copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-11): Process [edit]Blagoveshchensk [edit]Sixty-Four Villages East of the River [edit]Lieutenant-General Konstantin Gribskiy ordered the expulsion of all Qing subjects who remained north of the river.[4] This included the residents of the villages, and Chinese traders and workers who lived in Blagoveshchensk proper, where they numbered anywhere between one-sixth and one-half of the local population of 30,000.[4][5] They were taken by the local police and driven into the river to be drowned. Those who could swim were shot by the Russian forces.[6] There were 1,266 households, including 900 Daurs and 4,500 Manchus in the area until the massacre.[7] Many Manchu villages were burned by Cossacks in the massacre according to Victor Zatsepine.[8] [...] Further reading [edit]- Yang, Chuang; Gao, Fei; Feng (2006). 海兰泡和江东六十四屯惨案 [The Tragic Case of Blagoveshchensk/Hailanpao and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River]. 百年中俄关系 [A Century of China–Russia Relations] (in Chinese). Beijing: World Affairs Press. ISBN 7-5012-2876-0.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-03-18): Territory ceded by the People's Republic of China to Russia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 50°06′N 127°41′E The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu, Daur and Han-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) opposite of Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite of Blagoveshchensk.[1] The area totaled 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi).[2] [...] The Republic of China (ROC), has never recognized the Russian occupation as legitimate.[2] In the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, the People's Republic of China (PRC) renounced sovereignty of the 64 Villages.[11] However, the Republic of China now based in Taiwan never renounced sovereignty of the area nor does it recognize any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries due to the restrictions imposed by Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China and Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China.[2] Therefore, the area still appears as Chinese territory in many maps of China published in Taiwan even though it is now administered as a part of Amur Oblast, Russia.[11][13]
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1999-02-22): The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu, Daur and Han-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) opposite of Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite of Blagoveshchensk. The area totaled 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi). Among Russian historians, the district occupied by the villages is sometimes referred as Zazeysky rayon (the "Trans-Zeya District" or "The district beyond the Zeya"), because it was separated by the Zeya from the regional capital, Blagoveshchensk.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-08): The Blagoveshchensk massacres and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacres are the massacre occurred in Blagoveshchensk and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River during July 4–8 (Old Style), 1900. [...] Lieutenant-General Konstantin Nikolaevich Gribskii, ordered the expulsion of all Qing subjects who remained north of the river.[2] This included the residents of the villages, and Chinese traders and workers who lived in Blagoveshchensk proper, where they numbered anywhere between one-sixth and one-half of the local population of 30,000.[2][3] They were taken by the local police and driven into the river to be drowned. Those who could swim were shot by the Russian forces.[4] [...] The original article can be found at Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre and the edit history here.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-03-31): The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River (or 黑龙江, Hēilóng Jiāng, lit. "Black Dragon River") opposite to Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite to Blagoveshchensk.[1] Their area totalled Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value)..[2] [...] External links - A map of Aihun Ting from a 1911 Heilongjiang atlas. This is the district centered on Aihun on the Chinese side of the river, but also including (according to the cartographer) the "Sixty-Four Villages" on the Russian side. (Chinese)
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-13): The Amur River (Russian: река Амур) or Heilong River (Chinese: 黑龙江)[6] is a perennial river in Northeast Asia, forming the natural border between the Russian Far East and Northeast China (historically the Outer and Inner Manchuria). The Amur proper is 2,824 km (1,755 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 1,855,000 km2 (716,000 sq mi).[1][7] If including its main stem tributary, the Argun, the Amur is 4,444 km (2,761 mi) long,[7][2] making it the world's tenth longest river. [...] History and context [edit]Many historical references distinguish two geopolitical entities in the area of the Amur: Manchuria (Northeast China) and Outer Manchuria. The Chinese province of Heilongjiang on the south bank of the river takes its name from the river, as does the Russian Amur Oblast on the north bank. The native Manchu people and their Qing Empire of China, who regarded this river as sacred,[citation needed] use the name Sahaliyan Ula (Black River). [...] See also [edit]- Geography of China - Geography of Russia - Sino-Soviet border conflict - List of longest undammed rivers - Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilong Jiang - Amur Military Flotilla
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-06): In 1858, a weakening Manchu China was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun, except for a small region known as the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River (江東六十四屯|s=江东六十四屯, Jiāngdōng Liùshísì Tún), an area of 3,600 km² which had a majority of Chinese residents and was still designated as under the administration of China. By the nineteenth century, Manchu rule had become increasingly sinicized and, along with other borderlands of the Chinese Empire such as Mongolia and Tibet, came under the influence of colonial powers. Britain had aspirations in Tibet, France in Hainan and Germany in Shantung, while Russia encroached upon Turkestan and Outer Mongolia.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-11-30): In 1858, China's Qing empire (1644-1911) was stricken with domestic turmoil and foreign aggression. Besides the sprawling rebellions and wars, in the northeastern border town of Aihui (today's Heihe of Heilongjiang Province), the Qing official Yishan (1790-1878) of the Aisin Gioro clan bitterly signed a treaty with Nikolay Nuravyov (1809-1881) of the Russian Empire. The Treaty of Aihui was humiliating, for the Qing government was made to cede to Russia over 610,000 square kilometers of territory between the Heilongjiang River (or Amur River) in the south and the area beyond the Khingan Range in the north. Consequently the Heilongjiang River was made a border river between China and Russia rather than an inland waterway as it used to be, and the Qing government lost absolute control of the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers. Russia thus gained free access to the Pacific Ocean. The scene of the signing of the treaty is restored with wax figures in the Aihui History Museum, located in the heritage site of Aihui town which dates to the late 17th century. With ample documents and objects, the museum is dedicated to revisiting the history of the town and east Sino-Russian relations from the mid-17th to the early 20th century, with emphasis on key historical incidents such as the signing of the treaties of Nerchinsk (1689) and Aihui (1858), the Hailanpao Massacre (1900), the Massacre at the Sixty-four villages east of the River (1900) and the ensuing looting and burning-down of Aihui by the Tsarist Russian army.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-05-05): The island is divided in almost equal sections between Russia and China. The Soviet Union occupied the whole of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (known as Heixiazi, or Black Bear, in Chinese) following the so-called Chinese Eastern Railway Incident of 1929, but in an historic agreement between Russia and China signed in 2004, Moscow agreed to return about half of it. The transfer took place in 2008. Since then the island in the Ussuri has become a miniature symbol of the vast Asian regions divided between the two geopolitical giants. [...] What you find out looking at a map is that this statue is placed on China’s easternmost point, the very first place in China meeting the sun every morning. One of the ironies of political geography here is that China, the eastern empire, sits to the west and Russia, a European power, confronts it to the east. A swath of Russian territory cuts China’s Heilongjiang Province off from the Sea of Japan. Look again, more carefully, and you will realize why so many in Beijing regard the Russian far east exclave as the last remnant of European colonialism in Chinese lands. Is this monument a symbol, a proclamation that the East is Chinese?
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-02-09): Assault, however, could reinforce indigenous identity as Qing subjects. As early as 1653, a group of five Cossacks were sent out to explore routes to China in order to obtain its emperor’s submission to the Tsar. En route the Cossacks demanded horses and guides from what they called a "Ducher" village. They also declared the tsar’s proposal that Heilongjiang be divided roughly in half, with Russia taking the territory east of the Non River (Nenjiang). As their tributary mission later reported in an imperial audience in Beijing, the villagers, probably known to the Qing as ethnically akin Hūrha, decided that they could not maintain livelihoods as Cossack tributaries. So, in gratitude for state gifts of clothing and horses bestowed for their pelts, the villagers killed the Cossacks and added their victims’ fox and sable to augment their own annual tribute. After admonishing them to spare further Russian emissaries, the throne sent the delegation off with their statutory gifts of clothing.76
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-08-31): The Amur River (Russian: река Амур) or Heilong River (Chinese: 黑龙江)[6] is a perennial river in Northeast Asia, forming the natural border between the Russian Far East and Northeast China (historically the Outer and Inner Manchuria). The Amur proper is 2,824 km (1,755 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 1,855,000 km2 (716,000 sq mi).[1][7] If including its main stem tributary, the Argun, the Amur is 4,444 km (2,761 mi) long,[7][2] making it the world's tenth longest river. [...] Many historical references distinguish two geopolitical entities in the area of the Amur: Manchuria (Northeast China) and Outer Manchuria. The Chinese province of Heilongjiang on the south bank of the river takes its name from the river, as does the Russian Amur Oblast on the north bank. The native Manchu people and their Qing Empire of China, who regarded this river as sacred,[citation needed] use the name Sahaliyan Ula (Black River). [...] The Amur region remained a relative backwater of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half, with Aigun being practically the only major town on the river. Russians re-appeared on the river in the mid-19th century, forcing the Manchus to yield all lands north of the river to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (1858). Lands east of the Ussuri and the lower Amur were acquired by Russia as well, by the Convention of Peking (1860).[32]
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-17): The first targets of extermination were the 64 Villages East of the River (Jiangdong Liushisitun 江东六十四屯) and Hailanpao 海兰泡 (Blagoveshchensk). These places were on the northside of the Sahaliyan Ula, and as such had been ceded to Russia in 1858. The Treaty of Aigun stipulated that the original inhabitants of the 64 Villages would retain their rights to live on this land in perpetuity, and its people would remain under Qing jurisdiction. The 64 Villages were traditionally inhabited by the Manchu, Solon and Daur, but had since gained a sizeable portion of Han Chinese settlers. By the time of the Russian invasion in 1900 the population had swelled to 35,000 people. Hailanpao counted 38,000 inhabitants, half of whom were subjects of the Qing Empire. These Qing Subjects were mainly labourers, merchants and farmers, keeping the economy of Hailanpao afloat. [...] - Heilongjiang Jiangdong Liushisitun Wenti Diaochazu 黑龙江江东六十四屯问题调查组. "Sha E bazhan Jiangdong Liushisitun de qianqian houhou, qishisan wei laoren fangwen" 沙俄霸占江东六十四屯的前前后后——七十三位老人访问记 [The prelude and consequences of the Tsarist Russian occupation of the 64 Villages East of the River, records of interviews with 73 seniors]. Xuexi yu tansuo 学习与探索, no. 01 (1979): 68-78.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2010-08-14): - Russia gained the left bank of the Amur River that had been assigned to China as a result of Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689. (Chinese and Manchu residents of the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River would be allowed to remain, under the jurisdiction of Manchu government.) The Amur, Sungari, and Ussuri rivers were to be open exclusively to both Chinese and Russian ships. The territory bounded on the west by the Ussuri, on the north by the Amur, and on the east and south by the Sea of Japan was to be jointly administered by Russia and China—a "condominium" arrangement similar to that which the British and Americans had agreed upon for the Oregon Territory in the Treaty of 1818.[2] (Russia gained sole control of this land two years later)[4] Counting also the loss of this land, China effectively lost more than one million square kilometers of territory.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Russia (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-15): They were marched to the Amur (or Heilongjiang) River, the border between the two countries. Stragglers were hacked down by axe-wielding militia or ridden down by Cossacks. At the river, raging in summer torrent, they were ordered in. When the first drowned, the others refused, and then the shooting began, until the last few survivors were forced in by a bayonet charge. It was not the only massacre. "Regarding killing the Chinese . . . you must be mad to keep asking permission each time . . . when you are ordered to kill them, then you should get on and kill them without any further discussion," the regional governor wrote.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-11): Sixty-Four Villages East of the River 50°06′N 127°41′E / 50.100°N 127.683°E The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu, Daur and Han-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) opposite of Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite of Blagoveshchensk.[1] The area totaled 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi).[2] [...] Ongoing dispute [edit]The Republic of China (ROC), has never recognized the Russian occupation as legitimate.[2] In the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, the People's Republic of China (PRC) renounced sovereignty of the 64 Villages.[11] However, the Republic of China now based in Taiwan never renounced sovereignty of the area nor does it recognize any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries due to the restrictions imposed by Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China and Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China.[2] Therefore, the area still appears as Chinese territory in many maps of China published in Taiwan even though it is now administered as a part of Amur Oblast, Russia.[11][13] [...] Further reading [edit]- Yang, Chuang; Gao, Fei; Feng (September 2006), "海兰泡和江东六十四屯惨案 (The Tragic Case of Blagoveshchensk/Hailanpao and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River)", 百年中俄关系 (A Century of China-Russia Relations), Beijing: World Affairs Press, ISBN 7-5012-2876-0
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-02-24): Sixty-Four Villages East of the River 50°06′N 127°41′E / 50.100°N 127.683°E / 50.100; 127.683 The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu, Daur and Han-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) opposite of Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite of Blagoveshchensk.[1] The area totaled 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi).[2] The Republic of China (ROC), has never recognized the Russian occupation as legitimate.[2] In the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, the People's Republic of China (PRC) renounced sovereignty of the 64 Villages.[11] However, the Republic of China now based in Taiwan never renounced sovereignty of the area nor does it recognize any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries due to the restrictions imposed by Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China and Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China.[2] Therefore, the area still appears as Chinese territory in many maps of China published in Taiwan even though it is now administered as a part of Amur Oblast, Russia.[11][13] [...] Further reading - Yang, Chuang; Gao, Fei; Feng (September 2006), "海兰泡和江东六十四屯惨案 (The Tragic Case of Blagoveshchensk/Hailanpao and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River)", 百年中俄关系 (A Century of China-Russia Relations), Beijing: World Affairs Press, ISBN 7-5012-2876-0
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River (zh-tsp|t=江東六十四屯|s=江东六十四屯|p=Jiāngdōng Liùshísì Tún) (literally "64 villages east of river") are located on the left bank (north bank) of the [...] Republic of China (ROC), the successor of the Qing Empire, has never recognized the Russian occupation as legitimate. In the1991 Sino-Russian Border Agreement , thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) renounced sovereignty of the 64 Villages. However, the Republic of China now based in Taiwan never renounced sovereignty of the area nor does it recognize any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries due to the restrictions imposed by Article 4 of theConstitution of the Republic of China and Section 5 of Article 4 of the . Therefore, the area still appears as Chinese territory in many maps of China published in Taiwan even though it is now administered as a part ofAmur Oblast , Russia.ee also * [...] The Epoch Times criticism of the treaty mentioning the Sixty-four villages east of the Heilongjiang River
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1998-10-02): Heilongjiang, the northernmost sheng (province) of China’s Northeast region. It is bounded to the north and east by Russia along the Amur River and the Ussuri (Wusuli) River, to the south by the Chinese province of Jilin, and to the west by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The capital is Harbin. Heilongjiang occupies about three-fifths of the area of the three Northeast provinces that formerly made up Manchuria and has more than one-third of the region’s population. The province’s name is derived from Heilong Jiang, the Chinese name for the Amur. Area 179,000 square miles (463,600 square km). Pop. (2020) 31,850,088. [...] The boundaries of Heilongjiang fluctuated during the early 20th century. From 1950 to 1954 the province was under the jurisdiction of the Northeast Military Administrative Commission based in Shenyang (Liaoning province). In 1954 Heilongjiang was placed directly under the central government, and its boundaries were expanded eastward across the Sungari River to the Ussuri River frontier with what was then the Soviet Union. Also during the 1950s, territory in western Heilongjiang that included the Da Hinggan Range was transferred to Inner Mongolia; this region again became part of Heilongjiang in 1969 but was restored to Inner Mongolia in 1979. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Heilongjiang was a pioneer in developing the Revolutionary Committees that became the dominant institutional form. In the early 1980s the former system of provincial congresses was restored.
Claim: Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River is a territory of Republic of China (Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-30): The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of Manchu, Daur and Han-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) opposite of Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite of Blagoveshchensk.[1] The area totaled 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi).[2] [...] The Republic of China (ROC), the successor of the Qing Empire, has never recognized the Russian occupation as legitimate.[2] In the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, the People's Republic of China (PRC) renounced sovereignty of the 64 Villages.[11] However, the Republic of China now based in Taiwan never renounced sovereignty of the area nor does it recognize any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries due to the restrictions imposed by Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China and Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China.[2] Therefore, the area still appears as Chinese territory in many maps of China published in Taiwan even though it is now administered as a part of Amur Oblast, Russia.[11][13] [...] Further reading - Yang, Chuang; Gao, Fei; Feng (September 2006), "海兰泡和江东六十四屯惨案 (The Tragic Case of Blagoveshchensk/Hailanpao and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River)", 百年中俄关系 (A Century of China-Russia Relations), Beijing: World Affairs Press, ISBN 7-5012-2876-0