "The increase in measles outbreaks and deaths is staggering, but unfortunately, not unexpected given the declining vaccination rates we’ve seen in the past few years," said John Vertefeuille, director of CDC’s Global Immunization Division. "Measles cases anywhere pose a risk to all countries and communities where people are under-vaccinated. Urgent, targeted efforts are critical to prevent measles disease and deaths." [...] CDC and WHO urge countries to find and vaccinate all children against measles and other vaccine-preventable diseases, and encourage global stakeholders to aid countries to vaccinate their most vulnerable communities. In addition, to help prevent outbreaks, all global health partners at the global, regional, national, and local levels must invest in robust surveillance systems and outbreak response capacity to rapidly detect and respond to outbreaks.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2017-11-07): Research has proven that vaccines prevent disease. Important medical organizations conclusively support and advise the administration of vaccinations to prevent diseases that once caused devastating effects both in the individual who contracted, and in communities where these diseases spread. While some groups protest against the constitutionality of vaccinating, others counter that failure to do so subjects the unvaccinated to illness and death by contracting and spreading of the sickness. Despite statistics on reduced incidence of diseases with few consequences as a result of vaccine-induced passive immunity, fears of harm secondary to vaccination loom. In the 21st Century, many people are unaware of diseases that still occur in undeveloped countries due to herd immunity through a majority vaccinated population. The diseases, however, are only a plane ride away. Due to globalization, vaccine preventable diseases can land in anyone’s kindergarten. Although the link between vaccination and autism was pinned to research that was subsequently retracted, the rate of not vaccinating children continues to rise and these unvaccinated children pose risk to others who are unable to receive vaccines and compromise the core herd immunity. [...] Shapiro, Y. (2016). Vaccinations: Weighing the Risks and Benefits. The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences, 9(2). Retrieved from https://touroscholar.touro.edu/sjlcas/vol9/iss2/5
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2024-08-04): - Unimmunized or partially immunized homeless children and children in foster care cannot be denied entry to public schools if they do not have immunization records. The federal Every Student Succeeds Act (which makes the McKinney-Vento Act more comprehensive) states that if a homeless or foster care child or youth arrives lacking immunizations or medical records, the parent/guardian should be referred to the district's Homeless Education Liaison/foster care point of contact, who has the responsibility to obtain relevant academic records and immunizations or medical records and to ensure that homeless/foster care students are attending school while the records are obtained. The student must be enrolled and permitted to attend public school in the interim. For questions about the Every Student Succeeds Act, please contact the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE), at (781) 338-3700 or compliance@doe.mass.edu. [...] Many students have an exemption to only one or two vaccines and are otherwise immunized. Beginning in 2015, our survey collected numbers of students with an exemption that have no documented vaccines on file. This shows the number of students that have an exemption to all vaccines and are likely unimmunized. This number is much lower than the total with an exemption or two. The regional clustering of students with no documented vaccines is similar to that of students with an exemption to one or more vaccines. Students that are completely unimmunized pose a greater risk to the community because they are unprotected from multiple infectious diseases.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2020-09-14): In the United States, all people, including those traveling or living abroad, should be assessed for varicella immunity; people who do not have evidence of immunity should receive age-appropriate vaccination if they do not have contraindications to vaccination. Vaccination against varicella is not a requirement for entry into any country, including the United States, but people who do not have evidence of immunity (Box 5-08) should be considered at risk for varicella during international travel. [...] CDC recommends administering postexposure varicella vaccine to unvaccinated healthy people aged ≥12 months without other evidence of immunity, to prevent or modify the disease. Administer the vaccine as soon as possible ≤5 days after exposure to rash, if the exposed person has no contraindications. Among children, protective efficacy was reported as ≥90% when vaccination occurred ≤3 days of exposure. Administration of a second postexposure dose is recommended for exposed people who previously received 1 dose, so their vaccinations are current and to best protect against future exposures. CDC recommends that people without evidence of immunity who have contraindications to vaccination and who are at risk for severe varicella and complications receive postexposure prophylaxis with varicella-zoster immune globulin. The varicella-zoster immune globulin product licensed in the United States is VariZIG.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2021-08-12): Ms Thomson explains how she was first inspired by the idea that unvaccinated people won't be able to participate in certain aspects of society. [...] Ms Thomson says it's a concern that makes many users seek romance only with other unvaccinated people. [...] But virologist Professor Nicola Stonehouse from Leeds University says that vaccinated people pose no health risk to the unvaccinated. And the scientific evidence suggests that in terms of Covid-19 it is safer to be around vaccinated people.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2018-08-14): In 2017, the conspiracy-peddling Neon Nettle junk news website published an article headlined "Harvard Study Proves Unvaccinated Children Pose No Risk." [...] We will discuss Obukhanych’s academic background toward the end of this post, as such details matter less than the content of the misleading or false claims made in her open letter, which we will address one-by-one. Broadly, Obukhanych argues that laws requiring mandatory vaccinations for schoolchildren are misguided because most vaccines included in such laws (in her estimation) do not prevent the transmission of disease, and therefore an unvaccinated child would pose no added risk to a vaccinated child in a school setting: [...] People who have not received [these vaccines] pose no higher threat to the general public than those who have, implying that discrimination against non-immunized children in a public school setting may not be warranted.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2021-02-01): One attractive benefit would be the freedom to not wear a mask in public places if you carried a vaccination certificate, and not to socially distance. Currently, everyone has to wear a mask and practise social distancing. Relaxing this requirement for those who have been vaccinated (or otherwise have immunity) would be an attractive benefit. Moreover, it would help ameliorate the risks the unvaccinated would pose to others. Payment in kind has one advantage over cash in that it might not send the signal that vaccination is perceived to be unsafe. A cash payment may paradoxically undermine vaccination uptake by introducing unwarranted suspicion (though this is an intuition that may need to be tested). Benefits in kind are less susceptible to this concern because they are directly linked to the benefit provided by the vaccine itself: the vaccinated person is no longer a threat to others. Some might object that this represents a form of shaming the non-vaccinators (some of whom might be excluded from vaccination for health reasons), just as presenting those who evaded conscription with a white feather was a method of shaming perceived free-riders. But this could be managed through an education campaign about the justification for face covering requirements. There is a good reason to require the non-vaccinated to continue to wear masks and practice social distancing, regardless of whether their refusal is justified—they do represent a greater direct threat to others.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2021-09-15): - What is the nature of the physician’s practice and patient population? If an unvaccinated patient would pose significant risk to other patients in the practice—for example, if physician’s patients are immune-compromised or cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons, it may be ethically justifiable to refuse an unvaccinated individual, the more so the greater the risk of severe disease for other patients in the practice. Likewise, physicians may decline a patient if meeting the individual’s medical needs would "seriously compromise" the physician’s ability to provide care needed by their other patients (Opinion 1.1.2). - Beyond robust practice-wide infection control efforts, can accommodation be made to minimize the risk an unvaccinated patient may pose to other patients and staff? For example, can unvaccinated and possibly infectious patients be seen in a dedicated examination room? Or at dedicated times only? Or have tested negative for COVID as a condition for receiving care? Can care reasonably be provided via telemedicine? (In keeping with guidance in Opinion 1.2.12.) [...] - Can the patient be persuaded to accept vaccination? When an unvaccinated patient presents for care, physicians (or other appropriate staff) have an opportunity to explore with the patient why they are not vaccinated, respectfully acknowledge and address their concerns and seek to persuade them to accept vaccination to protect themselves and others.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2020-05-10): There are probably some doctors that would tell you it’s no big deal and you shouldn’t worry about it (I would disagree with them). There are other doctors that would say you should never have your child around children who are unvaccinated regardless of your child’s health (I recognize this is not reasonable in many situations). [...] - Who isn’t vaccinated? This question is about family members which makes transmission of infectious diseases more likely than if you just walked by someone on the street and were not interacting with for longer periods of time. [...] Can you get a definitive answer about when your baby can be around unvaccinated children? No, but you at least have some information to make an informed decision.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2019-08-19): "A completely unvaccinated child is unprotected against harmful and contagious diseases, such as measles, pertussis and chicken pox. Children who skip vaccines also pose a risk of transmitting diseases to other patients. This can be especially risky exposure for vulnerable populations, including infants too young to receive vaccines, elderly patients, patients with weakened immune systems or pregnant women." [...] Seventeen percent say a completely unvaccinated child shouldn't be allowed to use the waiting room, and 27% say unvaccinated children should wear masks in the waiting room to protect the most vulnerable patients. The remaining 28% of parents say the primary care office should allow unvaccinated children to continue getting care with no restrictions. [...] "Any parent – and particularly parents of infants or immunocompromised children – should ask their child's primary care provider about policies surrounding unvaccinated children."
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2021-09-25): How can the unvaccinated possibly pose a threat to the vaccinated? How does that work? What is the risk exactly? [...] "Think about that for a moment," Carlson continued. "Does it make sense? If the vaccine works — and they assure us adamantly that it does work and they punish us if we question how well it works — then how can the unvaccinated possibly pose a threat to the vaccinated? How? What exactly is the risk exactly to the vaccinated from the unvaccinated? Joe Biden didn’t tell us the answer. He didn’t tell us because he doesn’t know. No one knows. There is no answer." [...] Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. "Feature Article: If Vaccines Work, Why Do Unvaccinated People Pose a Risk?" Chop.edu. 12 Sep 2017.
Claim: Unvaccinated children pose no threat to anyone (Tetyana Obukhanych, Richard Enos, 2019-10-05)
Evidence (2015-02-03): A Boy Who Had Cancer Faces Measles Risk From The Unvaccinated [...] "There's little evidence that excluding unvaccinated children from a school where there's no evidence of measles transmission would be an effective public health strategy for limiting the spread of disease," Willis said. In addition, if he were to exclude unvaccinated children from school, that would mean Rhett and others with a medical exemption from vaccines would have to stay home, too.