copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: The DTaP vaccine causes SIDS (Dawn Lorenz, 2020-07-02)
Evidence (2015-09-15): Among reports of death in children with autopsy findings and/or death certificates available for review, the most common causes of death by ICD-10 major group (Table 2) included SIDS and diseases of the respiratory system, with pneumonia as the most common cause of death in the respiratory category. "Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes" were noted in 96 reports, with asphyxiation being the most common cause of death in this category. Septicemia or sepsis was the fourth most common cause of death. In 146 of 1244 (11.7%) reports, the autopsy report or death certificate stated the cause of death was undetermined. SIDS reports progressively decreased in frequency from a peak in 1998 (n = 50) to a nadir in 2011 (n = 21). Most SIDS cases were among infants 2–4 months of age (n = 398 [66%]) and mostly among males (n = 375 [62.2%]) (Table 3). SIDS reports were most common among children who had received DTaP-HepB-IPV (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B, and inactivated poliovirus vaccine) plus Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) plus 7- or 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7 or PCV13) (11.6%) followed by HepB vaccine given alone (9%).
Claim: The DTaP vaccine causes SIDS (Dawn Lorenz, 2020-07-02)
Evidence (2024-08-06): - Multiple research studies and safety reviews have found that vaccines do not cause and are not linked to SIDS. [...] Multiple research studies and safety reviews have looked at possible links between vaccines and SIDS. The evidence accumulated over many years do not show any links between childhood immunization and SIDS. [...] - Griffin, M.R., W. A. Ray, J. R. Livengood, et al. Risk of sudden infant death syndrome after immunization with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. N Engl J Med. 1988 Sep 8;319(10):618-23.
Claim: The DTaP vaccine causes SIDS (Dawn Lorenz, 2020-07-02)
Evidence (2022-09-09): CLAIM: A packaging insert provided with the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine shows it causes sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. AP’S ASSESSMENT: Missing context. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says multiple studies over decades have found no causal link between childhood immunizations and SIDS. At least one federally approved vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, or DTaP, does list SIDS among a host of other potential adverse reactions on its packaging insert. But the drug maker and experts say the list includes voluntary reports of adverse medical events experienced by people after receiving the vaccine, which have not all been proven to be correlated to the immunization. [...] The package insert for Infanrix, a DTaP vaccine made by GlaxoSmithKline, lists SIDS among a range of adverse effects, including respiratory illnesses and immune system and nervous system disorders.
Claim: The DTaP vaccine causes SIDS (Dawn Lorenz, 2020-07-02)
Evidence (2015-01-28): The authors carefully concluded that "DTP immunisation was not a significant factor in the occurrence of SIDS" [29]. [...] DTP immunisation is inversely associated with SIDS mortality on the population level. The current findings may strengthen parents’ confidence in the benefit of DTP immunisation, especially as they are supported by the results of two meta-analyses [11,12]. As a public health measure, it is important to emphasise the need for timely immunisation in accordance to the existing schedule. Although confounding and the ecological fallacy due to the use of aggregate data cannot be excluded further research on potential underlying mechanisms of the association between SIDS and immunisation is warranted. [...] Carvajal A, Caro-Paton T, Martin De Diego I, Martin Arias LH, Alvarez Requejo A, Lobato A. [DTP vaccine and infant sudden death syndrome. Meta-analysis]. Med Clin (Barc). 1996;106(17):649–52.
Claim: The DTaP vaccine causes SIDS (Dawn Lorenz, 2020-07-02)
Evidence (2023-11-10): DTP and hepatitis B vaccines do not cause sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Other vaccines currently routinely recommended to the general population in the U.S.* have not been shown to cause SIDS. In a 2003 report entitled Immunization Safety Review: Vaccinations and Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), now called the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), concluded that the evidence favored rejection of a causal relationship between DTP vaccine or exposure to multiple vaccines and SIDS [1]. The 2012 IOM report found no new relevant studies of quality in the literature assessing SIDS and DTaP vaccination [2]. Two large randomized controlled trials found no association between SIDS and pentavalent rotavirus vaccine [3,4]. No increase in the risk of SIDS after immunization with the DTP vaccine was found among a cohort of 129,834 U.S. children born between 1974 and 1984 [5]. A Vaccine Safety Datalink study of more than 350,000 live births between 1993 and 1998 found no association between hepatitis B birth immunization and neonatal death [6]. A meta-analysis found that immunizations are actually associated with a reduced risk of SIDS; however, this may be attributable to the healthy vaccinee effect [7]. A reanalysis of three case-control studies included in this meta-analysis using the self-controlled case series method found neither an increased nor reduced risk of SIDS during the period after vaccination [8].
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2024-03-04): Available scientific evidence shows that plateaus, mesas, buttes, and pinnacles form through geological processes of deposition and erosion. As a more erosion-resistant top layer of rock slows downward erosion, the sides of these landforms preferentially weather and erode away, leaving flat-topped landforms with sloped sides. There is no evidence that these landforms are the remains of ‘ancient trees’.
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2022-05-09): Buttes are tall, steep-sided towers of rock. Grades 4 - 12+ Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2021-12-26): Allen, P.A., 1997, Earth Surface Processes. Blackwell Science, 404 p. Bloom, A.L., 1998, Geomorphology; A Systematic Analysis of Late Cenozoic Landforms, Third Edition. Prentice Hall, 482 p. (especially Chapter 6) Easterbrook, D.J., 1999, Surface Processes and Landforms, Second Edition. Prentice Hall, 546 p. (especially Chapter 15)
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2021-10-28): Several periods of uplift and erosion occurred after the Laramide Orogeny. This back and forth sequence created the present topography seen today at Mesa Verde. [...] Contents: cuesta, alcoves, seep springs, solution rills, concretions, desert varnish, turtle back weathering, loess, ripple marks, popcorn texture, faults and landslides. The first Spanish explorers to the area called it Mesa Verde, or "green table." This expression is actually a misnomer. The correct geological term for the area is a cuesta, not a mesa. Mesas are isolated, flat-topped highlands with steeply sloping sides or cliffs, and are topped by a cap of much harder rocks that are resistant to erosion. The cap protects the softer underlying slopes or cliffs from being quickly weathered away. The only difference between a cuesta and a mesa is that a cuesta gently dips in one direction. Mesa Verde is inclined slightly to the south at about a seven degree angle. This cuesta is made up of many separate, smaller "mesas" situated between the canyons. Although technically we should call the park "Cuesta Verde," convention dictates that we use the term "mesa" when describing the area. [...] Places to view solution rills: Solution rills can be seen in a niche at Sun Temple on the Mesa Top Loop and at the House of Many Windows Overlook.
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2022-05-13): Grades 4 - 12+ Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography [...] Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service.
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Mesas are flat-topped hills found in the American Southwest. They form over millions of years through a fascinating geological process. Wind and water erode the land around them, creating these iconic shapes. [...] The mesa’s flat top is thanks to a hard caprock. This layer, often sandstone or limestone, shields the softer layers beneath. As time goes on, the areas around the caprock erode, leaving the distinctive mesa shape. [...] Mesas are amazing geological wonders that have fascinated people for centuries. They are shaped by erosion over millions of years. These flat-topped hills and mountains are found in dry areas worldwide, especially in the American Southwest.
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Buttes are isolated hilltops or mountains with steep, often vertical sides and a flat top, commonly formed through erosion. They represent a specific landform that is typically found in arid regions, where the landscape has been shaped by processes such as weathering and water runoff. The unique shape of buttes makes them significant features in various landscapes, often standing out against the surrounding terrain. congrats on reading the definition of Buttes. now let's actually learn it.
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2021-12-17): None of the pictures show the remnants of giant trees; instead, they depict various rock formations around the world. [...] None of the pictures show the stumps of ancient giant trees, reverse image searches revealed. (RELATED: Did Scientists Discover Devils Tower Was Originally A Giant Tree?) [...] Check Your Fact previously debunked a viral social media post falsely claiming scientists had discovered the Devils Tower rock formation was originally a giant tree.
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2024-05-22): The videos linked above claim that certain landforms (e.g., buttes and mesas) are remnants of giant ancient trees. However, as we will detail below, this is incorrect because it is inconsistent with over a century of evidence from geological research. Through this research, geologists determined that certain rock types are more resistant to weathering and erosion than others. When exposed to natural elements – such as wind, rain, and heat – certain rocks are more resistant to decomposition (i.e., weathering) and displacement (i.e., erosion). As a result, some rocks more quickly break down and are transported away by wind, water, and gravity, while others remain in place longer. This process is key to the shaping of many landforms – including plateaus, mesas, buttes, and pinnacles, shown in Figure 1 below.
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2024-08-06): Less strictly, a very broad, flat-topped, usually isolated hill or mountain of moderate height bounded on at least one side by a steep cliff or slope and representing an erosion remnant also have been called mesas.[3] [...] See also [edit]- Amba – Steep-sided, flat-topped mountain in Ethiopia, usually harboring various settlement - Archipelago – Collection of islands - Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top - Dissected plateau – Plateaus area that has been severely eroded so that the relief is sharp - Mensa – Flat-topped prominence with cliff-like edges - Mesa Verde National Park – U.S. national park in Colorado - Nor'Wester Mountains – Mountain range in Ontario, Canada – Group of mountains immediately south of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada - Pingdingshan – prefecture-level city in Henan, China – Chinese city named after a local mesa - Potrero – Long mesa that at one end slopes upward to higher terrain - Table hill – Raised landform with a flat top - Table Mountain – Flat-topped mountain overlooking the city of Cape Town, South Africa - Tepui – Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America - Tundra – Biome where plant growth is hindered by frigid temperatures - Tuya – Flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2014-03-13): In geomorphology, a butte (/bjuːt/) is an isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top; buttes are smaller landforms than mesas, plateaus, and tablelands. The word butte comes from the French word butte, meaning knoll (but of any size); its use is prevalent in the Western United States, including the southwest where mesa (Spanish for "table") is used for the larger landform. Due to their distinctive shapes, buttes are frequently landmarks in plains and mountainous areas.[1] To differentiate the two landforms, geographers use the rule of thumb that a mesa has a top that is wider than its height, while a butte has a top that is narrower than its height.[2][3] [...] Among the well-known non-flat-topped buttes in the United States are Bear Butte, South Dakota, Black Butte, Oregon, and the Sutter Buttes in California. In many cases, buttes have been given other names that do not use the word butte, for example, Courthouse Rock, Nebraska. Also, some large hills that are technically not buttes have names using the word, examples of which are Kamiak Butte, Chelan Butte and Steptoe Butte in Washington state. [...] - ^ "Mesa and Butte". Science Clarified. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2013-09-04): Mesas are broad flat topped mountains with at least one steep side. Buttes are smaller flat topped mountains or hills with steep slopes on all sides. [...] Depositional Features and Landforms [...] Park Landforms and Features
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2023-02-09): Plateaus, Mesas, & Buttes - What’s The Difference? Plateaus, mesas, and buttes can look very similar and it can be a challenge to know the difference. Things become even more confusing when you listen to the average person describe these cliff formations, because they’ll often use the names interchangeably. So how can you tell the difference so you know what to name them on your fantasy map? Much of it comes down to the overall size, but there are a couple other things simple things to keep in mind which will help you distinguish them. [...] Once again, a butte is very similar to a mesa. The main difference comes down to the overall size and that it has eroded away to the point it is now taller than it is wide.
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2014-07-12): Steep sided, relatively flat-topped isolated highland typically made up of horizontal sedimentary layers capped by a more resistant layer (lava or indurated crust) and surrounded by a debris apron. Plateaus, mesas, and buttes are flat on top and elevated above the surrounding terrain. Of the three, a plateau is the largest and a butte is the smallest (Figs. 1 and 2). A plateau can cover an area of hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. Mesas (M), buttes (B), and pinnacles (P) centered at 2.4°N 149°E in the volcanic Elysium Planitia NW of Zephyria Planum, made of the friable material of Medusae Fossae Formation. Notice that the caprock is densely cratered by small, eroded, pedestal craters. HiRISE ESP_028150_1825 (NASA/JPL/UA)
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2021-01-01): Cerro de las Mesas [...] Ballista Synonyms or Related Words: Balista Category: Artifact [...] Mesa Category: Geography Deﬁnition: A steep-sided, ﬂat-topped hill, tableland, or mountain. A mesa is an isolated and relatively ﬂat-topped natural elevation usu. more extensive than a butte and less extensive than a plateau. The term is also applied to a broad terrace with an abrupt slope on one side. In US Southwest, mesas were often used for settlements in pre-Columbian times.
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2021-01-26): Construction Begins on the Expansion of Signal Butte Water Treatment Plant in Mesa, Arizona [...] MESA, AZ — EPS Group, Inc., an Arizona-based civil engineering design firm, announces the appointment of Mike Koester as its new Chief Executive Officer. [...] Meta and DPR Construction Launch Hardhat in Hand in Mesa
Claim: Flat-topped landforms, such as buttes and mesas, are the remains of giant ancient trees. Tree features can be seen in Devils Tower, for example – the large hexagonal columns are fibers of a tree that would have been 19,000 feet tall. Other tree features can be seen in buttes and mesas, such as sloped sides and flat tops that look like tree stumps after trees are cut down. (Social media users, 2024-03-04)
Evidence (2016-01-01): dig for monetary gain, seeking only salable objects and destroying everything else in their search. More ancient remains have been lost in the last two decades than ever before in the history of the world. AgriculturAl DAmAge. [...] fibers of 213, 214; human exploitation of 197–99; macrofauna 187, 188–89; macroremains of 199; microfauna 187–88; reconstructing the environment of 186–89; remains of 176, 177, 185–86, 197–202, 213, 214; wild 201–2, 270 Annapolis 291–92 Anne of York 247 annealing 217 annual cycles 119–22 Antarctica 115, 177, 178, 179 anthropology 11–14, 26, 301; and archaeology 25; biological 14, 33, 245, 301; cultural 14, 143; forensic 245; linguistic 14; and society 144–45 antlers 199, 201, 213, 214, 259