copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-04): Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir – Level 4: Do Not Travel Terrorist attacks and violent civil unrest are possible in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Do not travel to this state (with the exception of visits to the eastern Ladakh region and its capital, Leh). Violence happens sporadically in this area and is common along the Line of Control (LOC) between India and Pakistan. It also occurs in tourist spots in the Kashmir Valley: Srinagar, Gulmarg, and Pahalgam. The Indian government does not allow foreign tourists to visit certain areas along the LOC. [...] India-Pakistan Border – Level 4: Do Not Travel
Claim: Jammu and Kashmir is a territory of Pakistan (Jammu and Kashmir, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The region is located along the northernmost extremity of the Indian-Australian tectonic plate. The subduction of that plate beneath the Eurasian Plate—the process that for roughly 50 million years has been creating the Himalayas—has produced heavy seismic activity in Kashmir. One especially powerful earthquake in 2005 devastated Muzaffarabad, which is the administrative center of Azad Kashmir, and adjacent areas including parts of India’s Jammu and Kashmir state (now Jammu and Kashmir union territory) and Pakistan’s North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-10): Aksai Chin is a region administered by China partly in Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang[2] and partly in Rutog County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet and constituting the easternmost portion of the larger Kashmir region that has been the subject of a dispute between India and China since 1959.[1] It is claimed by India as part of its Leh District, Ladakh Union Territory. [...] Aksai Chin is one of the two large disputed border areas between India and China. India claims Aksai Chin as the easternmost part of the union territory of Ladakh. China claims that Aksai Chin is part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Tibet Autonomous Region. The line that separates Indian-administered areas of Ladakh from Aksai Chin is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and is concurrent with the Chinese Aksai Chin claim line. [...] Aksai Chin covers an area of approximately 38,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi).[55] The area is largely a vast high-altitude desert with a low point (on the Karakash River) at about 4,300 m (14,100 ft) above sea level. In the southwest, mountains up to 7,000 m (23,000 ft) extending southeast from the Depsang Plains form the de facto border (Line of Actual Control) between Aksai Chin and Indian-controlled Kashmir.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-22): No Chinese map showed Aksai Chin as its territory before 1920s. But through 1950s, China captured Aksai Chin and consolidated its position in 1962 war. In Short - No Chinese map showed Aksai Chin as its territory before 1920s - Aksai Chin was historically part of Ladakh, and British India since mid-19th century - China militarily captured Aksai Chin through 1950s and during 1962 war Aksai Chin is almost the size of Bhutan and little smaller than Switzerland. Most of it is in occupation of China, which captured the region during 1950s and consolidated its military grip over the area during the 1962 India-China war, rejecting all Indian attempts to settle border disputes peacefully.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-29): China needs Aksai Chin in order to connect Tibet to its Xinjiang province. [...] China, much like Arunachal Pradesh, lays an ‘ancient claim’ to Aksai Chin. [...] India Today quoted historian Ramchandra Guha as writing in his book India After Gandhi, "No official Chinese maps showed Aksai Chin as part of China before the 1920s, and a Sinkiang (Xinjiang) map of the 1930s showed the Kunlun (the mountains) rather than the Karakoram (range) to have been the customary boundary - which had been the Indian claim all along."
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-13): Following the abrogation of Article 370 and reorganisation of the State of Jammu & Kashmir in August 2019, China strongly criticised the Indian Home Minister’s statement in Parliament, in which he had reiterated India’s long-standing position that the state of Jammu & Kashmir includes Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK) as well as Aksai Chin.1 The fact of the matter is that the map of India has always included these territories as part of Jammu & Kashmir, along with POK, including the trans-Karakoram tract of Shaksgam which was illegally ceded by Pakistan to China. [...] China’s actions in occupying Aksai Chin, and subsequently, in usurping the Shaksgam tract in 1963, did have a direct bearing on the territory of Jammu & Kashmir. Given that China had become a party to the territorial dispute in Jammu & Kashmir, it was naturally inclined towards settlement of the issue in favour of Pakistan, in order to preserve its territorial gains from the 1963 agreement.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-02-24): A Road Through Aksai Chin Remember the 1950s when China started building a road in Aksai Chin, and India kept silent? The work had started in 1953/54, and the ‘highway’ was opened with fanfare in July 1957. However, Delhi only recorded a weak protest…more than a year later, on 18 October 1958. The then Foreign Secretary, Subimal Dutt, wrote to the Chinese ambassador in Delhi: "It had come to the Government of India’s notice that a road had been constructed by the People’s Republic of China across the eastern part of the Ladakh region of J&K State, which is part of India…the completion of which was announced in September 1957 [in fact in July]." The Indian note added: "It is a matter of surprise and regret that the Chinese Government should have constructed a road through indisputably Indian territory without first obtaining the permission of the Government of India and without even informing the Government of India." That was it. In other words, a green light was given to Mao to continue developing the area. [...] The question remains: will Delhi protest against the construction of infrastructure, mainly the new railway, on what India considers its territory, or will it adopt a wait-and-watch game? The successful construction of the proposed rail and air infrastructure by China in Tibet will further strengthen the Chinese control of Aksai Chin.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-30): Aksai Chin is a region located in the junction of Peoples Republic of China, Pakistan and India. It is claimed by India but is under the administration of China. Aksai Chin is also one of the major border dispute between China and India. Aksai Chin (which is in Uyghur language and it literally means ‘Chins desert of white stones’ Chin refers to Qing dynasty of China) is a very high altitude desert of salt. Aksai Chin is also referred to as soda plain. There is no inhabitation in the region. Because of the presence of the Himalayas and other mountains the region sees little precipitation and also soaks up the Indian monsoon. [...] Pakistan claim on Kashmir also implies a claim to the Aksai Chin. In 1963 there was a border agreement between PRC and Pakistan in which Trans-Karakoram Tract was transferred and other border agreements of 1987 suggest that Pakistan may recognize claims on the areas. Till know no Pakistani government has officially claimed this region and governments all have given tactic approval of PRC considering this area as part of China.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-06-06): China and India have a disputed border territory known as Aksai Chin. It is primarily part of Hotan County, located in the southwestern section of Hotan Prefecture in China’s Xinjiang Autonomous Region, with a tiny portion on the southeast & south sides falling into the Tibet Autonomous Region. [...] The territory of Aksai Chin is situated at the crossroads of the People’s Republic of China, Pakistan, and India. Although India disputes it, it is administered by China. One of the vital boundary disputes between India and China is the Aksai Chin. Aksai Chin is a salt desert at a significantly higher altitude, and soda plain is another name for Aksai Chin. The area is devoid of human settlement. Because of the Himalayas or other mountains, the region receives minimal precipitation but absorbs the Indian monsoon. [...] In the above topic, we have read about the importance of the Aksai Chin. China administers the Aksai Chin region, including Hotan County in Xinjiang’s Hotan Prefecture and Rutog County in Tibet’s Ngari Prefecture. India declares it as part of the Ladakh Union Territory’s Leh District. It is located in the eastern section of Kashmir and has been a source of contention between China and India since the late 1950s. Go through the complete notes to better understand the geographical location, Indian disputes, and history of the Aksai chin.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): At the time, Chinese officials issued no condemnation of Nehru's claims or made any opposition to Nehru's open declarations of control over Aksai Chin. In 1956, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai stated that he had no claims over Indian-controlled territory.[51] He later argued that Aksai Chin was already under Chinese jurisdiction and that the McCartney-MacDonald Line was the line China could accept.[35][37] Zhou later argued that as the boundary was undemarcated and had never been defined by treaty between any Chinese or Indian government, the Indian government could not unilaterally define Aksai Chin's borders.[33] [...] As a consequence of their non-recognition of the McMahon Line, China's maps showed both the North East Frontier Area (NEFA) and Aksai Chin to be Chinese territory.[47] In 1960, Zhou Enlai unofficially suggested that India drop its claims to Aksai Chin in return for a Chinese withdrawal of claims over NEFA. Adhering to his stated position, Nehru believed that China did not have a legitimate claim over either of these territories, and thus was not ready to concede them. This adamant stance was perceived in China as Indian opposition to Chinese rule in Tibet.[39] Nehru declined to conduct any negotiations on the boundary until Chinese troops withdrew from Aksai Chin, a position supported by the international community.[37]
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-12): The region is one of the most hotly contested areas in the India-China border dispute, which traces its roots back to the British colonial era. The 1962 Sino-Indian war, sparked by these border disputes, saw China temporarily advance into Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin, another disputed region further west. It would not be the first time troops strayed across the Line of Actual Control, a de facto established after the 1962 conflict. The boundary runs through various disputed regions and is not always clearly delineated. [...] "We strongly oppose any unilateral attempts to advance territorial claims by incursions or encroachments, military or civilian, across the Line of Actual Control," State Department principal deputy spokesperson Vedant Patel said during a press conference earlier this year.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Geographically, Aksai Chin is a southwestward extension of the Plateau of Tibet. The territory administered by China is situated largely in the southernmost part of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, China, with a small portion on the southeast and south sides lying within the extreme western limit of the Tibet Autonomous Region. With an average elevation of some 17,000 feet (5,180 metres), Aksai Chin consists largely of a high, isolated, inhospitable, and mostly uninhabitable plain bordered to the west and southwest by the Karakoram Range and to the north and northeast by the Kunlun Mountains. Its terrain is more rugged to the northwest, and there is internal drainage into small alkaline lakes in the east. The climate is cold and dry, with most of the little precipitation the region receives falling in the summer months of July and August. Because of its remoteness and isolation, Aksai Chin was long an ignored corner of the subcontinent, but the Chinese built a military road through it in the 1950s in order to connect Tibet with Xinjiang. The Indian discovery of the road and objection to the Chinese presence in the sector was one of the factors leading to sharp border clashes between the two countries in 1962. At the conclusion of the conflict, China retained control of about 14,700 square miles (38,000 square km) of territory in Aksai Chin. The area remained a point of contention between the two countries.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-17): At least 20 Indian soldiers were killed in a bloody brawl with Chinese troops on Monday in the Galwan Valley, close to Aksai Chin, an area controlled by China but claimed by both countries. It is unclear if or how many Chinese soldiers died. Both sides have accused the other of overstepping the de facto border, the Line of Actual Control (LAC) that runs along the western sector of the valley. The details of the encounter remain confused, however, and may never be fully clear. [...] Aksai Chin,the area in contention, is claimed as part of Xinjiang by China and Ladakh by India. It is cold and inhospitable, draped in snow with temperatures around freezing, even in summer. Located high in the Himalayas, the average altitude is 14,000 feet (4,200 meters), almost double the height where altitude sickness kicks in, meaning any humans in the area have to undergo tedious, gradual acclimatisation or suffer crippling headaches, nausea and fatigue. [...] Aksai Chin is part of greater Kashmir, and after the bloody war between Pakistan and India in 1947 resulted in the partition of that region, the border between China and India was left ill-defined.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): India claims Aksai Chin, which is administered by China. During the 1950s, the People's Republic of China built a 1,200 km (750 mi) road connecting Xinjiang and western Tibet, of which 179 km (112 mi) ran south of the Johnson Line through the Aksai Chin region claimed by India.[18] Aksai Chin was easily accessible to the Chinese, but was more difficult for the Indians on the other side of the Karakorams to reach.[18] The Indians did not learn of the existence of the road until 1957, which was confirmed when the road was shown in Chinese maps published in 1958.[19] The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin. The People's Liberation Army occupied most of the plains during its 1962 war with India,[20] while India controls the western portion of the plains.[21] The dispute remains unresolved.[22] [...] Kazakhstan [edit]After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan became an independent country, and around 2,420 square kilometers of land was disputed with China.[44] A border treaty between the two nations was signed in Almaty on April 26, 1994, and ratified by the Kazakh president on June 15, 1995.[45] China received around 22% of the total disputed territory, and Kazakhstan received the remaining 78%.[44]
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-13): Aksai Chin (Urdu: اکسای چن, Chinese: 阿克赛钦, Ākèsàiqīn) is a region 37,555 km² (16,481 sq mi) which lies at the juncture of China, Pakistan, and India. It consists of about one fifth of Kashmir and one of the driest place and true desert in the world that receive less rain than the Polar desert. It is ruled by China but claimed by the Republic of India. Aksai Chin is one of the two main border disputes between India and China. The other is the dispute over Arunachal Pradesh. Aksai Chin (the name literally means "Chin's desert of white stones") is a very large high-altitude hot desert of salt with sand dunes and yareta (a type of cushioned plants) that reaches heights up to 4,500 metres. It covers an area of 37,555 km² (16,481 sq mi) of the disputed territory. Geographically part of the Tibetan Plateau, Aksai Chin itself is a plateau and it is often called the "Soda Plain". The region is almost uninhabited, has no permanent settlements, and receives no rain or snow as the Himalayan and other mountains block the rains from the Indian monsoon. Pakistan recognizes it as part of China, however India has objected to this and claims all the territory. In boundary talks in 1960 Chinese officials shown a map drawn by General Staff of the Chinese Army in 1918 shows the territory as part of China. [...] True Map of Aksai Chin as per Indian claim
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): The first of the territories, Aksai Chin, is administered by China and claimed by India; it is mostly uninhabited high-altitude wasteland but with some significant pasture lands at the margins.[1] It lies at the intersection of Kashmir, Tibet and Xinjiang, and is crossed by China's Xinjiang-Tibet Highway; the other disputed territory is south of the McMahon Line, in the area formerly known as the North-East Frontier Agency and now a state called Arunachal Pradesh. It is administered by India and claimed by China. The McMahon Line was signed between British India and Tibet to form part of the 1914 Simla Convention, but the latter was never ratified by China.[2] China disowns the McMahon Line agreement, stating that Tibet was not independent when it signed the Simla Convention. [...] Aksai Chin [edit]From the area's lowest point on the Karakash River at about 14,000 feet (4,300 m) to the glaciated peaks up to 22,500 feet (6,900 m) above sea level, Aksai Chin is a desolate, largely uninhabited area. It covers an area of about 37,244 square kilometres (14,380 sq mi). The desolation of this area meant that it had no significant human importance other than ancient trade routes crossing it, providing brief passage during summer for caravans of yaks from Xinjiang and Tibet.[9]
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-11): Raking through the worn-out pages of history, India Today’s OSINT team pulls out via maps and facts the truth behind China’s claim over the disputed land of Aksai Chin. [...] "The British did not pay much attention to the Chinese moves in this remote and inhospitable area, and, in order to create yet another buffer zone between the expanding Russian empire and Tibet, a new boundary was drawn in 1893. It became known as the Macartney-MacDonald Line and placed most of Aksai Chin on the Chinese side of the territory." [...] From 1917 to 1933, the ‘Postal Atlas of China’ showed international boundaries almost identical to the Johnson-Ardagh line in all of its publications, with Aksai Chin within British territory.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-05): Aksai Chin is a region administered by the People's Republic of China (PRC) partly in Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang [2] and partly in Rutog County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet and constituting the easternmost portion of the larger Kashmir region that has been the subject of a dispute between India and the PRC as well as the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan since 1959. [1] It is claimed by India as part of its Leh District, Ladakh Union Territory and by the ROC as part of the Mainland area. [...] Aksai Chin is one of the two large disputed border areas between India and China. India claims Aksai Chin as the easternmost part of the union territory of Ladakh. China claims that Aksai Chin is part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Tibet Autonomous Region. The line that separates Indian-administered areas of Ladakh from Aksai Chin is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and is concurrent with the Chinese Aksai Chin claim line. [...] Aksai Chin covers an area of approximately 38,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi). [56] The area is largely a vast high-altitude desert with a low point (on the Karakash River ) at about 4,300 m (14,100 ft) above sea level. In the southwest, mountains up to 7,000 m (23,000 ft) extending southeast from the Depsang Plains form the de facto border (Line of Actual Control) between Aksai Chin and Indian-controlled Kashmir.
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): A Historical Note on the Sino-Indian Dispute over the Aksai Chin [...] The Sino-Indian conversations that followed the border clashes of late 1959 were undertaken partly for the purpose of examining in detail the historical evidence with which both sides supported their border claims. It is always difficult, however, to use historical evidence to bolster claims to areas which have for centuries been removed from the main stream of human existence. The Aksai Chin, in the extreme north-east of Ladakh, upon which much of the negotiations centred, is such a region; a bleak uninhabited highland which in the past was visited only by the inhabitants of adjacent territories in quest of salt and by occasional hunters. In 1717, however, the Aksai Chin was traversed by the Tsungar invaders of Tibet and 233 years later it was used for the same purpose by the Chinese. The success of this second venture led to the construction of a major road link between Sinkiang and Tibet, the existence of which precipitated the hostilities of 1959 and the discussions of 1960. [...] 7. People's Republic of China, The Sino-Indian Boundary Question (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1962), p. 55.Google Scholar - 1 - Cited by
Claim: Aksai Chin is a territory of Republic of China (Aksai Chin, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-01): Aksai Chin (Urdu: اکسای چن, Chinese: 阿克赛钦, Ākèsàiqīn) is a region 37,555 km² (16,481 sq mi) which lies at the juncture of China, Pakistan, and India. It consists of about one fifth of Kashmir and one of the driest place and true desert in the world that receive less rain than the Polar desert. It is ruled by China but claimed by the Republic of India. Aksai Chin is one of the two main border disputes between India and China. The other is the dispute over Arunachal Pradesh. Aksai Chin (the name literally means "Chin's desert of white stones") is a very large high-altitude hot desert of salt with sand dunes and yareta (a type of cushioned plants) that reaches heights up to 4,500 metres. It covers an area of 37,555 km² (16,481 sq mi) of the disputed territory. Geographically part of the Tibetan Plateau, Aksai Chin itself is a plateau and it is often called the "Soda Plain". The region is almost uninhabited, has no permanent settlements, and receives no rain or snow as the Himalayan and other mountains block the rains from the Indian monsoon. Pakistan recognizes it as part of China, however India has objected to this and claims all the territory. In boundary talks in 1960 Chinese officials shown a map drawn by General Staff of the Chinese Army in 1918 shows the territory as part of China. [...] - Map showing it as part of China - True Map of Aksai Chin as per Indian claim