copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-01-01): The importance of the India–Tibet surface wave model to this study is that the lower Indian crust underlying southern Tibet is insulated from the hot asthenosphere by a thick layer of cool lithospheric mantle (Fig. 3). [...] Open in new tabDownload slide 8 (a) Map of India and Tibet showing the relative motion between India and Tibet (large black arrows) and the location of the change in SKS-splitting characteristics in Tibet (red line). The locations of the transition from small SKS-splitting and weak anisotropy in the south to large SKS-splitting and strong anisotropy in the north, and the deep crustal earthquakes in NW and SE Tibet (solid black line) may mark the northern limit of India's penetration beneath Tibet or the limit of the Indian Shield as a strong entity. This might also mark the northern edge of the strong ‘India’ lower crust beneath south Tibet, over which the middle and upper crust of Tibet flow (Copley & McKenzie 2007). (b) Schematic cross-section from central India to central Tibet. The crystalline crust of central India is ∼35 km thick and geological observations suggest its upper part is granodiorite and its lower part is granulite (Percival et al. 1992). Below this, there is a high-velocity, depleted mantle layer (Priestley & McKenzie 2006).
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of India (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-09): China perceives significant security threats along its expansive disputed border with India, commonly known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC). The LAC is roughly divided into three sections. The eastern stretch of the border runs along an area roughly the size of Austria that is claimed by China as part of southern Tibet but administered by India as the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Near the central part of Tibet’s border is a narrow 80-kilometer (km) stretch of land between Nepal and Bhutan that is partly disputed by not just China and India, but also Bhutan. In 2017, tensions flared there on the Doklam Plateau after Chinese army engineers attempted to build a road through the area. India sent troops to stop the construction and China dispatched its own forces to the area resulting in a tense 73-day standoff. China and India faced off again in 2020, this time at the disputed western sector of the border that straddles the Indian-administered territory of Ladakh, the Chinese-administered region of Aksai Chin, and Tibet. Skirmishes broke out at several points along the LAC in this area—including Galwan Valley, Pangong Lake, and others—resulting in deaths on both sides. This marked the first time in decades that border tensions between China and India resulted in fatalities, and the flashpoint remains a major source of tension between the two countries.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-31): South Tibet is a literal translation of the Chinese term '藏南' (pinyin: Zàng Nán), which may refer to different geographic areas: [...] - South Tibet may also refer to a shorter section of the Yarlung Tsangpo and tributaries covering most of Lhoka and Nyingchi Prefectures from the confluence with the Lhasa River to the west up to the beginning of the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon near Mainling County to the east. - When used in relation to the Sino-Indian border dispute, South Tibet is a term mainly used by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to refer to an area south of the McMahon Line currently administered by India as parts of the states of Arunachal Pradesh. This region was recognised by Tibet as belonging to British India under the McMahon Line Agreement (part of the 1914 Simla Convention). The PRC does not recognise the McMahon Line and claims that the area is a part of the Tibet Autonomous Region instead.[1] According to Hsiao-ting Lin, a scholar from Taiwan, and other scholars, both the British and the Chinese claim to sovereignty over the area can be deemed "largely imaginary", reflected only in official maps and political propagandas.[2][3][4]
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-12-05): But even during this period, Tibet’s international status remained unsettled. China continued to claim it as sovereign territory. Western countries, including Britain and the United States, did not recognize Tibet as fully independent. After founding the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the new communist government in China sought reunification with Tibet and decided to invade it in 1950. A year later, in 1951, the Dalai Lama’s representatives signed a seventeen-point agreement with Beijing, granting China sovereignty over Tibet for the first time. The agreement stated that the central authorities "will not alter the existing political system in Tibet" or "the established status, functions and powers of the Dalai Lama." While the Chinese government points to this document to prove Tibet is part of Chinese territory, proponents of Tibetan independence say Tibet was coerced into signing this document and surrendering its sovereignty.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-01-27): The Tibet issue: China's view - Published What is China's stance on Tibet? Here, we outline Beijing's position, based on various official Chinese sources. [...] "For more than 700 years, the central government of China has continuously exercised sovereignty over Tibet, and Tibet has never been an independent state. No government of any country in the world has ever recognised Tibet as an independent state."
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): Tibet (/tɪˈbɛt/ ; Tibetan: བོད, Lhasa dialect: [pʰøːʔ˨˧˩] Böd; Chinese: 藏区; pinyin: Zàngqū), or Greater Tibet,[1] is a region in the western part of East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi). It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as the Monpa, Tamang, Qiang, Sherpa and Lhoba peoples and, since the 20th century, considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui settlers. Since the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1951, the entire plateau has been under the administration of the People's Republic of China. Tibet is divided administratively into the Tibet Autonomous Region, and parts of the Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces. Tibet is also constitutionally claimed by the Republic of China as the Tibet Area since 1912. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,380 m (14,000 ft).[2][3] Located in the Himalayas, the highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain, rising 8,848 m (29,000 ft) above sea level.[4]
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-11-13): 1950 - China enforces a long-held claim to Tibet. The Dalai Lama, now aged 15, officially becomes head of state. [...] 1965 - Chinese government establishes Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR). [...] 2008 November - The British government recognises China's direct rule over Tibet for the first time. Critics say the move undermines the Dalai Lama in his talks with China.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-11-09): The "Tibet question": Tibetan, Chinese and Western perspectives [...] The historical conflict between Tibet and China goes back almost a thousand years. Both sides use history to argue their point about the core issues in this dispute – Tibet's claim of independence and autonomy, and China's of suzerainty. This article looks at the historical roots of this conflict, particularly since 1949, when China began its gradual takeover of Tibet. Chinese policies toward Tibet, which have been driven by a desire to communize and sinicize Tibet, has been met by stiff resistance from the Tibetans, who see Han Chinese dominance as a force that will, over time, destroy Tibet's unique religion, language, culture, and history. This resistance has drawn the attention of the West, who see Chinese policies in Tibet as a symbol of the failings of Beijing's rulers to embrace a strong commitment to human rights at the same time that China is becoming a global economic power. The 14th Dalai Lama, a key figure in this conflict, and his government-in-exile have served as bridges to Western efforts to try to force Beijing to embrace more open, humane policies toward Tibetans throughout China. His retirement as political head of the exile government in 2011, coupled with China's growing economic and strategic power globally, raises serious questions about the willingness of the USA, and other democratic powers to risk their relationships with Beijing to continue to promote true human rights and autonomy throughout the Tibetan Plateau.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-06-03): Much of this is underreported in the media, for the simple reason that Tibet remains an information black hole. Even North Korea, the hermetically sealed nation, has allowed the Associated Press and the Agence France-Press to establish bureaus on the ground, but there is not a single foreign reporter in Tibet. Beijing uses big-data technology of surveillance and state-of-the-art infrastructure of repression –– including the "convenience police stations" and the "double-linked households system," innovated by Chen Quanguo during his tenure in Tibet –– to keep Tibetans, much like Uyghurs, in a general state of fear. But China’s ambition goes beyond mere physical control of its restless peripheries. Calling its ethnic unity education "an engineering project of the soul," Xi Jinping’s China aims for nothing less than to "transform ethnic cultures and identities" as a permanent solution to what it views as the two biggest challenges to its cultural unity and political stability: Tibet and Xinjiang.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-10-17): Tibet is a large, sparsely populated area which accounts for near one-eighth (if only Tibet autonomous region is included) or more than one-fifth (if all Tibetan areas are included) of China’s total territory. With a history of about 2500 years, and located at the southwest edge of China, Tibet used to be an independent empire. Thanks to their similar cultural (racial and religious) connections, on one hand, and appeasement policies that the Chinese rulers had adopted toward all Tibetans, on the other hand, Tibet and the rest of China have been formed as a single country for a long period of time. However, throughout the PRC era, the Tibet question has never been resolved easily. [...] The Tibetan government signs the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounces the agreement as illegal 1917: [...] People’s Republic of China (PRC) is proclaimed by Chinese Communist Party. The PRC announces its intention to "liberate" Tibet 1950:
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): Tibet’s incorporation into the People’s Republic of China began in 1950 and has remained a highly charged and controversial issue, both within Tibet and worldwide. Many Tibetans (especially those outside China) consider China’s action to be an invasion of a sovereign country, and the continued Chinese presence in Tibet is deemed an occupation by a foreign power. The Chinese, on the other hand, believe that Tibet has been a rightful part of China for centuries and that they liberated Tibet from a repressive regime in which much of the population lived in serfdom. There is truth in both assertions, although public opinion outside China (especially in the West) has tended to take the side of Tibet as an independent (or at least highly autonomous) entity. There is no question, though, that the 14th Dalai Lama, Tibet’s exiled spiritual and temporal leader, has become one of the world’s most recognizable and highly regarded individuals. Area 471,700 square miles (1,221,600 square km). Pop. (2020) 3,648,100.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-03): Both the PRC and their predecessors the Kuomintang (ROC) had always maintained that Tibet was a part of China.[49] The PRC also proclaimed an ideological motivation to "liberate" the Tibetans from a theocratic feudal system.[52] In September 1949, shortly before the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) made it a top priority to incorporate Tibet, Taiwan Island, Hainan Island, and the Penghu Islands into the PRC,[53][54] peacefully or by force.[55] China viewed incorporating Tibet as important to consolidate its frontiers and address national defense concerns in the southwest.[56] Because Tibet was unlikely to voluntarily give up its de facto independence, Mao in December 1949 ordered that preparations be made to march into Tibet at Qamdo (Chamdo), in order to induce the Tibetan Government to negotiate.[55] The PRC had over a million men under arms[55] and had extensive combat experience from the recently concluded Chinese Civil War.[citation needed]
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-28): The South Tibet Valley is formed by the Yarlung Tsangpo River during its middle reaches, where it travels from west to east. The valley is approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) long and 300 km (190 mi) wide. The valley descends from 4,500 m (14,760 ft) above sea level to 2,800 m (9,190 ft). The mountains on either side of the valley are usually around 5,000 m (16,400 ft) high.[19][20] Lakes here include Lake Paiku and Lake Puma Yumco. Government [edit]The Tibet Autonomous Region is a province-level entity of the People's Republic of China. Chinese law nominally guarantees some autonomy in the areas of education and language policy. Like other subdivisions of China, routine administration is carried out by a People's Government, headed by a chairman, who has been an ethnic Tibetan except for an interregnum during the Cultural Revolution. As with other Chinese provinces, the chairman carries out work under the direction of the regional secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. The standing committee of the regional Communist Party Committee serves as the top rung of political power in the region. The current chairman is Yan Jinhai and the current party secretary is Wang Junzheng.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-19): Tibet, now open for traveling, is an "autonomous" region of China. Tibet has experienced 1,500 years of history from divided kingdoms on the Tibetan Plateau to a unified Tibetan (Tubo)Kingdom (618–842), Mongol rule, Dalai Lama rule, Qing Dynasty conquest, independence, and finally as part of modern China's territory. Tibet is in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. It is called Tibet Autonomous Region although it is not autonomous. [...] Tibet is a part of China's territory and is located in southwest of the People's Republic of China. It is one of China's provinces and its full name is Tibet Autonomous Region.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-25): Tibet, the remote and mainly-Buddhist territory known as the "roof of the world", is governed as an autonomous region of China. [...] Beijing claims a centuries-old sovereignty over Tibet. However, this Chinese view of imperial rule over Tibet spanning many centuries is disputed by exiled Tibetan communities and rights groups. [...] No country openly disputes China's claim to sovereignty, and China has blocked all UN Security Council resolutions on Tibet since the People's Republic took over the China seat in the UN in 1971.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-02-06): It is isolated not only geographically, but also diplomatically. China enforced a long-held claim to Tibet in 1950, and it was subsequently incorporated into Chinese territory. [...] China believes Tibet to be an important reservoir of natural resources. It is the prime source of Asia's major rivers, and harbours extensive forest and minerals. [...] Around half the landmass the Tibetans consider to be Tibet has been subsumed into other Chinese provinces, and in 1965 the Chinese government named the rest the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR).
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-08-20): May 23rd marks the 65th anniversary of the Chinese annexation of Tibet. That was the day the "Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet" was declared in the aftermath of the Chinese invasion of October, 1950. The document was rejected by many Tibetans at the time, and has been controversial ever since. A major rebellion against Chinese rule was crushed in 1959 and subsequently, a government-in-exile headed by the 14th Dalai Lama was established in Dharamsala, India. The struggle for Tibetan independence has continued, including some 138 self-immolations of monks and nuns in protest since 2009. [...] So the Tibetan question remains unsettled. A nation without obvious natural borders presents problems for border delineation. Tibet’s borders have long been problematic, for the Himalayan Mountains are extremely rugged terrain and the Tibetan plateau profoundly isolated. The Sino-Indian War was fought over the boundary of southern Tibet in 1962, highlighting Tibet’s awkward geographical location between much larger states. And the struggles go back even further; Carole McGranahan examines the transformation of Tibet’s frontiers to borders by the British a century ago. McGranahan notes that "state organization has never been consistent over time or place." Tibet happened to be in the way of colonialism, nationalism, and the ultimate resurgence of both China and India. Drawing the boundary of Tibet was, she says, "a problem composed of cultural, historical, and political factors."
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-20): South Tibet (Chinese: Zàngnán, 藏南) is what the Chinese government names a geographic area that is the focus of border dispute between the Government of India and the China. The area, most of which lies within the Indian region recognised as Arunachal Pradesh, is claimed by both China and India. The people of South Tibet have Tibetan cultural, Tibetan languages/linguistic, and the ethnic ties to the Tibet Autonomous Region.[1] [...] Chinese South Tibet on the disputed map of China - [...] Historical maps marked South Tibet a Chinese territory -
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-20): The area is administered as Tibet Autonomous Region within the People’s Republic of China and is home to the Tibetan people, Sherpa, Qiang, Tamang, Lhoba, and Monpa people. Tibet’s capital, Lhasa, hosts the hilltop Potala Palace used by Dalai Lama as his winter home. [...] Tibet, an autonomous region of the People’s Republic of China, is the country’s second-largest provincial-level entity, after Xingjiang, spanning about 1.228 million square kilometers. Although the region is mainly considered part of East Asia, other European sources place it in Central Asia. Tibet occupies the southern part of the Tibetan Plateau and the northern Himalayas, known for its towering peaks. The region is known as the "roof of the world" because it is home to some of the world’s highest peaks, including Mount Everest, the world’s highest mountain located on the Tibet-Nepal border. Other prominent peaks in the region include Lhotse (Earth’s 4th highest mountain), Makalu (5th highest mountain), and Cho Oyu (6th highest mountain).
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): Japan made a clear commitment on this in the 1972 China-Japan Joint Statement, which says "The Government of Japan recognizes the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China. The Government of the People’s Republic of China reiterates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People’s Republic of China. The Government of Japan fully understands and respects this position of the Government of the People’s Republic of China, and it firmly maintains its position under Article 8 of the Potsdam Proclamation." We urge Japan to honor its commitment and act prudently on the Taiwan question, and refrain from causing disruption to its relations with China and peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait. [...] AFP: Indian media have reported that a team of Indian mountain climbers has summited a previously unclimbed and unnamed peak in the region of Arunachal Pradesh, which China claims as part of southern Tibet. The Indian climbers have named the peak after the 6th Dalai Lama. Does China have any comment on this? Lin Jian: I’m not aware of what you mentioned. Let me say more broadly that the area of Zangnan is Chinese territory, and it’s illegal, and null and void for India to set up the so-called "Arunachal Pradesh" in Chinese territory. This has been China’s consistent position.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Within China’s boundaries exists a highly diverse and complex country. Its topography encompasses the highest and one of the lowest places on Earth, and its relief varies from nearly impenetrable mountainous terrain to vast coastal lowlands. Its climate ranges from extremely dry, desertlike conditions in the northwest to tropical monsoon in the southeast, and China has the greatest contrast in temperature between its northern and southern borders of any country in the world. [...] China stretches for about 3,250 miles (5,250 km) from east to west and 3,400 miles (5,500 km) from north to south. Its land frontier is about 12,400 miles (20,000 km) in length, and its coastline extends for some 8,700 miles (14,000 km). The country is bounded by Mongolia to the north; Russia and North Korea to the northeast; the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea to the east; the South China Sea to the southeast; Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), India, Bhutan, and Nepal to the south; Pakistan to the southwest; and Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan to the west. In addition to the 14 countries that border directly on it, China also faces South Korea and Japan, across the Yellow Sea, and the Philippines, which lie beyond the South China Sea.
Claim: South Tibet is a territory of People's Republic of China (South Tibet, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-23): See the U.S. Department of State’s Fact Sheet on the People's Republic of China for information on U.S.-China relations. [...] The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR): The TAR requires special permits for tourist travel, most often obtained through a travel agent in the PRC. If you do enter a restricted area without the requisite permit, you could be fined, taken into custody, and deported for illegal entry. To learn more about specific entry requirements for the TAR or other restricted areas, check with the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the United States of America. [...] Most roads and towns in Tibet, Qinghai, parts of Xinjiang, and western Sichuan are situated at altitudes over 10,000 feet. Take appropriate precautions to prepare for and be alert to altitude sickness.