copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2024-03-29): Projections for Future Climate Change Impacts [...] IPCC Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5°C
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2024-07-18): Yet despite three decades of warnings by the IPCC—and sporadic displays of global coordination—leaders have done far too little, far too slowly to stop further warming. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is now the highest ever recorded when looking back two million years. As the IPCC’s latest report shows, the need for deep and immediate action is clearer than ever. Every ton of emissions reduction matters. Every investment in building resilience matters. [...] To limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius by century’s end, we’ll need system-wide changes on a scale never before seen. It means shifting the way we produce and consume energy, from carbon-intensive fossil fuels to clean, renewable energy. It means changing how we manage our land, consume goods and services, store our waste, travel, and even how we eat. [...] Where do we go from here?
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2019-11-28): For more information, please contact: Keishamaza Rukikaire, Head of News & Media, UN Environment Programme, +254717080753 Alejandro Laguna Lopez, Europe Information Officer, UN Environment Programme.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2023-07-14): How to Build Resilience to Extreme Heat
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2018-09-01): Why did Earth’s surface temperature stop rising in the past decade? [...] During the last decade, a longer than usual solar minimum cycle, several volcanic eruptions, and relatively low amounts of water vapor in the stratosphere may have helped cool the atmosphere temporarily. But recent research suggests that the Earth’s natural climate variability—natural, short-term fluctuations in the climate system that occur on a year-to-year basis or longer—may have played the most pivotal role of all by transferring excess heat from the Earth’s surface into the deep ocean. [...] Kosaka Y., and S-P. Xie (2013) Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nature, 501, 403-407, doi: 10.1038/nature12534
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2024-03-18): Annual global mean temperature anomalies (relative to 1850–1900) from 1850 to 2023. Data are from six data sets [...] Dozens of experts and partners contribute to the report, including UN organizations, National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) and Global Data and Analysis Centers, as well as Regional Climate Centres, the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), the Global Cryosphere Watch and Copernicus Climate Change Service operated by ECMWF. [...] It is expected that warming will continue – a change which is irreversible on scales of hundreds to thousands of years.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2024-03-21): "Current rates of acceleration mean that we are on track to add another 20 centimeters of global mean sea level by 2050, doubling the amount of change in the next three decades compared to the previous 100 years and increasing the frequency and impacts of floods across the world," said Nadya Vinogradova Shiffer, director for the NASA sea level change team and the ocean physics program in Washington. [...] Seasonal or periodic climate phenomena can affect global average sea level from year to year. But the underlying trend for more than three decades has been increasing ocean heights as a direct response to global warming due to the excessive heat trapped by greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2022-04-04): "It’s now or never, if we want to limit global warming to 1.5°C (2.7°F)," said Skea. "Without immediate and deep emissions reductions across all sectors, it will be impossible." [...] For more information, please contact: [...] For more information visit www.ipcc.ch.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2011-03-06): Sources: IPCC (1), WMO (4, 7, 10), WMO (4), IPCC (4, 7), UN Climate Action (8, 10), World Bank (11). [...] - Global surface temperature has increased faster since 1970 than in any other 50-year period over at least the last 2000 years. [...] Sources: UNICEF (1), WMO (2, 3, 6, 9), IPCC (4), FAO (5), UNEP (7), New Climate Economy Report (10).
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2017-02-14): If you want to understand how interconnected our planet is—how patterns and events in one place can affect life half a world away—study El Niño. [...] Earth scientists, historians, and archaeologists have theorized that El Niño had a role in the demise or disruption of several ancient civilizations, including the Moche, the Inca, and other cultures in the Americas. But the recorded history of El Niño really starts in the 1500s, when European cultures reached the New World and met indigenous American cultures. [...] Fires raging in Indonesia. Fisheries collapsing off Peru. Delayed monsoon rains over India. Floods and mosquito-borne disease outbreaks in South America. Epic drought and mass migrations in southern Africa. Once an El Niño is declared, it seems every extreme weather-related event in the world is blamed on this phenomenon.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2021-08-25): The world’s leading climate scientists have warned there is only a dozen years for global warming to be kept to a maximum of 1.5C, beyond which even half a degree will significantly worsen the risks of drought, floods, extreme heat and poverty for hundreds of millions of people. [...] "It’s a line in the sand and what it says to our species is that this is the moment and we must act now," said Debra Roberts, a co-chair of the working group on impacts. "This is the largest clarion bell from the science community and I hope it mobilises people and dents the mood of complacency." [...] Reversing these trends is essential if the world has any chance of reaching 1.5C without relying on the untried technology of solar radiation modification and other forms of geo-engineering, which could have negative consequences.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2023-03-20): Beyond that threshold, scientists have found, climate disasters will become so extreme that people will not be able to adapt. Basic components of the Earth system will be fundamentally, irrevocably altered. Heat waves, famines and infectious diseases could claim millions of additional lives by century’s end. [...] Though much of the synthesis report echoes warnings scientists have issued for decades, the assessment is notable for the blunt certainty of its rhetoric. The phrase "high confidence" appears nearly 200 times in the 36-page summary chapter. Humanity’s responsibility for all of the warming of the global climate system is described as an unassailable "fact." [...] Failure to act now won’t only condemn humanity to a hotter planet, the IPCC says. It will also make it impossible for future generations to cope with their changed environment.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2023-06-24): Approximately every 11 years, the sun goes from a low point in solar activity, known as solar minimum, to solar maximum and back again. It's not clear exactly why the sun's cycles last this long, but astronomers have noted the pattern ever since the first, aptly named Solar Cycle 1, which occurred between 1755 and 1766. The current cycle, Solar Cycle 25, officially began in December 2019, according to NASA. [...] But from the beginning, the forecast seemed off. For instance, the number of observed sunspots has been much higher than predicted. [...] During solar minimum, a localized magnetic field, which is left behind from the sun's magnetic-field flip, surrounds the sun's equator. This localized field prevents the sun's main magnetic field from growing stronger and getting tangled up, meaning the localized field essentially acts like a handbrake preventing solar activity from increasing.
Claim: The current solar minimum could last for more than three decades which could lead to temperatures plummeting across the globe, scientists have warned. (Sean Martin, 2019-06-08)
Evidence (2023-05-11): At first, scientists thought that this might be a good thing because it leaves less carbon dioxide in the air to warm the planet. But in the past decade, they’ve realized that this slowed warming has come at the cost of changing the ocean’s chemistry. When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, the water becomes more acidic and the ocean’s pH (a measure of how acidic or basic the ocean is) drops. Even though the ocean is immense, enough carbon dioxide can have a major impact. In the past 200 years alone, ocean water has become 30 percent more acidic—faster than any known change in ocean chemistry in the last 50 million years.
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2023-06-23): Autoimmunity occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks normal cells in the body. This dysfunction can manifest in different types of autoimmune diseases. Each autoimmune disease is associated with various risk factors, such as the involvement of certain genes or infection by a particular virus. However, no scientific evidence indicates that parasites are the key cause of autoimmunity.
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2023-07-18): FULL CLAIM: "the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition, so things like MS, celiac disease, fibromyalgia, Hashimoto’s can all be linked back to parasite activity"; parasites "stimulate Th2 immune cells which actually create antibodies" and "suppress Th1 cells which are a part of your innate immune system" A TikTok video posted on 23 June 2023 claimed that "the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition". This claim was made by Austin Lake, who introduced himself as a "functional medicine practitioner" in the video. Lake’s LinkedIn profile indicated that he holds a doctorate in physical therapy, but no qualifications to practice medicine. [...] Overall, certain genes, viral infections, and environmental factors have been associated with various autoimmune diseases. However, there’s no evidence supporting Lake’s claim that "the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition".
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2017-10-16): Pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites are often endowed with strong protective effects on autoimmunity even when infection occurs late after birth. [...] The incidence of autoimmune diseases has been steadily rising. Concomitantly, the incidence of most infectious diseases has declined. This observation gave rise to the hygiene hypothesis, which postulates that a reduction in the frequency of infections contributes directly to the increase in the frequency of autoimmune and allergic diseases. This hypothesis is supported by robust epidemiological data, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Pathogens are known to be important, as autoimmune disease is prevented in various experimental models by infection with different bacteria, viruses and parasites. Gut commensal bacteria also play an important role: dysbiosis of the gut flora is observed in patients with autoimmune diseases, although the causal relationship with the occurrence of autoimmune diseases has not been established. Both pathogens and commensals act by stimulating immunoregulatory pathways. Here, I discuss the importance of innate immune receptors, in particular Toll-like receptors, in mediating the protective effect of pathogens and commensals on autoimmunity. [...] Greenwood, B. M., Herrick, E. M. & Voller, A. Can parasitic infection suppress autoimmune disease? Proc. R. Soc. Med.63, 19–20 (1970).
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2023-06-07): Doctors may test blood samples for antibodies to the parasite. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to help defend the body against a particular attack, including that by parasites.
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Regulatory function of parasites in autoimmune disease – outcome from experimental model infection - PMID: 28432858 - DOI: 10.17420/ap6301.78 Regulatory function of parasites in autoimmune disease – outcome from experimental model infection [...] Immunodeficiencies in parasitic diseases.Immunodefic Rev. 1989;1(4):311-24. Immunodefic Rev. 1989. PMID: 2534348 Review.
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2017-09-01): Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders - PMID: 27172808 - DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.024 Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders The profile of global health today presents a striking reciprocal distribution between parasitic diseases in many of the world's lower-income countries, and ever-increasing levels of inflammatory disorders such as allergy, autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel diseases in the more affluent societies. Attention is particularly focused on helminth worm parasites, which are associated with protection from allergy and inflammation in both epidemiologic and laboratory settings. One mechanistic explanation of this is that helminths drive the regulatory arm of the immune system, abrogating the ability of the host to expel the parasites, while also dampening reactivity to many bystander specificities. Interest has therefore heightened into whether helminth parasites, or their products, hold therapeutic potential for immunologic disorders of the developed world. In this narrative review, progress across a range of trials is discussed, together with prospects for isolating individual molecular mediators from helminths that may offer defined new therapies for inflammatory conditions.
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2023-07-21): Does having an autoimmune disease mean a person also has a parasite? No, that's not true: An infectious disease specialist told Lead Stories that "parasitic infections are not causes or triggers of autoimmune disease." While some evidence suggests that "parasitic infections can serve as a trigger factor of autoimmune reactivity," there is no scientific consensus that parasites cause all autoimmune diseases. [...] A narrator in the one-minute, 55-second video falsely states that the "number one sign of having parasites is" is having an "autoimmune condition." While there is some scientific evidence to suggest that "parasitic infections can serve as a trigger factor of autoimmune reactivity by several mechanisms," it is false to say that parasites cause all autoimmune diseases.
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2014-11-01): Parasitic infection and autoimmunity - PMID: 19880560 - DOI: 10.1177/0961203309345735 Parasitic infection and autoimmunity Systemic lupus erythematosus is the prototypic multi-system autoimmune disease characterized by the production of multiple autoantibodies. The development of disease depends on a genetic predisposition and exposure to environmental factors including UV light, drugs, and infections. The association of parasitic infection and the development of autoimmune disease in general and lupus in particular remains elusive. In this paper, we review the recent evidence for protection from autoimmunity by parasites, models of parasite-related autoimmunity, molecular mimicry, the impact of parasitic molecules on the immune response and the association between parasitic load and the degree of autoimmunity.
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2024-10-07): In the past, helminths were thought to simply suppress T-helper Type 1 (Th1) cells while inducing T-helper Type 2 (Th2) cells.[9] Rook points out that this hypothesis would only explain the regulatory effects of parasitic worms on autoimmune diseases caused by Th1 cells.[10] However, helminths also regulate Th2-caused diseases, such as allergy and asthma.[10] Rook postulates that different parasitic worms suppress different Th types, but always in favor of regulatory T (Treg) cells.[10] [...] Comparison with the hygiene hypothesis [edit]The Hygiene hypothesis postulates that decreasing exposure to pathogens and other microorganisms results in an increase of autoimmune diseases, according to Rook.[17] This theory and the theory that certain parasitic worms pacify the immune response are similar in that both theories attribute the recent rise of autoimmune diseases to the decreased levels of pathogens in developed countries. However, the Hygiene Hypothesis claims that the absence of pathogenic organisms in general has led to this.[17] In contrast, the parasitic worm theory only analyzes helminths, and specifically ones found to have a regulating effect.[17] [...] Multiple sclerosis [edit]In 2007, Jorge Correale et al. studied the effects of parasitic infection on multiple sclerosis (MS). Correale evaluated several MS patients infected with parasites, comparable MS patients without parasites, and similar healthy subjects over the course of 4.6 years.[8] During the study, the MS patients that were infected with parasites experienced far less effects of MS than the non-infected MS patients.[8]
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2023-07-08): No scientific evidence indicates that parasites are the key cause of autoimmunity [...] A TikTok video posted on 23 June 2023 claimed that "the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition". This claim was made by Austin Lake, who introduced himself as a "functional medicine practitioner" in the video. Lake’s LinkedIn profile indicated that he holds a doctorate in physical therapy, but no qualifications to practice medicine. [...] Overall, certain genes, viral infections, and environmental factors have been associated with various autoimmune diseases. However, there’s no evidence supporting Lake’s claim that "the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition".
Claim: “the number 1 indicator of parasites is actually an autoimmune condition” (Austin Lake, 2023-06-23)
Evidence (2016-11-24): The rapid increase in the prevalence of autoimmune disease over the last century cannot be simply attributed to genetic changes, but suggests either the removal of protective factors or the introduction of susceptibility factors in the environment1. Several environmental risk factors, such as low vitamin D, infection with Epstein-Barr virus, and smoking, have been associated with the occurrence of autoimmune disease2,3. However, compelling epidemiological evidence indicates an inverse correlation between infections with helminth parasites and the incidence of autoimmune disease worldwide4,5,6,7. These observations concur with the so-called ‘old friends’ hypothesis, suggesting that the long evolutionary co-adaptation between parasites and humans has fundamentally affected the composition of the human immune response. Therefore, by removing the regulatory influences of parasites from human populations attuned to co-exist with them, an imbalance in the immune system is established, thereby increasing susceptibility to immune-mediated disease8. Accordingly, helminth parasites likely constitute beneficial commensals rather than harmful pathogens9,10,11.
Claim: Elisa Granato, the first volunteer who availed herself in Oxford for a jab in the first Europe human trial of a vaccine to protect against the coronavirus pandemic has died. (James Alami, 2020-04-25)
Evidence (2020-04-25): The first volunteer for a U.K. COVID-19 vaccine trial Elisa Granato is not dead. This false claim has been widely spread by anti-vaccine groups, likely in an attempt to promote doubts about vaccine safety.
Claim: Elisa Granato, the first volunteer who availed herself in Oxford for a jab in the first Europe human trial of a vaccine to protect against the coronavirus pandemic has died. (James Alami, 2020-04-25)
Evidence (2020-04-23): Coronavirus: First patients injected in UK vaccine trial - Published - comments [...] Elisa Granato, one of the two who received the jab, told the BBC: "I'm a scientist, so I wanted to try to support the scientific process wherever I can." [...] The Oxford team has already developed a vaccine against Mers, another type of coronavirus, using the same approach - and that had promising results in clinical trials.
Claim: Elisa Granato, the first volunteer who availed herself in Oxford for a jab in the first Europe human trial of a vaccine to protect against the coronavirus pandemic has died. (James Alami, 2020-04-25)
Evidence (2023-01-13): Explanation: The first volunteer for a U.K. COVID-19 vaccine trial Elisa Granato is not dead. This false claim has been widely spread by anti-vaccine groups, likely in an attempt to promote doubts about vaccine safety.
Claim: Elisa Granato, the first volunteer who availed herself in Oxford for a jab in the first Europe human trial of a vaccine to protect against the coronavirus pandemic has died. (James Alami, 2020-04-25)
Evidence (2020-04-23): Coronavirus: First patients injected in UK vaccine trial [...] Elisa Granato, one of the two who received the jab, told the BBC: "I'm a scientist, so I wanted to try to support the scientific process wherever I can." [...] The Oxford team has already developed a vaccine against Mers, another type of coronavirus, using the same approach - and that had promising results in clinical trials.