copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2013-11-21): As with all volcanoes, the magma inside Etna holds gas bubbles, such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and water. Etna is one of the gassiest volcanoes on Earth, pumping out more carbon dioxide than any other volcano, said Keith Putirka, an igneous petrologist at California State University, Fresno, who has studied Etna's deep magma system. "Even though Etna isn't a massive volcano, it puts out massive amounts of carbon dioxide," Putirka told LiveScience's OurAmazingPlanet. "If you threw several more Mount Etnas onto the planet, you could really drive climate change in a serious way."
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2021-03-12): Etna has released some 40 million cubic metres of volcanic material, says volcanologist Boris Behncke, who monitors Etna closely for the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV). [...] Watching Etna's destructive power [...] Etna is no stranger to these episodes. Despite the extraordinary amount of volcanic material that has erupted, experts agree the volcano is merely repeating previous patterns of behaviour. But they also admit that the power released is greater than before.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2022-06-11): Eruptive and diffuse emissions of CO2 from Mount Etna [...] MOUNT Etna, in Sicily, is one of the world's most actively degassing volcanoes1. Here we use data collected from 1975 to 1987 to estimate carbon dioxide emissions from the summit craters and the upper flanks of the volcano. By combining measurements of the SO2 flux in the plume (refs 1–6 and this paper) with measurements of the CO2/SO2 ratio of the plume gases, we find that the average output of CO2 from summit crater degassing is 13±3 Tg yr−1. This is an order of magnitude higher than the annual CO2 output from Kilauea7,8, Hawaii, and representative arc volcanoes9,10. Furthermore, we find that diffuse emissions of CO2 from the upper flanks of Etna are magma-derived and are of a similar magnitude to those emitted from the crater plume. This observation, as well as others11–14, verifies the idea15 that extensive diffuse release of magmatic CO2 may occur in volcanically active regions—a process that needs to be taken into account when evaluating the volatile budget of subaerial volcanism. Such degassing may be of use for monitoring volcanic activity, could provide a means for radiocarbon dating of eruptions, and may be a mechanism by which CO2 is injected into crater lakes. [...] Allard, P., Carbonnelle, J., Dajlevic, D. et al. Eruptive and diffuse emissions of CO2 from Mount Etna.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2017-01-03): Spectacular Footage Shows Fiery Mt. Etna Eruption On the Italian island of Sicily, Mt. Etna has been spewing ash and lava for centuries. [...] In the past seven decades, Etna has been rather innocuous, striking those who see it as more beautiful than fearsome. Etna, however, is not dormant.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2020-01-05): Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth but don't worry, a scam is in the works to tax you for your miniscule footprint… Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by volcanic eruptions—as well as by passive venting around volcanoes that are not erupting. The amount of CO2 emitted varies from one volcanic feature to another, and varies with time, which makes quantifying global emissions a challenge. However, there are multiple ways of constraining their contribution. [...] The massive Holhuraun eruption emitted a cumulative amount of 9,330 kilotons of CO2 (or 9.3 x1012 g CO2)18. The eruption of Etna Volcano in Italy in the year 2006 emitted a cumulative CO2 amount of 644 kilotons (or 0.644 x 1012 g CO2). Another recent and massive eruption was the 2010 Eyjaflallajokul eruption in Iceland that emitted a cumulative amount of CO2 of 5,130 kilotons (or 5.1 x 1012 g CO2)18. While these eruptions have significantly affected local air travel and disrupted the daily lives of the population living in the region, the amount of CO2 emitted is dwarfed by the emissions resulting from human activities.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2024-10-09): A February 3, 2020 post on a Facebook page called The Greens Little Bag of Stupidity features an image of a volcanic eruption with the title, "For all you environmentalists …" The text reads, "That one little burp by Mt Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our ENTIRE time on earth but don’t worry a scam is in the works to tax you your miniscule footprint…." [...] The post’s claim that a volcanic eruption puts more carbon dioxide, or CO2, into the atmosphere than the amount generated by mankind over history echoes a similar post in December 2009 which claimed "Mt. Saint Helen’s volcano eruption put more toxic fumes, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide etc. into the atmosphere than all of the emissions from all of mankind’s pollution from day one to now." [...] "Humanity emits enough CO2 to cover the entire Earth with a 2cm layer every year, way more than any volcano. Since the ‘beginning of time’ humanity has emitted billions of cubic kilometers of CO2," Professor Sherwood said.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Mount Etna’s exceptional CO2 emissions are triggered by deep carbon dioxide reservoirs - Date: [...] The transport of carbon dioxide stored in the Earth's lithospheric mantle beneath the Hyblean Plateau in southern Italy at a depth of approximately 50 to 150 kilometres is responsible for the exceptionally large CO2 emission of Mount Etna. That is the result of research conducted by an international team of geologists, including researchers from the Universities of Florence (Italy) and Cologne (Germany), and from the Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria of the Italian National Research Council (CNR). To reach this conclusion, the team determined the ratios of a particular set of elements in the magmas emitted by the volcanoes using cutting-edge, high-precision measurement methods. The results have been published in the article 'A carbon-rich lithospheric mantle as a source for the large CO2 emissions of Etna volcano (Italy)' in the journal Geology. Over the geological times, variations in atmospheric CO2 depended mainly on volcanic emissions, which are difficult to estimate because they are not directly related to the volume of the magmas erupted. Indeed, some volcanoes show exceptionally large emission of CO2 when compared to the amount that can be dissolved in their magmas. Etna is perhaps the most striking example, contributing to 10 per cent (9000 tons/day) of the present global volcanic CO2 emission. That is three times more CO2 than a volcano like Kilauea (Hawaii) emits, which erupts four times more magma.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2021-04-14): The long reach of Mount Etna's gas emissions - Published Recent eruptions at Europe's most active volcano, Mt Etna, have led to a spike is sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions across the Mediterranean. [...] Etna's emissions have a long reach when the mountain is in a big eruptive phase.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2021-04-14): The long reach of Mount Etna's gas emissions Recent eruptions at Europe's most active volcano, Mt Etna, have led to a spike is sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions across the Mediterranean. [...] Etna's emissions have a long reach when the mountain is in a big eruptive phase.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2023-05-31): Mount Etna: volcanic eruption did not emit more CO2 'than man has ever created' Following Italy's Mount Etna volcanic eruption on May 21, claims online started circulating that this single eruption released more CO2 than all of humanity. We tell you more in this edition of Truth or Fake.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2022-01-20): The transport of carbon dioxide stored in the Earth's lithospheric mantle beneath the Hyblean Plateau in southern Italy at a depth of approximately 50 to 150 kilometers is responsible for the exceptionally large CO2 emission of Mount Etna. That is the result of research conducted by an international team of geologists, including researchers from the Universities of Florence (Italy) and Cologne (Germany), and from the Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria of the Italian National Research Council (CNR). To reach this conclusion, the team determined the ratios of a particular set of elements in the magmas emitted by the volcanoes using cutting-edge, high-precision measurement methods. The results have been published in the article "A carbon-rich lithospheric mantle as a source for the large CO2 emissions of Etna volcano (Italy)' in the journal Geology. Over the geological times, variations in atmospheric CO2 depended mainly on volcanic emissions, which are difficult to estimate because they are not directly related to the volume of the magmas erupted. Indeed, some volcanoes show exceptionally large emission of CO2 when compared to the amount that can be dissolved in their magmas. Etna is perhaps the most striking example, contributing to 10 per cent (9000 tons/day) of the present global volcanic CO2 emission. That is three times more CO2 than a volcano like Kilauea (Hawaii) emits, which erupts four times more magma.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2022-06-21): The claim: One eruption of Mt. Etna in Italy released 10,000 times more CO2 than humans ever have [...] Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on Earth," reads text accompanying a picture of Mt. Etna in a June 6 Facebook post. [...] Based on our research, we rate FALSE the claim that one eruption of Mt. Etna in Italy released 10,000 times more CO2 than humans ever have. The 2015 eruption in question released less CO2 than what humans did just that year. Combined, volcanoes release less than one gigaton of CO2 per year, whereas humans release dozens of gigatons per year.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2019-10-31): Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by volcanic eruptions—as well as by passive venting around volcanoes that are not erupting. The amount of CO2 emitted varies from one volcanic feature to another, and varies with time, which makes quantifying global emissions a challenge. However, there are multiple ways of constraining their contribution. [...] Human-caused CO2 emissions are much larger than this estimate. Current emissions from fossil fuel burning, industrial processes, and land use change (like deforestation) equal about 39 billion metric tons per year2—at least 100 times greater than the amount released by all volcanic activity, let alone eruptions. [...] The massive Holhuraun eruption emitted a cumulative amount of 9,330 kilotons of CO2 (or 9.3 x1012 g CO2)18. The eruption of Etna Volcano in Italy in the year 2006 emitted a cumulative CO2 amount of 644 kilotons (or 0.644 x 1012 g CO2). Another recent and massive eruption was the 2010 Eyjaflallajokul eruption in Iceland that emitted a cumulative amount of CO2 of 5,130 kilotons (or 5.1 x 1012 g CO2)18. While these eruptions have significantly affected local air travel and disrupted the daily lives of the population living in the region, the amount of CO2 emitted is dwarfed by the emissions resulting from human activities.
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2022-11-03): One item shared is a meme that claims a "little burp" by the volcano Mount Etna has put out "more than 10,000 times the CO2…than mankind has in our ENTIRE time on earth" – and linking that to CO2 related taxation. [...] As Reuters notes, Boris Behncke, vulcanologist at the Etna Observatory of Italy’s National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) (here) described the meme as "complete nonsense" and "misinformation".
Claim: That one little burp by Mt. Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth (Anonymous, 2019-10-31)
Evidence (2024-02-20): Dear EarthTalk: Could it really be true that a single large volcanic eruption launches more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than the amount generated by all of humanity over history? --Steve Schlemmer, London, England [...] Another indication that human emissions dwarf those of volcanoes is the fact that atmospheric CO2 levels, as measured by sampling stations around the world set up by the federally funded Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, have gone up consistently year after year regardless of whether or not there have been major volcanic eruptions in specific years. "If it were true that individual volcanic eruptions dominated human emissions and were causing the rise in carbon dioxide concentrations, then these carbon dioxide records would be full of spikes—one for each eruption," says Coby Beck, a journalist writing for online environmental news portal Grist.org. "Instead, such records show a smooth and regular trend."
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2024-02-16): France passed a law in February 2024 that prohibits using pressure, manipulation and biased information to advocate abandoning proven medical treatments and protective measures. This law aims to combat psychological manipulations and pressure that may jeopardize people’s health.
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2024-02-23): FULL CLAIM: "France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines"; "It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax"; "Making any statements against vaccines, even if they’re true, will now be criminal acts." Claims that France passed a law criminalizing criticism of mRNA vaccines circulated on social media in February 2024. They referred to a bill passed by the French National Assembly on 14 February 2024, addressing sectarian drift ("dérive sectaire") and the consequences they may have on people’s health. However, these claims are incorrect. [...] For example, one video on Instagram claimed that "France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines"; another affirmed that "France is passing a law that can lead to imprisonment for anyone who advocates against mRNA vaccines", that "the bill specifically highlights mRNA vaccines", and that "making any statements against vaccines, even if they’re true, will now be criminal acts".
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2024-02-27): To understand mRNA vaccine hesitancy, stop calling the public anti-science [...] Fig. 1: Opinions on mRNA vaccines. [...] Peretti-Watel, P., Verger, P. & Ward, J.K. To understand mRNA vaccine hesitancy, stop calling the public anti-science.
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2023-08-17): Crackdown on speeders after rise in road deaths in three areas of France [...] Five questions on France’s new Covid vaccination campaign [...] We answer five questions on France’s autumn campaign below:
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2021-01-27): FRANCE 24 takes a closer look at France's vaccination effort as it rolls up its sleeves to put an end to Covid-19. [...] Health Minister Olivier Véran has been fairly clear on the matter. "Today, we have two approved vaccines," he told BFMTV on January 7. "They are two messenger RNA vaccines that have the same efficacy, so there is no need to question the choice of vaccine." To be clear, it isn't possible in France to be picky about which jab one gets. "We aren't going to start with: 'For me, I prefer an attenuated vaccine and, me, I prefer an RNA vaccine...' We'd never manage," said Véran. [...] As French Prime Minister Jean Castex announced on January 14, more than 800,000 people "suffering from particularly serious illnesses" can now receive the vaccine. Those include people suffering from severe kidney failure, organ transplant recipients, cancer patients, and people with Down's Syndrome, Health Minister Véran specified. The official list also includes people suffering from certain rare illnesses.
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2021-09-20): Covid-19 vaccine in France: Your questions answered [...] More information on the Covid-19 vaccine in France + your questions [...] Overview of France's vaccination campaign so far
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2022-12-12): Across the globe, however, life has looked very different. China has resisted the use of Western mRNA vaccines, instead relying on its zero-Covid policy of strict lockdowns and Covid controls to try to keep the virus from spreading within its borders. This policy recently sparked unprecedented demonstrations among Chinese citizens and, as a result, on Wednesday, the Chinese government released extensive revisions to its restrictive, and ultimately unsuccessful, zero-Covid policy. [...] CNN: Can you explain how an mRNA vaccine works? What happens in the body after someone gets an mRNA shot? [...] CNN: What are your thoughts on China’s zero Covid approach? Do you think China did its citizens a disservice by not making mRNA vaccines available to them?
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2024-01-25): The proposed law, which has been endorsed by the French far right, faces its biggest test yet on Thursday. [...] In the wake of the vote, French Health Minister Aurelien Rousseau quit in protest. [...] The nine-member council customarily examines new laws to ensure they are in keeping with the tenets of the French constitution.
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2024-01-26): Foreigners legally in France could now be deported with criminal convictions. Even those who came to France before they were 13 or those who have lived in France for more than 20 years could be expelled if they are given substantial jail terms and deemed to be a "grave threat to public order". [...] "The Republic will never have had a law as tough as this," he told France's TF1 TV channel on Thursday night.
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2022-01-08): Covid: Thousands protest in France against proposed new vaccine pass [...] But demonstrators on Saturday accused the government of trampling on their freedoms and treating citizens unequally. [...] But despite the vocal protests, opposition to the new measures is not widespread and recent polling suggests the vast majority of people back the vaccine pass.
Claim: “France will send citizens to jail if they question mRNA vaccines”; “It’s now a crime in France to oppose the mRNA vax” (Social media users, 2024-02-16)
Evidence (2021-08-12): This summer, France has rolled out its pass-sanitaire (health-pass) system, which requires that people show proof of vaccination, a negative COVID test, or proof of a past COVID infection in order to attend public events, visit museums and cinemas, and—as of this week—enter restaurants, cafés, long-distance trains, and airplanes. The system is one of the strictest national vaccine policies in Europe, and has become a cultural and political flash point in France: over the last month, thousands of critics of President Emmanuel Macron have protested in the streets, decrying the passes as divisive and illiberal. [...] I recently talked about Macron’s pandemic policies—and the broad populist resistance to his governance—with Cécile Alduy, a professor of French literature and culture at Stanford University and an expert in French politics. During our conversation, which has been edited for length and clarity, we discussed France’s "nudge" approach to vaccination policy, how the current wave of protests in France differs from the American anti-vaccine movement, and what the fight over health passes suggests about the future of French politics. [...] The specific thing about France is that the opposition to the health passes and the nudge approach to vaccination is coalescing the existing opposition to Macron, and follows social tensions that were embodied in the Yellow Vest movement, which existed before COVID. In terms of sociological makeup and ideological affinities, there’s a pretty strong overlap between the Yellow Vest movement and the current anti-vaccination movement.