copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-01-06): Exactly one and a half months ago Indian Border Special Force (Sima Sasastra Bal) (SSB) began chasing Nepali families from Triveni Susta Village saying the territory lies under the jurisdiction of the Indian State of Bihar. About 1000 Indian farmers, who had entered Susta with the help of Indian forces, destroyed about 10 hectares of sugarcane planted by Nepali farmers and also manhandled men and women. This clearly shows India’s interest to displace about 350 Nepali people from their homeland. [...] To stop encroachment, a police post was established in Susta. The government also built a health post and school in order to maintain Nepal’s territorial integrity but time and again stories of confrontation between Nepali and Indian farmers have been coming to light. Also the locals narrate cases of Indian farmers trying to get Nepali citizenship by means of fraud and forgery in order to own those areas. However, Susta is not the only case, as Nepal shares over 1,808 kilometers of border with India and border disputes exist in at least 54 different places. Boundary posts at dozens of points have disappeared; the 10-yard wide strip of no man’s land between the two countries is getting blurred day by day and in addition 372 square kilometers of the Nepali territory of Kalipani at the tri-junction of Nepal, India and China has been occupied by Indian troops since the 1960s.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-10): Susta, is another disputed area in the India-Nepal border. It is a 145-sq-km area that had fallen on the Indian side after the River Gandak changed course. During the 1816 Treaty of Sugauli, the west side of the Gandak river belongs to Nepal and the Eastern part of the river belongs to India. But due to frequent change of course by the Gandak river, the Susta region at present belongs to the Eastern part. This is not accepted by Nepal. [...] In the 1980s, India and Nepal set up the Joint Technical Level Boundary Working Group to delineate their boundary. The group demarcated every border except Kalapani and Susta area.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-20): Yes. The border dispute has been addressed through several official channels since the 1990s, as observed by former Indian ambassador Jayant Prasad. The dispute has roots going back to the 1950s, as detailed in a deeply researched essay by Sam Cowan. Besides Kalapani, there is also a second dispute with India in the Susta river border region. While not well known, there is also a possible issue at the Eastern tri-junction with China and the Indian state of Sikkim.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-27): Susta is a disputed territory along the border of Nepal and India. When the Treaty of Sugauli was signed, Susta was on the right side of the Gandaki River; the river's shifting course means that it is now on the left.5 The irony of wanting to contain something that disrupts the very idea of containment is laid bare here. [...] An area of some 5,000 acres . . . of land in Narsahi-Susta area adjoining the Gandak river in West Champaran district has been encroached upon by Nepalese nationals. There is a difference of perception of the boundary alignment between India and Nepal in this area due to shifting of rivers. [...] Susta has always been a part of Nepal and we are Nepali.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-10-05): The settlement of Susta was once perched firmly on the west bank of the Narayani River, long considered the border between Nepal and India. But the river has changed course, cutting persistently into Nepali territory. Susta today finds itself on the east bank of the Narayani. India maintains that the new course of the river is the international boundary while Nepal disagrees. Susta, thus, remains contested - claimed by Nepal, hemmed in on three sides by India and on the other by the Narayani. [...] Good signs, however, are few when it comes to Susta's volatile politics; not much has changed on that front. Official records have the total area of the village at 40,980 hectares, of which 7,000 is in Nepal, 14,000 hectares in India, and 19,980 hectares declared disputed territory, where neither country can build or farm. But these records ignore the thousands of hectares lost to erosion in recent years.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-06): Disputed Territories between Nepal and India: The Cases of Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh and Susta Nepal shares border with India in the east, west and south that extends 1,808 km long border as per the article 5 of the Sugauli treaty of March 4, 1816. Nepal also shares 1,414 km. long disputeless border between China and Nepal mainly because of the Himalayas. Though for 200 years since the Sugauli treaty, no border dispute surfaced between Nepal and India, dispute are becoming too frequent from 1962 after Indian transfixed military station at Kalapani after the Sino-India war. Few rivers’ courses extending up to 326 km long, serve as the international border between Nepal and India. Along the Nepal-India border, poor manmade pillars, frequently changing river courses in Susta of Nawalparasi district and Dodhara-Chadani of Kanchanpur district coupled with poor institutional border records have made the border disputes even harder to resolve. Nepal covers a total area of 147,181 sq. km., but in reality, the territory of Nepal is gradually shrinking. Until today, India has encroached Nepal’s 605 sq. km area in over 71 places of 21 districts out of 77 districts of Nepal.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-31): Nepal has released a new political map claiming Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh of Uttarakhand as part of its territory. The area of Susta which is in Bihar can also be noted in the new map. Nepal’s actions came after Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated a motorable link road that connects India and China significantly reducing the time of Kailash Mansarovar Yatra. [...] The present dispute throws border disputes between India and Nepal over Kalapani – Limpiyadhura – Lipulekh, a tri junction between India-Nepal and China including Susta (An area in Champaran District, Bihar). [...] Susta is located on the bank of the Gandak River. It is called Narayani River in Nepal; it joins the Ganga near Patna, Bihar. While in the case of Susta Region the change in course by the Gandak River is the chief reason for disputes in the Susta area.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-09-18): For Sthapit, the experience has become much deeper and more personal than he ever could have expected. "Although it’s surrounded by land on three sides and water on one, there is the sense that Susta is an island. After visiting a couple of times, I was accepted wholeheartedly by the community of this island. Walking down the street with my camera I would be beckoned into a family home, to find the entire family dressed up ready for a formal group portrait!" The issues that face Susta don’t look likely to change – a bridge was planned to reconnect Susta back to Nepal, but work on it has never commenced, and electricity and access to formal education are just two of a number of issues facing Susta’s inhabitants.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The settlement of Susta was once perched firmly on the west bank of the Narayani River, long considered the border between Nepal and India. But the river has changed course, cutting persistently into Nepali territory. Susta today finds itself on the east bank of the Narayani. India maintains that the new course of the river is the international boundary while Nepal disagrees. Susta, thus, remains contested—claimed by Nepal, hemmed in on three sides by India and on the other by the Narayani. There is the ‘Save Susta Campaign,’ a local movement protesting Indian advancement, but locals are more concerned about the advancing Narayani river. Every monsoon, the Narayani expands further, eating into hundreds of hectares of farmland. "How many battles must we fight?" asks Laila Begum, a Susta local. This is a petition to the people of Nepal, and the world, for change in Susta. A resolution of the dispute between the two countries and the building of retaining walls along the banks of the Narayani.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-29): The Susta territorial dispute has arisen as a result of the shifting of the course of the Gandak river. [...] - When the treaty was signed, Susta was on the right bank of the river Gandak which falls in Nepal territorial control. But, in due course of time, the river has changed its course and Susta now falls on the left bank of the Gandak, which is controlled by India. [...] Since, the Gandak change of course has been gradual, India claimed Susta as part of their territory as per international laws.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of Nepal (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-01-04): The other major disputed area is the Susta area to the east of the Naryani River, which has seen the most tensions owing to encroachment. A few years back, over 1,000 Indian villagers backed by the Indian border police force (SSB) forcibly entered Nepali territory in Susta. They completely destroyed sugarcane crops in about 10 hectares of land and also manhandled men and women alike. The locals of Susta complain that such incidents are rampant. Also according to reports, land disputes among locals are usually won by Indian nationals, who have the support of the armed SSB. [...] Susta is surrounded by Indian territory on three sides, the north, south, and east, with the Naryani River to the west. Hence, cutting off Susta from Nepal becomes much easier for India to occupy it, which will bring the "Greater India" dream of Hindus closer to reality. Considering the situation, the people of Nepal launched a "save Susta campaign." The organizers called on the students of Nepal join them and launch a valley-wide campaign from Nepal’s capital Kathmandu. The purpose of the campaign was to inform the world about the wicked plans of Nepal’s "polite" neighbor, India.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-21): Susta is a disputed territory between Nepal and India. It is administered by India as part of West Champaran district of Bihar. It is claimed by Nepal as part of Susta rural municipality, under West Nawalparasi District in Lumbini Province. The disputed territory is located on the eastern side of the Gandak river (Narayani River in Nepal). Nepal claims the area a part of West Nawalparasi District under Susta rural municipality (part of ward no. 5), alleging that over 14,860 hectares of Nepali land in Susta has been encroached upon by India while India claims "Susta" to be a part of West Champaran district. According to the Sugauli Treaty signed between British East India Company and Nepal in 1816, the Gandak river is the international boundary and eastern part of the river belongs to India and western part of the river belongs to Nepal. At the time the treaty was signed Susta village was situated west of the river. But, over the years, the Gandak river changed its course and Susta moved to the east side of the river, that is now on the Indian side of the river. Nepal maintains the Gandak's course in 1816 to be taken as the fixed international boundary but India claims that land on the eastern side of the river is its own territory.[1][2][3]
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-16): Treaty of Sugauli - The Nepalese kingdom had stretched from the Sutlej river in the west to the Teesta river in the East. [...] - In addition to Mahakali/Sharda (West), Gandak/Narayani (South) and Mechi (East) are two other rivers which demarcate the border between India and Nepal. - By 2007, the Nepal-India Technical Level Joint Boundary Working Group agreed on 182 strip maps covering almost 98% of the boundary, except the two disputed areas of Kalapani and Susta.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-23): Let’s take the real-life example of the Gandak River, known as Narayani in Nepal. Since the colonial period, the river has been the international border between India (Bihar) and Nepal. But as time marched on, the river changed its course and the tiny village of Susta, which was initially on the west bank of the Gandak in Nepal, now falls on the east bank of the Gandak, an area under India’s dominion. This has sparked a debate regarding whether the nationalities of the local residents of Susta should change owing to the river’s changing course. [...] The settlement of Susta was once perched firmly on the west bank of the Narayani River, long considered the border between Nepal and India. But the river has changed course, cutting persistently into Nepali territory. Susta today finds itself on the east bank of the Narayani. India maintains that the new course of the river is the international boundary while Nepal disagrees. Susta, thus, remains contested — claimed by Nepal while hemmed in on three sides by India and on the other by the Narayani. There is the ‘Save Susta Campaign,’ a local movement protesting Indian advancement, but locals are more concerned about the advancing Narayani river. Every monsoon, the Narayani expands further, eating into hundreds of hectares of farmland. "How many battles must we fight?" asks Laila Begum, a Susta local.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-29): Nepal considers east of the river to be its territory based on the 1816 Sugauli Treaty signed with British colonial rulers. [...] The Sugauli Treaty remains, for Nepal, the "mother of all documents", Upadhyay said, according to which the Mahakali is the boundary river between the two countries, and any future demarcations will be based on the treaty. [...] Most of the 1,751km-long Nepal-India border has been demarcated through a joint boundary committee except for Kalapani and Susta, which lies in southern Nepal.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-05-11): - Susta region is located on the banks of the Gandak river. The Gandak river is also called as the Narayani river in Nepal. [...] - But due to frequent change of course by the Gandak river, the Susta region at present belongs to the Eastern part (I.e., belongs to India). This is not accepted by Nepal. [...] First, In the 1980s, both countries set up a Joint Technical Level Boundary Working Group. It succeeded in the demarcation of all territories except Kalapani and Susta. Both governments have to create such a joint working group to resolve the dispute.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-14): Susta Territory - Susta is another territory that is disputed between Nepal and India. [...] - However, over the years, the Gandaki river changed its course and Susta moved to the left bank and is now currently under India's control. - The Government of Nepal has repeatedly stated that Susta belongs to Nepal and that the Indian government should return the area.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2006-12-07): Susta is situated on the east of Narayani River in mid-southern part of Nawalparasi district in the pointed portion left over by the floodwater. On its west is the flow of the Narayani river, and it is surrounded by India on the north, east and south by a curved boundary line. One can reach there after travelling about 25 kilometers south-east from Parasi bazaar, the district headquarter to Pakalihawa VDC and another 20 to 25 minutes boat ride across the Narayani River. Susta VDC was merged with the Tribeni VDC in 1980. Presently the area along the banks of the river on the north of Susta has been called ward number 4 of the Tribeni VDC. The Susta area came within the Nepali territory when the British returned the Tarai region from Koshi to Rapti Rivers on 11 December 1816 instead of paying Rs. two hundred thousand annually, as per Article 4 of the Treaty of Sugauli. The work to erect border pillars along the Susta borderline was started in 1829, and in 1883-84-85 the border map was also prepared. [...] To stop encroachment and to maintain Nepal’s territorial sovereignty a police post was also established in Susta. Later the post was strengthened with health post and a school for children. Still, the Indian side has not stopped claiming that the Susta area belongs to them. When Nepal tried to manage the settlement by replacing Indian living there illegally, the Indian began staking claim to even more area. This fuelled the dispute further. At times, the area had also become tense because of conflict between Nepali and Indian farmers at the local level.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-10): - The disagreements between India and Nepal over the border dispute are over the regions which include Kalapani, Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura (all three in Uttarakhand) and Susta (Bihar). Origin to the boundary dispute - Before the 1816 Treaty of Sugauli, the Nepalese kingdom stretched from the Sutlej river in the west to the Teesta river in the east. Nepal lost the Anglo-Nepalese War. [...] Susta in Bihar is on the banks of River Gandak. The changing course of River Gandak often created issue between two countries.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-06): - Nepal had protested strongly against this move by India and claimed that it is a breach of agreement reached between the Prime Ministers of India and Nepal in 2014 to work out on the outstanding boundary issues on Kalapani and Susta (West Champaran, Bihar).
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-03-19): The people blame the changing course of the Gandak river, known as Narayani in Nepal, for the controversy around Susta. "Gandak forms the international boundary between Nepal and India [Bihar]. said Khan. "Earlier, Susta was on the right bank of the Gandak, which falls in Nepal. But, in due course of time, the river has changed its route and Susta now falls on the left bank of the Gandak, which is controlled by India. Should the changing course of a river change the nationality of local residents?" [...] At the time the treaty was signed, Susta was on the right bank of the Gandak and a part of Nepal. But, over the years, the Gandak changed its course and Susta moved to the left bank, that is, on the Indian side of the river. [...] Since the Gandak’s course changed by accretion, the India-Nepal boundary must reflect the river’s current course. So, the village [Susta] falls in India, he added.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): Nepal [edit]Major areas of dispute between India and Nepal are Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh, Susta, Mechi, and Tanakpur.[46] An estimated 60,000 hectares of border land is currently disputed between India and Nepal.[47] [...] Susta territory [edit]Susta is another territory which is disputed between Nepal and India. It is currently controlled by India as a part of Bihar state. Media reported residents of a village in Susta claiming that Susta belongs to Nepal and they are Nepali citizens.[57] The 1816 Treaty of Sugauli defined Gandaki river as the international boundary between India and Nepal. The right bank of the river was under Nepal's control while the left bank was under India's control. Susta village was initially on the right bank when the treaty was signed and it was a part of Nepal. However, over the years, the Gandaki river changed its course and Susta moved to the left bank and is now currently under India's control.[57] The Government of Nepal has repeatedly stated that Susta belongs to Nepal and that the Indian government should return the area.[citation needed]
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-07-07): Nepalese photographer Prasiit Sthapit grew up hearing snippets about a place named Susta on the news. The small village is disputed territory. The land, claimed in part by both India and Nepal, lies along the Gandaki (also known as the Narayani) River, serves as the informal border between the two countries. But that river is changing course, and with it the boundary changes too, leaving leaders in disagreement over who owns Susta. Meanwhile, those who live there are left in limbo. [...] He tells the story of Ram Pyare Kurmi, a man who moved his house nine times, "mostly because of the river, and also because of Indian infiltration. He said if the river was not contained within two or three years, Susta would not be there at all." But the man stayed. Susta is a fertile area, and many residents feel like they have nowhere else to go. "Resilience" is another key word Sthapit uses to describe the town.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-18): The problem of the Mahakali river’s origin was first posed in 1997. The matter was referred to the Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee formed in 1981 to re-identify and replace the old and damaged boundary pillars along the border between India and Nepal. 98 percent of the border was clarified by the Commission, leaving only Kalapani and Susta (in the Terai) as unresolved. It was decided afterward that the issue should be resolved at the level of the Foreign Secretary. [...] Since the 1990s, as former Indian ambassador Jayant Prasad noted, the border conflict has been addressed through many official channels. The dispute has its roots from the 1950s. Besides Kalapani, the border area of the Susta river also had a conflict with India. Both governments agreed to discuss the issue through Foreign Secretary-level talks during Modi’s 2014 visit. Nepal says that it has since attempted to convene these talks twice, and has received no positive response from Delhi. Different conceptions of what exactly supports a diplomatic dialogue may also be at the root of the problem. In Nepal’s maximalist perspective, on the one hand, this would include all the territories it holds, including now even Limpyadhura. In India’s minimalist perspective, on the other hand, the problem is seen as more of a technical sort, based on delimitation, boundary pillars etc., perhaps reflecting why it delayed discussion. The ongoing crisis has revealed the extent to which the perceptions of both countries conflict, as well as the conflicting goals.
Claim: Susta River is a territory of India (Susta River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-12-26): - The Treaty of Sugauli signed by the Kingdom of Nepal and British India (after Anglo-Nepalese War) in 1816 located the Kali River as Nepal's western boundary with India. The discrepancy in locating the source of the river led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal, with each country producing maps supporting their own claims. - Susta: Susta area is one of the disputed territories between India (Uttar Pradesh) and Nepal. - Susta is located on the bank of the Gandak river (called Narayani river in Nepal).