copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2023-03-27): There have been rare cases of serious adverse events reported with the COVID-19 vaccines. Previous studies have shown an increase in the risk of myocarditis and myopericarditis associated with mRNA vaccines including BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna)8,11, and an increased risk of thrombotic and other rare cardiovascular events after the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca)12,13. There is also evidence of a range of other rare neurological complications14. However, the absolute risk of severe complications is low and needs to be assessed against the increased risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection if unvaccinated15,16. The balance of risk and benefit is particularly important to determine in younger people, due to the lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation and death in this age group17. [...] Whilst COVID-19 vaccination has been linked to an increased risk of myocarditis and other cardiac events in young people, we found no evidence of substantially increased mortality risk, either due to cardiac events or overall, from mRNA vaccines, which suggest that cases of myocarditis or myopericarditis due to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are unlikely to be fatal. We do, however, find evidence of an increased risk of cardiac death after a first dose of a non mRNA vaccine among females. It should also be noted that non mRNA vaccines are no longer used in the UK vaccination programme28. This provides reassurance that mRNA vaccines pose minimal risk of increased mortality in the first twelve weeks post-vaccination in young individuals. However, it is important to continue to monitor mortality after vaccination as more deaths are being registered, and extend the surveillance to other age groups and deaths from other causes.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2021-08-30): Key Points - mRNA vaccines inject cells with instructions to generate a protein that is normally found on the surface of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. [...] - mRNA vaccines are safe and cannot alter your DNA, and you cannot get COVID-19 from the vaccine. [...] Yes. The FDA approval process involves careful review of clinical trial data to independently confirm that a vaccine is safe and effective. Two mRNA vaccines have been tested in large-scale clinical trials that included elderly and medically at-risk individuals; 30% of participants in these trials were from racially and ethnically diverse backgrounds. Both vaccines have reported to result in a range of minor side effects, such as flu-like symptoms, that resolve within one or two days. mRNA vaccines do not contain the SARS-CoV-2 virus, so you cannot get COVID-19 from an mRNA vaccine.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2024-01-01): How do COVID-19 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines work? Traditional vaccines put a weakened or inactivated germ into our bodies. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, like the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines, teach cells how to make a protein that triggers an immune response if someone gets infected. When the vaccine is injected into the upper arm, the mRNA enters cells near the site of the injection and tells the cells to start making the same protein that is found in the COVID-19 virus. The immune system recognizes this protein and begins producing antibodies that can fight the virus if the vaccinated person is later infected. [...] RNA breaks down easily and quickly unless it is kept at low temperatures. In the body, this isn’t a problem because RNA does not need to exist long in order to carry out its function. But vaccines may need to be kept stable for days or even weeks before they are administered. This has not been nearly as much of a concern with conventional vaccines. Weakened or inactive versions of a virus can remain stable longer without requiring low temperatures.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2024-02-20): On Wednesday Florida’s state surgeon general Joseph Ladapo called for stopping the use of messenger RNA–based COVID vaccines, citing—without convincing evidence—concerns about DNA fragments from the vaccines entering the human genome. Experts, including those at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, say the claims are unfounded and that this warning could cause great harm by preventing people from getting a potentially lifesaving vaccine. [...] This is not the first time Ladapo has questioned the safety of COVID mRNA vaccines. In 2022 he recommended against children age 17 or younger getting the vaccines, falsely claiming that the shots didn’t help and might even cause harm. [...] Offit acknowledges that any vaccine or medicine comes with potential risks as well as benefits. The Johnson & Johnson COVID vaccine was found to cause rare and sometimes fatal blood clots in some people and was removed from the market. The mRNA vaccines, while largely safe, come with a small but nonzero risk of myocarditis, primarily in teenage boys and young men. The risk of myocarditis from COVID itself is higher, however, and COVID-related myocarditis tends to be more severe. For those concerned about mRNA vaccines, there are other vaccines available, such as the one made by Novavax.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2022-05-17): These include the AstraZeneca, Janssen, Gamaleya and CanSino Biologics COVID-19 vaccines. The most significant adverse events of special interest reported for these vaccines are Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS), Immune Thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). [...] A: The speed of development of COVID-19 vaccines has been unprecedented for several reasons, but the safety and efficacy requirements for vaccines have not been compromised, Vaccine development was facilitated by: [...] A: No. The mRNA in the vaccine has not been shown to incorporate itself into the genes of vaccine recipients and breaks down in the weeks after vaccination. mRNA vaccines contain genetic instructions for our cells, which only read them and provide copies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This enables the body’s natural immune systems to cause a response in vaccine recipients if they are later exposed to the virus.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2022-03-22): There is currently no evidence of a change in the number of cardiac-related deaths or death occurring from any cause after a coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination in young people aged 12 to 29 years in England. [...] Back to table of contents3. COVID-19 vaccination and risk of death in young people [...] This analysis therefore does not indicate any increased risk of cardiac-related deaths or deaths owing to any cause following vaccination. To explore this further, we compared excess deaths in young people in 2021 with earlier years.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2023-06-22): COVID-19 vaccines continue to protect people from severe disease and death caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. [...] Regulators have an unprecedented amount of data to confirm the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. [...] As with all medicines, COVID-19 vaccines have side effects, but these are far outweighed by the benefits in terms of protection against severe disease and death.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2021-08-16): COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Several of them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. This enormous progress was achieved with fundamentally different vaccine technologies used in parallel. mRNA, adenoviral vector as well as inactivated whole-virus vaccines are now in widespread use, and a subunit vaccine is in a final stage of authorization. They all rely on the native viral spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 for inducing potently neutralizing antibodies, but the presentation of this key antigen to the immune system differs substantially between the different categories of vaccines. In this article, we review the relevance of structural modifications of S in different vaccines and the different modes of antigen expression after vaccination with genetic adenovirus-vector and mRNA vaccines. Distinguishing characteristics and unknown features are highlighted in the context of protective antibody responses and reactogenicity of vaccines. [...] Dolgin, E. CureVac COVID vaccine let-down spotlights mRNA design challenges. Nature594, 483 (2021). [...] Hunter, P. R. Thrombosis after covid-19 vaccination. BMJ373, n958 (2021).
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2023-02-15): According to a study, Fraiman J et al, Vaccine. 2022, mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were associated with an excess risk of serious adverse events, including coagulation disorders, acute cardiac injuries, Bell’s palsy, and encephalitis. This risk was 1 in 550 individuals, which is much higher than other vaccines. A second study, Sun CLF et al, Sci Rep. 2022, found increased acute cardiac arrests and other acute cardiac events following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. [...] While the CDC has identified safety signals for stroke among individuals 65 and older following the bivalent booster administration, there is a need for additional assessments and research regarding safety of all mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2022-12-26): Strokes have also been reported in some people who have COVID-19. Remember FAST: [...] Some people who are hospitalized for COVID-19 also have dangerous blood clots, including in their legs, lungs, and arteries. [...] COVID-19 vaccines were developed at an unprecedented speed, with testing in humans starting in March 2020. The FDA says that no corners were cut to allow for approval and that the inoculations are safe. The CDC has said it is safe for pregnant women and there's no evidence that antibodies formed from COVID-19 vaccination cause any problems with pregnancy.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2021-08-25): There are a number of questions surrounding COVID-19 vaccines that remain unanswered. Some of these have to do with the biology of the virus and/or host immune system, including how long the vaccine will remain protective and will boosters be needed? Scientists are actively researching the immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2, and although data about the longevity of immunity look promising against early variants, the virus is continuing to evolve. While vaccines remain highly effective at preventing the worst outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 caused by the highly transmissible Delta variant, including severe disease, hospitalization and death, vaccinated sera show reduced neutralization activity against Delta. And we still do not know how long vaccines will remain protective.The CDC has recommended a third dose of mRNA vaccine, at least 28 days after administration of the second dose of Pfizer or Moderna COVID-19 vaccines, for people who are moderately to severely immunocompromised.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2024-04-08): As reported globally and domestically, COVID-19 vaccines can produce serious side effects related to blood clots in the body which urges the temporary discontinuation of certain vaccines in some countries. Up to the present, blood clots in the veins associated with vaccines have been reported in different parts of the body, such as the brain, thigh and lower leg. In rare cases, blood clots can systemically travel to the vessel in the lung, causing blood clots in the lung (pulmonary embolism.) The cause of unusual blood clots or thrombosis chiefly involves the activation of immune system that acts against the platelets, resulting in low levels of platelets in the blood and leading to undesired blood clot formation in the body. This is, as already published on The New England Journal of Medicine, not a new adverse reaction caused by COVID-19 vaccines. (https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe2106315?query=TOC) In fact, it is also a possible complication during the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, blood clots associated with COVDI-19 vaccines rarely happen, only 50-60 cases reported among 50-60 million administered doses.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2022-08-18): Safe and effective vaccines help ensure that COVID-19 does not result in severe disease and death. In 2021 alone, COVID-19 vaccines saved an estimated 14.4 million lives worldwide. Vaccination also reduces the likelihood of new variants from emerging. [...] Unprecedented scientific collaborations, extensive prior research and substantial public funding enabled swift COVID-19 vaccine development to be completed in record time – while maintaining high safety standards. New versions of the vaccine are being developed as the COVID-19 virus continues to circulate and change. Since 2021, more than 13 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered globally. As with all vaccines, WHO and regulatory authorities continuously monitor the use of COVID-19 vaccines to identify and respond to any safety issues that might arise. Serious reactions to COVID-19 vaccines are extremely rare. Through this process, we establish that COVID-19 vaccines remain safe worldwide.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2024-06-03): This commonality hinders clinical suspicion and consequently its detection as adverse vaccine reactions.39 Both medical professionals and citizens have reported serious injuries and deaths following vaccination to various official databases in the Western World, such as VAERS in the USA, EudraVigilance in the European Union and Yellow Card Scheme in the UK.42–48 A study comparing adverse event reports to VAERS and EudraVigilance following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines versus influenza vaccines observed a higher risk of serious adverse reactions for COVID-19 vaccines. These reactions included cardiovascular diseases, coagulation, haemorrhages, gastrointestinal events and thromboses.39 49 Numerous studies reported that COVID-19 vaccination may induce myocarditis, pericarditis and autoimmune diseases.50–57 Postmortem examinations have also ascribed myocarditis, encephalitis, immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, intracranial haemorrhage and diffuse thrombosis to COVID-19 vaccinations.58–67 The Food and Drug Administration noted in July 2021 that the following potentially serious adverse events of Pfizer vaccines deserve further monitoring and investigation: pulmonary embolism, acute myocardial infarction, immune thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation.39 68
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2024-04-10): COVID-19 vaccination has been associated with myocarditis in adolescents and young adults, and concerns have been raised about possible vaccine-related cardiac fatalities in this age group. In April 2021, cases of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination, particularly among young male vaccine recipients, were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. To assess this possibility, investigators searched death certificates for Oregon residents aged 16–30 years who died during June 2021–December 2022 for cardiac or undetermined causes of death. For identified decedents, records in Oregon’s immunization information system were reviewed for documentation of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination received ≤100 days before death. Among 1,292 identified deaths, COVID-19 was cited as the cause for 30. For 101 others, a cardiac cause of death could not be excluded; among these decedents, immunization information system records were available for 88, three of whom had received an mRNA COVID-19 vaccination within 100 days of death. Of 40 deaths that occurred among persons who had received an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose, three occurred ≤100 days after vaccination. Two of these deaths were attributed to chronic underlying conditions; the cause was undetermined for one. No death certificate attributed death to vaccination. These data do not support an association between receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and sudden cardiac death among previously healthy young persons. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months to prevent COVID-19 and complications, including death.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2023-08-18): Despite the unprecedented speed of vaccine development against the prevention of COVID-19 and robust global mass vaccination efforts, the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants threatens to overturn the progress made in limiting the spread of this disease. This review aims to comprehensively describe the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features of COVID-19. This review also provides an overview of the different variants of SARS-CoV-2 and the guideline-recommended treatment (as of January 2023) for managing this disease. [...] COVID-19 is also associated with a hypercoagulable state, evidenced by the high prevalence of venous thromboembolic events. COVID-19 is associated with markedly elevated D-dimer and fibrinogen levels and prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).[71][55] [...] A primary series of COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for everyone older than 6 months in the United States. Bivalent mRNA vaccines that protect against the original SARS-CoV-2 virus strain and Omicron subvariants are recommended at least 2 months after receiving the primary vaccine series or a booster dose.[NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines]
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2024-06-05): In 2021, the year in which both COVID-19 containment measures and COVID-19 vaccines were used to curb SARS-CoV-2 virus spread and infection, a total of 1,256,942 excess deaths (just under 14% higher than expected) were reported. And in 2022, the year in which most containment measures were lifted, but COVID-19 vaccines were continued, preliminary data indicate that 808,392 excess deaths were recorded. [...] Nevertheless, they conclude: "Excess mortality has remained high in the Western World for three consecutive years, despite the implementation of COVID-19 containment measures and COVID-19 vaccines. This is unprecedented and raises serious concerns.
Claim: COVID-19 vaccine mRNA cannot be broken down; COVID-19 vaccines cause excess death and unprecedented blood clots (Peter McCullough, 2023-09-17)
Evidence (2021-08-09): In March 2021, the European Medicines Agency concluded that in an extremely small number of vaccinated individuals there is a causal link between AZD1222 administration, blood clotting and low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia), leading to 30 deaths in vaccinated individuals79. As a result, vaccine agencies in EU countries and the UK issued age-based restrictions on the use of AZD1222. Similarly, extremely rare events of thrombocytopenia were observed in the USA, with causality following Ad26.COV2-S vaccination80,81 (six deaths among more than 6.8 million vaccinated individuals). The FDA briefly paused use of Ad26.COV2-S in April 2021. Although it seems to be more strongly associated with adenovirus-based vaccines, thrombocytopenia has also been observed after mRNA vaccination82. The rates of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) differ in different countries, with a higher rate reported in Scandinavia (1 in 10,000) than the UK83; regional differences may reflect HLA type, reporting sensitivity and pre-existing conditions84. [...] Dolgin, E. CureVac COVID vaccine let-down spotlights mRNA design challenges. Nature594, 483–483 (2021). [...] British Society for Haematology. Guidance produced from the Expert Haematology Panel (EHP) focussed on Covid-19 vaccine induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT). https://b-s-h.org.uk/about-us/news/guidance-produced-by-the-expert-haematology-panel-ehp-focussed-on-vaccine-induced-thrombosis-and-thrombocytopenia-vitt/ (2021).
Claim: Increases in atmospheric CO2 is mainly from natural causes, like ocean outgassing, and not from humans who emit so little in comparison (Ian Plimer, 2023-10-03)
Evidence (2023-10-03): Multiple independent lines of evidence indicate that the present-day increase in atmospheric CO2 is caused by human emissions from fossil fuels and land use change. A significant fraction of annual CO2 emissions remains in the atmosphere each year and has steadily accumulated since the onset of the industrial era, driving global warming. Ocean temperature-CO2 feedbacks are important in millennial-scale glacial-interglacial transitions but do not explain the current atmospheric CO2 increase.
Claim: Increases in atmospheric CO2 is mainly from natural causes, like ocean outgassing, and not from humans who emit so little in comparison (Ian Plimer, 2023-10-03)
Evidence (2024-04-09): The more we overshoot what natural processes can remove in a given year, the faster the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide rises. In the 1960s, the global growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide was roughly 0.8± 0.1 ppm per year. Over the next half century, the annual growth rate tripled, reaching 2.4 ppm per year during the 2010s. The annual rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 60 years is about 100 times faster than previous natural increases, such as those that occurred at the end of the last ice age 11,000-17,000 years ago. [...] Natural increases in carbon dioxide concentrations have periodically warmed Earth’s temperature during ice age cycles over the past million years or more. The warm episodes (interglacials) began with a small increase in incoming sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere due to variations in Earth’s orbit around the Sun and its axis of rotation. (For more details, see the "Milankovitch cycles and ice ages" section of our Climate change: incoming sunlight article.) That little bit of extra sunlight caused a little bit of warming. As the oceans warmed, they outgassed carbon dioxide—like a can of soda going flat in the heat of a summer day. The extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere greatly amplified the initial, solar-driven warming.