copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-24): With an area of 1,564,116 sq. km, Mongolia is the world's 18th largest country. It is located in East Asia where it is bounded by land on all sides. [...] Mongolia is divided into 21 administrative provinces and 1 provincial municipality. In alphabetical order, these provinces are: Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhabaatar, Tov and Uvs. Ulaanbaatar is a provincial municipality in Mongolia. These administrative provinces are further subdivided into a number of districts. [...] Mongolia is a landlocked East Asian country. It is located in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the earth. Mongolia is bordered by two nations: China in the south and Russia in the north. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, the countries are only 37 km apart.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-31): The peoples of Mongolia have a long history under a number of nomadic empires dating back to the Xiongnu in the 4th century B.C., and the name Mongol goes back to at least the 11th century A.D. The most famous Mongol, TEMÜÜJIN (aka Genghis Khan), emerged as the ruler of all Mongols in the early 1200s. By the time of his death in 1227, he had created through conquest a Mongol Empire that extended across much of Eurasia. His descendants, including ÖGÖDEI and KHUBILAI (aka Kublai Khan), continued to conquer Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and the rest of China, where KHUBILAI established the Yuan Dynasty in the 1270s. The Mongols attempted to invade Japan and Java before their empire broke apart in the 14th century. In the 17th century, Mongolia fell under the rule of the Manchus of the Chinese Qing Dynasty. After Manchu rule collapsed in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, finally winning it in 1921 with help from the Soviet Union. Mongolia became a socialist state (the Mongolian People’s Republic) in 1924. Until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, Mongolia was a Soviet satellite state and relied heavily on economic, military, and political assistance from Moscow. [...] Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia, Mongolian People's Republic etymology: the name means "Land of the Mongols" in Latin; the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-05): Outer Mongolia[lower-alpha 1] was the name of a territory in the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China from 1691 to 1911. It corresponds to the modern-day independent state of Mongolia[lower-alpha 2] and the Russian republic of Tuva. The historical region gained de facto independence from Qing China during the Xinhai Revolution. [...] The name "Outer Mongolia" is contrasted with Inner Mongolia,[1] which corresponds to the region of Inner Mongolia in China. Inner Mongolia was given its name because it was more directly administered by the Qing court; Outer Mongolia (which is further from the capital Beijing) had a greater degree of autonomy within the Qing empire.[12] [...] Today, "Outer Mongolia" is sometimes still informally used to refer to the independent state of Mongolia. To avoid confusion between Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia, Chinese sources generally refer to the former as the "State of Mongolia" (Chinese: 蒙古国; pinyin: Měnggǔ Guó); that is, the translation of the official name in Mongolian, Монгол Улс/Mongol Uls, instead of just "Mongolia" (Chinese: 蒙古; pinyin: Měnggǔ), which could refer to the entire Mongolian region.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-05): A sprawling, empty land consisting of 615,000 sq. mi. of desert and steppe, lying between Russian Siberia and Red China, Outer Mongolia first showed its loyalty to Moscow by roundly condemning China’s stooge, Albania. The Mongols went much farther last year, when Luvsantserengiin Tsende, the No. 2 Communist, charged that the "deep moral decay of the Chinese Communist Party" was evidenced by Peking’s "groundless and malicious attacks on the Leninist party and the Soviet Union." In taking a hard line against Peking, Outer Mongolia was taking desperate chances, since its territory is surrounded on three sides by [...] Outer Mongolia, says Sochurek, is basically two nations. One is the timeless meadowlands of Central Asia where nomads pasture their flocks and herds just as they did centuries ago under the rule of their great hero-king, Genghis Khan. Outer Mongolia has more yurts (circular, felt-covered tents) than houses, and more cattle (21 million) than people (1,000,000). Mongols are born to the saddle, lasso their horses with nooses at the end of long poles, make a strong wine from fermented cow’s milk and feast on such dainties as yak butter delicately flavored with yak urine, and sheep intestines stuffed with dried blood. Every traveler on the steppes is welcomed as an honored guest entitled to the best food and accommodations in the yurt.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-14): A Tale of Two Mongolias | Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia [...] A: Outer Mongolia is a free and open country with a democratically elected government while. B: Inner Mongolia is a region (province) located in the Northern part of China and now considered part of China.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The Mongols, even as far back as the time of Genghis Khan, have enjoyed freedom of religion. Approximately half on Mongolians today are Buddhists and 40% are irreligious, with the remaining 10% comprised of Christians, shamanists, and others (including a very small Jewish community). Mongolia is the 18th largest country in the world by area, but its population of just 3 million makes it the world's most sparsely populated country. [...] Mongolia remains heavily nomadic, with approximately 30% of Mongolians being classified as nomads.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): Background [edit]In December 1911 during the Xinhai Revolution, Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty in the Mongolian Revolution of 1911. Mongolia became a de facto absolute theocratic monarchy led by the Bogd Khan. However, the newly established Republic of China claimed inheritance of all territories held by the Qing dynasty and considered Outer Mongolia as part of its territory.[4] This claim was provided for in the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor signed by the Empress Dowager Longyu on behalf of the six-year-old Xuantong Emperor: "[...] the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the five races, Manchu, Han, Mongol, Hui, and Tibetan into one great Republic of China" ([...] 仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土，為一大中華民國).[5][6][7] The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China adopted in 1912 specifically established frontier regions of the new republic, including Outer Mongolia, as integral parts of the state.[8]
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-04-04): THE Mongolian People's Republic, better known as Outer Mongolia, a purportedly independent country of over 600,000 square miles and less than a million people, is not administratively a part of either the Soviet Union or Communist China, and its location between these two countries lends it special political importance. [...] At present there is no evidence that China is aggressively trying to exert influence in Outer Mongolia, and there is no particular trend of growing Sinification. For example, only 30 Mongolian university students and a handful of scholars are studying in Peking. The number of Chinese studying in Outer Mongolia is even less, although Küke Khoto, capital of Inner Mongolia, operates as a center of some Mongolian historical and linguistic studies. Here, too, Outer Mongolia maintains its only consulate within China. Also, China has withdrawn from participation in a proposed joint Chinese-Russian-Mongolian "History of Mongolia." Planning congresses for preparation of this history were held in Ulan Bator, the capital of Outer Mongolia, in 1956 and Moscow in 1957, but the one to be held in 1958 in Peking has been cancelled.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-19): In the early 20th century, the Mongols survived massive sociopolitical and economic turmoil, which emerged as an effect from changing global political (world war) and economic orders rooted in Western colonization, the Industrial Revolution, and modernization in the west . Mongolia, then referred to as Outer Mongolia, reclaimed its independence from the Qing Dynasty, as well as a brief period of Chinese control. Consequently, as the Mongols sought to save its independence, it also dealt with complex global geopolitics and domineering political and economic influence from its neighbors. While attempting a gradual transition of shifting power and authority (e.g., allowing commoners seats in the local government and people’s assemblies), Mongolians experienced serious political friction in determining its future sociopolitical governance and development trajectories among emerging so-called "nationalist," capitalist, or socialist forms. This effort eventually fell into the iron hands of Soviet Russia.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Khaganate and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China proper and established the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan. [...] After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on 6 October 1949. However, the Republic of China used its Security Council veto in 1955, to stop the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia —including Outer Mongolia— as part of China. This was the only time the Republic of China ever used its veto. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of Mauritania (and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.[41][42][43] (see China and the United Nations)
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-16): The Mongols constitute one of the principal ethnographic divisions of Asian peoples. Their traditional homeland is centred in Mongolia—a vast plateau in Central Asia now divided politically into an autonomous region of China (Inner Mongolia) and the independent country Mongolia (historically called Outer Mongolia)—which lies at the eastern end of what was throughout history a great corridor of migration between northeastern China (historically called Manchuria) and Hungary. Physical anthropologists in the 19th century introduced the terms Mongol and Mongolian as descriptive of "racial type" even though the Mongols exhibited a wide range of physical characteristics. Today the Mongols are recognized as a group of peoples bound together by a common language and a common nomadic tradition.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): Mongolia, historically Outer Mongolia, landlocked country located in north-central Asia. It is roughly oval in shape, measuring 1,486 miles (2,392 km) from west to east and, at its maximum, 782 miles (1,259 km) from north to south. Mongolia’s land area is roughly equivalent to that of the countries of western and central Europe, and it lies in a similar latitude range. The national capital, Ulaanbaatar (Mongolian: Ulan Bator), is in the north-central part of the country. Landlocked Mongolia is located between Russia to the north and China to the south, deep within the interior of eastern Asia far from any ocean. The country has a marked continental climate, with long cold winters and short cool-to-hot summers. Its remarkable variety of scenery consists largely of upland steppes, semideserts, and deserts, although in the west and north forested high mountain ranges alternate with lake-dotted basins. Mongolia is largely a plateau, with an average elevation of about 5,180 feet (1,580 metres) above sea level. The highest peaks are in the Mongolian Altai Mountains (Mongol Altain Nuruu) in the southwest, a branch of the Altai Mountains system.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Mongolia, or Outer Mongolia, Country, north-central Asia, between Russia and China. Area: 603,953 sq mi (1,564,241 sq km). Population: (2024 est.) 3,530,000. Capital: Ulaanbaatar (Ulan Bator). Some four-fifths of the population are Mongols; minorities consist of Kazakhs, Russians, and Chinese. Languages: Khalkha Mongolian, Turkic languages, Russian, Chinese. Religions: traditional beliefs, Buddhism, Islam. Currency: tugrik (Tug). Mongolia has an average elevation of about 5,200 ft (1,580 m) above sea level. Three mountain ranges stretch across the north and west: the Altai, the Hangayn (Khangai), and the Hentiyn (Khentei). The south and east are occupied by the Gobi Desert. Livestock raising, especially sheepherding, accounts for nearly three-fourths of the total value of agricultural production; wheat is the major crop. Mongolia’s rich mineral resources include coal, iron ore, and copper. Mongolia is a unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house; its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. In Neolithic times it was inhabited by small groups of hunters and nomads. During the 3rd century bce it became the centre of the Xiongnu tribal league. Turkic-speaking peoples held sway in the 4th–10th centuries ce. [...] Mongol, member of a Central Asian ethnographic group of closely related tribal peoples who live mainly on the Mongolian Plateau and share a common language and nomadic tradition. Their homeland is now divided into the independent country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia) and the Inner Mongolia
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-06): Buried deep in the heart of the huge Asian land mass, Outer Mongolia is a country of sweeping plains, lake-studded highlands, with an awkward location: it is set squarely between Communist China and the Soviet Union. All but lost to history since the 14th century, when its conquering Khans ruled from Indonesia to the Danube, this ancient heartland has become the newest area in the growing clash between the two Communist rivals. Long an inaccessible province of China, Outer Mongolia became the first Soviet satellite when the Reds pursued the Whites into Urga (later Ulan Bator), and remained to establish the Mongolian People’s Republic in 1924. For the next generation, Moscow monopolized Mongolia’s diplomatic and trade relations to the exclusion of all foreigners, and particularly the Chinese. Mongolia’s wool and hides went westward to Russia, in exchange for a trickle of manufactured goods and swarms of political instructors. The Russians introduced their own Cyrillic alpha bet; Buddhist lamas and a few rich herders were persecuted to "free" the masses for membership in the new cooperatives. [...] Undoubtedly, Outer Mongolia is a Communist satellite. The question seems to be: Whose?
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-12-01): From this time, the political separation between Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia was more clear. Roughly speaking, Inner Mongolia included Eastern Mongolian tribes, while Outer Mongolia included Khalkha Mongol khanates as well as Oirat territories. Other Mongol entities also existed in Hulunbuir, Huh Nuur and Alasha. [...] In 1921, Mongolian People’s Republic was established mostly on the basis of Bogd Khanate Mongolia thus incorporating Khalkh territories plus Hobd, Dariganga and Khuvsgul. On the other hand, Inner Mongolia saw rather different developments: since in the last years of Qing dynasty, policies of the weakening government made eastern Inner Mongolia and Manchuria made targets for large Chinese immigration, Republic of China decided to divide Inner Mongolia into Chinese provinces. This resulted in independence movements and Mongol support for Mengjiang puppet state. During Chinese Civil War, Inner Mongolian communist activists gained autonomy of Inner Mongolia which was more attractive than being separately colonized provinces in a foreign country.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-13): Mongolia became a member of the World Bank in February 1991, and the World Bank celebrated the 30th anniversary of Mongolia’s membership in 2021. Since 1991, IDA has supported Mongolia in a range of areas, including rural development, education, Ulaanbaatar’s development, sound management of the mining sector, environmental protection, and policy development. Over the last three decades, the World Bank has provided over US$1.6 billion in development financing to the country.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-01-20): Although Mongol-led confederations sometimes exercised wide political power over their conquered territories, their strength declined rapidly after the Mongol dynasty in China was overthrown in 1368. The Manchus, a tribal group which conquered China in 1644 and formed the Qing dynasty, were able to bring Mongolia under Manchu control in 1691 as Outer Mongolia when the Khalkha Mongol nobles swore an oath of allegiance to the Manchu emperor. The Mongol rulers of Outer Mongolia enjoyed considerable autonomy under the Manchus, and all Chinese claims to Outer Mongolia following the establishment of the republic have rested on this oath. In 1727, Russia and Manchu China concluded the Treaty of Khiakta, delimiting the border between China and Mongolia that exists in large part today. Outer Mongolia was a Chinese province (1691-1911), an autonomous state under Russian protection (1912-19), and again a Chinese province (1919-21). As Manchu authority in China waned, and as Russia and Japan confronted each other, Russia gave arms and diplomatic support to nationalists among the Mongol religious leaders and nobles. The Mongols accepted Russian aid and proclaimed their independence of Chinese rule in 1911, shortly after a successful Chinese revolt against the Manchus. By agreements signed in 1913 and 1915, the Russian Government forced the new Chinese Republican Government to accept Mongolian autonomy under continued Chinese control, presumably to discourage other foreign powers from approaching a newly independent Mongolian state that might seek support from as many foreign sources as possible.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-10-23): Seventy years ago, on October 20, 1945, Mongolia held a referendum on independence from China. The Chinese had by then lost all effective control of what they then called "Outer Mongolia." The last Chinese forces in Mongolia were chased out by the anti-Bolshevik general Roman von Ungern-Stenberg in 1921 (who was in turn defeated by the Bolsheviks later that year). Mongolia soon became the "People’s Republic of Mongolia" – the first Soviet satellite, even as it remained, de jure, a part of China. In February 1945, at Yalta, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin asked his wartime allies, the United States and the United Kingdom, to consent to Mongolia maintaining its "status quo" after the war, and obtained their agreement to this innocuous proposition.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Outer Mongolia (Mongolia) and Inner Mongolia are two distinct regions, each with their own unique culture, history, and attractions. If you're planning a trip to this part of the world, it's important to understand the differences between these two regions to ensure that you have the best possible travel experience. It's important to note that the terms "Outer" and "Inner" Mongolia historically referred to the geographical locations relative to China, with "Outer" being farther from the Chinese heartland and "Inner" being closer. Today, these terms are primarily used to distinguish between the independent country of Mongolia and the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region within China. [...] Lastly, Inner Mongolia has a population of around 25 million people with a territory of 1.18 million square kilometers (457,000 square miles), which is roughly equivalent to the size of South Africa or three times the size of Japan.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-14): There are no notices currently in effect for Mongolia. [...] HideIf your travel plans in Mongolia include outdoor activities, take these steps to stay safe and healthy during your trip. [...] - If you choose to drive a vehicle in Mongolia, learn the local traffic laws and have the proper paperwork.
Claim: Outer Mongolia is a territory of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-01-25): Next stop: Mongolia. Buckle up! [...] Mongolian is the official language of Mongolia and is spoken in the autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia. Allington’s work takes her across the Mongolian Plateau. While NASA does not fund field work in China, Allington’s research looks at the differences across this border and uses the same data to explore the area. She’s been working in northern China on and off since 2009, and has ongoing, long-term relationships at several research stations. [...] Mongolia has stunning landscapes and diverse terrains. Allington’s work focuses specifically on arid rangeland areas, but the towering buttress-like structures of Tsagaan Suvarga (White Stupa), Khüiten Peak in Bayan-Ulgii Province and the famous fossil bed site in Bayanzag (The Flaming Cliffs) all make Mongolia an exciting travel destination.