copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Koalou is a territory of Burkina Faso (Koalou, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-01): Crimes linked to exerting control over a territory/market including as a mediator and/or requesting a benefit in exchange for protection. [...] The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. [...] The illegal trade in non-renewable resources such as fuel, and to a lesser extent gold, is a major concern. Although there is little data on the illegal gold trade there have been reports of artisanal gold mining in the National Park Complex of W-Arly-Pendjari in the tri-border area between Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger and there are concerns that armed groups may seek to profit from these sites. The illicit fuel trade, which accounts for an extremely high percentage of the national demand for gasoline, is generated by purchasing legal, traditionally subsidized, fuel in Nigeria and transporting it illegally to Benin. The illicit fuel trade is also fed from oil bunkering, where oil is either illegally diverted from official flows, or illegally extracted, and sold on the black market. The illicit fuel trade plays a significant role in resourcing armed groups, which rely on fuel for their operations. The northeastern town of Malanville and the surrounding areas, as well as the disputed territory of Koalou/Kourou in northwest Benin, are primary storage points. Increased demand from armed groups has reportedly driven up prices in the area.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-17): Shipki La is a mountain pass and border post with a dozen buildings of significant size on the India-China border. The river Sutlej, which is called Langqên Zangbo in Tibet, enters India (from Tibet) near this pass.[1] A spur road on the Indian side rises to an altitude of 4,720 metres (15,490 ft) four km southwest of Shipki La. [...] The road from Tyak to Shipki is very dangerous and precipitous, sometimes consisting of a rather insecure scaffolding on the face of the cliff, hundreds of feet above the roaring torrent, and is suitable only for porters or goats as the path is often cut into the cliff and one has to bend double to proceed. After 4 miles there is a small village called Korang, and the Sutlej is crossed by bridge, the first since Toling. A mile farther on is Kiuk and, 3 miles past that, Shipki. ... The next day we found that it [our camp] was the other side of the village, and we passed it on our way to the Shipki La. This is the border village and there is a lumbardar (headman) here who speaks Urdu and can be very helpful. The Shipki La is 13,420 feet and is the border between Tibet and Bashahr State. As far as I know it is the lowest pass through the Himalaya and is open for a large part of the year: On the pass I rested and looked back to Tibet, just turning golden-brown in the morning sun. [...] - ^ "Shipki La". www.dangerousroads.org. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-04): It was observed: "The crossing of the Shipki-la pass by the Chinese Army personnel without visas and passports violates the Sino-Indian Agreement of April 29, 1954, in which the Shipki-la pass has been recognised as the border between India and Tibet region of China at that place." [...] He also mentioned that in the Indian protest to the Chinese Embassy, it should be stated that "in view of the fact that Shipki-la is clearly the border and is acknowledged as such even in our agreement with China, we consider any crossing of armed forces without our permission as aggression and we have to resist it." [...] Regarding Shipki La (pass), it was noted that it part of the Zanskar range, a well-defined watershed frontier, forms the boundary between Tibet and India on which the Shipki la is located: "The Shipki pass had been the traditional and customary boundary between the States of Bashahr (now part of the Himachal Pradesh State of India) and Guge which was incorporated in Tibet in 1720. This fact that Shipki Pass was always a part of Bashahr has been attested by travellers.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-17): The territory of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has frequently been revised since its formation on 1 October 1949. [...] See also [edit]- Land reclamations of the People's Republic of China - Borders of China - Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-25): Shipki La is a mountain pass and border post on the India-Tibet border. It is located in Kinnaur district in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, and Tibet Autonomous Region in the People’s Republic of China. Sutlej river enters India (from Tibet) through this pass. It is an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road. It is a border post for trade with China. The Shipki La pass is the third Indian border post for business and trade with Tibetian people after the border post of Nathu La located in Sikkim, and the Lipulekh border post in Uttarakhand state of India. Shipki La Pass is located very close to the village of Khab. Trade on the Shipki La Pass was re-established in 1993 after being shut in 1962 after a Chinese attack. Trade has also been badly affected by flash floods. At present this border post Shipki is used mainly for the small-scale local trade just across the border. The Special Permit is given only to the local traders to go to Shipki La Pass to do cross-border trade and Shipki La Pass is one of the three main Passes between India and China. This border no longer remains opened for non-resident people. In recent times travelers preferring to visit Tibet via land follow the route through Nepal. From year (2010), the Border Roads Organization (BRO) has been constructing a drivable way from the Indian side to join the tall pass.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-20): Located in South Asia, India is the largest country in the South Asian subcontinent and the second-most populous country in the world, with its capital in New Delhi. Most of the border areas between China and India are in Tibet, and a small portion is in Xinjiang. China and India are two big Asian countries neighboring with each other, and the border trade between Tibet in southwestern China and Sikkim(India) can go back to ancient times. As early as the Tubo Kingdom in the Tang Dynasty, there're trade contacts with India, which promoted political, religious, and cultural communications. Currently, there are three major gateways linking Tibet and India: Shipki La pass, Lipulekh pass, and Nathu La pass. Shipki La pass is a mountain pass and border post on the India-Tibet border. It is located in the Kinnaur district in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, and Tibet Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China. Sutlej River enters India (from Tibet) through this pass. By the way, it was a branch of the ancient Silk Road. Lipulekh pass is 5,340 meters above sea level and it connects Tibet with the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand in the Pithoragarh district in India.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-05): The People's Republic of China (PRC) (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國) is a one-party state in East Asia governed by the Communist Party of China (CPC). It was founded on 1 October 1949. It currently has more than 1.4 billion people (as of 2017).[3] It covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometers. [...] Geography [change | change source]The People's Republic of China is the third-[22] or fourth-largest[23] country in the world after Russia, Canada, and (in some sources) the United States and the second-largest by land area.[24] China has every kind of climate in the northern hemisphere except the polar climate. It is also the largest country without any land north of the Arctic Circle. China borders 14 nations, which is more than any other country in the world. It borders Vietnam, Laos, and Burma in Southeast Asia; India, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan[25] in South Asia; Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in Central Asia; a small section of Russian Altai and Mongolia in Inner Asia; and the Russian Far East and North Korea in Northeast Asia.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): The 1991 Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China stated that "the handling of people's rights and obligations and other affairs between the free area and the mainland can be specially stipulated by law", and used the legal term "mainland area" without defining its geographical boundaries.[22] The 1992 Regulations on the Relations between the People in Taiwan and the Mainland defined "Taiwan" as areas controlled by the ROC and "mainland" as "the territory of the Republic of China."[23] The related Cross-Strait Act called those under PRC jurisdiction - excluding those in Hong Kong and Macau - as "people of the mainland area", and used "free area of the Republic of China" to describe areas under ROC control.[24] The issue on the mainland's territory also stated in the Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 328 in 1993.[3][25] In 2012, the Supreme Court of the Republic of China's judgment #900 labeled the Macao Special Administrative Region as the "Mainland's Macau Area".[26] The 2002 amendments to the Implementation Rules of the Regulations on People Relations between Taiwan and mainland China defined the mainland as areas claimed but not controlled by the ROC, corresponding to "areas under control of the Chinese Communists" (within
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-01): Hint: Shipki La is a high mountain pass and border post on the India-China border, located in Kinnaur district in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, and Tibet Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China. In India, it is located before the villages of Khab and Nako in the Kinnaur district. Shipki La is a high altitude mountain pass of the Himalayas as well as a border post for trade on the India-China border. It is used for small- scale local trade across the border. It is situated in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh and Ngari Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China. It paves the way to the river Sutlej in India from Tibet where it is called Langqên Zangbo. Non- residents have no access to this pass. The Shipki La pass is the third Indian border post for business and trade with Tibetian people. [...] Note: Shipki La is a high altitude mountain pass of the Himalayas as well as a border post for trade on the India-China border. It is an important local trade route along with NathuLa in Sikkim, Lipulekh in Uttarakhand. River Sutlej enters through this pass in India. In Tibet, the river Sutlej is called Langqên Zangbo.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-04-30): Shipkila is a mountain pass and border post on the Republic of India-People's Republic of China border. It is through this pass which the river Sutlej enters India (from the Tibet Autonomous Region). It is located in Kinnaur District in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, and Tibet Autonomous provincial Region in People's Republic of China. The mountainous pass is India's third border post for trade with China after Nathula in Sikkim, and Lipulekh in Uttarakhand. The pass is close to town of Khab. Like other border passes along the Indo-Sino disputed border, it is cliamed by the Chinese and the border because of this is now no longer open for non-residents.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-06-09): Shipki La is a mountain pass and border post with a dozen buildings of significant size on the India-China border. The river Sutlej, which is called Langqên Zangbo in Tibet, enters India (from Tibet) near this pass.[1] A spur road on the Indian side rises to an altitude of 4,720 metres (15,490 ft) four km southwest of Shipki La. [...] The road from Tyak to Shipki is very dangerous and precipitous, sometimes consisting of a rather insecure scaffolding on the face of the cliff, hundreds of feet above the roaring torrent, and is suitable only for porters or goats as the path is often cut into the cliff and one has to bend double to proceed. After 4 miles there is a small village called Korang, and the Sutlej is crossed by bridge, the first since Toling. A mile farther on is Kiuk and, 3 miles past that, Shipki. ... The next day we found that it [our camp] was the other side of the village, and we passed it on our way to the Shipki La. This is the border village and there is a lumbardar (headman) here who speaks Urdu and can be very helpful. The Shipki La is 13,420 feet and is the border between Tibet and Bashahr State. As far as I know it is the lowest pass through the Himalaya and is open for a large part of the year: On the pass I rested and looked back to Tibet, just turning golden-brown in the morning sun.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Shipki La is one of the World's Most Treacherous Roads Shipki La is an international high mountain pass and border post on the India-China border, at an elevation of 3,954m (12,972ft) above sea level. The border is no longer open for non-residents. Where is Shipki La?
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-11-03): Shipki La is a mountain pass and border post on the India-Tibet border. It is located in Kinnaur district in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, and Tibet Autonomous Region in People’s Republic of China. Sutlej river enters India (from Tibet) through this pass. It is an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road. It is a border post for trade with China. The Shipki La pass is third Indian border post for business and trade with Tibetian people after the border post of Nathu La located in Sikkim, and the Lipulekh border post in Uttarakhand state of India. Shipki La pass is located very close to the village of Khab. Trade on the Shipki La Pass was re-established in 1993 after being shut in 1962 after Chinese attack. Trade has also been badly affected by flash floods. At present this border post Shipki is used mainly for the small-scale local trade just across the border. The Special Permit is given only to the local traders to go to Shipki La Pass to do cross border trade and Shipki La Pass is one of the three main Passes between India and China. This boarder is no more remained opened for nonresident people. In recent time travelers preferring to visit Tibet via land follow the route through Nepal. From year (2010), the Border Roads Organization (BRO) has been constructing a drivable way from the Indian side to join the tall pass.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-01): Pilgrims customarily visiting Lhasa may continue to do so in accordance with custom. Article IV Traders and Pilgrims of both countries may travel by the following passes and route : (1) Shipki La pass, (2) Mana pass, (3) Niti pass, (4) Kungri Bingri pass, (5) Darma pass and (6) Lipu Lekh pass. Also, the customary route leading to Tashigong along the valley of the Shangatsangpu (Indus) River may continue to be traversed in accordance with custom. Article V For travelling across the border, the High Contracting
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-22): Let us remember the basics to determine a border, as explained in the Report of the Officials of India and China in 1960/61; the Indian Report says: "In the Middle Sector both sides had referred to the watershed boundary and were clear as to where the watershed lay. In fact, the two alignments coincided for the most part along the main watershed. The Chinese alignment departed from it only at Gyuand Kauirik, Shipki, Nilang-Jadhang, Barahoti, Lapthal and Sangchamalla. All these departures from the watershed were also the points of divergence from the Indian alignment, and were, curiously enough, to the south and west, so as to include Indian territory in Tibet, and in no case the other way round. These isolated and small departures always in one direction were difficult to comprehend and emphasized that the correct traditional boundary lay along the watershed itself." [...] The Report of 1960 further noted: "In this sector the Chinese alignment are conformed for the most part to the traditional Indian alignment. Only in four areas did it diverge from the watershed to include certain pockets of Indian territory in China-the Spiti are (Chuva and Chuje), Shipki pass, the Nilang-Jadhang area (Sang and Tsungsha) and Barahoti (Wu-je) Sangchamalla and Lapthal. In this sector, therefore, it would be sufficient to prove the traditional and customary basis of the Indian alignment in these four areas."
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-21): In the subsequent year, both sides continued to build infrastructure along the border, supporting their claim to each territory. India sent 12,000 workers to develop Indian roads and infrastructure along the border, including a road infrastructure project in Ladakh. Meanwhile, China has been building villages along the eastern portion of the border, some of which are in Indian-claimed and Bhutan-claimed territories. Both sides continually claim that the opposite countries are amassing troops along the border and building defensive positions to fortify their claims to the regions. The issue is further complicated by the accusations and bold statements being pushed out by government officials and state-aligned media outlets from both countries.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-29): - It is a mountain pass in the Himalayas in the East Sikkim district. - It connects Sikkim to China’s Tibet Autonomous Region.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-27): Claude Arpi: On one side, it involves India’s sovereignty (Gilgit-Baltistan), but there is more: the entire Indo-Tibet border remains closed after 1962 (except for three landports at Shipki-la, Lipulekh-la and Nathu-la). If China was so interested to have India on board for its BRI, it would reopen the old traditional border posts between Tibet and North India (for example, the Demchok-Tashigang route between Ladakh and Western Tibet, Niti-la and Mana-la in Uttarakhand, Jelep-la between WB and Chumbi or Bumla and Kibithu in Arunachal Pradesh).
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-01-28): This is so because neither of the current points of border trade--Shipki La in Himachal Pradesh and Lipulekh in Uttaranchal--have motorable roads, while Changgu in Sikkim through the Nathula pass has a road already. [...] Interestingly, the details of the agreement released today show that China is well on its way to recognising Sikkim as an integral part of India. [...] In return, Renqinggang of the Tibet Autonomous Region has been chosen as the destination for China's border trade into India, and in another agreement signed by the two prime ministers it is explicitly stated that "the Indian side recognises that the Tibet Autonomous Region is part of the territory of the People's Republic of China".
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-01): - Zoji La is a high mountain pass located in the Kargil district of Ladakh. [...] - Shipki La - It is a mountain pass and border post on the India-Tibet border, located in the Kinnaur district in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, and Tibet Autonomous Region in the People’s Republic of China.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-05-09): Tsundue said there is a tendency in India to play down the Chinese incursion into Ladakh and the focus here is more on entertainment like movie and cricket. He said while the establishment often portrays as if nothing serious has happened and people in the mainland do not have any knowledge, the actual issue remains a serious one. He said China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) have been making efforts to enter the Indian territory through Ladakh. The poet-activist said Shipki La is perhaps turning out to be the next theatre of Chinese aggression. He regretted that India has always remained blind towards the huge Himalayan region. He said Indian writing never focuses on the Himalayan region and hence there is a tendency to take the Chinese incursions on a light note. Tsundue had spent three years in Chinese prison after he was intercepted by PLA border men while trying to sneak into Tibet. He was tortured and never succeeded to visit Tibet thereafter. He said New Delhi should have perceived China as an enemy instead of a strategic partner. The man has been undergoing a trial in an eight-year-old case in Bangalore related to protest on the Tibetan issue.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): People's Republic of China's position [edit]The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin. The Chinese Army controls most of the plains,[4] while India controls the western portion of the plains.[5] The dispute remains unresolved.[6]
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-05-15): The two sides recognized that enhancing border areas cooperation through border trade, pilgrimage by people of the two countries and other exchanges can effectively promote mutual trust, and agreed to further broaden this cooperation so as to transform the border into a bridge of cooperation and exchanges. The two sides agreed to hold negotiation on augmenting the list of traded commodities, and expand border trade at Nathu La, Qiangla/Lipu-Lekh Pass and Shipki La.
Claim: Shipki La is a territory of People's Republic of China (Shipki La, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-04): Although denial and underplaying of incidents on the Sino-Indian border was the general trend, at least on one occasion, the Indian government admitted the Chinese People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) intrusion into Indian territory. The PLA reportedly entered 10 km inside the Indian territory in eastern Ladakh and set up a platoon-sized camp on 15 April 2013.7 The incident preceded Chinese Premier Li Keqiang’s state visit to India on 19 May 2013.8 The April 2013 episode was not an innocent transgression; it was, by the Indian government’s own definition, an intrusion–an intentional and provocative breach of the LAC.9