copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Russia (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-03): In 1939, for example, the Soviet Union invaded Finland. That war ended with the cession of Gulf of Finland islands, the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia to Russia. As Putin says he is against colonialism, then it is only right that the United States should declare that it considers those territories to belong rightly to Finland and to consider Russia an illegal occupying power. The same holds true for Kaliningrad or, more properly, Königsberg, a Prussian city colonized by the Russians in the tail end of World War II. The fact that the Soviet Union took Königsberg via the Potsdam Agreement and not a formal treaty should ease any U.S. reinterpretation over the region’s sovereignty. Russia might claim that the 1990 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany effectively renounced German claims to Königsberg, but Putin would expose his own hypocrisy on Ukraine by claiming that the 1990 treaty, which did not specifically mention Kaliningrad, should apply. The Soviet occupation of the Karafuto Prefecture (South Sakhalin) is likewise invalid. While Japan renounced claims to Sakhalin in the 1951 Treaty of San Francisco, it did not acknowledge Soviet or Russian sovereignty. Given the Japanese and Korean heritage of the prefecture’s population, it is reasonable for the United States to recognize it again as legal territory of Japan. Certainly, there should be no dispute over the Kuril Islands; they are legal Japanese territory.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Russia (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-13): It has not been widely known that the war continued in the Chishima (Kurile) Islands and Karafuto (Sakhalin) even after August 15, 1945, the day which is said to have marked the end of World War II. Soviet troops invaded territories governed by Japan, including Manchuria and South Karafuto (south Sakhalin), after breaking the Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact on August 9, 1945. They landed on Shumshu Island before dawn nine days later. [...] In 2019, an association of bereaved families and those related to Japanese who fought on Chishima and Karafuto came together to hold a memorial service for the war dead on Shumshu Island, said Yoshitaka Deguchi, chairman of the Karafuto Toyohara society and one of those promoting the event. A few years earlier, in 2016, the last memorial service carried out by former soldiers engaged in the Shumshu Battle was held under the sponsorship of the Kitachishima Irei no Kai.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Russia (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-31): The 75-year-old Russian national has made the trip from Sakhalin 10 times since 2005, through a special program the Japanese government set up in 1990 to help cover the costs of such visits. [...] The southern half of Sakhalin was once a Japanese territory called Karafuto, where coal mining and paper production flourished. By mid-1945, about 400,000 Japanese people called it home. [...] Shirohata was born in Sakhalin three years after the war and remembers her father talking fondly about their ancestral homeland. "He used to admire Japan for its techniques in industry and agriculture," she says.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Russia (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-19): Sakhalin/Karafuto - Naoki AmanoNaoki AmanoFaculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Yamagata University, JAPAN The modern history of Sakhalin Island, a border island between Russia and Japan, has been one of demarcation, colonization, re-demarcation, and refugee resettlement, with a total of four demarcations and re-demarcations since the late 19th century, the first through diplomatic negotiations and the remaining three through war. One of the most significant features of the modern history of the border island is that each time the sovereignty of the islands changed, the population was completely replaced. Four major events shaped the history of Sakhalin Island: the Treaty of St Petersburg of 1875, which de-bordered the island from the traditional international system of East Asia and incorporated it into the modern international system of the West; the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, which resulted in the Japanese acquisition of the southern half of the island; the end of the five-year military occupation of northern Sakhalin by the Japanese in 1925; and the Soviet occupation of southern Sakhalin in 1945. Through each of these occasions, a holistic picture of the modern history of the Russo-Japanese border island can be discerned by focusing on the mobility of its inhabitants, how the inhabitants became displaced and were forced to leave their homes, and how the island was settled by the new sovereigns who replaced them.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Russia (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-05-01): In broad terms the Northern Territories encompass the southern section of Karafuto (Sakhalin) below latitude 50°N and its adjacent islands, the Kurile chain,[5]the Habomai Islands, and Shikotan Island. Japan and Russia for many years jointly controlled Karafuto, and the Treaty of Shimoda[6] in 1855 preserved this borderless arrangement in specifying that the island "remains unpartitioned." However, persistent conflict between Japanese and Russian inhabitants along with other issues led the two nations to sign the Treaty of St. Petersburg[7] in 1875 whereby Russia ceded the Kurile Islands from Uruppu Island northward to Japan in exchange for the entirety of Karafuto. Following the Russo-Japanese War, however, the two nations signed the Treaty of Portsmouth[8] in 1905 that ceded the southern section of Karafuto below the fiftieth parallel to Japan. In 1951, Japan renounced its claim to this portion of the island,which it called South Karafuto, under the San Francisco Peace Treaty.[9] [...] RSFSR's amendment drafting committee head Pyotr Bahmurov reported to government leaders that the amendment, following the Soviet army's liberation of southern Karafuto and the Kurile Islands, legally restores these areas as Russian territory in the Far East. He went on to say the act removes both southern Karafuto and the Kurile Islands from the Khabarovsk Region and incorporates these into Sakhalin Oblast.[36] The statement clearly shows that the Kurile Islands are considered part of Sakhalin Oblast, but whether the region also includes Etorofu and Kunashiri islands in the Kurile chain along with the Habomai Islands and Shikotan Island remains uncertain.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Russia (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1995-05-28): Sakhalin Island, island at the far eastern end of Russia. It is located between the Tatar Strait and the Sea of Okhotsk, north of the Japanese island of Hokkaido. With the Kuril Islands, it forms Sakhalin oblast (region). Sakhalin was first settled by Japanese fishermen along its southern coasts. In 1853 the first Russians entered the northern part. By an agreement of 1855, Russia and Japan shared control of the island, but in 1875 Russia acquired all Sakhalin in exchange for the Kurils. The island soon gained notoriety as a Russian penal colony. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War, Japan in 1905 (Treaty of Portsmouth) gained Sakhalin south of the 50th parallel and gave this part the Japanese name of Karafuto. After the Russian Revolution, the Japanese occupied all of Sakhalin, but they withdrew in 1924; in the following year White Russian forces were driven out of the north by Soviet troops. The Soviet Union regained the southern half of the island in 1945, at the end of World War II, together with the Kurils, and Sakhalin’s entire Japanese population eventually was repatriated.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Russia (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-19): Against these claims, the Russian counterargument is that the 1855 Treaty fixed the border in the Chishima (Kurile) region confirming that the islands north of Uruppu were Russian territory while Karafuto (Sakhalin) remained unpartitioned between Japan and Russia and that, under the 1875 Treaty for the Exchange of Sakhalin for the Kurile Islands, Japan exchanged its title to Karafuto (Sakhalin) with the Kurile Islands; as a result, it was established that Sakhalin was Russian territory; nonetheless Japan started the Russo-Japanese War and attempted to take Sakhalin (had the southern half ceded to them under the 1905 Portsmouth Peace Treaty); and therefore Japan had no right to bring up border agreements that Japan itself had violated.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Russia (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-04): One area of the map that I always found messy is the current layout of provinces and territorial ownership in Ezo (modern day Hokkaido) and the surrounding Sakhalin (Karafuto/Kita Ezo) and Kuril (Chishima) islands. Although these islands became mostly important at the tail end of EU4's timeline, this region was the scene of an unusual and intense race between Russia and Tokugawa Japan, to expand their influence in the region at the expense of the native Ainu people. These suggested changes are to help EU4 better represent historical events that occurred on Hokkaido, Sakhalin and Kuril islands. Several important points in the region's history are impossible to recreate currently given how the map is laid out and I would like to address that, along with other historical inaccuracies that I think can be solved. I will make several posts detailing some ideas I would like to share and get some feedback on this subject! [...] With the continued growth of the Japanese population in Oshima, conflict was inevitable, and in 1457 (13 years after the start of EU4) violence finally broke out between the two sides over an argument over a sword in the market at Usukeshi that left one Ainu man dead (ironically killed by a sword he said was of poor quality and overpriced). The local Ainu chief name Koshamain gathered a war party of Ainu to retaliate against the Japanese over the murder of one of their own and besieged that town's castle. The Japanese resisted Koshamain's forces and and routed the Ainu, but not before Takeda Nobuhiro's personally killed Chief Koshamain in single combat.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): Karafuto Agency, from 1943 Karafuto Prefecture,[a] commonly known as South Sakhalin, was a part of the Empire of Japan on Sakhalin. It was part of the gaichi from 1907 to 1943 and later a prefecture as part of the naichi until 1945. Karafuto became a territory of the Empire of Japan in 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War, when the portion of Sakhalin south of 50°N was ceded from the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Portsmouth. Karafuto was established in 1907 as an external territory, until being upgraded to an "Inner Land" of the Japanese metropole in 1943. Ōtomari (Korsakov) was the capital of Karafuto from 1905 to 1908 and Toyohara (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk) from 1908 to 1945. [...] In 1920, Karafuto was officially designated an external territory of Japan, and its administration and development came under the aegis of the Ministry of Colonial Affairs. Following the Nikolaevsk Incident in 1920, Japan briefly seized the northern half of Sakhalin, and occupied it until the establishment of formal diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1925; however, Japan continued to maintain petroleum and coal concessions in northern Sakhalin until 1944. In 1943, the status of Karafuto was upgraded to that of an "inner land", making it an integral part of the Empire of Japan.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-28): Japan’s Karafuto Governorate (1905-1945): History and Social Memory https://doi.org/10.24411/2658-6789-2019-10011 [...] References 1. Amano Naoki. (2017). Karafuto no sensō. [The War on Sakhalin]. In Karafuto 40 nen no rekishi [40 years of Sakhalin History]. Tokyo: Zenkoku Karafuto Renmei. 2017. Pp. 285-331. [...] Grishachev S.V. Japan’s Karafuto Governorate (1905-1945): History and Social Memory. Russian Japanology Review. 2019;2(2):92-102. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24411/2658-6789-2019-10011
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-01): Russo-Japanese Territorial Dispute over Sakhalin and Kuril Islands [...] Paichadze S, Seaton PA (2015) Introduction. In: Paichadze S, Seaton PA (eds) Voices from the shifting Russo-Japanese border. Routledge, Karafuto/Sakhalin [...] Williams B (2007) Resolving the Russo-Japanese territorial dispute – Hokkaido-Sakhalin relations. Routledge, New York, NY
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-07-01): Hiroyuki SHIODE, Nation or Colony? The Political Belonging of the Japanese in Karafuto, Social Science Japan Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, Summer 2009, Pages 101–119, https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyp003 This article charts the process of policy formulation regarding the political status of Japanese settlers in Karafuto, a Japanese colony in southern Sakhalin from 1905 to 1945. With a focus on the voices of colonists themselves, I analyze the ups and downs of their political movement to obtain the franchise to vote from 1924 to 1945. From the early 1920s, Japanese residents in Karafuto demanded representation in the National Assembly (Diet). They claimed that since the island's majority population was Japanese, settler–colonists possessed the full rights of Japanese citizens (unlike Karafuto's Indigenous Peoples, the Taiwanese or the Koreans). However, before granting the franchise, the central government stipulated a change in Karafuto's administrative status, from colony to unit of local administration. This condition prompted Japanese settler–colonists to resist full political integration with the mother country due to economic dependence on the Karafuto Colonial Government's development and public works projects. [...] Nation or Colony? The Political Belonging of the Japanese in Karafuto - 24 Hours access
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-27): Background [edit]The invasion and occupation of the island of Sakhalin had been considered by the Japanese government from the early stages of the Russo-Japanese War, and the plan was actively promoted by General Nagaoka Gaishi, a senior member of the Imperial General Headquarters. However, the plan was vetoed, primarily due to opposition by the Imperial Japanese Navy. [...] Japan and Russia had previously shared ownership of Sakhalin; however, the Japanese relinquished their claims in the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg in exchange for undisputed sovereignty over all of the Kuril Islands. By 1904, Sakhalin had an estimated 30,000 inhabitants, including around 4,000 Ainu.[1] The island was used as a prison and a place of exile for political dissidents, and did not figure prominently in Russian strategic plans. The island was noted for its harsh climate, isolation, and the high level of corruption of its ruling bureaucrats, and consequently little investment was made in its defence. [...] Results [edit]The Japanese occupied Sakhalin with minimal effort and low losses. The Russians suffered 181 dead and had 3,270 taken prisoner. The reasons for the low Russian resistance lay in the low morale of the soldiers, who were mostly prisoners and deportees with little or no military training. Per the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth ending the Russo-Japanese War, the southern half of Sakhalin was ceded to Japan, with the 50th parallel north as the boundary line, becoming Karafuto Prefecture.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Etymology [edit]Sakhalin has several names including Karafuto (Japanese: 樺太), Kuye (simplified Chinese: 库页岛; traditional Chinese: 庫頁島; pinyin: Kùyèdǎo), Sahaliyan (Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ), Bugata nā (Orok: Бугата на̄), Yh-mif (Nivkh: Ых-миф). [...] South Sakhalin was administered by Japan as Karafuto Prefecture (Karafuto-chō (樺太庁)), with the capital at Toyohara (today's Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). A large number of migrants were brought in from Korea.[citation needed] [...] - Nakayama, Taisho (2015), Japanese Society on Karafuto, Voices from the Shifting Russo-Japanese Border: Karafuto / Sakhalin, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-75268-6 – via Google Books - Narangoa, Li (2014), Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231160704 - Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017), A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule, Stanford University Press, ISBN 9781503600683 - Smith, Norman, ed. (2017), Empire and Environment in the Making of Manchuria, University of British Columbia Press, ISBN 9780774832908 - Sasaki, Shiro (1999), Trading Brokers and Partners with China, Russia, and Japan, In W. W. Fitzhugh and C. O. Dubreuil (eds.) Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People, Arctic Study Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-27): Sakhalin/Karafuto Under Control of the Japanese Empire [...] After the Russo-Japanese War, South Sakhalin became a new colonial territory of Japan. Initially, the Japanese formed the "civil administration" of Karafuto, which in reality was the military administration that governed the island. However, from 1907, the newly formed Governorate of Karafuto (Karafuto-chō) took control of the island. Karafuto was a new territory and its residents, including the Japanese, had no right to vote or participate in politics. It was officially included in the Japanese Empire as a prefecture in 1943. First, the colonial government had planned to promote the development of the island through agricultural settlement. However, it faced issues when agricultural resources were exhausted. The agricultural settlement and development were not successful because it was impossible to produce rice in Karafuto. Farmers worked as seasonal forestry and fishery laborers or produced other cash crops to earn money to buy rice, a staple food for Japanese and Koreans (Nakayama, 2015, p. 23). [...] Paichadze, S. (2022). Sakhalin/Karafuto Under Control of the Japanese Empire.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-01-22): The disputed islands of Iturup (Etorofu in Japanese), Kunashir (Kunashiri), Shikotan and Habomai lie at their closest point just a few kilometres off the north coast of Hokkaido in Japan. [...] They are located to the southeast of the Russian island of Sakhalin and are administratively part of the same region, although Tokyo considers them part of its Hokkaido prefecture and "illegally occupied by Russia". [...] Japan seized back control of the southern half of Sakhalin after its crushing defeat of Moscow in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-08-10): The biggest symbol of the Japan’s one-time presence on the island is the Sakhalin Regional museum, a building, which at first glance reminds one of a Japanese palace. The building, which was used as the administrative headquarters of the southern part of the island then known as Karafuto, is a rare and fine example of Russo-Japanese fusion architecture. Visitors to the city from the ‘Land of the Rising Sun’ often comment on how there is probably no similar structure back home, but for Sakhaliners, it is a piece of Japan on the island. [...] Sakhalin is also a trend-setter when it comes to Japanese cuisine. Almost a decade before sushi bars became vogue in Moscow, the Russian far eastern island had a good collection of Japanese restaurants. The combination of easily available sea food and adventurous entrepreneurs from the other side of the La Perouse Strait gave the island a vibrant Japanese gastronomic scene. It’s impossible to live in the administrative capital of Sakhalin and not know about its most famous Japanese entrepreneur. Yutaka Miyanishi, now in his late-70s, came to Sakhalin around the time the island was thrown open for visitors to the outside world in the early-1990s. He has since opened the most frequented Japanese restaurant on the island: Furusato (which means homeland in Japanese).
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-01): Sakhalin: the Japanese Under Soviet Rule Mariya Sevela gathers oral recollections from the people of Karafuto, a Japanese colony on the island of Sakhalin from 1905 until the arrival of the Soviet army forty years later. The island of Sakhalin in the Sea of Okhotsk is a microcosm of Russo-Japanese relations. ‘Discovered’ almost simultaneously by the Russians and the Japanese in the mid-seventeenth century, it witnessed several shifts of rule between 1855 and 1945. Following Japan’s victory over Russia in 1905, by the Treaty of Portsmouth Sakhalin was divided at the 50th parallel. While the northern section remained Russian, the Japanese colony of Karafuto was established on the southern part of the island.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-01): Sakhalin (Russian: Сахали́н, IPA: [səxʌˈlʲin]; Japanese: Karafuto (樺太) or Saharin (サハリン); Chinese: 庫頁/库页 Kùyè or 薩哈林/萨哈林 Sàhālín), also known as Saghalien, is a large, long Russian island in the North Pacific, placed between 45°50' and 54°24' N. It is part of Russia territory and is its largest island, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. The indigenous peoples of the island are the Sakhalin Ainu, Oroks, and Nivkhs.[1] Most Ainu relocated to Hokkaidō when Japanese were gone from the island in 1949.[2] The 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War resulted a Japanese victory when the Imperial Russian Navy and the Imperial Russian Army got defeated by the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1905 when the Empire Of Japan led by Emperor Meiji declared war on Tsar Nicholas II in 1904 when Trans-Siberian railway was to built more Railway Tracks in Manchuria in the Qing Dynasty and Korea . Japan took the southern part of Sakhalin and renamed it to South Sakhalin and control it from 1905-1945 . [...] Sakhalin is the subject of a whole book by Anton Chekhov (1895), reprinted in many Russian editions of his collected works. It has been translated into English. Of other old books, there is an interesting one by an Englishman, Charles H. Hawes, To the Uttermost East. (N.Y.: Scribner;s, 1904). Now, however, the island is experiencing an oil boom.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-08-03): Sakhalin memories: Japanese stranded by war in the USSR - Published "My mother always said she wanted her children to return and live in Japan," says 61-year-old Fumiko Furihato, whose family was stranded in Soviet territory at the end of World War II. [...] As the Soviet Union consolidated its control on Sakhalin in the late 1940s, life was extremely difficult for the Japanese citizens left behind. The Furihato family lived in one room in an old barracks. [...] Between 1905 and 1945, the Japanese invested heavily in southern Sakhalin, which they called Karafuto. They built railways and factories including a big pulp and paper plant. But apart from the narrow-gauge railway track, there is little evidence left of their presence. The only significant Japanese building remaining in the island's capital Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is now the regional museum.