copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): Saudi Arabia's eastern boundary follows the Persian Gulf from Ras 'al Khafji to the peninsula of Qatar, whose border with Saudi Arabia was determined in 1965. The border with Oman on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula runs through the Empty Quarter (Rub 'al-Khali). The border demarcation was defined by a 1990 agreement that included provisions for shared grazing rights and water rights. The border through 'Al Buraymi Oasis, located near the conjunction of the frontiers of Oman, Abu Dhabi (one of the emirates of the UAE) and Saudi Arabia, has triggered extensive dispute among the three states since the Treaty of Jeddah in 1927. In a 1975 agreement with Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi accepted sovereignty over six villages in the 'Al Buraymi Oasis and the sharing of the rich Zararah oil field. In return, Saudi Arabia obtained an outlet to the Persian Gulf through Abu Dhabi.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-08-01): etymology: the name derives from the Arabic word "riyadh," meaning "gardens," and refers to various oasis towns in the area that merged to form the city [...] international: country code - 966; landing points for the SeaMeWe-3, -4, -5, AAE-1, EIG, FALCON, FEA, IMEWE, MENA/Gulf Bridge International, SEACOM, SAS-1, -2, GBICS/MENA, and the Tata TGN-Gulf submarine cables providing connectivity to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region) (2019)
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-08-08): Saudi Arabia is a sovereign nation in the Middle East that occupies a large part of the Arabian Peninsula. Saudi Arabia is the twelfth largest nation in the world by land area. It occupies about 830,000 sq miles and has a population of approximately 33 million people. It is the only Asian nation with coastlines on both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Saudi Arabia has the world's second largest oil reserves. Bahrain is an island state off of the eastern part of Saudi Arabia. Bahrain is the third smallest state in Asia and occupies a land area of about 295.5 sq miles. It has a population of 1,425,171 people. The Gulf of Bahrain (the Persian Gulf’s inlet on the eastern side of Saudi Arabia) separates the two nations. The only crossway between the two countries is the King Fahd Causeway. The Causeway was officially opened to the public in 1986. The idea of this causeway connecting the two states was the outcome of King Saud’s plan of solidifying the connection between the two kingdoms. [...] Other countries bordering Saudi Arabia that were not mentioned above include Yemen, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Saudi Arabia is a monarchy ruled by the Saud dynasty (Āl Saʿūd), a family whose status was established by its close ties with and support for the Wahhābī religious establishment. Islamic law, the Sharia, is the primary source of legislation, but the actual promulgation of legislation and implementation of policy is often mitigated by more mundane factors, such as political expediency, the inner politics of the ruling family, and the influence of intertribal politics, which remain strong in the modern kingdom.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-30): Umm al Maradim (Arabic: جزيرة ام المرادم)(Translation: Mother of boulders) is an island located at the extreme south of Kuwait's marine borders near the junction with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [...] Umm Al-Maradim was the first Kuwaiti land to be liberated from the Invasion of Kuwait in 1991. On its territory the Kuwaiti flag was hoisted again proclaiming the defeat of aggression and the restoration of legality.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-13): Qaruh Island (Arabic: جزيرة قاروه) is an island belonging to the state of Kuwait, which received its name from the large amounts of petroleum sediments in the area (known as Qar in Arabic). It is the smallest of the nine islands, and also the furthest island from the Kuwaiti mainland. It is located 37.5 kilometres east of the mainland coast, and 17 kilometres northeast of Umm al Maradim. The island is roughly 275 meters long by 175 meters at its widest (area about 3.5 ha. The island was also the first part of Kuwaiti soil that was liberated from Iraq during the Gulf War on January 21, 1991. [...] External links [edit]- Pictures of the liberation of Qaruh Island Archived 2020-07-29 at the Wayback Machine - Picture of the Jazirat Qaruh Lighthouse Archived 2016-10-12 at the Wayback Machine 28°49′03″N 48°46′35″E / 28.81750°N 48.77639°E
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-07): Saudi Arabia (officially, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) is divided into 13 administrative provinces or emirates. In alphabetical order, these provinces are: Al Baha, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Aseer, Eastern province, Ha’il province, Jazan, Makkah, Najran, Northern Border province, Qassim, Riyadh and Tabuk. These provinces are divided into 118 governorates which are further subdivided into sub-governorates. Riyadh is the capital and largest city and is located in the center of an-Nafud desert, on the eastern region of the Najid Plateau. With a population of 7.6 million, it is the most populous city in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is a sovereign Western Asian Nation, occupying the central region of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia. It is located in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. Saudi Arabia is bordered by 8 nations: Jordan in the Northwest, Iraq in the North and Northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and United Arab Emirates in the east, Oman in the Southeast and Yemen in the South. The Persian Gulf is in the northeast and Red Sea to the West of Saudi Arabia.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-11): Provinces of Saudi Arabia The provinces of Saudi Arabia, also known as regions (Arabic: مناطق المملكة العربية السعودية, romanized: Manāṭiq al-Mamlakat il-'Arabiyyat il-Sa'udiyyah), are the 13 first-level administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[1][2][3] [...] External links [edit]- Media related to Provinces of Saudi Arabia at Wikimedia Commons
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The Emirate of Diriyah established in the area around Riyadh rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, sacking Karbala in 1802, and capturing Mecca in 1803. In 1818, it was destroyed by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha.[99] The much smaller Emirate of Nejd was established in 1824. Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the Al Rashid, who ruled the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. By 1891, the Al Rashid were victorious and the Al Saud were driven into exile in Kuwait.[78] [...] - ^ Hariri-Rifai, Wahbi; Hariri-Rifai, Mokhless (1990). The heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. GDG Exhibits Trust. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-9624483-0-0.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Saudi Arabia, arid, sparsely populated kingdom of the Middle East that in the 20th century became one of the world’s largest oil-producing countries in terms of output. It is ruled by the Saud family, which in the 18th century entered an alliance with the austere and conservative Wahhābī Islamic movement. Mohammed bin Salman, the forceful crown prince, is the de facto ruler, acting on behalf of his elderly father King Salman. [...] The country occupies about four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; by the Persian Gulf, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman to the east; by a portion of Oman to the southeast; by Yemen to the south and southwest; and by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba to the west. Long-running border disputes were nearly resolved with Yemen (2000) and Qatar (2001); the border with the United Arab Emirates remains undefined. A territory of 2,200 square miles (5,700 square km) along the gulf coast was shared by Kuwait and Saudi Arabia as a neutral zone until 1969, when a political boundary was agreed upon. Each of the two countries administers one-half of the territory, but they equally share oil production in the entire area. The controversy over the Saudi-Iraqi Neutral Zone was legally settled in 1981 by partition, yet conflict between the two countries persisted and prevented final demarcation on the ground.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1997-01-01): The Nejd, the heartland of Saudi Arabia, is the ancestral home of the Al-Saud, the Kingdom’s ruling family. This area contains the heaviest concentration of nomadic Bedouin, who still lead their flocks of sheep, goats, and camels across the land in search of pastures. But the Bedouin are modernizing, and water trucks are now common sights near their tent encampments. The Eastern Province, Al-Hasa, although largely desert, contains most of the nation's oilfields. Besides oil, two large oases, Qatif and Hofuf, support substantial agricultural production. Most activity and population are centered around the market city of Al-Khobar; Dhahran, site of the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO) complex; and the busy port of Dammam.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-13): Saudi Arabia,[b] officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA),[c] is a country in West Asia including most of the Arabian Peninsula. The land area is approximately 2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), so Saudi Arabia is geographically the 5th-largest state in Asia and 2nd-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is separated from Palestine and Egypt by The Red sea. It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and the Arabian Gulf coast, and most of its land is dry and barren. Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Arabs and Islam [9] and sometimes called "the Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. Arabic is the exclusive official language in Saudi Arabia. [...] The countries of Yemen and Oman are south of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is west of Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, and Jordan. All of these countries, except Jordan and Iraq, make the Arabian Peninsula.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-01): etymology: the name derives from the Arabic word "riyadh," meaning "gardens," and refers to various oasis towns in the area that merged to form the city [...] embassy: Riyadh 11564 mailing address: 6300 Riyadh Place, Washington DC 20521-6300 telephone: [966] (11) 835-4000 [...] international: country code - 966; landing points for the SeaMeWe-3, -4, -5, AAE-1, EIG, FALCON, FEA, IMEWE, MENA/Gulf Bridge International, SEACOM, SAS-1, -2, GBICS/MENA, and the Tata TGN-Gulf submarine cables providing connectivity to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region) (2019)
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): From the date of its establishment in September 1932, Saudi Arabia enjoyed full international recognition as an independent state, although it did not join the League of Nations. In 1934 Ibn Saud was involved in war with Yemen over a boundary dispute. An additional cause of the war was Yemen’s support of an uprising by an Asiri prince against Ibn Saud. In a seven-week campaign, the Saudis were generally victorious. Hostilities were terminated by the Treaty of Al-Ṭāʾif, by which the Saudis gained the disputed district. Diplomatic relations with Egypt, severed in 1926 because of an incident on the Meccan pilgrimage, were not renewed until after the death of King Fuʾād of Egypt in 1936. Fixing the boundaries of the country remained a problem throughout the 1930s. In tribal society, sovereignty was traditionally expressed in the form of suzerainty over certain tribes rather than in fixed territorial boundaries. Hence, Ibn Saud regarded the demarcation of land frontiers with suspicion. Nevertheless, the majority of the frontiers with Iraq, Kuwait, and Jordan had been demarcated by 1930. In the south, no agreement was reached on the exact site of the frontiers with the Trucial States and with the interior of Yemen and Muscat and Oman.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-05): Geostatistical analysis of natural oil seepage using radar imagery—a case study in Qaruh Island, the State of Kuwait [...] The issue of natural oil seepage is one of the challenges in the Kuwaiti marine environment. Many observations have been made about the existence of a natural oil seepage near Qaruh Island, which is a small island located in the northwest of the Arabian Gulf. This study aims to take advantage of active remote sensing (radar imagery) in monitoring this phenomenon, both spatially and statistically. One hundred eleven images taken from Sentinel-1 in the period from September 2014 to September 2017 were analyzed. Thirty-four oil slicks were detected, with a ratio of one caused every 3 days. Additionally, the spatial central tendency measures were identified. The results showed that the average extension of the phenomenon was 68.2 km2, while it reached a maximum of 225.8 km2, with a minimum of 12.5 km2—a range of 213.3 km2. The mean and median centers are located to the southeast of Qaruh Island at a direction of about 148° and 150° and distance of 9.2 km and 7 km, respectively. The directional distribution cycles clarify that the phenomenon was directed to the northwest and southeast. The accuracy of Sentinel-1 data has been verified by Landsat 8 images in true and false colors. [...] Albanai, J.A., Mahamat, A.A. & Abdelfatah, S.A. Geostatistical analysis of natural oil seepage using radar imagery—a case study in Qaruh Island, the State of Kuwait.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-15): Geostatistical analysis of natural oil seepage using radar imagery—a case study in Qaruh Island, the State of Kuwait. [...] The issue of natural oil seepage is one of the challenges in the Kuwaiti marine environment. Many observations have been made about the existence of a natural oil seepage near Qaruh Island, which is a small island located in the northwest of the Arabian Gulf. This study aims to take advantage of active remote sensing (radar imagery) in monitoring this phenomenon, both spatially and statistically. One hundred eleven images taken from Sentinel-1 in the period from September 2014 to September 2017 were analyzed. Thirty-four oil slicks were detected, with a ratio of one caused every 3 days. Additionally, the spatial central tendency measures were identified. The results showed that the average extension of the phenomenon was 68.2 km2, while it reached a maximum of 225.8 km2, with a minimum of 12.5 km2—a range of 213.3 km2. The mean and median centers are located to the southeast of Qaruh Island at a direction of about 148° and 150° and distance of 9.2 km and 7 km, respectively. The directional distribution cycles clarify that the phenomenon was directed to the northwest and southeast. The accuracy of Sentinel-1 data has been verified by Landsat 8 images in true and false colors.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The nine islands pertaining to State of Kuwait are: Failaka Island, Bubiyan Island, Miskan Island, Warbah Island, Auhah Island, Umm al Maradim Island, Umm an Namil Island, Kubbar Island and Qaruh Island. [...] The last island pertaining to Kuwait from the north. Its total area is 37 square kilometers. The island is characterized its sandy soil and low clay coasts. [...] Last Kuwaiti island from the south. It gained its name from the "Maradim" birds that are found in great numbers on this island. Contrary to most of the other islands, ships can safely and directly anchor on its coasts due to the great depth of the sea surrounding the island. This island is located in the southern tip of the Kuwait maritime borders with the Saudi Arabia. Its length reaches 1.5 kilometers in the east and west and its width, 540 meters. It has an oval shape with a protruding armlet.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-01-17): One of the documents from the first days of the war was a transcript of communications from an Iraqi soldier on a remote outpost on Qaruh Island off the coast of Kuwait. What this unfortunate Iraqi soldier would witness was the big change in the way the US began to transform Iraq from the air as of 1991.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-08-23): The two agreements on the division of the neutral zone not only did not remove the barriers to the delimitation of continental shelf boundaries of Iran-Kuwait and Iran- neutral/divided zone, but added to its complexity. In addition, an agreement was signed between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in 2000, in which the two countries ended their disputes over the ownership of the Qaruh and Umm al-Maradim Islands, and their maritime boundary, as well as the northern and southern limits of the "Common Development Area" was delimited. Besides, the two countries have agreed that the natural resources in the submerged area adjacent to the divided zone shall be owned in common. This agreement was challenged by Iran. [...] Consequently, although the divisions of the neutral zone and agreement between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the State of Kuwait concerning the submerged area adjacent to the divided zone have brought about a new complexity in the process of delimiting boundaries in this region, since related parties still emphasize the tools of negotiation and diplomacy in delimiting maritime borders, and there are five decades of negotiation between Kuwait and Iran on the delimitation of maritime boundaries that have come about with good agreements and understandings, the experiences of these and other countries in settling disputes over shared resources can all serve to reach agreement and delimit the maritime boundaries in this region.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-03-11): AFFECTING THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE PALESTINIAN PEOPLE AND OTHER ARABS OF THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES [...] The places where Israel has carried out exploratory work include the following, among dozens of other places: Khamfin, Fiq, Kanaf, Wadi al-Hariri, Rujm al-Hiri, Tall al-Bazuk, Dayr Qaruh, Khirbat al-Rafid, Dakkah, Kursi, Banias, Adnaniyah (Darman) and Fakhurah.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Kuwait is located at the northern end of the Arabian Gulf, which is bordered to the east by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the south and southwest, and the north and northwest by the Republic of Iraq. It has an area of 17,818 square kilometers and nine islands, namely Failaka, Bubian, Maskan, Rabbah, Awah, Umm al-Maradim, Umm Al-Naml, Kubra, and Qaruh. Because of its historical status, Failaka Island is one of the most famous islands. [...] the importance of the Arabian gulf and Kuwait in terms of history, or terms of international relations that extends back to ancient times. The territory of the present state of Kuwait was located within the Central Arab State of Kindha, which was established during the period from the third to the fifth century AD. Archaeological excavation, which was launched by the Danish mission on Failaka island in 1958, the antiquities found the existence of an ancient historical civilization in Kuwait, because the territory of the current state is connected from the west to the Arabian Peninsula, which is an integral part of it and its sea forms part of the coast of the Arabian Gulf and therefore its history in ancient and central Arabia is linked to the Arabian Peninsula and its inhabitants to the gulf region and the religion of Kuwait is Islam.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): In August 1990, Iraqi military forces invaded the neighboring nation of Kuwait; the large Iraqi Army quickly overwhelmed the small Kuwait armed forces. Under President George H. W. Bush, the United States assembled a global Coalition of concerned nations, first to defend Saudi Arabia against further Iraqi aggression, then to eject the Iraqi military from Kuwait. [...] When the allied air attacks against Iraq began on 17 January 1991, the seaborne feint needed reinforcement in order to remain credible. Amphibious raids were one method of reinforcing that threat.29 On 23 January 1991, Navy Captain Thomas L. McClelland, commanding Amphibious Squadron 5, and Colonel John E. Rhodes, commander of the 13th MEU(SOC), were ordered to plan for an amphibious raid on several Iraqi-held Kuwaiti islands; this raid was code named Operation Desert Sting. Before the operation began, Iraqis on one of the targeted islands, Qaruh, surrendered on 25 January to the USS Curts (FFG 38). On 26 January, the Iraqi garrison on another of the targeted islands, Umm al-Maradim, created a sign for U.S. Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographing the island that indicated they wished to surrender. The plan for Operation Desert Sting was modified to account for the surrender.
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-04-05): Abstract :1. Introduction 2. Geography, Hydrology and Study Area 3. Previous Benthic Foraminiferal Studies within the Kuwaiti Territorial Waters 4. Materials and Methods 5. Results 6. Discussion 7. Conclusions
Claim: Qaruh is a territory of Saudi Arabia (Qaruh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-01): Selected articles - Albanai, J.A., Mahamat, A.A. and Abdelfatah, S.A. (2022) Geostatistical analysis of natural oil seepage using active radar imagery - a case study in Qaruh Island, the State of Kuwait. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15: 469. - Albanai, J.A., Karam, Q., Ali, M. and Annabi-Trabelsi, N. (2022) Physicochemical Factors Affecting Chlorophyll-a Concentrations in the North-western Arabian Gulf and Kuwait Territorial Waters. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15: 1671.