copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Russia (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-04): One area of the map that I always found messy is the current layout of provinces and territorial ownership in Ezo (modern day Hokkaido) and the surrounding Sakhalin (Karafuto/Kita Ezo) and Kuril (Chishima) islands. Although these islands became mostly important at the tail end of EU4's timeline, this region was the scene of an unusual and intense race between Russia and Tokugawa Japan, to expand their influence in the region at the expense of the native Ainu people. These suggested changes are to help EU4 better represent historical events that occurred on Hokkaido, Sakhalin and Kuril islands. Several important points in the region's history are impossible to recreate currently given how the map is laid out and I would like to address that, along with other historical inaccuracies that I think can be solved. I will make several posts detailing some ideas I would like to share and get some feedback on this subject! Here is a map of what I'm going to be suggesting and what I'll discuss in this, and future posts. I will go into more detail on these suggestions one by one. [...] Mon of the Ando (Akita) clan
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Russia (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-12-11): Land concessions can induce passion, but when they are relatively peripheral, as the South Kuril Islands certainly are for both countries, the issue can be captured by narrow but dedicated interest groups.5 For the South Kuril Islands, local Russian activists and the Japanese League of Residents of Chishima6 and Habomai Islands have effectively prevented resolution of the dispute. The former warns the Russian government against changing the status quo and the latter prevents the Japanese government from accepting anything other than maximal concessions. [...] Renewing the idea of an Ostpolitik in the Asia-Pacific does not upend the 1945 legacy in Europe, nor does it betray the sacrifice of the Russian people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The South Kuril Islands are more in the league of historical strategic outposts like the naval bases in Port Arthur and the Hanko Peninsula in the Gulf of Finland that were transferred in 1953 to China and 1956 to Finland, respectively. Similar steps have been made in more recent times when Putin decided in 2000 to abandon former Soviet military facilities in Cuba and Vietnam. Also, Russia’s deals with China in 2004 and Norway in 20108 both resulted in Russia’s giving up part of its administered territory or its long-standing legal position, but it is safe to believe that settling the South Kuril Islands issue will not bring about new claims from either China or Norway.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Russia (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-03): Why should Tokyo today want seriously to amend an agreement it signed and ratified almost 50 years ago? The story begins with Japan’s 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty with the Allied Powers. Article 2(c) of the treaty said unequivocally that Japan would renounce all rights, title and claim to the Kuril islands chain (Chishima Retto) and southern Sakhalin (Karafuto) — territories to the north of Japan that Japan had controlled up till 1945. But Japan’s Foreign Ministry insists that Japan never recognized Etorofu and Kunashiri to be included in those renounced Kuril islands. [...] The Soviet side rejected this demand, saying both territories were included in the Kurils promised to Moscow at Yalta in February 1945 as a condition for Moscow entering the war against Japan (in Russia, the two territories were called the Lesser Kurils). [...] To get round this rather incriminating detail, the Foreign Ministry had to begin to emphasize how the English version of the San Francisco treaty uses the word Kuril Islands. This, it insists, can refer only to the Northern Kurils. Why? Because that was the alleged meaning of the Russian word "Kuril" in 19th-century treaties with Japan. This, despite the fact that at San Francisco, Minami Chishima was always translated by the Japanese side as "Southern Kurils."
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): The Liancourt Rocks,[2] also known by their Korean name of Dokdo (Korean: 독도)[a] or their Japanese name of Takeshima,[b] are a group of islets in the Sea of Japan between the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago administered by South Korea. The Liancourt Rocks comprise two main islets and 35 smaller rocks; the total surface area of the islets is 0.187554 square kilometres (46.346 acres) and the highest elevation of 168.5 metres (553 ft) is on the West Islet.[4][dead link] The Liancourt Rocks lie in rich fishing grounds that may contain large deposits of natural gas.[5] The English name Liancourt Rocks is derived from Le Liancourt,[c] the name of a French whaling ship that came close to being wrecked on the rocks in 1849.[6] [...] References - BAEK In-ki; SHIM Mun-bo; Korea Maritime Institute (December 2006), A study of Distance between Ulleungdo and Dokdo and Ocean Currents (울릉도와 독도의 거리와 해류에 관한 연구), pp. 20–22, ISBN 978-89-7998-340-1, archived from the original on 12 January 2013 - BBC staff (20 April 2006), Seoul and Tokyo hold island talks, BBC - BBC staff (27 July 2008), "Island row hits Japanese condoms", BBC News - Fern, Sean (Winter 2005), "Tokdo or Takeshima? The International Law of Territorial Acquisition in the Japan-Korea Island Dispute", Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs, 5 (1) [...] - Japanese Territory / "Takeshima" (MOFA, Japan)
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-10-05): Called Dokdo by South Korea and Takeshima by Japan, the island is claimed by both countries as their territory, and the dispute has strained relations more than ever over the past couple of months. [...] One group stands in prayer by the quayside, another dressed in yellow "Dokdo" sweatshirts performs a dance routine. [...] South Korea insists sovereignty of the island is not in question. Japan's request to take the issue to an international court has raise hackles here.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-23): Dokdo-Takeshima Islands: South Korea And Japan’s Intractable Maritime Dispute – Analysis [...] Secondly, the dispute has proved even more intractable due to the economic and geo-strategic importance of the islands. The Dokdo-Takeshima islands are located in the middle of an important route for shipping and regional trade, and are surrounded by plentiful fish stocks. In addition, there is significant potential for the unexplored sea-bed around the islands to contain large amounts of oil and natural gas deposits. [...] At first glance, the dispute over the Dokdo-Takeshima Islands appears relatively minor in scale, especially when compared to the more complex maritime disputes underway in the East and South China Seas. However, the islands occupy a position of great national importance for many in both South Korea and Japan, a factor which provides a significant obstacle to resolution and has resulted in deeply-ingrained positions on both sides.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-09-17): Dokdo/Takeshima/Liancourt Rocks (hereafter Dokdo) remains a sharp thorn in the side of contemporary Japan-ROK relations. The contentiousness of the issues is emblematic of unresolved political and territorial legacies of two centuries of colonialism in East Asia as well as of the post-war territorial disposition of the San Francisco Treaty and the global conflict that it mirrored and defined. The story has frequently been told in terms of Japan-ROK conflict. We explore its historical and contemporary ramifications here in a triangular century-long framework involving Japan, Korea and the United States. [...] Indeed, winds of accommodation quickly dissipated. On February 26, 2005, "Takeshima Day", local officials in Shimane prefecture reiterated the Japanese claim to Dokdo in the highest profile challenge to Korean control. The sentiment was not limited to Shimane. In 2008 newly published Japanese textbooks asserted historical claims to the islets. And on February 22, 2011, officials from the ruling Democratic Party for the first time attended a Shimane event claiming Takeshima for Japan.27 This was soon followed up by Japan’s Ministry of Education issuing new middle school history and social studies textbooks. All twelve textbooks approved for use in the schools claim that Dokdo (Takeshima) belongs to Japan, and four describe South Korea’s sovereignty of the islands as "illegal occupation."28
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-05-13): So, why not bring the case jointly to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to finally put the issue of sovereignty to rest? In fact, this has been a previous approach by Tokyo, which has asked Seoul three times to agree to a joint submission to the ICJ. South Korea has refused each time, as it believes there is no dispute over the sovereignty of the islets. During Tokyo’s last approach in 2012, the South Korean Foreign Ministry responded, "Dokdo is clearly part of Korean territory historically, geographically and under international law, and no territorial dispute exists. The Japanese government’s proposal to take the Dokdo issue before the ICJ is not worth attention." Ironically, this is similar to Tokyo’s approach with China over the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-27): The Dokdo Islands (Takeshima, in Japanese) are a group of sea features located in the Sea of Japan (also known as East Sea). The features are controlled by South Korea and disputed by Japan. Composed of two islands and 89 surrounding islets, the total area of the group is approximately 187,000 square meters. The two main islands, Seodo (West Islet) and Dongdo (East Islet), host a number of structures such as a docking facility, a heliport, and living facilities. Dokdo is located over 87 kilometres southeast of the nearest Korean island, Ulleungdo, whereas the nearest Japanese island (Oki) is located more than 157 kilometres to the southeast. Designated as state-owned land, Dokdo and its surrounding waters are patrolled by the Dokdo Coast Guard and Korea Coast Guard vessels. Other than the Coast Guard, several lighthouse staff and local government officers, Dokdo is also home to a number of civilian residents. [...] Bukh, Alexander. 2015. "Shimane Prefecture, Tokyo and the Territorial Dispute Over Dokdo/Takeshima: Regional and National Identities in Japan." The Pacific Review 28, no. 1: 47–70.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-14): For Koreans, feelings of hope are also intermingled with deep rooted hostility towards the Japanese neighbors who once occupied their country and who still claim the islets as theirs. Takeshima is "indisputably an inherent part of the territory of Japan, in light of historical facts and based on international law" says the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs website. It adds that the Republic of Korea has been occupying Takeshima with "no basis in international law," and that it will continue to seek the settlement "in a calm and peaceful manner". The dispute is well-worn. According to South Korea, Dokdo was recognized by Japan as Korean territory in 1696 following an altercation between Japanese and Korean fishermen. But, in 1905, despite allegedly being under formal jurisdiction of Korea’s Uldo county, the islands were annexed by Japan ahead of its occupation of the peninsula, which lasted for 35 years up until 1945. According to Korea, the islands were "rightly" restored to them at the end of World War II. Japan disagrees.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-07-28): The Liancourt Rocks dispute, also called the Takeshima dispute or Dokdo dispute is a territorial dispute between South Korea and Japan[1][2][3][4] regarding sovereignty over the Liancourt Rocks, a group of small islets in the Sea of Japan. The rocks also go by the names Dokdo (Korean: 독도; Hanja: 獨島) and Takeshima (Japanese: 竹島).[5] North Korea also claims sovereignty of the islands, but has not pursued its claim to the same extent as the other parties.[6] [...] - ^ MOFA of Korea, Tokdo kwan'gye charyojip (Collection of Data on Tokdo) (I) Wangbok oegyio munso (Diplomatic Correspondence Exchanged); Chipmu charyo (Reference Material for Staff), (Seoul: MFA, 1997), pp. 234, 236, 250 via Kim, Myung-Ki, A Study of Legal Aspects of Japan's Claim to Tokdo, Korea Observer, Autumn 1997, p. 361, MOFA of Japan stated in a memorandum of July 3, 1962, "The Japanese government has made clear the position of its claim that Takeshima is Japan's inherent territory from olden times and is now reconfirming repeatedly that position."
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-29): Dok-do or Takeshima? The Territorial Dispute Between South Korea and Japan. Located at a nearly equidistant position between South Korea and Japan in the East Sea, the Dok-do/Takeshima islet consists of two major islands and 30 smaller rocks. In a geographical perspective, the islet in no means is significant in nature; the rocky terrain of the islands have historically been uninhabited and the land is less than 200,000 square meters in size. However, the islet has been the center of a centuries-long territorial dispute between Korea and Japan. Both of these nations have been actively arguing their control over the Dok-do/Takeshima islet, and they have used various historical documents and international laws to support their respective claims, ultimately complicating the issue at hand. The yet-to-be resolved conflict of the sovereignty of the islet leaves us to explore a legal question that has presented itself consistently over the span of human history: the question of territorial sovereignty and geopolitics.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-08-06): For decades, two small, rocky islets have been a source of political and social tension between two of the most powerful Asian nations. The islets are but a tiny, insignificant dot on a map; however, they mean much more to the people of Japan and South Korea. The Japanese call the islets Takeshima and have claimed their official ownership since 1905, during the Russo-Japanese War. Koreans call the land Dokdo and claim it has historically been Korean territory and was wrongfully taken during the Japanese occupation of Korea. This essay will outline ten historically accurate facts, unknown in Japan, surrounding the Dokdo dispute. [...] One of Japan's most persistent arguments is that Dokdo was legally incorporated as Japanese territory in 1905. In 1905, the Japanese Shimane prefectural government registered Dokdo as part of the Oki Islands. However, the story behind this incorporation may not be well known in Japan; and here, another unknown fact emerges.The incorporation began when Japanese fisherman Yozaburo Nakai requested the Japanese government for fishing rights in Dokdo. The interesting part is that Nakai, a resident of Oki Island, had initially planned on requesting fishing rights from the Korean government, but had been discouraged by theJapanese Fisheries Bureau Director. Only after Nakai asked the Japanese government was Dokdo formally registered as Japanese territory. By the time the Korean government was informed of these actions, it was already under the Japanese protectorate and therefore unable to pursue effective diplomatic measures to rectify the situation.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-18): February may be the shortest month of the year, but it never fails to pack in plenty of discourse on Japan's territorial disputes. Every year, central government representatives participate in Northern Territories Day on Feb. 7, usually seeing the prime minister offer a keynote address promising to resolve the long-standing dispute with Russia. Next week, Shimane Prefecture will celebrate the relatively young Takeshima Day, which will invariably invite protest from the South Korean government that controls the islands it knows as "Dokdo." All the while, media outlets continue to report on Chinese vessels maintaining their long streak of operations in the waters surrounding the Senkaku Islands. With this month bringing Japan's territorial disputes back to the fore, it begs the questions of why these issues keep coming up and why they are so difficult to resolve.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-21): Japan claims it acquired Dokdo/Takeshima as terra nullius in 1905. South Korea argues the feature had been incorporated into the Ullungdo County in 1900, and that Japan's occupation constituted an illegal usurpation. As South Korea was officially annexed by Japan in 1910, Japan's Dokdo/Takeshima claim has been viewed in South Korea as a forerunner to formal Japanese imperialism. [...] For South Koreans, Dokdo/Takeshima is a potent symbol of Japanese colonialism. South Koreans have written songs about Dokdo (see here, here and here) and conducted Dokdo K-Pop flashdances (here). As sources in the construction of national identity, museums and schools also promote Korean ownership of Dokdo. [...] Various Japanese defence white papers have declared Dokdo/Takeshima as 'inherent Japanese territory'. The administration of Prime Minster Shinzo Abe has come under fire in South Korea for sending high-ranking officials to the controversial Takeshima Day started in 2005 in the Shimane Prefecture, which claims the features.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-10): Dokdo Takeshima Island (called Liancourt Rocks by some nations and Takeshima by Japan) is 215 kms from mainland Korea and 250 kms from Japan proper. The nearest land mass is Korea’s Ulleung-do Island at about 87 kms away. The islets are visible from Korea’s Ulleungdo on fair days. The nearest Japanese territory Oki Islands is 157 kms away. [...] South Korea claims it as Korean territory from records that date back to the sixth century during the Unified Shilla period and on the 1900 Korean Empire ordinance officially incorporating three islands into modern Ulleung County. ( Korea’s 1900 Incorporation of Dokdo Island ) Japanese claims come from seventeenth century records ( Dokdo – Takeshima and Japan’s Historical Territorial Limits ), as well as a "terra nullius" incorporation in 1905. ( Japan’s Military Annexation of Takeshima (Dokdo) in 1905 ) Today, South Korea classifies the islets as a part of Ulleung County, North Gyeongsan Province, while Japan classifies them as part of Okinoshima, in Oki District, Shimane Prefecture.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-08-10): Profile: Dokdo/Takeshima islands - Published [...] South Korea calls it Dokdo, which means solitary islands. Japan calls it Takeshima, which means bamboo islands. And it has also been known as the Liancourt Rocks, named by French whalers after their ship in 1849. [...] South Korea says Dokdo was recognised by Japan as Korean territory in 1696, after a run-in between Korean and Japanese fishermen.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-08-17): South Korea’s denial of entry to three Japanese lawmakers attempting to visit the disputed islands of Dokdo/Takeshima is the latest in a long series of tit-for-tats between the two countries. The rocky outcrop, known as Dokdo in South Korea and Takeshima in Japan, is considered by both countries part of their own respective territories, and the dispute over them has been an ongoing spoiler in bilateral relations. Last month, the Japanese government told its Foreign Ministry staff not to use Korean Airlines for a month, in response to the company’s decision to conduct the inaugural flight of its A380 passenger jet above the isles. [...] It’s this historical memory that is responsible for Korea’s unwillingness to take this dispute to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). From the South Korean perspective, losing ‘Dokdo’ would be akin to the post-facto legitimization of Japanese colonial rule. On the one hand, Koreans think that as long as they have effective jurisdiction, there’s no point taking the risk that they may lose the islands. But more importantly, referral of the case to the ICJ appears to concede that Japanese claims to the islands are valid.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-04-17): Tokyo’s new National Museum of Territory and Sovereignty opened this year, a permanent collection of historical documents highlighting Japan’s official territorial claim over the Diaoyu/Senkaku and the Dokdo/Takeshima islands. [...] The Liancourt Rocks, known as Dokdo in Korean and Takeshima in Japanese, are a group of two small main islets and 35 smaller rocks, with a total surface area of 46.3 acres, located 135 miles from Korea and 131 miles from Japan. While South Korea controls the territory, its sovereignty is contested by Japan. Interestingly, the unified Korean map does not show an indisputably Korean island, Ulleung-do, bigger than Dokdo/Takeshima and closer to Korea. [...] And conflicts over small territories may help maintain a certain geopolitical order. The Diaoyu/Senkaku and the Dokdo/Takeshima disputes have deep historical roots that go back to the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty and the 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement.
Claim: Dokdo/Takeshima is a territory of Japan (Dokdo/Takeshima, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-01): Lying almost equidistant between the Korean Peninsula and Japan, the tiny islets called Dokdo in South Korea and Takeshima in Japan, are claimed by both countries and are a source of a dispute going back more than 300 years. Most recently, there was a public outcry in South Korea after the islands were marked on a map of Japan on the Tokyo Olympics website, with South Korea demanding an immediate correction and Japan refusing. To many outside Korea and Japan, these islets might seem inconsequential and hardly worth risking damage to the relations between two of the world’s most powerful economies. Yet the islets inspire fierce reactions on both sides and a solution to this long-running territorial dispute has been elusive. What is the history of this dispute? Which country has the more compelling historical claim? How do the islets figure in both Korean and Japanese politics, media and culture? Might the U.S. play a role in helping resolve this dispute between its two most important allies in East Asia? Can international law provide a framework for a resolution? The Center for Korean Legal Studies at Columbia Law School welcomes Paul Huth (University of Maryland), Sunwoong Kim (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), and Terence Roehrig (US Naval War College), editors of The Dokdo/Takeshima Dispute: South Korea, Japan and the Search for a Peaceful Solution for a discussion of these issues. They will be joined by contributors to the book including Yoshinori Kaseda, Hee Eun Lee, and Hyon Joo Yoo for a Q&A moderated by Center Director Jeong-Ho Roh.