copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Republic of China [edit]Hainan was historically part of Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces and as such was the Qiongya Circuit (瓊崖道) under the 1912 establishment of the Republic of China. In 1921, it was planned to become a special administrative region (瓊崖特別行政區); in 1944, it became Hainan Special Administrative Region with 16 counties, including the South China Sea Islands. During the 1920s and 30s, Hainan was a hotbed of banditry, many opposition politicians[clarification needed] were hanged, therefore opposition politicians went into hiding. The Communists and the indigenous Hlai people fought a vigorous guerrilla campaign against the Japanese, who were only able to occupy some Hainan territories; but in retaliation the Japanese launched numerous massacres against Hlai villages. Feng Baiju led the Hainan Independent Column of fighters throughout the 1930s and 1940s. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, the Kuomintang reestablished control. Hainan was one of the last areas to eventually come under the administration of the People's Republic, having been under the control of ROC forces until March 1950. The People's Republic attacked Hainan on 10 April 1950 and attained complete control on 1 May.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-24): Once linked by land to mainland China in its geological past, Hainan Province was long ago inhabited by the local Li people. With signs of inhabitation going back to about 6000 BCE, eventually Hainan became a part of the Chinese empire, with a Han dynasty garrison established there in ca. 100 BCE. Like all of China’s provinces and major cities, and despite being an island province, Hainan was severely affected by the ravages of Mao’s Great Leap Forward in the late 1950s. Now a popular destination for holiday makers, complete with beaches and world-class golf courses, the island province of Hainan is also home to China’s most advanced space launch vehicle programs. Hainan also serves administratively over China’s (heavily contested) claims in the South China Sea, the so-called "nine-dash line" that covers some two million square kilometers. In addition to economic data, this chapter includes Hainan populations over time, as well as an up-to-date naming of China’s claims in the South China Sea and their western equivalents. [...] Hainan Province Bureau of Statistics (HPBS). 2021. [The seventh national census communiqué of Hainan Province]. 海南省第七次全国人口普查公报(第二号), 13 May. http://stats.hainan.gov.cn/tjj/ywdt/xwfb/202105/t20210512_2977770.html. [...] Croddy, E. (2022). Hainan (Island) Province.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-15): But Hainan, China’s southernmost province, is also a strategically important island. And just like Hawaii, it is also home to key military bases. [...] Out of sight of the holiday makers and business travelers, the southern edge of Hainan is a major base of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Navy, home to part of its South Sea Fleet. [...] Hainan’s economy is among the smallest of all Chinese regions and provinces, with its GDP ranking only above far-flung Ningxia, Qinghai and Tibet. Agriculture contributes the most to its economy.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Hainan (海南; Hái-nâm in Hainanese, Hǎinán in Mandarin) is an island province of China, famous for its tropical beaches. It has a thriving tourist industry and is being heavily promoted as "China's Hawaii". Understand [edit]Hainan is China's southernmost province, south of Guangdong province and across the Gulf of Tonkin from Vietnam. "Hainan" literally means "South of the Ocean". [...] For much of its history, Hainan was considered a backwater and used as a place of exile for failed officials. It was administered by the Qing Dynasty and Republic of China as a prefecture of Guangdong Province. It became a separate province in 1988, making it China's smallest province, and the only island province administered by the PRC. The entire island has been declared a Special Economic Zone.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Hainan is a southern province in the People's Republic of China. It is considered the smallest province in the country, and it is made up of different islands in the South China Sea. The largest island is called Hainan Island, and it is responsible for more than 97 percent of the landmass included in the province. The entire province itself is approximately 13,100 square miles, and Hainan Island measures more than 12,700 square miles. The rest of the province is made up of different islands and archipelagos scattered throughout the South China Sea. For many years, the region was considered to be a part of the Guangdong Province, but it was separated from Guangdong in 1988. It has been estimated that approximately ten million people live in Hainan, with the overwhelming majority of them living on Hainan Island. There are indigenous peoples that have lived on the island for thousands of years, and they speak of variety of Hlai languages. The Hlai are recognized as a major ethnic group by the Chinese government, but the majority of people who live in Haian today are Han Chinese, who speak a variety of Chinese languages. They include Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese, and Hakka Chinese.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2004-01-01): Hainan Island is China's most southerly province and the second largest island after Taiwan, the largest ocean island and the smallest land province in China, located in the South China Sea about 60 minutes south of Hong Kong by air. The closest city by flight to Hainan Island is Guangzhou (Canton), only 50 minutes to Haikou, the capital city of Hainan Island, and 70 minutes to Sanya. [...] Geography: Hainan, separated by the Qiongzhou Strait from the Leizhou Peninsula of Guangdong, is the largest island administered by the People's Republic of China. [...] Administrative Division: In the official PRC territorial claim, Hainan Province includes not just one island, but also some two hundred South China Sea Islands. Whilst the containment of the South China Sea Islands means that Hainan Province has a very large water body, it has a disproportionally small land area. James Shoal (Zengmu Ansha), which is presently marked by the PRC, signifies the country's southernmost border. But Malaysia also claims that it is on their continental shelf.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): Mainland China "Mainland China", also referred to as "the Chinese mainland", is a geopolitical term defined as the territory under direct administration of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War. In addition to the geographical mainland, the geopolitical sense of the term includes islands such as Hainan, Chongming, and Zhoushan.[1] By convention, territories outside of mainland China include: [...] Hainan is an island, but is nevertheless commonly considered to be part of the "mainland" politically, because its government, legal and political systems do not differ from the rest of the PRC. Nonetheless, Hainanese people still refer to the geographic mainland as "the mainland" and call its residents "mainlanders".[15][better source needed]
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-10): Hainan, China’s southernmost province, is renowned for its breathtaking tropical landscapes, stunning coastlines, and rich cultural heritage. Often referred to as the "Hawaii of China," Hainan Island boasts a diverse array of attractions that draw tourists from around the world. [...] - Tropical Paradise: Hainan is the smallest and southernmost province of China, known for its tropical climate and stunning beaches. [...] Hainan, the tropical gem nestled in the southern reaches of China, dazzles with its sun-kissed beaches, vibrant culture, and economic ambition. Aptly dubbed the "Hawaii of China," this island province is a fusion of natural splendor, from its lush rainforests and volcanic landscapes to its crystal-clear waters and palm-fringed shores. Beyond its scenic allure, Hainan is a melting pot of cultural diversity, echoing through its festivals, culinary delights, and historical landmarks. As it evolves into a Free Trade Port, Hainan is poised to shape the future of trade and tourism, inviting the world to witness its blend of tradition and modernity.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-18): Hainan has been strategically important for China well before starting its transformation into an FTP. The region is located in a geographically strategic area and in the past has played an important role in advancing its country’s claims in the South China Sea over disputed islands. The main actors in enhancing Chinese policy have been the local government, which made Hainan and its local governments the main administrators of all Chinese claims in the SCS (Yamaguchi, 2016). While in the past its role in China’s SCS claims has been the core of Hainan’s relevance, in the last decade, the province’s role in China’s agenda has experienced a shift, which can be made clear also by the result of the Chinese 20th National Congress. Hainan’s unique geographical position is no longer the only way for China to pursue its SCS claims but has become a vital location for the advancement of its internal and external development goals, especially with regard to BRI, the GDI, and the dual circulation strategy.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Hainan, sheng (province) in southern China. Its name means "south of the sea." The main land territory of the province is coextensive with Hainan Island and a handful of nearby offshore islands located in the South China Sea and separated from the Leizhou Peninsula of southern Guangdong province to the north by the shallow and narrow Hainan Strait (Qiongzhou Haixia). The west coast of Hainan Island is some 200 miles (320 km) east of northern Vietnam, across the Gulf of Tonkin. [...] Hainan is the southernmost province of China and is also the smallest in terms of land area. For centuries Hainan was part of Guangdong province, but in 1988 this resource-rich tropical region became a separate province. The capital is Haikou, on Hainan Island’s northern coast. Area (excluding disputed island areas) 13,200 square miles (34,300 square km). Pop. (2020) 10,081,232. Hainan Island was geologically connected with the southern Chinese mainland until a rift through the Hainan Strait opened sometime during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs (about 23 to 2.6 million years ago). The island is approximately oval in shape and measures about 160 miles (260 km) from east to west and 130 miles (210 km) from north to south at its widest point. The land rises abruptly in the southwestern interior of the island, reaching an elevation of 6,125 feet (1,867 metres) above sea level at Mount Wuzhi. Immediately to the northwest of the Wuzhi massif is the Limu Range, with several peaks above 4,600 feet (1,400 metres).
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2004-12-31): Hainan (Chinese: 海南; pinyin: Hǎinán ▶) is the smallest province of the People's Republic of China, located off the southern coast of the country. It consists of several islands, the largest of which is also called Hainan Island (Hainan Dao). When speaking of "Hainan" in Chinese, it is usually the main Hainan Island that is referred to. The province is closest in proximity to Guangxi autonomous region and Guangdong province to the north, and the port cities of Hong Kong and Macau to the northeast. Hainan island was called the Pearl Cliffs (珠崖 Zhūyá), Fine Jade Cliffs (瓊崖 Qióngyá), and the Fine Jade Land (瓊州 Qióngzhōu). The latter two gave rise to the province's abbreviation, Qióng (琼 in Simplified Chinese), referring to the greenery cover on the island. The People's Republic of China government claims Hainan's territories to extend to the southern Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands and other disputed marine territories. In addition, Hainan is also known as the largest Special Economic Zone laid out by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping after the economic reforms of the late 1970s. [...] Hainan, separated by the Qiongzhou Strait (瓊州海峽) from the Leizhou Peninsula (雷州半島) of Guangdong, is the largest island administered by the People's Republic of China. The PRC however, regard it as the second largest island, since Taiwan is considered the largest. To the west of Hainan is the Gulf of Tonkin. Wuzhi Mountain, at an elevation of 1,876m, is the highest point on the island.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Hainan , or Hai-nan, Province and island of China. Area: (excluding disputed island areas) 13,200 sq mi (34,300 sq km). Population: (2020) 10,081,232. Capital: Haikou. The province, which also includes several small islands near Hainan Island, is located in the South China Sea, separated from Guangdong province by a narrow strait. China claims as part of the province three island groups (qundao)—the Paracel (Xisha) and Spratly (Nansha) islands and Macclesfield Bank (Zhongsha)—in the South China Sea, but these are also claimed by other countries, and there is no international recognition of sovereignty for any group of them. For centuries part of Guangdong, Hainan became a separate province in 1988, the southernmost province of China and the smallest. It was under Chinese rule from the 2nd century bce but was not closely controlled until the Tang dynasty (618–907 ce). Chinese began settling the island in the 16th–17th centuries, gradually forcing the indigenous peoples into the interior. Hainan was occupied by the Japanese in 1939–45, after which it reverted back to China. The island, designated a special economic zone after becoming a province, has since then experienced considerable economic growth. [...] Below is the article summary. For the full article, see Hainan.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-22): - ^ Most of the Guangdong is administered by the People's Republic of China, but the Republic of China governs Pratas Island as part of the Hainan special administrative region, which is currently administered by Kaohsiung City. - ^ Most of the Hainan is administered by the People's Republic of China, while the Republic of China governs Taiping Island as part of the Hainan special administrative region, which is currently administered by Kaohsiung City. [...] - Special administrative region (Republic of China)
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Hainan was formally incorporated into the Chinese empire in 110 bce, when the Han government established two prefectures, Zhuya and Dan’er, on the island. However, the indigenous Li peoples staged constant rebellions, and the Chinese withdrew in the 1st century bce. Although the island remained nominally under Chinese sovereignty, effective government was not reintroduced until the Tang dynasty (618–907 ce). Even then, the island remained firmly in the hands of the indigenous peoples, and the coastal settlements established by the Chinese became a dreaded place of banishment for those who had lost favour at court on the mainland. [...] In 1906 the Chinese Republican leader Sun Yat-sen proposed that Hainan again become a separate province, and for a short time (1912–21), it was nominally independent under the name Qiongya Island. The Japanese occupied Hainan (1939–45) during the Sino-Japanese War and began developing the island’s economic potential. The production of rubber and other tropical goods was expanded, and Hainan’s mineral wealth was exploited. Roads and short railway lines were built to extract iron ore in the southwest, bauxite in the south, and alluvial tin from along the northern coast. Hainan reverted to Chinese Nationalist control in 1945 and was one of the last places to be taken by the communists.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-05): Hainan is China’s smallest and southernmost province. Slightly bigger than Belgium, the province has an area of 33,920 square kilometers, and is made up of two hundred islands scattered among three archipelagos off China’s southern coast. At 32,900 square kilometers, Hainan Island comprises 97% of Hainan Province’s land mass. Hainan is situated in the South China Sea, separated from Guangdong’s Leizhou Peninsula to the north by the thin Qiongzhou or Hainan Strait. The west coast of Hainan Island is about 320 km east of Vietnam, across the Gulf of Tonkin. Haikou is Hainan Island’s capital. Historically, Hainan was part of Guangdong province, but became a separate province in 1988. China asserts that Hainan’s territory includes the Spratly Islands, the Paracel Islands, and other disputed marine territory. China’s assertions are contested by Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam in the case of the former, and Taiwan and Vietnam in the case of the latter. There is no definitive international recognition of sovereignty for either archipelago.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): The special administrative regions (SAR) of the People's Republic of China are one of four types of province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China directly under the control of its Central People's Government (State Council), being integral areas of the country. As a region, they possess the highest degree of autonomy from China's central government. However, despite the relative autonomy that the Central People's Government offers the special administrative regions, the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee remains capable of enforcing laws for the special administrative regions.[3] [...] Defunct SARs [edit]In the Republic of China (ROC) era between 1912 and 1949, the "special administrative regions" (Chinese: 特別行政區; pinyin: tèbié xíngzhèngqū) were historically used to designate special areas by the Beiyang government, most of which were eventually converted into provinces by the Nationalist government in 1928. All were suspended or abolished after the end of the Chinese Civil War, with the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the ROC government's retreat to Taiwan, but they continued to exist as provinces under ROC law. The regions were:
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-01): Hainan has been a province in the southern People's Republic of China since 1988, consisting of various islands. Previously, the now southernmost province of the People's Republic was an administrative part of Guangdong Province (Canton). The largest of the islands is also called Hainan. [...] While the island used to be an exile for disgraced Chinese officials and later mainly attracted backpackers, Hainan has gained increasing renown in recent years and is now perhaps the most famous tourist paradise in the People's Republic. Particularly Sanya in the south of the island is becoming increasingly popular as a vacation destination. The Sanya region entices with its finest sandy beaches and crystal-clear waters. In recent years, significant investments have been made in tourism infrastructure, resulting in many new hotels across all star categories. Additionally, several golf courses have been developed in recent years. [...] Haikou is the capital of Hainan Province and is located in the north of the island. In recent years, Haikou has developed into a modern industrial city that attracts many people from other Chinese provinces. However, traces of old China can still be seen in the old town.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-01): Hainan is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China. The name "Hainan" also refers to Hainan Island, the main island of the province. The capital of the province is Haikou. Hainan is known for its tropical climate.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-19): A federal grand jury in San Diego, California, returned an indictment in May charging four nationals and residents of the People’s Republic of China with a campaign to hack into the computer systems of dozens of victim companies, universities and government entities in the United States and abroad between 2011 and 2018. The indictment, which was unsealed on Friday, alleges that much of the conspiracy’s theft was focused on information that was of significant economic benefit to China’s companies and commercial sectors, including information that would allow the circumvention of lengthy and resource-intensive research and development processes. The defendants and their Hainan State Security Department (HSSD) conspirators sought to obfuscate the Chinese government’s role in such theft by establishing a front company, Hainan Xiandun Technology Development Co., Ltd. (海南仙盾) (Hainan Xiandun), since disbanded, to operate out of Haikou, Hainan Province. [...] As alleged, the charged MSS officers coordinated with staff and professors at various universities in Hainan and elsewhere in China to further the conspiracy’s goals. Not only did such universities assist the MSS in identifying and recruiting hackers and linguists to penetrate and steal from the computer networks of targeted entities, including peers at many foreign universities, but personnel at one identified Hainan-based university also helped support and manage Hainan Xiandun as a front company, including through payroll, benefits and a mailing address.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-08): Following a Japanese news report on May 12 that the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) will be conducting large-scale beach-landing exercises around Hainan Island in August, reportedly including a simulated invasion of the Taiwan-controlled Dongsha Islands (Pratas Islands, 東沙群島), Taiwan’s government deployed an undisclosed number of Taiwanese marines to the islands to strengthen their defensive capabilities. The move highlighted Taiwan’s oft-forgotten claims in the South China Sea. For Taipei, the dispute with Beijing over the Dongsha Islands is only one of several bilateral and multilateral territorial disputes with other claimants in the South China Sea. Yet, Taiwan’s claims in the South China Sea have often been overshadowed by those of China and other regional countries, and have been further weakened by Taipei’s exclusion from regional and international organizations.
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-05-03): Sanya County, Hainan Province, People’s Republic of China
Claim: Hainan is a territory of People's Republic of China (Hainan, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-23): Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510623 This consular district includes Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan. [...] No. 1469 Huai Hai Zhong Road