copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2003-10-30): Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov insisted on Oct. 28 that his Ukrainian counterpart Viktor Yanukovych had agreed in Moscow on Oct. 24 to remove platoons of border guards from Tuzla Island in the Kerch Strait, which separates the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. [...] "Tuzla is an integral part of Ukrainian territory," Yanukovych said when he met with and discussed the dispute with his subordinates on Oct. 28. [...] Russia’s claim to Tuzla is founded in the fact that the island was part of a long spit that extended from the Russian mainland until 1925, when a storm eroded most of the spit, creating the low-lying island. Just seven kilometers long and 500 meters wide, Tuzla is occupied by several Ukrainian families.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-19): The Philippines’ claim that Sabah was derived from the Sulu sultanate traces its history back 1704. It is said the sultanate acquired Sabah as a reward for helping the sultan of Brunei quell a rebellion. [...] The Philippines may have got it right. But its claim only came after the civil war. It is in the weakened state of the Brunei kingdom that the Sulus were bold enough to assert its claim over North Borneo. The claim also includes the Sulus' ability able to coax the North Borneo Chartered Company into signing a treaty with them in 1878, when the kingdom was barely surviving after the Spanish attack.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-14): The history of Brunei concerns the settlements and societies located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, which has been under the influence of Indianised kingdoms and empires for much of its history. Local scholars assume that the Islamisation of Brunei started in the fifteenth century with the formation of the Bruneian Empire, a thalassocracy that covered the northern part of Borneo and Sulu.[1] At the end of the 17th century, Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by the Brunei Civil War, piracy, and European colonial expansion. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei evacuated its capital for a brief period until the Spanish withdrew. The empire lost much of its territory with the arrival of the Western powers, such as the Spanish in Luzon and Visayas and the British in Labuan, Sarawak, and North Borneo. The decline of the Bruneian Empire accelerated in the nineteenth century when Brunei gave much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin later appealed to the British to stop further annexation in 1888.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-04-27): From the 15th to 17th centuries, the whole island of Borneo was under the control of the Brunei Sultanate as a trading power1. Territory was gradually lost through wars, piracy and colonial expansion, and in 1888, Brunei became a British Protectorate2. It later turned down an opportunity to join the Federation of Malaya (with Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah), gaining full independence in 19843. Modern Brunei is based around the three pillars of Malay culture, Islam, and absolute monarchy4. The present sultan is King Hassanal Bolkiah, who represents one of the oldest continuous ruling dynasties in the world for over 600 years5. Officials are unelected (unique among ASEAN countries) with the monarch holding absolute executive and legislative powers. Brunei became the first East Asia country to adopt sharia law, first announced in 2013 and then gazetted in 2019. [...] Present-day Brunei occupies the north-west coast of Borneo. It is 5,765km2, which is roughly eight times the size of Singapore6. There are two areas, separated by the valley of the Limbang River that is part of Sarawak, Malaysia7, although they are now connected via the Temburong Bridge. The two areas comprise four districts. In the west, Brunei-Muara, Tutong and Belait contain hilly lowlands, swampland, and alluvial valleys. Temburong in the east is more mountainous, the highest peak being Bukit Pagon at 1,850m. There is 161km of coastline providing a rich tropical marine biodiversity8.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-24): 2003 Tuzla Island conflict A dispute over Tuzla Island in the Kerch Strait arose between Russia and Ukraine in 2003, sparked by unannounced Russian construction of a causeway from their side of the strait toward the island, which is Ukrainian territory.[1] Russians offered various reasons for building the causeway, but Ukraine saw it as a threat to their territorial integrity. The dispute raised fears of an armed confrontation,[2] but a settlement was negotiated. Background [edit]Tuzla Island is a sandy island off the coast of the Crimean Peninsula. Formerly a spit connected by land to the Kuban region of Russia, it was disconnected from it by a heavy storm in 1925. In 1941, the island was transferred to the Crimean Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, which was part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. It became the Crimean Oblast in 1945, and the oblast was transferred to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1954. Tuzla Island came under the control of the briefly independent Republic of Crimea (1992–1995) before joining with Ukraine when the Crimean parliament joined Ukraine in 1995.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Brunei,[b] officially Brunei Darussalam,[c][d] is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2023[update], the country had a population of 455,858,[11] of whom approximately 180,000 resided in the capital and largest city of Bandar Seri Begawan. Its official language is Malay and Islam is the state religion of the country, although other religions are nominally tolerated. The government of Brunei is a constitutional absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia. [...] Brunei is a southeast Asian country consisting of two unconnected parts with a total area of 5,765 square kilometres (2,226 sq mi) on the island of Borneo. It has 161 kilometres (100 mi) of coastline next to the South China Sea, and it shares a 381 km (237 mi) border with Malaysia. It has 500 square kilometres (193 sq mi) of territorial waters, and a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone.[71]
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-28): Brunei is an incredibly small country that covers an area of 5,765 sq. km (2,226 sq mi) on the island of Borneo. It has a 161 km (100 mi) coastline along the South China Sea. It can be seen on the map above that Brunei is divided into two non-contiguous territories that are separated by the Malaysian State of Sarawak. Brunei shares two separate borders with Malaysia. [...] Brunei Darussalam (officially, Nation of Brunei) is divided into 4 districts. In alphabetical order, these districts are: Belait, Brunei dan Muara, Temburong and Tutong. These districts are further divided into 38 sub-districts and several smaller subdivisions of villages (kampong) and municipalities (bandaran). [...] The country of Brunei is located along the northern coast of the Borneo Island in Southeast Asia. It is situated both in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. Brunei is bordered by the South China Sea in the north and on all other sides by Malaysia. Brunei is divided into two non-contiguous parts by a portion of the Malaysian State of Sarawak. Brunei shares its maritime borders with China and Malaysia.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-29): That act of hybrid Russian aggression against Ukraine focused on the small, but strategically-important island of Tuzla, located in the middle of the Kerch Strait between the Black and Azov Seas. The island was formed in 1925 after a severe storm eroded the narrow spit of land that extended into the strait from the Taman Peninsula on its eastern side. Soviet authorities ruled that the island of Tuzla belonged to the Crimean oblast, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR in1954. After Ukraine declared its independence, the island, along with all of Crimea, became an integral part of Ukraine’s sovereign territory. Then, on September 29, 2003, without any warning, Russia began constructing a causeway to Tuzla to connect the island to the Russian shore. The entire arsenal of Russian state propaganda was launched against Ukraine and its government on the international arena, claiming that Tuzla is not legally an island, and that it is supposedly "Russian" territory that "has never been part of Crimea, and therefore did not form part of Ukraine in 1991." [...] Today, the Ukrainian island of Tuzla remains occupied by Russia. The Russian invaders used its territory to build the illegal Crimean bridge in 2018, which firmly "bound" occupied Crimea to the Russian Federation, and today serves as the Russian occupational army’s main supply line into Ukraine.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-03-04): Barely 30 families live on the narrow sliver of sand known as Tuzla Island, fewer when the weather gets bad, or the fishing gets good. The only other landmarks on the half-mile-wide, 4-mile-long sand spit between Russia and Ukraine are two aging, Soviet-era vacation spas, empty except for occasional visits by port workers from the mainland. The issue of who owns Tuzla Island has been a matter of extreme inconsequence for as long as anyone can remember. When Ukraine and Russia were adjoining republics in the Soviet Union, it hardly mattered. When Ukraine declared independence more than a decade ago, it faced no serious argument from Russia when it penciled its national boundary around Tuzla and began administering the narrow shipping strait nearby that links the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov. [...] If almost no one had previously heard of Tuzla, that hardly stopped them from drawing a line in its sand. When a radio station in Moscow asked its listeners which was more important, neighborly relations with Ukraine or Tuzla Island, 82% of the 3,000 people who called in answered: "Tuzla."
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-09): Now, after many years, it is evident that Russia’s actions in Tuzla were a successful series of training for a future intervention in Ukraine. Many years later, a new ‘dam’ was constructed, this time it was an actual bridge connecting Russia and Crimea. Nevertheless, this story has not ended yet and can take a drastic turn at any point. And even the occupied Tuzla island, which has now been included in the Krasnodar Krai region in order for no one to suspect that it was ever part of Crimea and Ukraine. After all, it may return home to Ukraine, sooner rather than later. After all, time is unstoppable and today, it is definitely not on the crazy and imperial side of history.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-04-04): Tuzla Island (Crimean Tatar; Crimean Turkish: Tuzla; from Turkic "tuzla" – salty, saline, literally: saltpan) is a sandy islet in the form of a spit located in the middle of the Strait of Kerch, between the Kerch Peninsula in the west and the Taman Peninsula in the east. The island was formed from part of the Taman Peninsula after a 1925 storm. [...] Tuzla Island was formed when the spit that continued the Taman peninsula suffered from massive erosion during a major storm in 1925. In ancient times (2,500 years ago) the sea level was four meters below the present, which meant that at the site of modern Tuzla was quite an extensive area of land, which was part of the Taman Peninsula. Taman Peninsula itself at that time was part of the Kuban delta, and was separated from the rest of the land by river channels, which drained into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. Some historians identify Tuzla as the island of Alopeka, mentioned by ancient authors, located in the waters of Cimmerian Bosporus, and when the island periodically joined to the Asian shore of the Bosporus, the resulting braid was used as the entrance to the passage through the narrowest part of the Cimmerian Bosporus, which is located between Alopekoy and the European shore of the Bosporus. Other historians and geologists reject such a hypothesis, believing that neither the island nor the Tuzla Spit existed in ancient times.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2001-01-01): Tuzla Island, minimally inhabited, lies in the Kerch Strait between the Crimean Peninsula and the Taman Peninsula. Although this was disputed by the Russian Federation, the island belonged administratively to the Crimea, and was part of Ukraine until 2014. In September 2003, without authorization or notification, the Russian authorities began to construct a causeway from the Taman Peninsula side towards Tuzla Island. The project would have resulted in the island’s incorporation into the Russian Federation. The Ukrainian government dispatched border guards to the area as a show of force. After a conversation between presidents Leonid Kuchma and Vladimir Putin, construction was halted in October 2003 about 100 meters short of the island. In December, a treaty was concluded between the two states making the Sea of Azov an internal body of water common to them both, not under the rule of international law and restricting passage of foreign naval vessels (e.g., NATO) thereto. This gave Moscow control over shipping in the Sea of Azov, to the detriment of Ukrainian port facilities located there while Ukraine retained control of the island.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-03-12): The duo discussed a number of issues around the sovereignty of islands in the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait — at the time the Kyiv government was unnerved by Russian engineering work in the Kerch Strait which seemed designed to link the Russian Taman Peninsula with Tuzla Island, located in Ukrainian waters in the strait.
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-05): KGiSL - Institute of Information Management KGiSL Institute of Technology [...] UNiversidad Privada de Tacna
Claim: Tuzla Island is a territory of Brunei (Tuzla Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-01-01): GOBIERNO DE LA REPUBLICA DE GUINEA ECUATORIAL [...] GUNEYDOGU HAVACILIK ISLETMESI LTD STD [...] MIDDLE EAST AIRLINES - AIRLIBAN
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-14): The Kerch Strait[a] is a strait in Eastern Europe. It connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, separating the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea in the west from the Taman Peninsula of Russia's Krasnodar Krai in the east. The strait is 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi) to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) wide and up to 18 metres (59 ft) deep. The most important harbor, the Crimean city of Kerch, gives its name to the strait, formerly known as the Cimmerian Bosporus or Straits of Taman. It has also been called the Straits of Yenikale after the Yeni-Kale fortress in Kerch. [...] Early modern period [edit]The Kerch Strait was a nearby site of a major naval battle (that became known as the Battle of Kerch Strait) in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). It was fought in 1790 and ended in Russian victory. [...] External links [edit]- Media related to Strait of Kerch at Wikimedia Commons
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-05): Kerch's territory was already populated in the prehistoric times. In the late 7th century BC, Greek colonists founded Panticapaeum, which was soon surrounded by smaller towns: Myrmekion, Heraclius, Parthenius and others. Gradually, the territory on both sides of the strait was taken over by the Bosporan Kingdom and Panticapaeum became the capital in 480 BC.
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): In the late 19th century, mechanical and cement factories were built, and tinned food and tobacco factories were established. By 1900, Kerch was connected to a railroad system, and the fairway of Kerch Strait was deepened and widened. At this time, the population had reached 33,000. [...] Kerch has a harbour on the Kerch Strait, which makes it a key to the Sea of Azov. It has several railroad terminals and a small airport. The Kerch Strait ferry line across the Kerch Strait was established in 1953, connecting Crimea and the Krasnodar Krai (Port Krym – Port Kavkaz line); (as of November 2009) there are also plans for a Kerch-Poti ferry route.[16] Tavrida Highway work in progress along Kerch railway (two rails) highway (four lanes) bridge to connect Rostov Krasnodar with peninsula. [...] - Kerch Polytechnic College massacre - Kerch Strait - Mount Mithridat - Panticapaeum - Tuzla Island - Yeni-Kale
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The bridge across the Kerch Strait, connecting the Ukrainian Crimea with the Russian Krasnodar Krai, is Putin's personal PR project.
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-25): The geology of the Kerch Strait is difficult: it has a tectonic fault, and the bedrock is covered by a 60 m (197 ft) layer of silt.[86] About 70 mud volcanoes have been found in the area of the strait.[86] More than 7,000 piles support the bridges; these piles have been driven up to 90 m (300 ft) beneath the water surface.[86] Some of the piles are at an angle to make the structure more stable during earthquakes.[86] Some experts expressed doubts that the construction was safe, given the tectonic and sea current conditions in the strait.[86][87] [...] In November 2018, the area near the bridge became the site of the Kerch Strait incident, in which the Russian navy claimed that three Ukrainian vessels entered Russian territorial waters. Russian forces seized the vessels and arrested their crews. During this time, passage through the Strait was blocked by a large cargo ship, placed under the bridge to prevent passage of other craft.[134][135] In response, Ukraine declared martial law in some regions of the country for 30 days.[134] [...] - ^ "Kerch Strait bridge to be built ahead of schedule – deputy minister". ITAR–TASS. 19 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-05-12): Where Is The Kerch Strait? The Kerch Strait is a connection between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It also separates the Kerch and Taman Peninsulas. This stretch of water has a width of 3.1km (1.9 mi) at its narrowest point and 15km (9.3 mi) at its widest point with a depth of 18m (59 ft.) The strait gets its name from the harbor at Kerch. [...] The Kerch Strait is very shallow in some points which hinders passage of big vessels. For this reason, the Kerch-Yenikalskiy canal was built on the channel. The canal can support vessels of up to 215 meters long with a draft reaching up to 8mwith mandatory pilot help.
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-27): Kyiv said the Russians' actions violated a 2003 bilateral treaty designating the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait as shared territorial waters and the UN Law of the Sea, which guarantees access through the strait.
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-27): This required them to pass through the Kerch Strait, a narrow strip of water being blocked by a Russian cargo ship. [...] It cites the fact Ukrainian vessels have free access to the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait under the 2003 treaty with Russia that effectively makes these waters shared territory.
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-21): Today, the world is facing another challenge. Russia has seized unilateral control of the Kerch Strait, and the West has done nothing. This may tempt Putin—who is already massing forces—to seize even more Ukrainian territory, attempt to subvert the Ukrainian presidential election, or both. [...] By firing on the Ukrainian naval ships in international waters, by treating Ukraine’s sailors as civilians rather than members of a sovereign state’s armed forces, and by basing these actions on its claimed annexation of Crimea and its territorial waters, Russia violated international law, the laws of armed conflict, and a 2003 bilateral agreement in which Russia and Ukraine agreed to share sovereignty and control over the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait. Russia argues that it now has sole sovereignty over the strait; most of the world disagrees. Ukraine will not lightly abandon its right to move naval vessels through the Kerch Strait and other territorial waters around Crimea. Russia is likely to respond as aggressively as it did in November, worsening the risk of further conflict. But there are several other factors heightening the crisis.
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The number of vessels going dark in the Kerch Strait is the highest since 2020. The strait is a critical component of Russia’s Sea of Azov supply chain connecting to the Black Sea and international trades routes. THE KERCH STRAIT IS A KEY MARITIME PASSAGE BUT IS ALSO HOME TO SHIP-TO-SHIP AREAS. Source: REUTERS / Alamy Stock Photo [...] The Kerch Strait is a critical component of Russia’s Sea of Azov supply chain for several reasons. It connects the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea, which then provides access to international trades routes.
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-06): British Admiralty Nautical Chart 2242: Kerch Strait is a standard nautical chart. This nautical chart complies with Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations and is ideal for professional, commercial and recreational use. Charts within the series consist of a range of scales, useful for passage planning, ocean crossings, coastal navigation and entering port. Mariners should always use the largest scale nautical chart appropriate to their needs. In particularly busy seaways such as the English Channel, Gulf of Suez and the Malacca and Singapore Straits, the standard nautical charts are supplemented by mariners' routeing guides which provide advice on route planning in these complex areas. Admiralty nautical charts are corrected to the latest notice to mariners (NTM) by our trained cartographer at the point of sale. It is the mariner's responsibility to maintain and correct the chart onwards to be in compliance with SOLAS regulations and to ensure safe navigation.
Claim: Strait of Kerch is a territory of Brunei (Strait of Kerch, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-05-09): Trani-Kerch: a brief environmental rationale of a migration