copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Lunchinda-Pweto Province is a territory of Zambia (Lunchinda-Pweto Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-30): Chiengi Boma was probably the first colonial post in what was to be called North-Eastern Rhodesia (it was still referred to as part of 'Zambezia' at the time), and was one of the most remote outposts of the British Empire, a lonely posting which sent more than one colonial officer mad.[1] For a number of years the boma was removed to the Kalungwishi River, and during this period the Belgian colonial authorities in Pweto, just across the border in DR Congo, controlled the northern end of the lake including the western extremity of Chiengi District, the so-called Lunchinda enclave west of the Lunchinda River. The British then re-established the boma at Chiengi but the eventual outcome of de facto Belgian control of the Lunchinda enclave led to it eventually being ceded to DR Congo by Zambia—see the article on the Luapula Province border dispute. [...] Roads [edit]Chiengi is reached by a gravel road, frequently impassable in the rainy season, from Nchelenge and Kashikishi 100 kilometres (62 mi) south (the same journey can be done by boat). From Chiengi a dirt track runs along the flat northern lake shore to Pweto in DR Congo. A new gravel road has been constructed north-east to the border, around the Chipani Swamp and east to Kasongola from where (in the dry season) tracks connect to Kaputa in Zambia's Northern Province.[5]
Claim: Lunchinda-Pweto Province is a territory of Zambia (Lunchinda-Pweto Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-14): The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has accused Zambia of wanting to occupy part of its territory on the side of the territories of Moba and Pweto. The Congolese government has even decided to strengthen the military presence on the border with Zambia in the two territories. But what is the reality on the ground? [...] In Pweto, the Zambian army has not yet crossed the Congolese border, sources on the spot say. But more than a week ago, Zambia deployed troops and battle tanks along its border. This creates a Congolese side psychosis says a member of civil society in Pweto: " Zambian soldiers are positioned in the village Lupia, it is the village opposite. There are a dozen battle tanks. Now there, Pweto is on high alert. "
Claim: Lunchinda-Pweto Province is a territory of Zambia (Lunchinda-Pweto Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-07-30): 384 Dr Kalumba (Chienge) - to ask the Minister of Foreign Affairs when the Zambian Government will initiate bilateral discussions with the Democratic Republic of Congo on the question of sovereign jurisdiction over the Pweto-Lunchinda enclave that will consider the rights and views of indigenous Bwile citizens who were ceded to the Democratic Republic of Congo under the Delimitation Treaty of 1989 without their consent.
Claim: Lunchinda-Pweto Province is a territory of Zambia (Lunchinda-Pweto Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-14): Zambia is involved in a minor border dispute concerning the convergence of the boundaries of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. An additional dispute with the DRC concerns the Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave. However, disputes are often resolved through diplomatic means, and the regional bodies. Furthermore for the country's part in the regional liberations struggles, Zambia enjoys wide popularity among the countries they supported as well as all over Africa. This will help protect businesses in the event of external aggression. [...] The risk of interstate war is also falling due to increasing regional integration through the COMESA, SADC and AU. Zambia is a member of two main regional organisations, as well as the UN and AU. The first of these is COMESA, in which it is joined by Burundi, the Comoros Islands, the DRC, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, the Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The second is SADC, which includes Angola, Botswana, the DRC, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, the Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. These groupings are aiming to foster greater economic and political integration in the region and the headquarters of both are located in Lusaka. All of Zambia's neighbours are members of at least one of these organisations and therefore any territorial or other form of dispute is highly likely to be mediated by them.
Claim: Lunchinda-Pweto Province is a territory of Zambia (Lunchinda-Pweto Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-10): On the 13 September 2019, the Ministry of Health in Zambia was notified of a case of laboratory-confirmed vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) through the WHO Country Office. The reporting facility was Katabe Private Hospital in Pweto District of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The case was a male aged 2 years and 8 months from Kalima 2/Pilliashi villages in Chiengi District, Zambia. The notification triggered an immediate response by Zambia National Public Health Institute (ZNPHI). We describe the investigation of the case and public health responses that were undertaken following the notification. [...] Prior to the 2019 cVDPV outbreak, majority of the health facilities only conducted passive surveillance for polio. This involved the surveillance focal point persons reviewing the inpatient and outpatient department registers for cases of AFP and ensuring that they were followed up and investigated for Polio. The district had to maintain a non-Polio AFP rate of two cases per 100,000 populations. In light of the heightened risk due to the isolation of PV2, all silent Districts in the country were instructed to conduct surveillance of AFP cases in all IDSR high priority reporting sites, including all District, secondary, and tertiary hospitals. AFP surveillance of children under 15 years in Chiengi District was heightened with a target to maintain a non-Polio AFP rate of four cases per 100,000 populations. The herd immunity of the catchment populations of the two facilities (Chipungu RHC and Lunchinda RHC) assessment identified a gap in PV2 immunity in the area. An SIA was conducted in Luapula Province providing three rounds of monovalent polio vaccine for PV2 (mOPV2) to all children <5yrs.
Claim: Lunchinda-Pweto Province is a territory of Zambia (Lunchinda-Pweto Province, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2005-01-01): He gave them ivory. He piled ivory on top of elephants for the chiefs. "That elephant, I will give you elephants." They refused, saying, "No, you will have to give us something bigger, you’ve brought a serious offense to our place." They set off together, he began to give them the country, giving Kasama, Chisabi and Pweto up to Lunchinda, and Puta here this land up to…what’s it called…to Kalobwa…up to the Kalungwishi [River], not to Kalobwa. Up to the Kalungwishi. When they got to the Kalungwishi, that’s where Puta’s land ended. On this side was Mofwe, in Mukupa, here we arrived as far as Mukupa in the Mofwe. Then he acquitted himself. Nkuba gave him his approval, saying "You have done well, to have done something of this sort. We have freed ourselves of this kind of problem with the Bwile." This is how we came to live here. Mpweto remained at Kansa. The boundary was at Luncinda. This side was mine, stretching as far as the Kalungwishi. That’s how we have lived. This is the history of the Bwile people.
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-11-04): The Yalu River region at the border of China and North Korea is a traditional tourist attraction, but business lately hasn't been booming. A team of Reuters photojournalists explored the area. [...] A tourist attraction in the Chinese border city of Dandong is the old bridge over the Yalu, which was damaged by US bombs during the Korean War. On the North Korean side the remains were demolished, but on the Chinese side, the bridge was preserved as a memorial. A few meters away is the so-called "Sino-Korean friendship bridge," over which goods are transported between the two countries. [...] The city of Sinuiju lies on the North Korean bank of the Yalu River with a population of around 400,000. As an important transportation hub, along with the Sino-Korean friendship bridge, Sinuiju has had its own harbor for 100 years. A highway and rail connection to the capital Pyongyang is also being planned, which if completed would significantly facilitate flow of traffic across the border.
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-28): The key to our speedboat turned, the engine roared and Chinese pop music blared. Beneath us, the Yalu River was a muddy brown; above, the sun shone. We hurried on toward our destination: Sinuiji, North Korea. [...] The ruins of the China-North Korea Friendship Bridge extend across the Yalu River, built in 1911 to celebrate the alliance between China and North Korea but destroyed by the Americans in the Korean War. Today, the bridge is a tourist attraction. For 30 yuan, you can walk the bridge to halfway across the river, where damaged concrete foundations lie abandoned in the water. Directly across on the North Korean banks stands a large white waterslide – never in use, but a strangely recent addition that was built within the last year. With binoculars, you can just make out a few people walking on the banks. Travellers pose for photos by a North Korean flag at the bridge’s Chinese-side base, the North Korean landscape in the background.
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-05-07): When my friends and I arrived in Dandong, the largest border city in China, our first destination was duanqiao: The Broken Bridge. The bridge, which connects Dandong and Sinujiu, North Korea over the Yalu River, is a relic of the Korean War. Bombed by American aircraft, it serves as a reminder—or proof—of "American aggression," and, according to the propaganda poster by the bridge, is a symbol of the "greatest achievement of [Chinese] voluntary army…to aid [North] Korea." [...] Suddenly, I hit a dead-end: A metal fence blocked my way. I leaned over the fence; just a few feet away the bridge ended abruptly, its jagged, splintered edge hanging awkwardly over the water. I tore my eyes off from the drop-off, and looked up. North Korea was just a few hundred feet away. Gray haze hovered over the shore, masking what was on the other end of the Yalu River. I reached out my arm then clasped my fingers, as if to grab and clear the fog away.
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-12-03): North Toward the Yalu River [...] MacArthur swiftly ordered his troops to advance across the 38th parallel toward the North Korean capital of Pynongyang, where the 1st Cavalry Division arrived on October 19. Meanwhile, South Korean forces, on the general’s orders, streamed toward the city of Unsan on the way to the Yalu River, which separated China from North Korea. [...] On November 24, MacArthur launched a massive offensive toward the Chinese border. Almost on cue, hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops stormed across the Yalu River from the north, sending US and UN troops into frantic retreat. The scope of the invasion was breathtaking. Julius Becton Jr. recalled:
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-10): This paper uses disputes over islands in the early twentieth-century Yalu River to examine how river environments critically shape border conflicts. Processes of riparian erosion and sedimentation along this historical border between China and Korea, accelerated by upstream deforestation, helped transform submerged sandbanks into islands known as Hwangch’op’yŏng. After Japan’s occupation of Korea in 1905, these islands in the lower Yalu delta—and the valuable reeds that grew on their marshy surface—became an unlikely battleground between Chinese and Korean reed harvesters, Japanese "continental adventurers," and competing Japanese and Chinese empires. With the contemporary Sino-North Korean border still a geopolitical hotspot, it is imperative to understand the historical as well as ecological forces that shaped the contested geography of the Yalu River boundary. Such an understanding, this article argues, shows how both Japanese imperial violence and riparian sedimentation contributed to Hwangch’op’yŏng’s battleground status and its transformation, by the end of the twentieth century, into a Korean exclave on the Chinese bank of the Yalu River. [...] For a detailed discussion of implications of Narita’s 1906 survey of the lower Yalu, see O (2017).
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-14): For three quarters of a century much of North Korea’s trade with the outside world took place across a Japanese-built single-lane bridge across the Yalu River, connecting its city of Sinuiju with Dandong in Northeast China. Traffic would go in one direction in the morning, the opposite direction in the afternoon. To eliminate that bottleneck, Beijing financed and built a new four-lane bridge, completing it in 2014. Pyongyang was then supposed to build a road connecting the bridge to its highway network. It didn’t. The two countries had their differences. [...] "North Korea began construction work on the road to the New Yalu River Bridge in mid-September last year, but had to put the project on hold in mid-January this year due to the Covid-19 pandemic," said Seoul-based DailyNK.
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-23): The Yalu River (Chinese: 鸭绿江; pinyin: Yālù Jiāng) or Amnok River (Korean: 압록강; MR: Amnokkang) is a river on the border between China and North Korea. Together with the Tumen River to its east, and a small portion of Paektu Mountain, the Yalu forms the border between China and North Korea. Its valley has been the scene of several military conflicts in the past centuries. It borders North Korea to the south and China to the north. [...] About 205 islands are on the Yalu. A 1962 border treaty between North Korea and China split the islands according to which ethnic group was living on each island. North Korea possesses 127 and China 78. Due to the division criteria, some islands such as Hwanggumpyong Island belong to North Korea, but abut the Chinese side of the river. [...] According to one scholar, the Korean-Chinese border along the Yalu River is the longest unchanged international border in history, lasting for at least 1,000 years.[13][14][15]
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-26): Dandong, in the Liaoning Province of China, on the Yalu River delta, is the largest city on the border.[3] On the other side of the river is the city of Sinuiju in North Pyongan Province, North Korea. The two cities are situated on the Yalu river delta at the western end of the border, near the Yellow Sea. Their waterfronts face each other and are connected by the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge. There are 205 islands on the Yalu River. A 1962 border treaty between North Korea and China split the islands according to which ethnic group were living on each island. North Korea possesses 127 and China 78. Due to the division criteria, some islands such as Hwanggumpyong Island belong to North Korea even though they are on the Chinese side of the river. Both countries have navigation rights on the river, including in the delta. The source of the Yalu River is Heaven Lake on Paektu Mountain, which is considered the birthplace of the Korean and Manchu peoples. This lake is also the source of the Tumen River which forms the eastern portion of the border.
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Yalu River, Chinese Yalu Jiang or Ya-lü Chiang Korean Amnok -kang, River, eastern Asia, between northeastern China and North Korea. Some 491 mi (790 km) long, it rises on the northern border of North Korea, then flows to Korea Bay. It is an important source of hydroelectric power and is navigable by smaller vessels for most of its course. It became a political boundary in the 14th century. During the Korean War, as UN forces battled toward it in 1950, Chinese troops crossed it, in effect marking their entry into the war.
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-25): The Yalu River, also known as the Amnok River, is an 800-kilometer long river in northeastern Asia forming the natural boundary between northwestern Korea and northeastern China. The river arises from the Tian Lake on top of Mount Paektu in the Changbai Mountains (which form the border between the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning and North Korea), and drains into the Korea Bay between Dandong in China and Sinuiju in North Korea, occupying a basin of 31,750 square kilometers. The Tokro, Ai, Hochon, and Changjin are the major tributaries of the Yalu River. 200 islands belonging to either China or North Korea exist on the river. [...] The Yalu River not only acts as the political boundary between North Korea and China, but also serves as a cultural boundary between these two countries. The river is also an important source of hydroelectric power generation, and several dams and hydroelectric power stations, like the Sup'ung Dam, the Taipingwan Dam, and the Yunfeng Dam, have been built upon the river. The Sup'ung Dam is one of the largest hydroelectric power stations in Asia, with a capacity of generating around 7 million kilowatts of electricity. Only about 89,000 hectares of land are arable along the river basin, and most of this is used for growing rice, corn, millet, and sweet potatoes. Fishing in the Yalu River also sustains the livelihoods and helps meet the protein needs of the Chinese and Korean populations settled along the river.
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): An international waterway and a major source of hydroelectric power, the Yalu River forms the boundary between North Korea and the Northeast Region (Manchuria) of China. The river is 491 miles (790 kilometers) long. It begins atop Baitou Mountain at a height of 9,000 feet (2,750 meters) above sea level, winds southward to Hyesan, North Korea, changes course to the northwest for 80 miles (130 kilometers), and then turns to flow southwestward for 200 miles (320 kilometers) to empty into Korea Bay off the Yellow Sea. Its main tributaries are the Herchun and Changjin rivers. The largest hydroelectric plant in eastern Asia is situated on the Yalu at Sup’ung-nodongjagu, North Korea. Although the river’s volume can generate 4,200,000 kilowatts of electricity, the 133-square-mile (344-square-kilometer) reservoir has a potential of 7,000,000 kilowatts. Both North Korea and China rely on the electricity it supplies for their industries and railways. [...] The Yalu is both a political boundary and a cultural dividing line. Only Koreans inhabit the southeastern side, and only Chinese live on the northwestern banks. Because of its economic value and strategic location, the river played a major political role in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953.
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-18): The Yalu River one of the two rivers that make up the China-North Korea border. It is also one of the two rivers that comes from Mount Paektu, the mountain on the China-North Korea border, and it empties into Korea Bay. The origin of the name is unknown. Linguists believe yalu either comes from Manchu meaning "between two places" or from Mandarin meaning "duck green". Since the easiest way to leave North Korea is through the China-North Korea border, many North Korean defectors have crossed this river to escape North Korea. However, it has become more difficult to escape the country since the government has sent more guards, more electric fences, and more traps on its borders.
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-05-24): Last December, photographer Elijah Hurwitz journeyed to the Chinese border with North Korea by way of the Yalu River. He found the boundary surprisingly porous, especially outside the major cities, aside from the occasional odd security camera. Dandong is a Chinese city and the locus for trade, both legal and illicit, across the countries. It’s also a place for family members to meet, and exchange goods and remittances, especially at times when the border is less monitored. Centuries ago it was arguably part of the Korean Koryo dynasty. At the end of the dynasty in the 14 century, the Yalu River became the Chinese and Korean border. As such, many ethnic Koreans (joseon-jok) have lived there for generations and speak the local language. [...] "The Yalu River is one of two rivers that form the border between North Korea and China. The Yalu is wider than Tumen, which is north and east," explained Tim Peters, a Christian activist whose work includes evacuating North Korean defectors from northeast China. "In a way, in particular in the winter, it is a no man’s land, giving the opportunity [to those] who wish to make an exodus [into China]."
Claim: Yalu River is a territory of North Korea (Yalu River, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-05-24): The shared border between North Korea and China stretches for a total distance of 880 miles, making it the longest international border in North Korea. It is located along the northern edge of North Korea. Beginning at its westernmost point, this border primarily follows the Yalu River, which is home to a total of 205 islands. The governments of China and North Korea agreed on ownership of these territories by taking a census of the populations here. The islands with populations that identified as historically Chinese ethnicities were given to the territory of China, while those islands with populations of historically Korean ethnicities were given to the territory of North Korea. According to the agreement of 1962, only 78 of these islands belong to China and the other 127 belong to North Korea. In the central region of this international boundary is Mount Paektu. This mountain, which stands at 9,003 feet above sea level and straddles the border, is actually an active volcano. The eastern side of the border between these two countries largely follows the course of the Tumen River. North Korea and China share 3 official border railroad crossings. One of these, known as Dandong, is situated between two cities: Sinuiju in North Korea and Dandong in China. Both of these cities are located along the Yalu River and can be reached by crossing the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge. This bridge was inaugurated in May of 1943 by the Japanese Army, after 6 years of construction. It is one of the most important routes for trade between North Korea and China and can be crossed by vehicle and train.