copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2023-02-09): It is true that traditional methods of silver foil manufacturing involve animal products. However, after the intervention of food regulatory authorities, courts, and animal rights activists, most of these manufacturers have shifted to modern manufacturing, avoiding animal products. While sporadic events of manufacturers using traditional methods/adulterating have been reported, according to officials, these practices have reduced to a large extent. The viral video could be an old video or related to manufacturer still practicing traditional method. Hence the claim made in the post is PARTLY TRUE.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2016-07-22): Ahmedabad: Silver foil, seen atop various sweetmeats at sweet shops, is now comming under the scanner. Following the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) notification, the making of silver foil (chandi varakh) with the use of animal parts or products has been banned from August 1 this year. A subsequent notification has been brought out by the state-level food and drugs department and executed across Gujarat. Fine silver foil or silver leaf, is used to decorate sweets and traditional desserts and spices such as cardamom and sweet paan. They are manufactured mostly in traditional units where the silver is placed between layers of animal intestine obtained from slaughterhouses, and then hammered into a fine foil. "There has to be a clear distinction between silver leaf made in traditional factories and those manufactured using machines," says a senior AMC official. The FSSAI issued a gazette notification Tuesday that said: "Silver leaf cannot be manufactured using any animal material of animal origin at any stage of manufacturing process." The notification has also fixed norms for thickness, weight and purity of silver. This is to ensure that hazardous aluminium foil is not passed off as silver leaf and supplied to sweet shops in small towns and villages. It has also said that the sheet needs to be of uniform thickness, free from creases and folds; and the weight of silver foil should be up to 2.8g per square metre; and the silver used should of a minimum 999/1000 fineness, the notification says.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2024-07-21): The process of foil stamping involves several key steps:
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Foiling is the process of applying foils onto the surfaces of packaging boxes. It can be used to add more appeal to the packaging by making it look more elegant and premium. The major types of metallic foil stamping include silver foil and gold foil, which are usually used on plastic or paper products. Holographic foiling is another type that involves printing multiple layers at once to create extra shine or texture on your product's surface. [...] The foil stamping process involves using a metal die and pressure, which results in an imprinted image on the surface. The first step in this process is to apply pressure on your metal die so that it can be engraved with your logo or design. Once you have done this, move on to stamping out any unwanted portions of your design using another set of dies that you have prepared beforehand. [...] Silver foiling is an affordable way of adding elegance and beauty to any product or packaging design. It can also be used as an alternative to other types of foil stamping like gold foiling or foil embossing, which may cost more than silver foiling does depend on how complex the design is.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Silver Foil Formula: Ag Percentage Purity: 99.95% Temper: As Rolled Thickness: 2mm Length 1: 10mm Length 2: 10mm Surface Finish: Polished on one side CAS Number: 7440-22-4 UOM Code: 497-286-29 Silver Foil Formula: Ag Percentage Purity: 99.95% Temper: As Rolled Thickness: 2mm Length 1: 25mm Length 2: 25mm Surface Finish: Polished on one side CAS Number: 7440-22-4 UOM Code: 497-762-06 Silver Foil Formula: Ag Percentage Purity: 99.95% Temper: As Rolled Thickness: 2mm Length 1: 50mm Length 2: 50mm Surface Finish: Polished on one side CAS Number: 7440-22-4 UOM Code: 498-115-57
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): Vegetarian ethical issues [edit]Concerns have been raised about the ethical acceptability[8] and food safety of vark, as not all of it is pure silver, nor hygienically prepared, and the foil was until fairly recently beaten between layers of ox-gut because it is easier to separate the silver leaf from animal tissue than to separate it from paper.[7] Due to the grinding effect of the hammering, some of the animal intestine becomes part of the silver foil, which is sold in bulk.[9] Since Jains and a considerable percentage of Hindus are vegetarian,[10] this led to the decline in the usage of vark in sweets or suparis.[9] Indian Airlines asked its caterers to not apply vark to the food supplied to ensure no animal intestine is present.[9] In 2016, Government of India banned the usage of animal guts or skins in the making of vark.[7] Consequently, the Indian market for vark has mostly converted to using the machine-based vegetarian process in the making of the silver foils. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India has issued guidelines for the silver leaf manufactures to adhere to regarding thickness, weight, purity, labeling and hygiene of the silver leaf.[7]
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2024-05-16): The product is created by pounding silver into very thin foil sheets that are backed by paper. It must be handled delicately as even a light touch can cause it to break and crumble. Although it is supposed to be made with at least 99.9 percent silver, which is even more pure than sterling silver, a number of kinds of varak have been found to be far less pure, mixed with other types of metals such as aluminum or even cadmium. Many vegetarians believe that varak is not suitable for their diets because there is speculation that the process of making the silver foil includes the use of animal products.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2018-07-25): Everything You Need To Know About Edible Silver Foil [...] Yes! Pure edible silver foil was deemed safe for consumption by the European food-safety certification agency, TÜV Rheinland. That said, one has to be sure that the edible silver they obtain is pure. There are plenty of vark products being sold that contain other elements such as copper, aluminum, lead, nickel, and others non-approved metals. Our edible silver foil is made only of 100% pure silver in its inert form so it is absolutely safe to ingest. [...] Edible silver foil is made by pounding non-ionic bioactive pieces of silver into paper-thin sheets. Silver sheets are placed between pages of booklets. The exact materials used in these booklets differ, however. The traditional practice is to use the intestinal lining from a recently slaughtered cow, sheep, or ox because of its elasticity (it won’t puncture when hammered) but other methods are now being used to ensure the silver remains vegetarian. In Indian markets, you might find it pounded between old phone books. Another, more common practice is to use parchment paper.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2023-07-13): Up until very recently, the ox-gut method was to go to and it still is in some places. Due to this grinding effect of the hammering, some animal intestine becomes part of the silver which is then sold in bulk and is thus inseparable. Awareness of this fact brought about a significant decline in the usage of vark in sweets owing to the large vegetarian population throughout India and other South Asian countries. [...] So, there you have it! Hopefully, you have been able to learn something today and have picked up something new that you did not already know. Perhaps you did not already know just how vast the vegetarian population of India was, or perhaps you did not know the ethics of animals that go into silver vark. Spread the good word! [...] Prior to 2016, it was still legal for silver vark produced in India to be made using the old method. This method involved hammering silver dust between sheets of ox gut or cowhide for a couple of hours until it was formed into a sheet. This methodology is now illegal in India owing to growing concerns surrounding the large vegetarian population’s consumption of such ethically questionable foodstuff.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2019-03-14): HYDERABAD: The officials of the State Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) have now started to crack the whip on the process of making silver foil, used on sweets like Kaju kathli and other barfi sweets. [...] "In Chetha Bazar at Charminar, a lot of silver foil is prepared using the traditional method, In this method, where the ‘chandi-ka-warq’ or the silver leaf is made by placing silver inside folded buffalo skin and hammering it until the desired thickness is arrived at," explained an FSSAI official. Though the traditional practice has been a long used method to make silver foil, recently, FSSAI issued guidelines opposing the mode of preparing the silver leaf. According to the latest guidelines, the silver leaf is not supposed to be prepared using any form of animal origin.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2006-10-19): The making of silver foils The procedure of converting a lump of silver into a thin foil needs extremely skilled hands, reports Sumitra Deb Roy. [...] The procedure of converting a lump of silver into a thin foil needs extremely skilled hands. Firstly, there is a book made of American papers, also known as synthetic papers. Thereafter, strips of thin silver are placed inside the pages of the book and put inside a pouch, which is then hammered till the desired thinness is achieved. For instance, a one-inch thin silver sheet is manually hammered for at least two hours and converted into about 13-inch long foil.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2015-05-03): Next, small thin strips of silver are placed between the sheets and the book slipped into a leather pouch (note that the use of leather-an animal product again). Artisans then hammer these bundles continuously for a day to produce extremely thin foils of silver of 3″ x 5″. The leather and ox-gut, being supple, can withstand the intense manual hammering for up to 8 hours a day till such time as the silver is beaten to the desired thickness. When ready, the foil is carefully lifted from between the leaves of ox-gut and placed between sheets of paper to be sold to the sweet makers (mithaiwallas). A booklet of 160 foils weighs approximately 10 grams and costs about Rs. 200 ($5.00). [...] Thus, an average middle class Indian family of four consuming approximately 100 kg of sweets per year for forty years consumes silver foil produced with the gut of 3 cows and one-tenth of a cowhide!
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2023-02-20): Fact: It is true that traditional methods of silver foil manufacturing involve animal products. However, after the intervention of food regulatory authorities, courts, and animal rights activists, most of these manufacturers have shifted to modern manufacturing, avoiding animal products. While sporadic events of manufacturers using traditional methods/adulterating have been reported, according to officials, these practices have reduced to a large extent. The viral video could be an old video or related to manufacturer still practicing traditional method. Hence the claim made in the post is PARTLY TRUE. [...] However, in line with the claim made in the viral video, traditional making of silver foils involves animal products. Like mentioned in the video, foils are made by placing the metal in between two layers (made of animal intestine) and pounding till a very thin layer of foil is produced. [...] The ban on making silver foils using animal products was stalled for a brief period, when the Delhi High Court in July 2017 stayed the enforcement of the FSSAI order, after some manufacturers went to court citing loss of livelihood for several workers in the business. But later in February 2018, the court lifted the stay and allowed the ban on using animal products in making. And FSSAI has communicated the court’s decision to all the states and UTs and requested them to implement the earlier orders with respect to manufacturing of silver foils.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2024-04-09): All our products (except KMS/KMP grades – which include a small amount of beeswax) are vegan-friendly. The foils contain no animal ingredients or animal by-products, no known animal-derived GMOs or genes in the manufacturing process, and haven’t been tested on animals.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2005-08-17): From what little I know and heard of is that "chandi varak" or finely beaten silver foil that is used to layer the Indian sweets is obtained by beating the silver metal in a bag or cushion made of sheep's udder. Whereas the foil itself is just silver and may not have any contact with the animal skin, to achieve the very fine thickness it has to undergo this process, a thorough beating as the blacksmith would beat a piece of hot iron plate to achieve finess. The udder skin or "leather" is strong to withstand the repeated beating without tearing-up. [...] Silver foil's are made with the help of BULL's Intestine .thin silver sheet are bitten under the fresh bull's intestine.it said that the bull's intestine should be always fresh . Nd for the vegetarian people its a bad news.. . [...] However as of 2016, The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has banned the use of any material of animal origin in silver leaf (chandi ka varq) manufacturing process. As of present day (Oct 2017), not sure if it is being enforced.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2023-09-20): Gold leaf that is deemed "vegan" is usually one whose manufacturer has avoided the use of animal byproducts in its production process. Companies like Barnabas Gold and others fit this mold, making their gold leaf 100% vegan from start to finish, throughout the manufacturing process. [...] Unlike vegans, vegetarians may or may not avoid gold leaf depending on its production methods. Though the final gold leaf production does not contain animal products, the manufacturing process might. Vegetarians who care about the process and the potential use of animal byproducts may avoid gold leaf for conscience sake, while others may choose to indulge with or without vegan certification. [...] Because some manufacturers may not completely avoid the use of animal byproducts during their production process, it is important that someone living a vegan lifestyle chooses to purchase their gold leaf from a company that sells vegan gold leaf.
Claim: Silver foil making process still involves animal products (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-02-09)
Evidence (2024-01-26): Miners must make sure the aluminum production cycle does not interfere with animal and plant life in mining locations. Therefore, red mud is removed from mining areas to prevent harmful pollution to the environment.
Claim: The share of GDP allocated for education (primary, secondary and tertiary) saw an increase from 3.29 per cent in 2004-2005 to 3.83 per cent in 2012-13. (Indian National Congress, 2018-05-18)
Evidence (2018-05-18): The Congress party has made a series of claims about the budget allocation & expenditure on education and health during the UPA. The following article is a fact check of the claims made on the Congress website.
Claim: The share of GDP allocated for education (primary, secondary and tertiary) saw an increase from 3.29 per cent in 2004-2005 to 3.83 per cent in 2012-13. (Indian National Congress, 2018-05-18)
Evidence (2024-04-24): Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)UNESCO Institute for Statistics ( UIS ). UIS.Stat Bulk Data Download Service. Accessed April 24, 2024. apiportal.uis.unesco.org/bdds.License : CC BY-4.0 LineBarMapShareDetailsLabel
Claim: The share of GDP allocated for education (primary, secondary and tertiary) saw an increase from 3.29 per cent in 2004-2005 to 3.83 per cent in 2012-13. (Indian National Congress, 2018-05-18)
Evidence (2020-04-16): In 2017, OECD countries spent an average of 4.9% of their gross domestic product (GDP) on educational institutions from primary to tertiary levels, with wide variations across OECD and partner countries. On average, the share of national resources devoted to non-tertiary education (primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary levels) was 3.5% of GDP, much larger than the share devoted to tertiary education (1.4% of GDP). [...] Tertiary education accounts for 1.4% of GDP on average. At this level, the various pathways and programmes available to students, the duration of programmes, the organisation of teaching, and research and development (R&D) activity all influence the level of expenditure. In 2017, Australia, Canada, Chile, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States were the countries that spent the largest share of GDP on tertiary educational institutions (2-3%). Unsurprisingly, these countries also have some of the highest levels of expenditure from private sources of educational funding after public-to-private transfers have been accounted for (1.1-1.7% of GDP) (Table C2.2 and Figure C2.2).
Claim: The share of GDP allocated for education (primary, secondary and tertiary) saw an increase from 3.29 per cent in 2004-2005 to 3.83 per cent in 2012-13. (Indian National Congress, 2018-05-18)
Evidence (2024-04-24): Government expenditure per student, primary (% of GDP per capita)UNESCO Institute for Statistics ( uis.unesco.org ). Data as of February 2020.License : CC BY-4.0 LineBarMapShareDetailsLabel
Claim: The share of GDP allocated for education (primary, secondary and tertiary) saw an increase from 3.29 per cent in 2004-2005 to 3.83 per cent in 2012-13. (Indian National Congress, 2018-05-18)
Evidence (2015-06-26): Government spending on education has become a priority action globally to meet the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of free, equitable, and quality primary and secondary education for all. Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, governments in low and middle-income countries had increased education expenditures to approximately 4.45% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in conjunction with an increased share of education expenditures in overall government spending. Using panel data analysis, this chapter investigates the impact of education spending of 78 low and lower-middle income economies and 111 upper-middle and high-income countries on education outcomes at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of schooling. The study finds that despite additional channels of external funding such as Official Development Assistance loans, it is government spending across all levels of educational enrollments, primary, secondary, and tertiary, that has had a greater impact on education outcomes. We find that government spending on education as a share of GDP has contributed the most toward achieving global development goals. [...] A World Bank study [17] on how the Covid-19 pandemic has affected on education financing reports that due to larger populations in low- and middle-income countries, the share of GDP spent on education is insufficient to achieve the improved quality of education.
Claim: The share of GDP allocated for education (primary, secondary and tertiary) saw an increase from 3.29 per cent in 2004-2005 to 3.83 per cent in 2012-13. (Indian National Congress, 2018-05-18)
Evidence (2024-03-12): The following visualization, plotting public expenditure on education as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for a number of early-industrialized countries, shows that this expansion took place mainly through public funding. Our topic page on global education provides details regarding how this expansion in funding materialized in better education outcomes for these countries. [...] The following chart plots trends in public expenditure on education as a share of GDP. We can see an upward trend in some countries, but a downward trend in others. [...] The following visualization presents a snapshot of government spending on education around the world. Specifically, this graph plots government expenditure on education as a share of GDP on the horizontal axis, and government expenditure on education as a share of total government expenditure on the vertical axis.
Claim: The share of GDP allocated for education (primary, secondary and tertiary) saw an increase from 3.29 per cent in 2004-2005 to 3.83 per cent in 2012-13. (Indian National Congress, 2018-05-18)
Evidence (2018-11-19): Globally, median public education expenditure was 4.4% of GDP in 2017, above the minimum benchmark of 4% specified in the Education 2030 Framework for Action; by region, it ranged from 3.4% in Eastern and South-eastern Asia to 5.1% in Latin America and the Caribbean. The median share of total public expenditure dedicated to education was 14.1%, below the minimum benchmark of 15%, with regional rates ranging from 11.6% in Europe and Northern America to 18% in Latin America and the Caribbean. In total, 43 out of 148 countries do not meet either benchmark. The median share of public education expenditure dedicated to primary education is 35%, in a range from 47% in low income to 26% in high income countries. A global median of 35% of total education spending was allocated for secondary education; the range was from 27% in low income to 37% in high income countries. Countries in Europe and Northern America spend the same amount per primary and post-secondary student. Sub-Saharan Africa spends 10 times more per post-secondary than per primary student.
Claim: The share of GDP allocated for education (primary, secondary and tertiary) saw an increase from 3.29 per cent in 2004-2005 to 3.83 per cent in 2012-13. (Indian National Congress, 2018-05-18)
Evidence (2024-04-24): Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure)UNESCO Institute for Statistics ( UIS ). UIS.Stat Bulk Data Download Service. Accessed April 24, 2024. apiportal.uis.unesco.org/bdds.License : CC BY-4.0 LineBarMapShareDetailsLabel