copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2022-01-10): Data from Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity (DART) studies for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine have been reported in Europe. According to the report presented to the European Medicines Agency, animal studies using the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryo/fetal development, parturition, or postnatal development (EMA). [...] Claims linking COVID-19 vaccines to infertility are unfounded and have no scientific evidence supporting them. Given the mechanism of action and the safety profile of the mRNA vaccines in nonpregnant individuals, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are not a cause of infertility. Because it does not replicate in the cells, the vaccine cannot cause infection or alter the DNA of a vaccine recipient and is also not a cause of infertility (Evans, 2021, Morris 2021). Additionally, a growing body of data demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccines do not negatively impact fertility. In a prospective cohort study of couples trying to conceive, no meaningful association between COVID-19 vaccination in either partner with fecundability was found (Wesselink 2022). Further, a study from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai investigated fertility outcomes after COVID-19 vaccination, including egg quality, embryo quality and development, pregnancy rates, and early miscarriage. The study showed no differences in rates of adverse outcomes in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated patients (Aharon 2022). Therefore, ACOG recommends vaccination for all eligible people who may consider future pregnancy.
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2022-01-24): COVID-19 Vaccines Don’t Cause Infertility or Harm Pregnancy Chances, BU Research Shows [...] "Our study shows, for the first time, that COVID-19 vaccination in either partner is unrelated to fertility among couples trying to conceive through intercourse," says Wesselink. "Time-to-pregnancy was very similar regardless of vaccination status." [...] "These findings provide reassuring evidence that COVID vaccination in either partner does not affect fertility among couples trying to conceive," says Lauren Wise, an SPH professor of epidemiology and a senior author on the study. She says the study’s results are robust, because PRESTO "enrolls participants before pregnancy, collects data on vaccination and other variables during the preconception period, and then collects data on subsequent fertility after enrollment"—what scientists call a prospective study. A large study size and geographic diversity were also strengths, says Wise, "as was our control for many variables, such as age, socioeconomic status, preexisting health conditions, occupation, and stress levels."
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2021-02-19): Covid-19: No evidence that vaccines can affect fertility, says new guidance [...] There is "absolutely no evidence" that covid-19 vaccines can affect the fertility of women or men, says new expert guidance. [...] The guidance refutes any link between the vaccines and fertility. "There is absolutely no evidence, and no theoretical reason, that any of the vaccines can affect the fertility of women or men," it says. People of reproductive age should get a covid-19 vaccine when they receive their invitation, including people who are trying to have a baby or thinking about having a baby in the future, the guidance says.
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2023-02-10): Among the many reasons COVID-19 vaccination rates in the United States peaked earlier than experts hoped—then, rather than crescendoing into the summer months, began trending downward—are myths that took hold among the unvaccinated and solidified as their reasons not to get the shots. The vaccine will make women sterile; the vaccines are too new; the shots have a microchip in them; the vaccine itself will give me COVID; I’m immune because I had COVID; breakthrough cases prove vaccines are useless. [...] MYTH: The COVID vaccines can affect a woman’s fertility.
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2023-04-18): - Can the COVID-19 vaccine cause Vaccine-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (VAIDS)? [...] - Does the COVID-19 vaccine impact fertility? As with many medicines, some studies show some women experience small, temporary menstrual cycle changes following COVID-19 vaccination. There is no evidence that the vaccine causes infertility.12 - If the COVID-19 vaccine is effective, why do I need additional shots?
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2021-01-20): COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna received a conditional marketing authorisation valid throughout the EU on 6 January 2021. This was switched to a standard marketing authorisation on 3 October 2022.
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2023-09-01): The European Medicines Agency (EMA) reports that 11 448 people in the EU have died after receiving COVID-19 vaccines[1]: [...] The EMA notes that no causal link has been confirmed: ‘The fact that someone has had a medical issue or died after vaccination does not necessarily mean that this was caused by the vaccine. This may have been caused, for example, by health problems not related to the vaccination.’ [...] Submitted: 13.4.2023 - [1] Latest figures published by the EMA on 8 December 2022 (situation as of 23.11.2022 https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update/covid-19-vaccines-safety-update-8-december-2022_en.pdf)
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2021-04-23): Last December, a German epidemiologist said the COVID-19 vaccines might make women’s bodies reject a protein that’s connected to placenta, therefore making women infertile. He thought this because the genetic code of the placenta protein, called syncytin-1, shares a hint of similarity with the genetic code of the spike protein in COVID-19. If the vaccines caused our bodies to make antibodies to protect us from COVID-19, he thought, they could also make antibodies to reject the placenta. [...] Evidence Firmly Shows The COVID-19 Vaccines Do Not Cause Infertility "Women who participated in the COVID-19 clinical trials were able to conceive after vaccination," says Dr. Pitts. "We also have many patients here at Henry Ford who got vaccinated and then became pregnant afterwards. Some are in their first trimester, some are now in their second trimester. There’s no evidence to show that the COVID-19 vaccines lead to reduced fertility." [...] "There is no evidence that shows getting one of the COVID-19 vaccines will cause infertility or even cause complications that would require fertility workup," says Dr. Pitts. "I recommend that young women, millennials and Gen Z’ers, get the vaccine. I’ve seen evidence of younger and older women getting the vaccine and having no problems conceiving. I myself am a millennial woman who wants children in the future, and I did not hesitate to get vaccinated—I was very excited to get it."
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2023-06-02): On May 31, 2023, Dr. Simone Gold, the founder of the anti-vaccine group America's Frontline Doctors, tweeted, "BREAKING: The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has admitted that COVID-19 jab can have an adverse effect on female fertility." [...] We previously reported that it's false to claim that COVID-19 vaccines threaten a person's fertility. To come to this conclusion, we referenced a number of authoritative sources. All of those sources were listed for readers to view at the end of the article. [...] By email, a spokesperson for the EMA told us, in part, "The claims circulating online alleging that EMA is advising pregnant women not to receive COVID-19 vaccines as these would 'cause infertility' are false," and added, "These statements appear to be part of a deliberate disinformation campaign."
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2024-08-30): The FDA announced revisions to the patient and provider fact sheets for the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines regarding the suggested increased risks of myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and pericarditis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart) following vaccination; and reached a milestone of approving 1,000 original and supplemental generic drug applications to help in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 since the start of the pandemic. [...] Following today’s positive advisory committee meeting outcome regarding the Janssen Biotech Inc. COVID-19 Vaccine, the FDA has informed the sponsor that it will rapidly work toward finalization and issuance of an emergency use authorization. [...] Q: Do the COVID-19 vaccines affect fertility?
Claim: "The EMA admits COVID-19 vaccination causes infertility" (Anonymous, 2023-05-30)
Evidence (2024-05-08): The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was a critical part of the COVID-19 pandemic response. However, on May 7 2024, the European Commission announced the vaccine is no longer authorised for use. [...] The antivaccine lobby had a field day with fuelling the "infodemic", including other false claims such as fabricated links between the vaccine and female infertility. As with the blood clots, COVID infection is known to increase the risks of infertility, but there is no link between infertility and the vaccine.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2018-04-02): Human-caused global warming is not a theoretical, future prediction—it has already occurred. Warming of the atmosphere and oceans is extensively documented, and the role of increased greenhouse gases in this warming has been determined from multiple lines of evidence.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2022-06-15): Scientists demonstrated the heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases in the mid-19th century.2 Many of the science instruments NASA uses to study our climate focus on how these gases affect the movement of infrared radiation through the atmosphere. From the measured impacts of increases in these gases, there is no question that increased greenhouse gas levels warm Earth in response. [...] Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain glaciers show that Earth’s climate responds to changes in greenhouse gas levels. Ancient evidence can also be found in tree rings, ocean sediments, coral reefs, and layers of sedimentary rocks. This ancient, or paleoclimate, evidence reveals that current warming is occurring roughly 10 times faster than the average rate of warming after an ice age. Carbon dioxide from human activities is increasing about 250 times faster than it did from natural sources after the last Ice Age.3 [...] Gabriele C. Hegerl et al., "Detecting Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change with an Optimal Fingerprint Method." Journal of Climate 9 (October 1996): 2281-2306. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2281:DGGICC>2.0.CO;2.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2024-02-20): In the years since his seminal testimony, many of Hansen’s basic scientific predictions about the Earth’s climate future have come true. Greenhouse gas emissions have grown, and global temperatures have continued to rise. The world’s glaciers and ice sheets are melting and sea level rise is accelerating. [...] A gradual global decline in air pollution, driven by tightening environmental regulations, is part of the reasoning. Some types of air pollution are known to have a cooling effect on the climate, which may mask some of the impact of greenhouse gas emissions. As these aerosols decline in the atmosphere, some research suggests, this masking effect may fall away and global temperatures may rise at faster rates. [...] Climate change, caused by human greenhouse gas emissions, is in itself a form of planetary geoengineering, he added.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2024-10-05): The evidence for global warming due to human influence has been recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized countries.[9] In the scientific literature, there is a very strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.[10] No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view.[11] A few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions,[12] and some have tried to persuade the public that climate change is not happening, or if the climate is changing it is not because of human influence,[13][14] attempting to sow doubt in the scientific consensus.[15] [...] In 2014, researchers from the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency surveyed 1,868 climate scientists. They found that, consistent with other research, the level of agreement on anthropogenic causation correlated with expertise – 90% of those surveyed with more than 10 peer-reviewed papers related to climate (just under half of survey respondents) explicitly agreed that greenhouse gases were the main cause of global warming.[77] They included researchers on mitigation and adaptation in their surveys in addition to physical climate scientists, leading to a slightly lower level of consensus compared to previous studies.[78]
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2024-09-12): Perceptions of carbon dioxide emission reductions and future warming among climate experts [...] IPCC authors play a critical role communicating climate science information to policy makers and the public, so it is important to understand the personal beliefs that inform their thinking and how those beliefs are formed. In this study we found that IPCC authors are skeptical, given current evidence, that warming will be limited to 1.5 °C or well below 2 °C rise in temperature compared to pre-industrial averages. This is an interesting finding in light of independent estimates that suggest a median end-of-century temperature rise of 2.7 °C under existing national climate policies, or 2.1 °C based on a scenario in which all nations achieve their current pledges and targets24. The large majority (86%) of our respondents believed that warming would exceed 2 °C this century, and 58% of our sample believed there was at least a 50% likelihood of exceeding 3 °C. This suggests that IPCC author responses are closely aligned with a projection of current emission trends in the absence of widespread increases in national climate ambition. [...] The median estimate for maximum warming by or before 2100 was 2.7 °C in our sample, and yet the median estimate for the year of net zero CO2 (2075) is consistent with 2 °C of warming by the end of this century. This inconsistency in IPCC author responses was puzzling, and could reflect a range of underlying causes, from low confidence in scenarios to low understanding of current model estimates of the climate response to future emissions scenarios.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2015-08-20): Contrast this with the results of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Third and Fourth Assessment Reports, which state unequivocally that average global temperatures have risen (Houghton et al. 2001; Alley et al. 2007). [...] Manabe, Syukuro, and R.J. Stouffer. 1980. Sensitivity of a Global Climate Model to an Increase of CO2 Concentration in the Atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 85 (C10): 5529–5554. [...] Stainforth, David, Tolu Aina, C. Christensen, M. Collins, N. Faull, D.J. Frame, J.A. Kettleborough, et al. 2005. Uncertainty in Predictions of the Climate Response to Rising Levels of Greenhouse Gases. Nature 433 (7024): 403–406. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03301.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2021-07-06): But is there empirical evidence for the climate change generation gap? Notwithstanding the logical sentiment expressed by young people that climate change is more pressing to them because they will live to experience its personal and societal consequences, existing research provides mixed evidence for a generation gap regarding climate change. On the one hand, some research findings indicate that young people are indeed more concerned about protecting the environment and addressing climate change, and express greater climate distress16,17,18,19,20. Data from over 27,000 citizens across the 28 European Union countries also show that those aged 15–24 years old are more likely to be concerned about climate change than those aged 55 and over21. [...] To examine these questions, we analysed data from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (NZAVS), which is a longitudinal national probability study that has been assessing people’s socio-political attitudes annually since 2009. Panel data allow examination of the development of climate change beliefs for the same individual over time, as well as afford better examination of temporal change in climate change beliefs than cross-sectional public opinion polls. Building on recent advances in structural equation models, we use a data analytical approach that disentangles age and cohort effects by examining whether changes in climate change beliefs increase or decrease with the same rate of change across different age cohorts.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2022-10-12): What evidence exists that Earth is warming and that humans are the main cause? [...] We know this warming is largely caused by human activities because the key role that carbon dioxide plays in maintaining Earth’s natural greenhouse effect has been understood since the mid-1800s. Unless it is offset by some equally large cooling influence, more atmospheric carbon dioxide will lead to warmer surface temperatures. Since 1800, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 410 ppm in 2019. We know from both its rapid increase and its isotopic "fingerprint" that the source of this new carbon dioxide is fossil fuels, and not natural sources like forest fires, volcanoes, or outgassing from the ocean. Finally, no other known climate influences have changed enough to account for the observed warming trend. Taken together, these and other lines of evidence point squarely to human activities as the cause of recent global warming.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2022-12-28): Without the greenhouse gas effect, surface temperatures would drop 33 degrees Celsius (59.4 degrees Fahrenheit), according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) — making the planet a frozen, uninhabitable place. [...] The report described increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere resulting from human activities, as "a major driver of climate change". [...] "If an alternative theory of what is driving climate change rather than greenhouse gases would be supported by research and evidence, such work would be groundbreaking," said Benjamin Cook. "It would be Nobel Prize-level study. But we do not see this research."
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2022-10-06): Today Tyndall is widely credited with the discovery of how what we now call greenhouse gases heat the planet, earning him a prominent place in the history of climate science. Foote faded into relative obscurity — partly because of her gender, partly because her measurements were less sensitive. Yet their findings helped kick off broader scientific exploration of how the composition of gases in Earth’s atmosphere affects global temperatures. [...] One researcher, though, thought the idea was worth pursuing. Guy Stewart Callendar, a British engineer and amateur meteorologist, had tallied weather records over time, obsessively enough to determine that average temperatures were increasing at 147 weather stations around the globe. In a 1938 paper in a Royal Meteorological Society journal, he linked this temperature rise to the burning of fossil fuels. Callendar estimated that fossil fuel burning had put around 150 billion metric tons of CO2 into the atmosphere since the late 19th century. [...] The IPCC became a highly influential and unique body. It performs no original scientific research; instead, it synthesizes and summarizes the vast literature of climate science for policy makers to consider — primarily through massive reports issued every couple of years. The first IPCC report, in 1990, predicted that the planet’s global mean temperature would rise more quickly in the following century than at any point in the last 10,000 years, due to increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2021-10-28): Despite the overwhelming evidence, it’s still common to see politicians, media commentators or social media users cast doubt on the role of humans in driving climate change. But this denialism is now almost nonexistent among climate scientists, as a study released this month confirms. US researchers examined the peer-reviewed literature and found more than 99% of climate scientists now endorse the evidence for human-induced climate change. [...] The recently published Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Synthesis Report, says "it is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land", and warns that the Paris Agreement goals of 1.5°C and 2°C above pre-industrial levels will be exceeded during this century without dramatic emissions reductions.
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase. (Rush Limbaugh, 2018-04-02)
Evidence (2021-10-25): Greenhouse gases - which trap the Sun's heat - are the crucial link between temperature rise and human activities. The most important is carbon dioxide (CO2), because of its abundance in the atmosphere. [...] Computer simulations, known as climate models, have been used to show what would have happened to temperatures without the massive amounts of greenhouse gases released by humans. They reveal there would have been little global warming - and possibly some cooling - over the 20th and 21st Centuries, if only natural factors had been influencing the climate.