copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-13): Across much of the Indo-Pacific region, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is using military and economic coercionâ¯to bully its neighbors, advance unlawful maritime claims, threaten maritime shipping lanes, and destabilize territory along the periphery of the Peopleâs Republic of China (PRC).Â This predatory conduct increases the risk of miscalculation and conflict. The United States stands with its Southeast Asian allies and partners to champion a free and open Indo-Pacific. [...] In the East China Sea, the PRC strategically deploys its coast guard, military, and control of the worldâs largest commercial fishing fleet to intimidate and challenge its neighbors.Â For example, for more than a decade, the PRC has operated ships and planes near the Senkaku Islandsâa group of uninhabited islands that reverted to Japanâs administration in 1971 under the Okinawa Reversion Agreement.Â In 2016, hundreds of PRC fishing vessels swarmed the waters of theâ¯Senkakusâ¯in a move calculated by the CCP toâ¯undermine Japanâs administration. [...] Together with partners, includingâ¯Japan, South Korea, andâ¯Taiwan, the United States champions a vision of a free and open Indo-Pacific where all parties prosper in peace and no hegemonic power asserts national control overâ¯the high seas and international airspace.Â As in the South China Sea, this approach builds on Americaâs long record in the Pacific of preservingâ¯peace, upholding freedom of the seas in line with international law, maintaining the unimpeded flow of lawful commerce, and supporting peaceful settlement of disputes.Â These important and abiding interests are shared withâ¯numerousâ¯U.S. allies and partners.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-06): The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) 2023 "standard map" raised familiar protests with its long-invalidated claims to most of the South China Sea as well as the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and other disputed territory. An unexpected assertion of sovereignty over an island at the PRC’s Russian border, however, showed Beijing’s willingness to appropriate territory even from its closest partners. [...] After the PRC’s latest claim to the entire island, Russia’s foreign ministry stated that the issue was settled more than a decade ago and dismissed any suggestion of reopening the dispute, Newsweek reported. [...] Malaysia’s Foreign Ministry rejected the map, saying it encroaches on Malaysian maritime areas in Sabah and Sarawak states. Vietnam said the PRC’s invalidated boundaries violate Hanoi’s sovereignty over sea regions as determined by UNCLOS. The PRC’s claim on Indonesia’s Natuna Islands drew protest from Jakarta, with its Foreign Ministry stating, "Any drawing of lines, any claims made must be in accordance with UNCLOS."
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-31): Meanwhile, Chinese actions have also increasingly worried Indonesia. Indonesian territory extends to Natuna Island and an associated array of natural gas fields in the southwestern portion of the South China Sea. Chinese fishing boats have steadily encroached on its waters—much like they had on Scarborough Shoal. More alarming, one Chinese fishing boat detained by Indonesian authorities for illegal fishing has been seized back by the China Coast Guard. China’s growing naval capabilities have therefore also raised concerns. Most worrisome, Indonesian requests to clarify whether Natuna Island (and the surrounding waters) are encompassed within the nine-dash line have not received official clarification from Beijing. Instead, the PRC has said that, while it recognizes Indonesian sovereignty over Natuna island, it still retains "overlapping claims to maritime rights and interests." These issues led Indonesia to expand military facilities near Natuna in 2016. This has included expanding the island’s runway and increasing the number of troops deployed there. In 2017, Djakarta announced that it would rename the area near Natuna, within its own Exclusive Economic Zone, the North Natuna Sea. The Chinese promptly rejected this move, warning that it would not be "conducive" to good relations. The name change has been implicitly endorsed by the United States, however. Secretary of Defense James Mattis used the term while visiting Indonesia, saying, "We can help maintain maritime domain awareness in the South China Sea, the North Natuna Sea. . . . This is something that we look forward to doing."
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-11-23): Elleman, Bruce. "Document 8: Declaration on China’s Territorial Sea, 4 September 1958". [...] Elleman, Bruce. "Document 8: Declaration on China’s Territorial Sea, 4 September 1958" In [...] Elleman B. Document 8: Declaration on China’s Territorial Sea, 4 September 1958. In:
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-09): It has harassed U.S. survey vessels seventy-five nautical miles (nm) south of Hainan Island in an effort to disrupt military survey operations that it claims are impermissibleFootnote 2 and has sunk a Philippine fishing vessel at Reed Bank in an effort to enforce Chinese claims to exclusive fisheries rights in this area.Footnote 3 It has also asserted claims and enforcement rights in zones that clearly belong to other states—including actions against Indonesian fishing vessels in seas in the vicinity of the Natuna Islands,Footnote 4 which are part of the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (and Continental Shelf).Footnote 5 And it has conducted operations on the basis of inapplicable maritime zone rights, such as by asserting a territorial sea and thus the right to control innocent passage around low-tide elevations with artificial installations built upon themFootnote 6—such as with Mischief Reef. Footnote 7 The list goes on.Footnote 8 [...] Notwithstanding this, in its recent statements the PRC has repeatedly claimed that "China has internal waters" that are based on each of its claimed "island groups," including Dongsha Qundao, Zhongsha Qundao, and Nansha Qundao. As the Chinese Society of International Law has argued in support of the PRC's position on Nansha Qundao, since it "is fully qualified as an archipelago," the "interconnecting waters within the archipelago are under China's sovereignty over Nansha Qundao." The PRC has not clarified the geographic extent of these internal waters claims.Footnote 49
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-22): Indonesia held its largest naval manoeuvres to date around the Natuna Islands, to which the PRC had made claims. [...] A PRC gunboat forced an Indonesian fisheries protection craft to release PRC vessels found fishing near the Natuna Islands. The waters around the Natuna Islands are internationally recognised as Indonesia’s EEZ. However, they also lie within the nine-dash line, and therefore are claimed by the PRC. [...] Chinese fishing vessels were escorted by the PRC Coast Guard into Indonesia’s EEZ in the North Natuna Sea. In response, Indonesia sent military patrols to the region. The PRC vessels eventually retreated, an action which may have been prompted by President Joko Widodo’s visit to the Natuna Regency. The PRC had previously recognised Indonesia’s sovereignty over the Natuna Islands.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): Geography [edit]The Natuna Islands are a 272-island archipelago of Indonesia, located in the Natuna Sea[20][21] between Peninsular Malaysia to the west and Borneo to the east. They extend in a NNW direction for 300 km from Tanjung Api, the northwest extremity of Kalimantan/Borneo. The Natuna Sea itself is a section of the South China Sea. [...] - ^ Mohd Rusli, Mohd Hazmi; Talaat, Izatul Asma (15 February 2016). "The Natuna Islands: 'Malaysian in geography', Indonesian in sovereignty". Astro Awani. Retrieved 15 July 2021. [...] - ^ "Natuna Islands: Indonesia says no 'overlapping' South China Sea claims with China". ABC News. 22 June 2016.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-08-14): While the SCS dispute does not presently directly affect Indonesia, this scenario might not be the same in future years. As an archipelagic state, Indonesia is entitled to draw baselines connecting the outermost point of its outermost islands. Although Indonesia does not formally claim any of the disputed islands located in the SCS, Indonesia has sovereignty over the Natuna Islands, which are adjacent to the SCS. These islands are vital in establishing Indonesia as the world’s largest archipelagic state. As Natuna islands are in the middle of the SCS, Indonesia inevitably shares its maritime borders with Vietnam and Malaysia -- the Natuna isles are between Peninsula Malaysia and the Malaysian Borneo states of Sabah and Sarawak. [...] Based on history, Malaysia may have rights to claim sovereignty over the Natunas. Nevertheless, claims were never made and until now, Malaysia acknowledges Indonesia’s sovereignty over the Natuna Islands. International law dictates that a state may acquire territory by way of an "actual exercise" of sovereignty on a particular territory without clear objections from other countries. Thus Malaysia’s claim, if any, over the Natuna Islands may be rebutted on the fact that it has remained silent over Indonesia’s administration on those islands throughout almost 60 years.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-23): The past week has brought news about the activity of Chinese ships around the Natuna Islands, in particular, the presence of the Chinese destroyer Kunming 172 inside Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). According to local media reports Indonesian fishermen reported the presence of the Chinese vessel and other ships. This came after a Chinese survey ship escorted by China Coast Guard vessels was spotted last month sailing in the waters of the North Natuna Sea, as the Indonesian government refers to the waters around the Natuna islands. [...] Around the Natuna Islands, Indonesia has a territorial sea, a contiguous zone, and an EEZ in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). According to the convention, Indonesia only has sovereignty over the waters of the territorial sea and the inland sea that exists between the islands. [...] To deal with these two possible Chinese motives, the Indonesian government will certainly not open negotiations over the maritime boundaries around the Natuna Islands, recognizing that the "nine-dash line" claim has no legal basis and was declared invalid by an international arbitral tribunal in 2016. The country therefore needs to negotiate maritime boundaries and the protection and utilization of natural resources with neighboring countries that claim territories in the South China Sea, namely Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, and Vietnam. The results of these negotiations should then be immediately submitted to the United Nations in accordance with Article 75 of UNCLOS.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-08): History [edit]The naming of the North Natuna Sea itself has been done by the Malay people who inhabit the Natuna Regency area for a long time.[4] Since the 19th century, the waters of the Natuna Islands have been the territory of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate, which was previously controlled by the Kingdom of Pattani and the Johor Sultanate in Malaysia. Later claims were made by Malaysia based on this history, but these claims were discontinued in line with the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation.[5] [...] Conflict [edit]Often, the Chinese and Indonesian governments both assert that there is no state of dispute concerning their territorial claims, a stance taken to foster and maintain positive bilateral relations between the two nations.[14][15][16] In 2014, Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang stated that "There is no territorial dispute between Indonesia and China."[17] In 2015, Indonesian Minister of Foreign Affairs Retno Marsudi also followed by asserting that "Indonesia does not have overlapping claim with any other countries" and that "no country ever claimed Natuna Islands."[18] [...] - ^ Humas (2015-11-21). "No Claim from China over Natuna Islands". Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-02): Hidden away from the world and out of reach of tourism discretely lies Natuna Island. This part of the Indonesian archipelago yet so far away from the majority of the country that it is actually in the South China Sea, somewhere roughly between Singapore and Borneo Malaysia. [...] Natuna Island can be reached by a 2-hour flight departing Batam, Indonesia. Flights are once daily and cost roughly USD 150 each way. Planes fill up to capacity quickly with the locals traveling to and from the island so consider booking in advance. Natuna Island can also be reached by passenger ferry which takes 3 days travel time departing Jakarta. The service runs only once weekly.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-01-10): JAKARTA - If there is a country that intersects the Indonesian nation the most today, it is China. The escalation of territorial disputes in the Natuna Sea, Riau Islands raises the tension of the Indonesian people towards China when fishing boats with red-star flags routinely steal fish escorted by their coast guard vessels. Worse, China is reluctant to recognize the Natuna exclusive economic zone (EEZ) as part of the South China Sea region. [...] DPR RI Commission I member Charles Honoris also touched on the rawness of China's historical claims. "China's historical claim to Indonesia's EEZ on the grounds that Chinese fishermen have been active in Natuna for a long time is not recognized by UNCLOS and has also been countered by the Permanent Court of Arbitration decision in 2016," he explained. [...] On the 12th (March 1831, ed.), At dawn, this part of the archipelago (Natuna) which is generally marked with the North Natuna, appears in our observations. The main island of the archipelago is called Pulau Laut by the local population, and is no more than 8 miles in length from the northeast as the northern end to the southwest as the southern end.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-03-23): Yet another incident involving a Chinese coastguard vessel and an Indonesian patrol boat has occurred in the vicinity of Indonesia’s Natuna Islands in the South China Sea. Unlike the previous incidents, this time the Chinese coastguard vessel almost intruded into Indonesia’s 12-nautical mile territorial sea off Bunguran (Natuna Besar) Island (see the map below). [...] While seemingly escalatory at the tactical level, this incident did not signal a new Chinese modus operandi at the strategic level. China is renowned for using its fishermen as proxies to enforce its nine-dash or U-shaped line claim in the South China Sea, a claim that partly overlaps with Indonesia’s 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone near the Natuna Islands. But the way Indonesia responded to the latest incident was different: the KKP reversed Indonesia’s official tendency to downplay maritime incidents involving Chinese government vessels near the Natuna Islands. [...] While the Indonesian government has made promises to boost naval defenses and maritime law enforcement in the Natuna Islands, implementing those plans has become even more urgent now. Unfortunately, time is not on Indonesia’s side. The fortification and militarization of Chinese-occupied features in the Spratly Islands is continuing apace, which will eventually enable Beijing to impose greater sea control over the U-shaped line, including in the waters near the Natuna Islands. These features could also become springboards for Chinese long-distance fishermen to venture further south, escorted by the Chinese Coast Guard.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): The Natuna Islands are located near the Malay Islands, the Strait of Malacca and the Indochina Peninsula, and are very far away from China. So when it comes to the Natuna Islands, it may be because of its remote geographical location from China and the fact that its actual sovereignty is not controlled by China. Most people may not be familiar with it. However, in the territory of ancient China, the Natuna Islands occupies quite a bit. Important strategic position. [...] China listed the Natuna Islands as China's exclusive economic zone in a map released in 1992, and later it was included in China's territory. Indonesia has made strong opposition to this. However, due to the far distance and the fact that Indonesia's jurisdiction over the islands since World War II is a foregone conclusion, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs also made a statement on this in 2015: "Indonesia has no territorial claim against China's Nansha Islands, and the sovereignty of the Natuna Islands belongs to Indonesia. , China did not express any objections."
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-05): NATUNA, Indonesia: The water is crystal clear, blue; a picture of serenity and tranquillity. Yet for the men and women whose lives depend on Indonesia’s North Natuna Sea, genuine calm and peace is but a distant memory. [...] The North Natuna Sea is part of Indonesia’s Riau Islands province, which includes the Batam and Bintan islands. Nestled in the southern part of the sea is the Natuna island cluster of at least 154 islets, home to about 80,000 people, most of whom are fishermen. The Natunas also falls within Indonesia’s 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which is based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) adopted in 1982 and ratified by more than 160 states, including Indonesia and China.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-28): The Natuna islands together with the Anambas archipelago are Indonesia’s outermost northern border islands in the Riau Archipelago, on the west side of the South Chinan Sea. Strategically located between Singapore, the Malaysian Peninsula on one side and East Malaysia on Borneo on the other, the two island-clusters are now fast growing into a favorite playground for yachters, more so ever since Indonesia eased entry regulations for yachts to sail into Indonesian seas. [...] The archipelago consists of some 270 islands that are divided into three groups, namely the North Natuna, which includes Laut Island (Pulau Laut); Middle Natuna, which includes Bunguran (or Natuna Besar); and South Natuna, which include the Subi Islands and Serasan. The Administrative centre of the Natuna Archipelago is called Ranai, and is found on Natuna Besar (often referred to simply as Natuna). The town of Ranai is the transport hub for arrivals and leaving the Natuna Islands and offers accommodation, restaurants, and a few other facilities. So when you plan to explore the other islands, be sure to get all your necessities first in Ranai. The island itself is virtually surrounded by sandy beaches and beautiful clear seas, a fringe of swaying palm trees that line the coast, often obscuring a band of sandy shores.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-26): Natuna: an idyll on the front line between Indonesia and China [...] More than a thousand kilometres north of Indonesia's sprawling capital Jakarta, Natuna Besar island is just a speck in the vast South China Sea. [...] In December 2019 and January 2020, Indonesia - which is not a claimant state to the Spratly or Paracel islands, but which faces a competing Chinese claim to the seas north of the Natuna Islands — was dragged back into the contest.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-10-19): There are fewer than 100,000 people on Natuna, most of them fisherman and farmers. [...] "Natuna is the furthermost island in Indonesia, and it's on our border in the South China Sea," said Bambang Hendratno, a senior military official in Natuna. [...] "Natuna Island is located up north in the South China Sea and the potential conflict zone where China's nine-dash line and Indonesia's exclusive economic zone off the coast of Natuna overlap," Iis Gindarsah, a defence researcher at the Centre of Strategic Studies in Jakarta tells me.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-01-01): Natuna Islands or Kepulauan Natuna is islands that consist of 272 islands, which located in the South China Sea in the larger Tudjuh Archipelago, off the northwest coast of Borneo. The islands is administratively a regency within the Riau Islands province and the Indonesia’s northernmost non-disputed island group. The Natuna islands are divided into three groups: North Natuna, which includes Laut Island (Pulau Laut); Central Natuna, which includes Natuna Besar; and South Natuna, which includes Subi Besar. Natuna is the most northern islands in the strait of Karimata. In the north, Natuna is bordering Vietnam and Cambodia, on the southern border with South Sumatra and Jambi, in the west to Singapore, Malaysia, Riau and in the eastern part of East Malaysia and West Kalimantan. The Natuna Islands have a remarkable avifauna with 71 species of bird registered, including the near-threatened Lesser Fish-eagle, the Natuna Serpent-eagle or the rare Silvery Pigeon. Among other species endangered species, we find the Green Iora, the Brown Fulvetta or the Green Broadbill. The colorful coral reef is found in the neighboring waters. Natuna Banded Leaf Monkey is among the 25 most endangered primates on Earth.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-02-28): China and Indonesia seem to be at it again in the Natuna waters. In late December, dozens of Chinese boats were fishing across at least 30 different location within Indonesia’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ) accompanied by several coast guard vessels. Indonesia summoned the Chinese ambassador to Jakarta and issued a strong diplomatic protest. During several weeks of the ensuing stand-off, the Indonesian military deployed warships and fighter jets into the area as both sides traded barbs through the press. Indonesian President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo also visited Natuna and boarded one of the navy’s warships in the area. By mid-January, the Chinese vessels had largely cleared the Natuna EEZ (dubbed the North Natuna Sea in 2017). [...] Analysts like to note that Indonesia and China have a dispute around the Natuna EEZ. But a dispute implies both sides equally have some rights under the law to begin with. The problem is that Indonesia’s rights are recognized by international law, particularly the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and China’s are not.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Indonesia (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-05-05): Tensions with China have led Indonesia to step up defence around the Natuna Islands. But the archipelago wants to be known for tourism, its regent tells the programme Insight. [...] The Natuna islanders’ fishing grounds fall within Indonesia’s 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) — but also overlaps China’s nine-dash line claiming most of the South China Sea. [...] In 2018, the islands were added to the list of Indonesia’s national geoparks, which are protected landscapes of geological significance. "Natuna was already known internationally. But we don’t want people to know Natuna as an area of defence," he said.