copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-21): A State Department official said that the U.S. "recognizes" the state of Arunachal Pradesh as part of India and rejects attempts by others to assert control over the territory. China claims ownership of the area, which it calls Zangnan, or South Tibet.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-11): The territories along the China-India border have been a point of contention for both nations since their war in 1962. While the Line of Actual Control (LAC) separates the disputed territories, it is not an international boundary, and neither country agrees on its alignment. The bilateral relationship dipped to a new low in June 2020 when a major conflict between Chinese and Indian troops in the Galwan Valley, located along the western sector of the LAC, took the lives of twenty Indian soldiers and four Chinese soldiers. Despite seventeen rounds of military corps commander-level talks, there has been no breakthrough. The December clashes near Tawang in the eastern sector of the LAC saw troops fighting for the first time in over a year, marking another setback for the relationship. Soon after this clash, Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar claimed that China did not observe standing agreements not to amass force in border areas and has tried to unilaterally change the LAC. Indian Defense Minister Rajnath Singh stated that Chinese military forces have been increasingly claiming territories long under India’s control. He said that while India always aims to maintain cordial relations with its neighbors, it is militarily capable of protecting its territorial integrity and will do so if necessary. However, as evident by examining state-controlled as well as autonomous Chinese news media, China neither grasps the extent of India’s concern nor its perceptions about the border issue.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-09): Recent trends highlight that Arunachal Pradesh – over which China lays historical claims, calling it "Zangnan" or South Tibet – has become the "new focal point of confrontation" in India-China border tensions. For a long time, China has routinely protested the visits of top Indian leaders or officials to the state and has not been issuing visas to Arunachal officials while providing stapled visas to its residents. In 2017 and then again in 2021, China "standardized" the names of six and 15 places, respectively, (including residential areas, mountains, passes, and rivers) in the Indian state as part of its strategy to lend legal credence to its territorial claims. [...] Arguably, following the Galwan conflict, it was only a matter of time before China extended its aggressive tactics to other areas of dispute along the LAC. On this note, it can be assessed that conflict in Tawang was inevitable, especially as it is the historical, cultural, and political "flashpoint" of the Tibet question. Furthermore, the region figures centrally in Xi’s quest for Chinese "rejuvenation" and "revitalization." The new law and intermittent clashes at the border are only further evidence that India is being dragged into protracted turmoil.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-13): India has accused China of trying to "unilaterally change the status quo" on their disputed Himalayan border after clashes last week in the Tawang sector of India’s northeastern state of Arunachal Pradesh. "On 09 December 2022, PLA troops attempted to unilaterally change the status quo by encroaching on the Line of Actual Control, in the Yangtse area of Tawang Sector," India’s defence minister Rajnath Singh told parliament on Tuesday, referring to China’s People’s Liberation Army and the de facto border. [...] The Line of Actual Control is the de facto border separating Chinese and Indian-held territories from Ladakh in the west to India’s eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh, which China claims in its entirety. India and China fought a war over the border in 1962.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-12): A day after Beijing lodged a diplomatic protest over Modi’s visit, India’s foreign ministry spokesman Randhir Jaiswal said that Chinese objections do not "change the reality that Arunachal Pradesh was and will always be an integral part of India." [...] Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin told reporters on Monday that Beijing "strongly deplores and firmly opposes" the Indian leader's visit to Arunachal Pradesh, which it refers to as Zangnan, and that "India has no right to arbitrarily develop the area of Zangnan in China." [...] China has objected to visits by Indian leaders to Arunachal Pradesh in the past, but tensions over the region have intensified in the past year. Last August, India lodged a protest with Beijing over reports that China released a new map showing the state as part of its territory. Last April, Beijing renamed 11 places in the state, including rivers and mountain peaks.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-20): Dai returned to headlines in India on March 02 when he told the Beijing-based magazine China-India Dialogue: "The disputed territory in the eastern sector of the China-India boundary, including Tawang, is inalienable from China’s Tibet in terms of cultural background and administrative jurisdiction. The major reason the boundary question persists is that China’s reasonable requests [in the east] have not been met. If the Indian side takes care of China’s concerns in the eastern sector of their border, the Chinese side will respond accordingly and address India’s concerns elsewhere." [...] The goalposts have since changed. The Chinese now clearly want the populated Tawang tract in Arunachal Pradesh and want to go beyond the old Macartney-MacDonald line in Ladakh. This proposal requires India to cede territory it holds at present. [...] Both India and China are now experiencing new levels of nationalism. Territory is at the core of this nationalism, making the exchange of territories unpalatable to public opinion in both countries. If the package entails the withdrawal of the two territorial claims, it might win a modicum of support in both countries. But this is clearly not so. What Dai Bingguo is now suggesting is that India gives up its claim on Aksai Chin, and also cede the strategically vital Tawang tract.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2006-11-20): But the position of Tawang, on the flanks of the Tibetan plateau, and its cultural affinity to Lhasa is at the root of a decades-old dispute between India and China. Historically, China says, the region was part of outer Tibet, an area the size of Austria. Today it is known as the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh - but China lays claim to it in its entirety. [...] However, those hopes have been dashed by aggressive volleys of claim and counter-claim ahead of the historic meeting. China's ambassador to India, Sun Yuxi, told Indian television last week: "In our position the whole of what you call the state of Arunachal Pradesh is Chinese territory and Tawang is only one place in it and we are claiming all of that. That's our position." [...] Experts say that China covets the Tawang region not just for the picturesque monastery but for economic and strategic reasons. Many point out that China has plans to divert the Brahmaputra river, which begins in Tibet but passes through Arunachal Pradesh, to feed its arid northern and western regions and generate power.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-05): Tawang is one of the most pivotal areas for China when it comes to Tibetan affairs [...] While the religious leader is seen as a thorn in China’s side under ordinary circumstances, his visit to Tawang is being seen by Beijing as especially provocative because the town is part of the 84,000 square kilometers of Indian territory that China officially claims as its own. [...] China also cares what happens in Tawang because it claims it as its territory.
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): In 1826, British India gained a common border with Tibet after the British wrested control of Manipur and Assam from the Burmese, following the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824–1826.[40][41][42] In 1847, Major J. Jenkins, agent for the North East Frontier, reported that the Tawang was part of Tibet. In 1872, four monastic officials from Tibet arrived in Tawang and supervised a boundary settlement with Major R. Graham, NEFA official, which included the Tawang Tract as part of Tibet.[citation needed] In 1873, the British drew an "Inner Line" as an administrative line to inhibit their subjects from encroaching into the tribal territory within its control.[43][44] The British boundary, also called the "Outer Line", was defined to mark the limits of British jurisdiction. But it was not significantly different from the Inner Line in this region.[45]
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-19): China’s initial claims were relegated to the Tawang region, however, since the 1980s, Beijing has claimed all of Arunachal Pradesh as part of its "South Tibet" territory. Such claims can be considered a response by China to Arunachal Pradesh becoming a ‘state of India’ in 1987. Until 1972, the area was known as the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) before becoming a Union Territory on January 20, 1972 and being renamed Arunachal Pradesh. In 2006, the Chinese Ambassador to India, Sun Yuxi, stated that "in our position, the whole of what you call the state of Arunachal Pradesh is Chinese territory and Tawang (district) is only one place in it and we are claiming all of that – that’s our position" (China Daily, November 14, 2006). At present, China’s official claims over "Arunachal Pradesh" are based on the pretext that "Zangnan" is located in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Furthermore, Chinese officials have stated repeatedly that the area "has been China’s territory since the ancient times. China’s ethnic minorities such as the Moinba and Tibetan ethnic groups have lived and worked in this area for a long time" (FMPRC, December 31, 2021).
Claim: Tawang is a territory of China (Tawang, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-10): Is Tawang, Home of Tibetan Buddhism’s 2nd Largest Monastery, China’s Next Territorial Target in India? [...] Tawang, historically, was part of Tibet as the most important frontier administrative unit of the government of Tibet before signing the Simla Convention in 1914. This convention demarcated the boundary between Tibet and the eastern Himalayan region of British India, finally drawing the McMahon Line as the border between Tibet and British India. [...] Since June 2020, China has begun claiming the Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary situated in Bhutan as a ‘disputed territory’. This implies that a potential future occupation scenario of this sanctuary by China will enable it to deny the western flank of Tawang completely, much to the military and strategic disadvantage of India.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Arunachal Pradesh (/ərʊˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdeɪʃ/;[19] lit. 'Dawn-Lit Mountain Province')[20] is a state in northeast India. It was formed from the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and India declared it as a state on 20 February 1987. Itanagar is its capital and largest town. It borders the Indian states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east, and a disputed 1,129 km border with China's Tibet Autonomous Region in the north at the McMahon Line.[21] Arunachal Pradesh is claimed by China as South Tibet as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region;[22][23] China occupied some regions of Arunachal Pradesh in 1962 but later withdrew its forces.[24][25] [...] - ^ Sarmah, Minakshi (2021). "Is China's Territorial Claim On Arunachal Pradesh Justifiable?". World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues. 25 (4): 78–89. ISSN 0971-8052.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-29): China claims the entire Arunachal Pradesh as "South Tibet". Beijing calls the region "Zangnan" in the Chinese language. [...] China claims Arunachal Pradesh has been part of its territory ‘since ancient times’. [...] "We have seen such reports. This is not the first time China has made such an attempt. We reject this outright. Arunachal Pradesh is, has been, and will always be an integral and inalienable part of India. Attempts to assign invented names will not alter this reality," the MEA said in a statement.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-21): China slammed the United States for interfering in its border dispute with India, after Washington said it recognized the disputed Arunachal Pradesh as a part of Indian territory. [...] China, which refers to the territory as Zangnan, claims Arunachal Pradesh is part of southern Tibet. India rejects those claims, stating Arunachal Pradesh has always been a part of India. [...] China on Thursday reiterated its claims over Arunachal Pradesh, saying: "Zangnan has always been China’s territory, a basic fact that is undeniable."
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): China has reiterated its territorial claims over Arunachal Pradesh, hitting out at the mountaineering team for carrying out an "illegal operation" in what it claims is "Chinese territory". [...] When asked about the naming, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lin Jian said he was "not aware". However, Lin added that Arunachal Pradesh, which Beijing refers to as ‘Zangnan’ is a "Chinese territory". [...] Beijing claims the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh, which it calls "Zangnan, the southern part of Tibet", as an "inherent part of China’s territory". The country’s maps depict Arunachal Pradesh as part of China.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-12): India Rejects China’s Claim Over Arunachal Pradesh - 12 Apr 2024 - 11 min read [...] - The Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs released the fourth list of standardised geographical names in Zangnan, the Chinese name for Arunachal Pradesh, which Beijing claims as part of south Tibet,. [...] - Arunachal Pradesh: China claims the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh, referring to it as "South Tibet". India administers this region as a northeastern state and considers it an integral part of its territory.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-30): Indian media have reported that the map shows the north-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh and the disputed Aksai Chin plateau as China's territory. [...] China says it considers the whole of Arunachal Pradesh its territory, calling it "South Tibet" - a claim India firmly rejects. India claims the Aksai Chin plateau in the Himalayas, which is controlled by China. In April, Delhi reacted sharply to China's attempts to rename 11 places in Arunachal Pradesh, saying the state would always be "an "integral and inalienable part of India".
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): In 2006, the Chinese ambassador to India claimed that all of Arunachal Pradesh is Chinese territory[48] amidst a military buildup.[49] At the time, both countries claimed incursions as much as a kilometre at the northern tip of Sikkim.[36] In 2009, India announced it would deploy additional military forces along the border.[50] In 2014, India proposed China should acknowledge a "One India" policy to resolve the border dispute.[51][52] [...] - ^ "Arunachal Pradesh is our territory": Chinese envoy Rediff India Abroad, 14 November 2006. Archived 8 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine - ^ Subir Bhaumik, "India to deploy 36,000 extra troops on Chinese border", BBC, 23 November 2010. Archived 2 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine - ^ "The China-India Border Brawl", The Wall Street Journal, 24 June 2009, archived from the original on 23 September 2011 - ^ 何, 宏儒 (12 June 2014). "外長會 印向陸提一個印度政策". 中央通訊社. 新德里. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-22): Recently, China’s publication of new maps claiming territories like Arunachal Pradesh and the Aksai Chin plateau, which India asserts as its own, has reignited border tensions. India has formally protested these claims, with Indian external affairs minister S Jaishankar dismissing the significance of such unilateral territorial assertions by China. [...] While Beijing informally respects the McMahon Line as the LAC, it claims about 90,000 sq km in Arunachal Pradesh as Tibetan territory. The middle sector, less disputed, lies opposite Tibet, with Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand on the Indian side. [...] In fact, last year, the US Senate introduced a bipartisan resolution reaffirming the state of Arunachal Pradesh as Indian territory while positing that China’s claim over Arunachal Pradesh is part of its "increasingly aggressive and expansionist policies".
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-04-04): Arunachal Pradesh: India rejects China's attempt to rename disputed places - Published [...] China continues to stake claim on the whole of Arunachal Pradesh, calling it "South Tibet". [...] "Arunachal Pradesh is an integral, inalienable part of India. And attempts to assign invented names will not alter this reality," he added.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-14): Today it is Arunachal Pradesh, an Indian state with more than a million people that China continues to claim as its territory, and where the latest flare-up between the two sides in more than a year took place. [...] But China has not given up its claims on Arunachal Pradesh and still refers to most of the region as "South Tibet". Last year the Chinese ministry of civil affairs renamed several places in the disputed area, with state media saying that China's territorial claims had a "historical and administrative basis". Some analysts say Beijing sees Arunachal Pradesh as playing a role in an eventual border deal with India that would see Delhi accepting Chinese sovereignty over Aksai Chin - the strategically-located ice desert rich in minerals which has been occupied since the 1950s - in return for Beijing accepting Indian sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-16): Sixty years ago, on November 21, China declared a unilateral ceasefire against India bringing to an end the month-long India-China border war. Of the territory it occupied in the war, China retained control of Aksai Chin in the western sector of the disputed border but, although it took control of almost all of the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) or today’s Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern sector, it withdrew 20 kilometers north of the McMahon Line. The pullback of Chinese forces north of the McMahon Line suggested that China was perhaps not serious about pressing its claims in the eastern sector. However, since the mid-1980s, it has robustly asserted claims over some 90,000 square kilometers of territory in India’s northeast, which roughly approximates the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh or what China calls Southern Tibet. [...] Since the mid-1980s, China has been reasserting rights over Arunachal Pradesh. Why the renewed interest in this territory? During the last few months, Beijing’s propaganda has reiterated that the entire Arunachal Pradesh is part of "Southern Tibet."
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Arunachal Pradesh, state of India. It constitutes a mountainous area in the extreme northeastern part of the country and is bordered by the kingdom of Bhutan to the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Myanmar (Burma) and the Indian state of Nagaland to the south and southeast, and the Indian state of Assam to the south and southwest. The capital is Itanagar. Arunachal Pradesh, meaning "Land of the Rising Sun," long has been a recognized region of the Indian subcontinent, receiving mention in such ancient Hindu literature as the Kalika-purana and the epic poems Mahabharata and Ramayana. Formerly known as the North East Frontier Agency (from the British colonial era), the area was part of Assam until it was made the Indian union territory of Arunachal Pradesh in 1972, and in 1987 it became an Indian state. The region, however, has been the subject of an ongoing sovereignty dispute between India and China. Area 32,333 square miles (83,743 square km). Pop. (2011) 1,382,611.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): AFP: Indian media have reported that a team of Indian mountain climbers has summited a previously unclimbed and unnamed peak in the region of Arunachal Pradesh, which China claims as part of southern Tibet. The Indian climbers have named the peak after the 6th Dalai Lama. Does China have any comment on this? Lin Jian: I’m not aware of what you mentioned. Let me say more broadly that the area of Zangnan is Chinese territory, and it’s illegal, and null and void for India to set up the so-called "Arunachal Pradesh" in Chinese territory. This has been China’s consistent position.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-18): Meanwhile, the Indian military has undertaken its own military buildup along the border. In 2021, for example, New Delhi redirected approximately 50,00 troops to the LAC. The Indian Air Force also remains operationally deployed near the border. This force increase is bolstered by infrastructure projects, such as plans to construct 73 strategic roads along the LAC, including nearly 1,430 miles of road in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh — where the December 2022 clashes happened and which Beijing claims as "Southern Tibet" — alone, as well as several tunnels to facilitate quicker transportation to border regions. The Indian government also launched its "Vibrant Villages" campaign this year to build important infrastructure in villages on its side of the contested border. [...] Second, the United States can share valuable information and intelligence about Chinese movement in border regions, as well as equipment to support India’s own intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. The United States provided India with such support during the December 2022 border clash in Arunachal Pradesh. The intelligence allowed India to better prepare to confront the Chinese incursions. Experience from this incident can be a model to build on for future collaboration. Materiel commitments can also be bolstered by joint intelligence reviews where analysts from both countries collaboratively discuss the PLA’s activities and intentions along the border. Such action from Washington would proactively and resolutely support New Delhi’s plight without fanning the flames of conflict or conflating the issue with ongoing tensions in its own relationship with China.
Claim: Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China (Arunachal Pradesh, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-04-10): China firmly opposes a visit by India’s home minister to Arunachal Pradesh and views his activities in the area as violating Beijing’s territorial sovereignty, a foreign ministry spokesperson has said. China has renamed some places in what India regards as its eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh, and Beijing claims that those areas are part of its territory. [...] The statement included a map that showed the 11 places renamed by China as being within "Zangnan", or southern Tibet in Chinese, with Arunachal Pradesh included in southern Tibet and China’s border with India demarcated as just north of the Brahmaputra river.