copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-01): The border dispute between Djibouti and Eritrea over the Ras Doumeira peninsula and Doumeira Islands dates back to the colonial era and has roots in competing colonial interests between Italy and France in the Horn of Africa region. Despite intermittent attempts at resolution, the dispute continues to fester and remains a source of tension between the two countries. This article will provide an overview of the historical origins and key dimensions of the border dispute, analyze the impact it has had on relations between Djibouti and Eritrea, and assess expected and possible future developments. [...] The ongoing border dispute has proven to be a major impediment to normalizing relations between Eritrea and Djibouti. The countries have not had diplomatic relations since 2008.[15] Resolution of the issue via bilateral channels has been complicated by the hardened stances of both governments. The Afwerki and Gouled administrations insist on sovereignty over Ras Doumeira.[16] Litigating the dispute at the International Court of Justice also does not appear politically viable for either country.[17] [...] Strategically, the dispute fuels mutual suspicions between Asmara and Djibouti. The Ras Doumeira peninsula overlooks the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, a sensitive maritime chokepoint leading to the Suez Canal.[21] Djibouti hosts military bases for the U.S. and France, while Eritrea has cultivated closer ties to countries like Russia, Iran and China.[22] Each capital perceives motives to monitor or influence the other’s strategic outlook and external partnerships.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-01): When the European nations began to partition Africa among themselves in the late 19th century, France already possessed (from 1862) a coaling station at Obock near the mouth of the Red Sea. By the end of the 1880s, France had expanded its holdings to the area of present Djibouti, which was known as French Somaliland. In 1967 it was renamed the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas. [...] Djibouti’s somewhat acrimonious relationship with neighbouring Eritrea (a former Ethiopian province that had gained independence in 1993) worsened in April 2008 when Eritrea amassed troops along the Ras Doumeira border area of Djibouti; this action resulted in border skirmishes that in June led to the deaths of more than 30 people and injuries to many more. Eritrea’s actions were widely criticized, notably by the African Union, the United Nations Security Council, and the Arab League, and the UN Security Council imposed sanctions on Eritrea in 2009. Eritrean troops eventually left Djibouti in June 2010. Eritrea remained under UN sanctions until November 2018, when the Security Council agreed to lift them. This came on the heels of a September 2018 agreement between Djibouti and Eritrea to restore relations and was one of several rapprochements that occurred in 2018 among the various Horn of Africa countries, inspiring hope for a future of greater regional stability.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-11-24): The Doumeira Islands (Somali: Dumeera, Tigrinya: ዱሜራ, Arabic: دميرة) are situated northeast of Djibouti and east of Eritrea near the Bab el-Mandeb in the Red Sea. They consist of Doumeira, located less than one kilometer off of the Eritrean and Djiboutian shore, and the much smaller island of Kallîda, which is 250 metres (820 ft) to the east. The currently-in-force 1900 boundary agreement specifies that the international boundary starts at Cape Doumeira (Ras Doumeira) at the Red Sea and runs for 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) along the watershed divide of the peninsula. Furthermore, the 1900 protocol specified that Ile Doumeira (Doumeira Island) immediately offshore and its adjacent smaller islets would not be assigned sovereignty and would remain a demilitarized neutral zone.[1] In January 1935, Italy and France signed the Franco-Italian Agreement wherein, among other things, a strip of territory at the northernmost end of French Somaliland (Djibouti), including the Doumeira Islands, was ceded to Italy (Eritrea).[2] However, the question of ratification has brought this agreement, and its provision of substantial parts of Djibouti to Eritrea, into question.[3][4] In April 1996 the two countries almost went to war after a Djibouti official accused Eritrea of shelling Ras Doumeira.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-07-23): They have argued over ownership of the area called Ras Doumeira since the 1900s. They clashed in 2008, leading to several deaths. The UN Security Council responded by imposing sanctions an arms embargo on Eritrea over claims Asmara was financing trouble-makers in the Horn.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-03-09): Djiboutian territory without warning and seized Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island. A military confrontation initiated by Eritrea on 10 June 2008, the Complainant State alleges that thirty (30) Djiboutian soldiers were killed, one hundred and nineteen (119) were wounded and a further nineteen (19) Djiboutian military personnel, including one officer, were reported missing in action.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-12): Skirmishes broke out between the Eritrean and Ethiopian military periodically. Military hostilities with Djibouti escalated over ownership of the disputed territory of Ras Doumeira.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-07-04): July 3, 2008 (ADDIS ABABA) — The African union peace and security council urged Eritrea to immediately and unconditionally pull-out from the Djiboutian territory of Ras Doumeira and Doumeira areas where Eritrean troops are still active. In a communiqué the council issued after a report read by AU chairman, Jean Ping, the council strongly condemns Eritrea’s military actions against neighboring Djibouti and demanded an "urgent and unconditional" withdrawal from territories of Djibouti its military Occupies.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-05-10): Djibouti has accused Eritrean forces of digging trenches on both sides of the border, infringing several hundred metres (yards) on to Djiboutian territory. [...] In April 1996 they almost went to war after a Djibouti official accused Asmara of shelling the town of Ras Doumeira. And in 1999, Eritrea accused Djibouti of siding with Asmara’s arch-foe Ethiopia while Djibouti accused its neighbour of supporting Djiboutian rebels and having designs on the Ras Doumeira region, which Eritrea denied.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-20): 1946 - Djibouti made an overseas territory within the French Union with its own legislature and representation in the French parliament. [...] 1977 - The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas becomes independent as Djibouti with Hassan Gouled Aptidon as president. [...] Fighting with Eritrea 2008 June- Fighting breaks out between Djiboutian and Eritrean troops in the disputed Ras Doumeira border area. At least nine Djiboutian soldiers killed. US condemns Eritrean "aggression" but Eritrea denies launching an attack.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-12-16): On 14 January the Council adopted resolution 1862 in response to Eritrea’s continued refusal to withdraw its troops from the areas occupied when border clashes between Eritrea and Djibouti erupted in June 2008 (Ras Doumeira and Doumeira island) and acknowledge its border dispute with Djibouti. The Council gave Eritrea five weeks to comply with the demands of the resolution and requested a report from the Secretary-General within six weeks. The report, which was issued on 30 March, concluded that Eritrea had taken no action to withdraw its troops and had refused to engage with the Secretary-General’s good offices. The Council at that time deferred taking any follow-up action in spite of Eritrea’s continuing lack of cooperation and non-compliance with the Council’s demands.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-18): BORDER SECURITY IN AFRICA: AN APPRAISAL OF TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CASE OF THE DJIBOUTI AND ERITREA BORDER CRISIS 2008 This study is based on the problem that colonial demarcated undetermined borders of most African territories, still create tension along border regions threatening border security. This paper emphasizes the concept of border security in terms of territorial sovereignty concerns. This paper seeks to analyze what territorial sovereignty implies in the case of the Djibouti and Eritrea border crisis over the territory of Ras Doumeira. Other sub-elements to be analyzed include the extent that territorial boundaries become threatened and treated as a border security issue. The degree at which a breach of physical boundaries invite international reaction. Highlighting the use of spatial analysis this paper contends that the implementation of territorial borders in Africa does not exactly define the position of linear border demarcations, particularly in the case of the Djibouti and Eritrea border crisis. Therefore this paper exerts that the position at which a state exercises political domination over a given space of territory in rival of another state, delineated by a common separated line, determines the extent of the state to call it as its border. It other words the coercion in which a state lays claim to a territory determines the border in the reality of international relations.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-09): After a border dispute in 1898, France and Italy signed a Protocol Agreement on 24 July 1900. This protocol defined the north-eastern section of the border as running from the northernmost tip of Ras Doumeira on the Red Sea coast, through the watershed along the peninsula for approximately 18 kilometres and then heading along a straight line – delimited by the 1901 protocol but never marked – towards the southwest to Bissidiro on the banks of the We'ima (Oueima) River.Footnote 4 Under this protocol, Ras Doumeira fell under the territory of what is now Djibouti. Article 3 of the 1900 protocol further provided that until France and Italy could resolve the issue of which state would hold sovereignty over the Doumeira Islands and the unnamed adjacent islands, both colonial powers would refrain from attempting to occupy them and would prevent any third party from occupying them. Article 2 of this protocol provided for a special commission to delimit the boundary inland from Ras Doumeira.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-06-24): Members of the Security Council this afternoon urged the withdrawal of Eritrean and Djiboutian troops from a disputed area in Ras Doumeira on the Red Sea coast and called for dialogue between the two Horn of African countries to avert further escalation of the border crisis that had flared this month. [...] According to local Somali radio, Eritrea had reportedly deployed heavy military equipment in Ras Doumeira, north-east of Obock. Another source reported a reinforcement of Eritrean troops near the town of Daddato, located north-west of Obock. That might indicate tension, both towards the north-west and north-east of Djibouti. A Somali newspaper had reported that an Eritrean gunboat had been sunk after being hit by a missile on 15 June. It was not known whether the missile had been fired by a French warship or the Djibouti navy. Press and other sources reported that Djibouti forces had regrouped at the border, while others had said they had retreated out of range of Eritrean mortars. Ethiopian troops were also reported to be at the border. [...] YAHYA MAHMASSANI, Permanent Observer of the League of Arab States, said that the Government of Djibouti had been informing the League, starting in February, of a gradual amassing of Eritrean troops along the border between the two countries. It had also reported incursions on the Djibouti side in an area overlooking the Red Sea. In response, the League had sent a fact-finding mission to the Ras Doumeira region in May, where it had met with officials from Djibouti. Meetings had also been sought with Eritrean officials, but there had been no response.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-12-30): Eritrea–Djibouti Border (June 11): The United States condemns Eritrea’s military aggression against Djibouti in the vicinity of the border between the two countries at Ras Doumeira. Full text
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-06-13): The UN Security Council has condemned Eritrea for killing at least six soldiers during border raids against Djibouti. The attacks were carried out at Ras Doumeira, a strategic territory both countries claim as their own. [...] The Security Council "condemns Eritrea's military action against Djibouti in Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island," read the declaration, adopted unanimously. Ras Doumeira, in northern Djibouti, is a strategic promontory overlooking the Red Sea.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-06-20): The conflict between the two countries centers on a remote area, Ras Doumeira, the status of which has been a matter of dispute for decades. Tensions first flared up in 1996, when the two countries almost went to war after a Djiboutian official claimed that Eritrea had shelled Ras Doumeira; the matter de-escalated after Eritrea withdrew troops from the area, according to a 2008 paper by the Institute for Security Studies, an African think tank. But 12 years later, the two sides did descend into fighting, albeit briefly. Djibouti accused Eritrea of digging trenches at Ras Doumeira and of stationing troops in its territory. The conflict erupted in June 2008: According to Djibouti, it was triggered when several Eritrean soldiers deserted into Djiboutian territory and failed to return. The number of dead on both sides was unclear, but the U.S. blamed Eritrea for starting the conflict, accusing it of "military aggression." France also backed Djibouti in the conflict, providing medical, logistical and intelligence support." [...] Djibouti says that Eritrea has swooped in to occupy Ras Doumeira following the Qatari pullout. Djibouti's ambassador to Ethiopia, Mohammed Idriss Farah, told the AP that Eritrean forces had "moved in right after the peacekeepers left" and occupied the mountainous region. Djibouti lodged a complaint with the African Union (AU) and the United Nations received correspondence from both sides.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-04-18): 1946 - Djibouti made an overseas territory within the French Union with its own legislature and representation in the French parliament. [...] 1977 - The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas becomes independent as Djibouti with Hassan Gouled Aptidon as president. France retains a significant military base in Djibouti after independence. [...] 2008 - Fighting between Djiboutian and Eritrean troops in the disputed Ras Doumeira border area. Both countries agree to resolve their border dispute peacefully in 2010.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-29): Turning to the tense standoff with Eritrean forces in the north of Djibouti, he said the Security Council had consistently condemned Eritrea’s forceful occupation of his country’s territory, Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island, and in Council resolution 1862 (2009), had demanded, among other things, that Eritrea withdraw it forces and military hardware to locations prior to the standoff.
Claim: Ras Doumeira is a territory of Djibouti (Ras Doumeira, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-06-10): The fighting is the first since Djibouti accused Eritrean forces of digging trenches on both sides of the border, infringing several hundred metres on to Djiboutian territory, an accusation Asmara has vehemently denied. [...] In April 1996 they almost went to war after a Djibouti official accused Eritrea of shelling the town of Ras Doumeira. And in 1999, Eritrea accused Djibouti of siding with Asmara’s rival Ethiopia, while Djibouti accused its neighbour of supporting Djiboutian rebels and having designs on the Ras Doumeira region.
Claim: Sarych is a territory of Brunei (Sarych, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Brunei,[b] officially Brunei Darussalam,[c][d] is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2023[update], the country had a population of 455,858,[11] of whom approximately 180,000 resided in the capital and largest city of Bandar Seri Begawan. Its official language is Malay and Islam is the state religion of the country, although other religions are nominally tolerated. The government of Brunei is a constitutional absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia. [...] Brunei is a southeast Asian country consisting of two unconnected parts with a total area of 5,765 square kilometres (2,226 sq mi) on the island of Borneo. It has 161 kilometres (100 mi) of coastline next to the South China Sea, and it shares a 381 km (237 mi) border with Malaysia. It has 500 square kilometres (193 sq mi) of territorial waters, and a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone.[71] [...] - ^ Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: نݢارا بروني دارالسلام, lit. 'State of Brunei, the Abode of Peace'[17]
Claim: Sarych is a territory of Brunei (Sarych, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-04): Brunei is a small, oil-rich sultanate of less than half a million people, making it the smallest country in Southeast Asia by population. Its total fertility rate – the average number of births per woman – has been steadily declining over the last few decades, from over 3.5 in the 1980s to below replacement level today at nearly 1.8. The trend is due to women’s increased years of education and participation in the workforce, which have resulted in later marriages and fewer children. Yet, the population continues to grow because of the large number of women of reproductive age and a reliance on foreign labor – mainly from Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and South Asian countries – to fill low-skilled jobs.
Claim: Sarych is a territory of Brunei (Sarych, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-11): Officially known as the State of Brunei Darussalam, Abode of Peace, or Negara Brunei Darussalam, Brunei is an independent and constitutional Islamic sultanate on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Brunei’s ruling monarch, or sultan, serves as head of state. The sultan appoints ministers to serve on five Constitutional Councils, which advise and assist him in governing. An appointed chief minister oversees the work of the councils and exercises the government’s executive authority. One of the five councils, the Legislative Council, is designated as Brunei’s parliament. The Legislative Council is expected to transition gradually from an appointed to an elected body. Brunei’s Supreme Court hears appeals from lower courts and heads the country’s judicial branch of government.
Claim: Sarych is a territory of Brunei (Sarych, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-01-01): The second ruler was Sultan Ahmad, followed by a third Arab Sultan, Sharif Ali, considered to be a descendant of the Prophet Mohammad. Also known as Sultan Berkat, he married the daughter of Sultan Ahmad and consolidated the monarchy with the Islamic faith. Following him was Sultan Sulaiman, who was succeeded by the most renowned ruler in Brunei's early history, Sultan Bolkiah. Under the rule of Sultan Bolkiah, Brunei began to expand into an empire, with territorial holdings that would eventually encompass the island of Borneo and parts of the Philippines.
Claim: Sarych is a territory of Brunei (Sarych, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-19): Bendahara Sakam (a Badjao) son of Sultan Abdul Kahar of Brunei , Datu Lakandula, Raja Sulaiman and Raja Matanda of Manila descendent, assisted Sultan Saiful Rijal in reclaiming his throne, and also repelled the attack of the Spaniards on Brunei during the Castilian War of 1578.
Claim: Sarych is a territory of Brunei (Sarych, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-28): Sarych 44°23′14″N 33°44′17″E / 44.38722°N 33.73806°E Sarych (Ukrainian: Са́рич; Russian: Са́рыч; Crimean Tatar: Sarıç) is a headland located on the shore of the Black Sea at the southern extremity of the Crimean Peninsula. [...] History [edit]Ancient [edit]The area presently known as Sarych was first referenced as Kriou metopon or Criu metopon (Ancient Greek: Κριοῦ μέτωπον), which means "ram's forehead" in Greek.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Claim: Sarych is a territory of Brunei (Sarych, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-27): Brunei Darussalam (henceforth Brunei) is a small country about 5 degrees north of the equator on the northern coast of Borneo, an island it shares with the East Malaysian states of Sarawak and Sabah and the Indonesian territory of Kalimantan.
Claim: Sarych is a territory of Brunei (Sarych, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-07): While the Sulu claim rests on the treaty signed by Sultan Jamalul Alam of Sulu appointing Baron de Overbeck as Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan on 22 January 1878, a further, earlier treaty signed by Sultan Abdul Momin of Brunei appointed Baron de Overbeck as the Maharaja Sabah, Rajah Gaya and Sandakan. This was signed on 29 December 1877, and granted the territories of Paitan as far as the Sibuco River,[29] which overlaps the Sulu Sultanate's claim of their dominion in Sabah.[23]
Claim: Sarych is a territory of Brunei (Sarych, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-28): Brunei is an incredibly small country that covers an area of 5,765 sq. km (2,226 sq mi) on the island of Borneo. It has a 161 km (100 mi) coastline along the South China Sea. It can be seen on the map above that Brunei is divided into two non-contiguous territories that are separated by the Malaysian State of Sarawak. Brunei shares two separate borders with Malaysia. [...] Brunei Darussalam (officially, Nation of Brunei) is divided into 4 districts. In alphabetical order, these districts are: Belait, Brunei dan Muara, Temburong and Tutong. These districts are further divided into 38 sub-districts and several smaller subdivisions of villages (kampong) and municipalities (bandaran). [...] The country of Brunei is located along the northern coast of the Borneo Island in Southeast Asia. It is situated both in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth. Brunei is bordered by the South China Sea in the north and on all other sides by Malaysia. Brunei is divided into two non-contiguous parts by a portion of the Malaysian State of Sarawak. Brunei shares its maritime borders with China and Malaysia.