copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-27): Lake Nyasa, lake, southernmost and third largest of the Eastern Rift Valley lakes of East Africa, which lies in a deep trough mainly within Malawi. The existence of the lake was reported by a Portuguese explorer, Caspar Boccaro, in 1616. David Livingstone, the British explorer-missionary, reached it from the south in 1859. [...] Nyasa (meaning "lake") is fed by 14 perennial rivers, the largest being the Ruhuhu; the sole outlet is the Shire River, a tributary of the Zambezi. Hundreds of species of fish have been recorded in the lake, many of which are endemic, being isolated from the Zambezi fauna by the Murchison Falls. Commercial fisheries exist at the southern end of the lake, based chiefly on the freshwater fish Tilapia. Fly hatches on the lake occur in clouds large enough to obscure the horizon. Increased environmental degradation has had adverse effects on wildlife in the lake, however; excessive silting disrupts fish feeding and breeding grounds, reducing their numbers. In addition, overfishing, the use of nets with a mesh size smaller than those recommended by fisheries experts, and the disregard of the ban on fishing in the breeding season have also had a detrimental effect on fish populations there.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-19): Lake Malawi, aka Lake Nyasa, is the southernmost lake of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa. It fills a chasm in the Earth’s crust, at the edges of which are now the states of Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. [...] In 1859, the famous African explorer David Livingstone explored the Shire River and traveled along it to the southern shore of Lake Malawi. The poetically inclined Scotsman called Nyasa "Lake of Stars": the sun played so brightly with its rays on the water surface. But on the map he labeled it as Lake Nyasa. In 1964 Nyasaland, a former colony of England, gained independence and began to call itself Malawi, and the lake as Lake Malawi. But the people of Mozambique call it Niassa, in the Portuguese manner. [...] Lake Nyasa straddles the borders of three African countries: Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. The northern part of the lake is a territory of conflict: the dispute over the distribution of lake waters between Malawi and Tanzania is still unresolved.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-17): Lake Malawi is an African Great Lake, located on the Tanzania-Mozambique-Malawi border and known as Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique. Lake Malawi is Africa’s third-largest and the world’s ninth-largest lake by surface area, covering 29,600 sq. km. It is the world’s sixth-deepest and Africa’s second-deepest lake by maximum depth. However, it is the world’s fifth-largest freshwater lake by total volume. The lake has the highest fish species of any lake in the world. It is an example of a meromictic lake whose water layers do not intermix. [...] Lake Malawi lies on the Tanzania-Malawi-Mozambique border and has a shoreline on eastern Malawi, western Mozambique, and southern Tanzania. Parts of the Tanzania-Malawi and Malawi-Mozambique border and the tripoint is located in the lake. While Tanzania claims its boundary with Malawi lies in the middle of the lake, Malawi insists the whole of the lake’s portion not in Mozambique is part of its territory. The conflict resulted from the 1890 Heligoland Treaty between the British and Germans, with the British placing the waters of the entire lake in Nyasaland. The Malawi-Mozambique border, defined in 1954 by the Portuguese and British, is a line passing through the middle of the lake. This boundary is undisputed.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-10-15): Lake Nyasa, also called Lake Malawi, lake, southernmost and third largest of the East African Rift Valley lakes of East Africa, lying in a deep trough mainly within Malawi. Lake Nyasa (Nyasa means "lake") is located at the south-west of Tanzania, The lake lies in three countries’ territory; Tanzania and Malawi. However, it is bordered by three countries, Tanzania , Malawi and Mozambique. It is the third largest in Africa (after Lake Victoria and lake Tanganyika) with 550 kilometers length and 75 kilometers width, covering an area of more than 11,400 square kilometers. In some parts, the lake is as deep as 700 meters. [...] Lake Nyasa is also among the Great Rift Valley’s lakes, which shares some of the characteristics with lake Tanganyika. The lake has a distinctive characteristic: 14 rivers pouring their waters into the lake, and only one river which flows out to the sea, River Shire.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-29): Lake Nyasa, also known as Lake Malawi, is a hidden gem located in southeastern Africa. This magnificent body of water is not only one of the largest lakes in the world but also one of the most extraordinary. From its stunning natural beauty to its diverse ecosystem, Lake Nyasa has captivated visitors and researchers alike for centuries. [...] - Lake Nyasa, also known as Lake Malawi, is a stunning African lake with crystal-clear waters, diverse wildlife, and a rich cultural heritage. It’s a must-visit for nature lovers and adventure seekers alike.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-10): Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa, is a remarkable body of water nestled within the Great Rift Valley in southeastern Africa. This vast freshwater lake holds a wealth of natural beauty, diverse ecosystems, and a rich cultural heritage. [...] Fun Facts About Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) [...] Lake Nyasa is a treasure trove of natural wonders, cultural heritage, and breathtaking scenery. From its incredible fish diversity and pristine coral reefs to its picturesque beaches and vibrant birdlife, the lake offers a wide range of experiences for nature enthusiasts, water sports enthusiasts, and those seeking a glimpse into local traditions.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-07): Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa, is a breathtaking freshwater lake located in East Africa. It is the third largest lake on the continent and is renowned for its crystal-clear waters, scenic shorelines, and remarkable diversity of fish species. The lake is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and offers visitors a serene setting for water-based activities such as snorkeling, diving, and kayaking. Surrounding the lake, vibrant local communities provide a rich cultural experience, while the diverse flora and fauna contribute to the area's ecological significance. From its stunning vistas to its ecological importance, Lake Malawi continues to captivate and inspire all who encounter its natural beauty. [...] This was probably the biggest question I had when I was planning my trip to Malawi. Lake Malawi was the main place I wanted to visit, but it’s so big that I didn’t know what was the best area to visit. I’ll be breaking down all the main areas of Lake Malawi into an easy guide here. Things move very slowly here, so don’t expect to get anywhere fast! [...] LIKOMA & CHISUMULU ISLANDS: These are home to Malawi’s most luxurious lodges and can only be accessed by air or ferry from Chilumba.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-10): Lake Malawi or Lake Nyasa – the Malawi and Tanzanian name preferences, respectively – dominates the eastern border of Malawi. It is the third largest lake in Africa at 568 km long and sometimes stretches to a width of 80 km. The 1890 Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty between Great Britain and Imperial Germany agreed the boundary between the then British colony of Nyasaland – now Malawi – and German East Africa, which in time became Tanzania. The treaty set the boundary along the Tanganyika side of the lake shore. The whole of the lake became part of Nyasaland. But these decisions were taken without consulting Africans, who should have had a say. They created more problems in Africa than they solved. People living around the northern shores of the lake are very much related. They speak the same language, have the same culture, and share the same beliefs. Today’s challenge – who owns the lake – would not have existed at all were it not for the treaty. The lake constitutes about a third of the entire territory of Malawi. Malawi’s economic life, culture, folklore and national sentiment are indistinguishably linked to the lake. Tanzania, too, derives considerable value from the lake. It has navigation and fishing rights; the lake supports a large number of artisanal fishermen; and there are ancestral burial places that now lie under the water.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-28): Lake Malawi (or Lake Nyasa, Lake Niassa) is a lake in Africa. It is the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system. It is shared between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. Before Malawi became independent in 1964, the territory was called Nyasaland. For this reason, Mozambique and Tanzania call the lake Lake Nyasa. Lake Malawi is the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. It is the ninth largest lake in the world.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-20): The dispute arose in 2012 when Malawi awarded an exploration licence to a British company, Surestream, for the possible exploitation of oil and gas reserves in Lake Malawi (known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Mozambique). The furore that erupted following this announcement resurrected a decades-old dispute between the two countries over the demarcation of their border traversing the lake. Malawi’s assertion is that it presides over the entire lake up to the Tanzanian shoreline, as stipulated by the 1890 Heligoland Treaty; while Tanzania’s position is that in accordance with international norms and practice, the border ought to be demarcated in the centre of the lake. Tanzania proclaims that this is in fact the case with the demarcation of the Malawi-Mozambique border on Lake Malawi. A key tenet of Malawi’s counter-claim is, however, that the Portuguese rulers of pre-independent Mozambique bartered a portion of Mozambican territory in the 1950s in exchange for a piece of the lake. This, in their view reinforces the validity of the Heligoland Treaty. [...] At a bilateral level, both Malawi and Tanzania would do well to consider less absolutist solutions to the dispute. Regardless of the border demarcation, two million families from some of the most vulnerable countries in the world depend on the lake for food, shelter, water and income. A resource management solution that takes into account the sustainability of the livelihoods of these communities will ultimately be in the interest of both countries and the region as a whole.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-11-01): Terrain: Plateaus, highlands, and valleys. Lake Malawi (formerly referred to as Lake Nyasa) comprises about 20% of total area. [...] In 1883, a consul of the British Government was accredited to the "Kings and Chiefs of Central Africa," and in 1891, the British established the Nyasaland Protectorate (Nyasa is the Yao word for "lake"). Although the British remained in control during the first half of the 1900s, this period was marked by a number of unsuccessful Malawian attempts to obtain independence. A growing European and U.S.-educated African elite became increasingly vocal and politically active--first through associations, and after 1944, through the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC).
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-24): Geography - note landlocked; Lake Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's most prominent physical feature; it contains more fish species than any other lake on earth [...] Waterways 700 km(on Lake Nyasa [Lake Malawi] and Shire River) (2010) [...] Disputes - international dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River; Malawi contends that the entire lake up to the Tanzanian shoreline is its territory, while Tanzania claims the border is in the center of the lake; the conflict was reignited in 2012 when Malawi awarded a license to a British company for oil exploration in the lake
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-07-26): Tanzania is embroiled in a territorial wrangle with Malawi over the ownership of Lake Nyasa, which is known as Lake Malawi in the neighboring country. Malawi, which sits to the west of Africa's third-largest lake, claims the entire northern half of the lake while Tanzania, to the east, says it owns half of the northern area. The southern half is shared between Malawi and Mozambique. [...] In 2011, impoverished Malawi awarded exploration licenses to British-based Surestream Petroleum to search for oil in the lake.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-03): Tensions about rights to the lake that lies between Tanzania and Malawi have been brought to boiling point yet again. Known to Tanzanians as Lake Nyasa but as Lake Malawi to those across the border, the lake is at the centre of a boundary dispute that has simmered for decades. In the latest exchanges, the foreign minister of Malawi has threatened to escalate the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague. [...] Malawi’s position is that the boundary simply follows the shoreline of the lake as established in clear terms by the 1890 Anglo-German Treaty. Malawi says its position is also backed by the 1964 Cairo Resolution to freeze African territories along the borders inherited at independence from colonial powers to cement African unity. The international court itself upheld this view in the Frontier Dispute case between Burkina Faso and Mali. [...] The dispute is no small matter for Malawi as the lake’s geographical space represents about a third of its entire territory. Malawi argues that its economic life, culture, folklore, and sentiment as a nation are inextricably linked to the lake.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-11-13): The territory was defined as British Central Africa in 1890. When the first explorers arrived in what is now Malawi, they were told by the local inhabitants that the big lake was called 'Nyasa'. So the lake was christened Lake Nyasa - which it will not surprise you to learn means ' [...] A British Protectorate was declared over the 'Nyasaland Districts' (i.e. present day Malawi) on 15 May 1891. In 1893 the territory was renamed the British Central Africa Protectorate. By the Nyasaland Order in Council, dated 06 July 1907, the name of the territory was changed again, this time to the Nyasaland Protectorate and Legislative and Executive Councils were established and a Governor was appointed in the place of the former Commissioner. The first Legislative Council met on 04 September 1907. [...] Nyasaland became the independent state of Malawi on 06 July 1964 and Northern
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-01): The Commonwealth Small States Office in Geneva helped Malawi engage with UN organisations, including the Human Rights Council. [...] Malawi is a member of the Physical, Digital, Regulatory and Supply Side Connectivity clusters of the Commonwealth Connectivity Agenda. The Connectivity Agenda is a platform for countries to exchange best practices and experiences to trade and investment and undertake domestic reform.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Among the notable accomplishments of the last group of Bantu immigrants was the creation of political states, or the introduction of centralized systems of government. They established the Maravi Confederacy about 1480. During the 16th century the confederacy encompassed the greater part of what is now central and southern Malawi, and, at the height of its influence, in the 17th century, its system of government affected peoples in the adjacent areas of present-day Zambia and Mozambique. North of the Maravi territory, the Ngonde founded a kingdom about 1600. In the 18th century a group of immigrants from the eastern side of Lake Malawi created the Chikulamayembe state to the south of the Ngonde. [...] In 1891 the British established the Nyasaland Districts Protectorate, which was called the British Central Africa Protectorate from 1893 and Nyasaland from 1907. Under the colonial regime, roads and railways were built, and the cultivation of cash crops by European settlers was introduced. On the other hand, the colonial administration did little to enhance the welfare of the African majority, because of commitment to the interests of European settlers. It failed to develop African agriculture, and many able-bodied men migrated to neighbouring countries to seek employment. Furthermore, between 1951 and 1953 the colonial government decided to join the colonies of Southern and Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, against bitter opposition from their African inhabitants.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-20): Malawi shares its name with the Chewa word for flames and is linked to the Maravi people from whom the Chewa language originated. The Maravi settled in what is now Malawi around 1400, during one of the later waves of Bantu migration across central and southern Africa. A powerful Maravi kingdom established around 1500 reached its zenith around 1700, when it controlled what is now southern and central Malawi and portions of neighboring Mozambique and Zambia. The kingdom eventually declined because of destabilization from the escalating global trade in enslaved people. In the early 1800s, widespread conflict in southern Africa displaced various ethnic Ngoni groups, some of which moved into Malawi and further undermined the Maravi. Members of the Yao ethnic group -- which had long traded with Malawi from Mozambique -- introduced Islam and began to settle in Malawi in significant numbers in the mid-1800s, followed by members of the Lomwe ethnic group. British missionary and trading activity increased in the area around Lake Nyasa in the mid-1800s, and in 1891, Britain declared a protectorate called British Central Africa over what is now Malawi. The British renamed the territory Nyasaland in 1907, and it was part of the colonial Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland -- including present-day Zambia and Zimbabwe -- from 1953 to 1963 before gaining independence as Malawi in 1964. [...] Geography - note landlocked; Lake Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's most prominent physical feature; it contains more fish species than any other lake on earth
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Lake Nyasa, also called Lake Malawi, southernmost and third largest of the East African Rift Valley lakes of East Africa, lying in a deep trough mainly within Malawi and covers three regions of Tanzania including Mbeya, Njombe and Ruvuma. Lake Nyasa (Nyasa means "lake") is located at the south-west of Tanzania, The lake lies in three countries’ territory; Tanzania and Malawi. However, it is bordered by three countries, Tanzania , Malawi and Mozambique. It is the third largest in Africa (after Lake Victoria and lake Tanganyika) with 550 kilometers length and 75 kilometers width, covering an area of more than 11,400 square kilometers. In some parts, the lake is as deep as 700 meters. [...] Lake Nyasa is also among the Great Rift Valley’s lakes, which shares some of the characteristics with lake Tanganyika. The lake has a distinctive characteristic: 14 rivers pouring their waters into the lake, and only one river which flows out to the sea, River Shire.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-03-07): The 29,000 square kilometer Lake Nyasa that borders Tanzania and Malawi has recently became a source of state conflict due to the discovery of its lucrative oil and gas resources. The governments of each state are fighting for the rights to begin extraction. Malawi claims sovereignty over the lake, while Tanzania claims to own half. The Tanzanian government has even threatened military action if local Malawian fishing boats continue to cross the waters. There is no border dispute among local populations. Both Tanzanian and Malawian locals have used the lake as a source of revenue and food for centuries without incident. To date there is no evidence that the local fishing communities understand this conflict or have been consulted on the future of the lake to which they are dependent on. The issues of resource extraction in Lake Nyasa echoes other regional conflicts when it comes to division of ownership, allocation of licenses, and who pays for capital investments. The local Tanzanian community bordering Lake Nyasa is no nearer to understanding what the conflict between their country and Malawi is about, nor why so much is at stake, as mediation efforts between Malawi and Tanzania are expected to begin soon. [...] Malawi claims sovereignty over the entirety of the lake that straddles the borders of Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. Meanwhile, Tanzania says 50 percent is part of its territory.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-08-21): Lake Nyasa, known as Lake Malawi by Malawians, has been the source of disagreements since colonial times, which were rekindled recently when Malawi allowed gas and oil exploration to begin around the lake’s border. Rhetoric has escalated over the past few months although it seems both sides are now attempting to calm tensions. [...] Located at the junction of Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania, Lake Nyasa – the eighth largest in the world – contains an estimated 168,000 tonnes of fish of nearly 1000 species, and is able to provide sustenance for nearly 600,000 people. In the early 1960s, Malawi’s first president, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, claimed that Lake Nyasa was part of Malawi referring to 1890 Heligoland Agreement between Britain and Germany which stipulated that the border between the countries lay along the Tanzanian side of the lake. This treaty was reaffirmed at the 1963 Organisation of African Unity summit where it was accepted reluctantly by Tanzania although disputes reignited in 1967-8.
Claim: Lake Nyasa is a territory of Malawi (Lake Nyasa, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-07-13): Tensions have been flaring between the United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzania) and the Republic of Malawi (Malawi) for the past few years relating to whether the boundary demarcating the respective states’ sovereign territory or territorial waters in respect Lake Malawi or Lake Nyasa as Tanzania refers to it (Lake) runs along the middle of the Lake or along the Lake’s eastern shoreline of the territory of Tanzania. [...] From a legal perspective it appears that Malawi has a legitimate right in asserting its sovereignty along the Lake’s eastern shoreline. The border between Malawi and Tanzania was initially demarcated by colonial powers, Britain and Germany, in terms of the Heligoland Treaty of 1890 (Treaty). By virtue of the Treaty, customary international law dictates that the default legal position is that the border of Malawi runs along the north-eastern shoreline of the Lake and is, in its entirety, under the sovereign control of Malawi. The onus is on Tanzania to demonstrate that the legal position established by the Treaty was amended to reflect that the border runs along the middle of the Lake and that the shoreline boundary is accordingly incorrect.