copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-01): This uninhabited island was claimed by the US in 1857 for its guano. Mining took place between 1865 and 1898. The lighthouse, built in 1917, was shut down in 1996 and administration of Navassa Island transferred from the US Coast Guard to the Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. A 1998 scientific expedition to the island described it as a "unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity." The following year it became a National Wildlife Refuge and annual scientific expeditions have continued. [...] Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Navassa Island etymology: the flat island was named "Navaza" by some of Christopher COLUMBUS' sailors in 1504; the name derives from the Spanish term "nava" meaning "flat land, plain, or field" Dependency status unorganized, unincorporated territory of the US; administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior from the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge in Boqueron, Puerto Rico; in September 1996, the Coast Guard ceased operations and maintenance of the Navassa Island Light, a 46-meter-tall lighthouse on the southern side of the island; Haiti has claimed the island since the 19th century
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-31): Found in the South Pacific, American Somoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States. Administered by the US Department of Interior, it consists of five volcanic islands and two coral atolls. The United States gained control of the islands in 1900 after the land was ceded to them by the Tutuila, a collection of Samoan chiefs and elders. [...] Jarvis Island is another uninhabited territory of the United States that can be found deep in the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the islands belonging to the United States Minor Outlying Islands and is administered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System. The island was officially claimed by the British Empire in the middle of the 19th century, but nothing developed beyond that. In 1935, the United States took control of the island without the British hardly noticing. [...] Navassa Island is a small, uninhabited island located in the Caribbean Sea between Haiti and Jamaica. Originally controlled by Spain until 1801, Navassa was later claimed by the US in 1857. This move did little to upset the Spanish, who paid next to no attention to the island to begin with.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-06-18): Navassa Island is a tiny island of about 5 square kilometers in the Caribbean Sea, located in the Jamaican Channel and Windward Passage, between Jamaica, Cuba, and Haiti. The isolated island is characterized by rough terrain and has no natural fresh water source, making it unfriendly for human habitation. However, Navassa is a biological haven for both terrestrial and marine life. [...] Haiti’s claim of Navassa Island dates back to 1697 through the Treaty of Ryswick that transferred the French possessions in the Hispaniola region to the Spanish. The Spanish subsequently passed over the possessions to Haiti at independence. Between 1801 and 1867, Haiti variously claimed the island in its constitution but not specifically mentioning it. However, its 1874 constitution explicitly mentioned the island as "la Navase," including it as part of its territory. In 1858, one year after the US took possession of the island, Haitians sent vessels to proclaim Navassa as its dependency and demanded the diggers to seek Haitian permission. However, the Americans stood their ground which they made known to the Haitian government and rejected a request for an arbitrator. The US claimed Navassa Island alongside other islands through the Guano Act of 1856, administering it since 1857. However, the Americans may have taken advantage of the failure of Haiti and the previous European powers (France and Spain) to manage the island. They have always argued that Haiti never exercised any administrative or jurisdiction over the island.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-26): "The United States has no valid claim over Navassa Island," said Fritz Longchamp, a former Haiti foreign minister who in 1998 had to deal with the U.S.’s revived claims to the deserted outpost while serving in then-Haitian president Rene Preval first cabinet. [...] The United States’ claim on Navassa dates back to Peter Duncan. After coming across the guano-covered island, he took possession of it on Sept. 19, 1857, according to an 1891 Supreme Court case his widow later filed against the Navassa Phosphate Company. [...] Returned back to the United States, three of the workers were eventually convicted of murder and sentenced to death, and others were found guilty of manslaughter. When their lawyers appealed the case on the grounds that Navassa wasn’t a U.S. territory, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that it was as part of a review of the constitutionality of the Guano Islands Act.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-12-31): Navassa is a small oceanic island (5.2km2 in size) located ~30km west of the southwest tip of Haiti, 160km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and in the heart of the Windward Passage. Navassa was claimed in 1856 by the United States. Navassa has also been claimed by Haiti since its independence in 1825 and, prior to that, was considered part of colonial Haitian territory. The current Haitian constitution (1987) claims Navassa by name as Haitian territory (Wiener 2005). This disputed sovereignty is a basis of much resource management challenge.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-28): On Dec. 8, 1859, to forestall a Haitian attempt to take possession of Navassa, a Caribbean island south of Cuba, U.S. Secretary of State Lewis Cass made a momentous decision. He officially recognized an American ship captain’s claim filed under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. [...] In his 1956 book Advance Agents of American Destiny, diplomatic historian Roy F. Nichols noted, "In this humble fashion, the American nation took its first step into the path of imperialism; Navassa, a guano island, was the first noncontiguous territory to be announced formally as attached to the republic." None have been under U.S. administration for a longer time. [...] Nine years later, Rep. William L. Dawson (R-IL) introduced "A bill to disclaim any rights of the United States to the island of Navassa," which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the House of Representatives.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-01): The US claimed uninhabited Navassa Island in 1857 for its guano. Mining took place between 1865 and 1898. The lighthouse, built in 1917, was shut down in 1996, and administration of Navassa Island was transferred from the US Coast Guard to the Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. A 1998 scientific expedition to the island described it as a "unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity." The following year it became a National Wildlife Refuge, and annual scientific expeditions have continued. [...] Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Navassa Island etymology: the flat island was named "Navaza" by some of Christopher COLUMBUS' sailors in 1504; the name derives from the Spanish term "nava" meaning "flat land, plain, or field" Dependency status unorganized, unincorporated territory of the US; administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior from the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge in Boqueron, Puerto Rico; in September 1996, the Coast Guard ceased operations and maintenance of the Navassa Island Light, a 46-meter-tall lighthouse on the southern side of the island; Haiti has claimed the island since the 19th century
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-24): Navassa: Property, Sovereignty, and the Law of the Territories abstract. The United States acquired its first overseas territory—Navassa Island, near Haiti—by conceptualizing it as a kind of property to be owned, rather than a piece of sovereign territory to be governed. The story of Navassa shows how competing conceptions of property and sovereignty are an important and underappreciated part of the law of the territories—a story that continued fifty years later in the Insular Cases, which described Puerto Rico as "belonging to" but not "part of" the United States. [...] The story of Navassa is thus in part a story of a colonial power using the concepts of property and sovereignty to its advantage, and thereby relegating the island—like Puerto Rico and the other unincorporated territories—to the status of a "disembodied shade."22 But even as the dust was settling on the Insular Cases and the United States was fighting a war over the status of its largest territory (the Philippines), U.S. legal scholars were exploring—and complicating—the conceptual relationship between property and sovereignty.23 That ongoing exploration and the law of the territories have much to learn from each other.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-08): Navassa Island, or La Navase in Haitian Creole, is a small island without anyone living on it in the Caribbean Sea.[1] It is located ninety miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The United States government claims the two-square-mile island as a territory of the United States, and it is under control of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The island is also claimed by Haiti. [...] History [change | change source]Navassa became a U.S. insular area in October 1857, when a representative of the Baltimore Fertilizer Company took possession of the island in the name of the United States pursuant to the Guano Act of August 18, 1856 (Title 48, U.S. Code, sections 1411-19). In 1889 the island's actual operation passed to the Navassa Phosphate Company. All operations were abandoned in 1898, when the island became effectively uninhabited. Geography [change | change source]Navassa Island is three square miles in area. Navassa lies about one hundred miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, about thirty miles west of Cape Tiburon, Haiti, at the southwest entrance to the Windward Passage, east of Kingston, Jamaica. Navassa's climate is marine and tropical.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-01): This uninhabited island was claimed by the US in 1857 for its guano. Mining took place between 1865 and 1898. The lighthouse, built in 1917, was shut down in 1996 and administration of Navassa Island transferred from the US Coast Guard to the Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. A 1998 scientific expedition to the island described it as a "unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity." The following year it became a National Wildlife Refuge and annual scientific expeditions have continued. [...] Dependency status unorganized, unincorporated territory of the US; administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior from the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge in Boqueron, Puerto Rico; in September 1996, the Coast Guard ceased operations and maintenance of the Navassa Island Light, a 46-meter-tall lighthouse on the southern side of the island; Haiti has claimed the island since the 19th century [...] Navassa Island (US)-Haiti: claimed by Haiti and is in Haiti’s constitution; the waters around Navassa island are a source of subsistence for Haitian fishermen
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-17): - Navassa Island is a small, uninhabited territory of the United States with unique biodiversity and a rich maritime history. It’s a haven for researchers and a nesting site for seabirds, but access is highly restricted. [...] Navassa Island is an unincorporated territory of the United States. Navassa Island, located in the Caribbean Sea, is a small, uninhabited island that is considered an unincorporated territory of the United States. As such, it falls under the jurisdiction of the U.S. federal government.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-07): The United States acquired its ﬁrst overseas territory—Navassa Island, near Haiti—by conceptualizing it as a kind of property to be owned, rather than a piece of sovereign territory to be governed. The story of Navassa shows how competing conceptions of property and sovereignty are an important and underappreciated part of the law of the territories—a story that continued ﬁfty years later in the Insular Cases, which described Puerto Rico as "belonging to" but not "part of" the United States. Contemporary scholars are drawn to the sovereignty framework and the public-law tools that come along with it: arguments about rights and citizenship geared to show that the territories should be recognized as "part of" the United States. But it would be a mistake to completely reject the language and tools of property and private law, which can also play a role in dismantling the colonial structure—so long as it is clear that the relevant entitlements lie with the people of the territories. Doing so can help conceptualize the harms of colonialism in diﬀerent ways (not only conquest, but unjust enrichment), and can facilitate the creation of concrete solutions like negotiated economic settlements, litigation against colonial powers, and the possibility of auctions for sovereign control. Joseph Blocher & Mitu Gulati, Navassa: Property, Sovereignty, and the Law of the Territories, 131 Yale Law Journal 2390-2448 (2022)
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-11): Note 13: The territory of Saint Helena includes the island group of Tristan da Cunha and Ascension Island.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-09-23): Navassa Island is located approximately 50 km west of the southwestern tip of Haiti (fig. 1) and is an uninhabited, pear-shaped island 4.64 km2 in area (Miller and others, 2008a). In 1857, Navassa became the third permanent overseas possession of the United States when it was claimed under the Guano Islands Act (Skaggs, 1994) for its substantial phosphate deposits. In 1999, Navassa Island and a 12-mile radius of marine territory were designated as a National Wildlife Refuge under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Miller and others, 2008b). [...] Miller, M.W., Gleason, A., McClellan, D., Piniak, G., Williams, D., Wiener, J.W., Gude, A., and Schwagerl, J., 2008a, The state of coral reef ecosystems of Navassa Island, in Waddell, J.E., and Clarke, A.M., eds., The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: Silver Spring, MD, NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team, 569 p. [...] Zawada, D.G., 2011, Fractal analysis of the Navassa Island seascape: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 592, available online only at https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/592/.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-05-04): On April 6, 1989, the Agreement between the United States of America (U.S.) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (US – IAEA Caribbean Territories Safeguards Agreement) entered into force, along with its original small quantities protocol (SQP). This comprehensive safeguards agreement, nearly identical in structure to agreements between the IAEA and non-nuclear weapon States, is documented in IAEA Information Circular 366 (INFCIRC/366). The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (also known as the Treaty of Tlatelolco) provides a basis for the U.S. – IAEA Agreement in this area. The U.S. agreed to accept IAEA safeguards in U.S. territories in the zone of application of the Tlatelolco Treaty: the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands of the United States, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, Baja Nuevo Bank (Petrel Island), and the U.S. Naval Station at Guantanamo Bay. For the US-IAEA Caribbean Territories Safeguards Agreement, an SQP is applicable as there are no nuclear facilities, as defined by IAEA, in the U.S. Caribbean Territories. The only nuclear material is held by licensees outside of facilities.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-10): Navassa Island is a small, uninhabited island located between Haiti, Jamaica, and Cuba. Originally acquired for its guano resources, today, Navassa is of no apparent use to the United States. A review of the island’s history and geography suggests several possibilities for Navassa’s future and America’s own interests in this remote territory. [...] As such, one wonders why the United States, which administers matters related to Navassa through the Department of Interior, should even maintain possession of the island—if it even does. Per the Guano Islands Act, Navassa is an "appurtenance" of the United States, though that term is somewhat murky in the case law. The Supreme Court’s 1890 decision upholding the death sentences of eighteen participants of the Navassa Revolt determined that private claims to Navassa should be protected by the Navy but left open the question of what federal obligations remain once guano mining ceased.[15] Given that mining ended over 100 years ago and Navassa’s complete unimportance to the United States, one course of action might be simply to abandon the place.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-03-20): What is a US Territory? [...] A territory (notice the little t) is an insular area which is unincorporated area. "There are currently thirteen, three in the Caribbean (Navassa Island, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands) and ten in the Pacific (American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, the Northern Mariana Islands and Wake Atoll)." A Territory (big T) is an insular area which is incorporated. At this time "only one exists currently, Palmyra Atoll. With an area of 1.56 square miles, Palmyra consists of about fifty small islands and lies approximately one thousand miles south of Honolulu."
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-01): Navassa Island is an uninhabited island, less than two square miles in size, in the Caribbean Sea, between Jamaica and Haiti. Like many of these Minor Outlying Islands, it became a possession of the US as part of the Guano Islands Act, passed by US Congress in 1856, which allowed US citizens to claim any island with potential mineable deposits of bird guano, not already claimed by another nation, as "appertaining" to the United States (after Presidential approval). Within eight years, 59 islands in the Atlantic and the Pacific were claimed in this way, and over time these were mined for their nitrate-rich guano, for use as fertilizer – if they had any. [...] Mining ended in 1898, and the island was abandoned, until a lighthouse with a keeper’s residence was built in 1917. In 1929 the lighthouse was automated, and the island unoccupied again. Navassa saw some activity as an observation post in World War Two, but then was abandoned again. In 1999 the Navassa Island National Wildlife Refuge was established, which covers the island and the surrounding 12-mile ring of territorial waters. US Fish and Wildlife Service manages the refuge as one of 14 official territories of the USA; although since 1857 Navassa has also been claimed by Haiti, which is just 35 miles away. It is off limits to the public.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of United States (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-07): Navassa Island is an unincorporated territory in United States, Caribbean, North America at latitude 18°24′05.76″ North, longitude 75°00′52.20″ West.
Claim: Sapodilla Cay is a territory of Belize (Sapodilla Cay, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-08): Sapodilla Cayes in Belize – What You Need To Know Before You Visit The Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve is the southernmost group of atolls in the country and consists of 14 uninhabited islands and a section of the reef measuring about 39,000 acres (125 square kilometers) in size. [...] The Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve is located approximately 40 miles (64 km) offshore of Punta Gorda in Toledo District.
Claim: Sapodilla Cay is a territory of Belize (Sapodilla Cay, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-17): Established in 1996, the Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve is a protected area off the coast of Southern Belize that encompasses the southernmost tip of the Belize Barrier Reef. [...] The remote and secluded Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve is one of the least visited marine reserves in Belize. It is located 46 miles (75 km) off the coast of Toledo, a 2.5-hour boat ride from Punta Gorda Town. Most people visit the Sapodilla Cayes on day trips from Punta Gorda and Placencia, typically for snorkeling, diving, and fly fishing tours. However, for anyone that wishes to stay there, basic hostel-like accommodations can be found on Tom Owen’s Caye by Reef Conservation International and Lime Caye has a remote outpost run by Garbutt’s Fishing Lodge.
Claim: Sapodilla Cay is a territory of Belize (Sapodilla Cay, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-02-06): Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve SCMR is located approximately 36 miles east of Punta Gorda Town, Toledo District, and encompasses the southern-most tip of the Belize Barrier Reef at 16 11’40" to 16 05’00" North Latitude. The eastern and western boundaries of the reserve follow the 100 meter depth contours along the reef. The reserve covers an approximate area of 38,595 acres and includes fourteen sand or mangrove cayes considered to be among the most scenic within Belize; namely, Tom Owens Caye I and II, Northeast Sapodilla Caye, Frank’s Cayes main, east and west, Nicholas Caye, Hunting Caye, Lime Caye, Ragged Caye, Seal Cayes I and II, and 2 unvegitated or ephemeral islands often overtopped by swash. The main focus of the reserve is the Sapodilla Cayes, considered by many to be the most beautiful range of cayes found in Belizean waters. These cayes, together with Seal Cayes, make up approximately 1.6% of the reserve and cover an approximate area of 17.67 hectares.
Claim: Sapodilla Cay is a territory of Belize (Sapodilla Cay, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-09-01): Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve [...] The southernmost islands in Belize are the Sapodilla Cayes. For visitors, the cayes offer beautiful sand beaches: Lime Caye offers prime camping grounds and Hunting Caye is the most developed, including a lighthouse and a Belize Defence Force guard station. Regardless, all six of the Sapodilla Cayes are destinations for snorkeling and fishing. The reserve encompases about 125 square kilometers of beautiful Caribbean Sea and supports a wide variety of fish species. Spawning grounds for Nassau Grouper can be found on the reef as can prime flats for fly fishing.