copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-20): Much of Venezuela is ungoverned or ill-governed—allowing drug trafficking, illegal gold mining, and other criminal activities to spread to neighboring countries. Corrupt Venezuelans and other criminals use Venezuela's permissive environment to generate illicit income and then move the assets to hide where they came from. [...] Much of Venezuela is ungoverned, undergoverned, or ill governed, according to the Department of State. In 2019, the U.S. ceased to recognize Nicolás Maduro as Venezuela's president and suspended embassy operations in Venezuela, according to State. U.S. agencies have indicated that the illegitimate Maduro regime allows and tolerates the use of its territory by transnational criminal organizations (TCO), including U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organizations, for drug trafficking and other criminal enterprises. According to the 2022 Caribbean Border Counternarcotics Strategy, the ongoing political instability in Venezuela provides a permissive smuggling environment for TCOs, and Venezuela’s corrupt political and security infrastructure enables officials to participate in, and profit from, these illicit activities.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-09-11): A long standing border dispute between Colombia and Venezuela over the area known as the Gulf of Venezuela, or Gulf of Coquibacoa,[1] resurfaced when the recent decree of President Nicolás Maduro established this area as an "operating maritime and insular zone of integral defense."[2] On May 26, after the Guyanese government contracted ExxonMobil to look for offshore oil in an area that Caracas claims as its own, Maduro took measures to establish Venezuela’s sovereignty over several areas, including the aforementioned, through Decree 1.787. As a result, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Colombia, María Ángela Holguin, delivered a note of protest to the Venezuelan government regarding the decree’s implicit claim over the area, in dispute for at least 200 years. A historical review of the dispute helps to put the current situation in context. Ever since Gran Colombia, the post-colonial state that encompassed Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Panama, dissolved in 1831, both Venezuela and Colombia have failed to agree on the limits of their territorial waters over the Gulf, specifically Los Monjes islets. The countries have referred to different historical documents and theses to justify their claims to this area. While Colombia insists Los Monjes is within its territorial waters, Venezuela claims it as an extension of its own continental shelf. [3] [...] Featured Photo: Satellite image of Guajira Peninsula and Gulf of Venezuela. From: Jeff Schmaltz.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-09): "There are two ruling that have left a deep mark on Venezuela’s territorial identity," says Lauren Caballero, internationalist and analyst at the Central University of Venezuela. "The 1891 ruling, which defined the definitive border between Venezuela and Colombia and the almost total loss of the La Guajira peninsula, and the Paris Arbitral Award of 1899, which resulted in the loss of the Essequibo. These two events have somehow generated a kind of trauma in the conscience of generations of Venezuelans, to the point that diplomacy in Caracas avoided during almost the entire 20th century to commit itself to any international treaty that would oblige it to settle its territorial delimitation with third parties". The famous "landmark of Castilletes", after the delimitation that resulted in the loss of almost the entire La Guajira peninsula, is the starting point of the famous dispute over the Gulf of Venezuela - controlled by Venezuela, but claimed in part by Colombia - which for years was the one that monopolized all the news headlines in those years, with some peaks of diplomatic and military binational tension included. [...] "Venezuela has lost a fifth of its territory since the times of the Captaincy General," adds Kenneth Ramírez. "As the poet Andrés Eloy Blanco rightly stated in a famous parliamentary speech in 1941, it did so without firing a single shot. It is natural that there is a sensitivity to the issue of borders. And it has been, once again, the diplomatic mistakes of the Maduro government that have us in this situation, refusing to attend the International Court of Justice".
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-05-23): To assess the scale and cultural component of this use, we interviewed 35 residents from the southwestern coast of the Gulf of Venezuela (Venezuelan part of the Guajira Peninsula), using a combination of in-depth and semi-structured interviews. We carried out a field and detailed market-based observations on the Guajira Peninsula to detect the sale and use of marine turtle products. We focused on three main categories of use; the type of product, routes of trade, and the price of products. [...] The selected ports and public markets were located along the southwestern coast of the Gulf of Venezuela (GV), from Castilletes (11.8483 N; 71.3240 W) to Zapara Island (10.9549 N; 71.5290 W) (Fig. 1). In each locality the surrounding populated areas often lacked basic amenities, such as access to clean water supply, sewage service, and house-hold electricity (although in Paraguaipoa, San Rafael del Moján, and Maracaibo electricity is considered more reliable).
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-09): Venezuelan state-owned PDVSA and the Nigerian capital company Veneoranto Petroleum Ltd. signed an agreement to develop two natural gas prospects in the areas of Barracuda, located in territorial waters of the Gulf of Venezuela bordering Colombia, and Boca de Serpiente, located in Delta Amacuro state, bordering a territory under claim by Guyana. [...] Th offshore prospect called Barracuda in the Gulf of Venezuela, is estimated to have reserves of 20 Tcf of natural gas and about 2 trillion barrels of condensate, according to available official information. [...] PDVSA is seeking investors for 25 development opportunities in offshore Gulf of Venezuela waters, which have the advantage of nearby onshore infrastructure, the Paraguaná Peninsula, where the two major refineries Amuay and Cardón are located, according to previous reports.
Claim: Gulf of Venezuela is a territory of Venezuela (Gulf of Venezuela, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-12): The Federal Dependencies of Venezuela (Spanish: Dependencias Federales de Venezuela) encompass most of Venezuela's offshore islands in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Venezuela, excluding those islands that form the State of Nueva Esparta and some Caribbean coastal islands that are integrated with nearby states. These islands, with a total area of 342 square kilometres, are sparsely populated – according to the preliminary results of the 2011 Census only 2,155 people live there permanently, with another hundred from Margarita Island who live there seasonally to engage in fishing. Local government is officially under the authority of Central government in Caracas, although de facto power is often held by the heads of the sparse and somewhat isolated communities that decorate the territories.[1][2][3][4]
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-16): The Los Monjes islands (Spanish: Archipiélago Los Monjes)[1] is a federal dependency[2] of Venezuela[3] are located to the northwest 80 kilometres (49.7 miles) of the Gulf of Venezuela, 34.8 kilometres (21.6 miles) off the coast of Guajira Peninsula at the border between Colombia and the Venezuelan state of Zulia.[4][5] [...] In 1952, the Colombian president in charge, Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez, through his foreign minister Juan Uribe Holguín, in response to a claim by Venezuela, recognized Venezuelan sovereignty over Los Monjes[6][7] through a diplomatic note[8] (GM-542): "The Government of Colombia declares that it does not object to the sovereignty of the United States of Venezuela over the Los Monjes Archipelago and that consequently it does not object to the exercise of that sovereignty, or to any act of claim that it may make with respect to the exercise of that sovereignty, or to any act of domination by that country over the archipelago in question."
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Los Monjes islands, a federal dependency of [...] *Monjes del Sur (coord|12|22|N|70|54|W) consists of the two largest islands, connected by an artificial dam. The southern of the two islands reaches a hight of 70 m and has alighthouse . *Monje del Este (coord|12|24|N|70|51|W), a small rock 5.3 km northeast of Monjes del Sur, reaches a height of 43 m *Monjes del Norte (coord|12|30|N|70|55|W), is 12.3 kmNNE of Monjes del Este, and consists of five small rocks, the largest one of which reaches a height of 41 m.External links * [http://www.hfdx.org/Monjes/monjes1.html photographs and information material]
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-09-11): A historical review of the dispute helps to put the current situation in context. Ever since Gran Colombia, the post-colonial state that encompassed Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Panama, dissolved in 1831, both Venezuela and Colombia have failed to agree on the limits of their territorial waters over the Gulf, specifically Los Monjes islets. The countries have referred to different historical documents and theses to justify their claims to this area. While Colombia insists Los Monjes is within its territorial waters, Venezuela claims it as an extension of its own continental shelf. [3] Territorial waters, as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, are the belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) from the baseline of a coastal state. Likewise, the convention defined continental shield extensions as the portion of the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit. Consequently, both countries claim different rights over the area: Colombia argues that the islets, located at 20 nautical miles from the Colombian shores, cannot be considered as part of the continental shelf. Thus, the Colombian thesis establishes a boundary using the middle-line principle between the mainland territories of the two countries, thus recognizing Los Monjes as an enclave within the Colombian territorial sea. Meanwhile, Venezuela’s thesis is that the islets are an extension of its border thus applying the middle-line principle between the La Guajira peninsula (Colombian territory) and Los Monjes. [4]
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-27): The Los Monjes islands (Spanish: Archipiélago Los Monjes)[1] is a federal dependency[2] of Venezuela[3] are located to the northwest 80 kilometres (49.7 miles) of the Gulf of Venezuela, 34.8 kilometres (21.6 miles) off the coast of Guajira Peninsula at the border between Colombia and the Venezuelan state of Zulia.[4][5] [...] In 1952, the Colombian president in charge, Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez, through his foreign minister Juan Uribe Holguín, in response to a claim by Venezuela, recognized Venezuelan sovereignty over Los Monjes[6][7] through a diplomatic note[8] (GM-542): [...] - ^ Hernández Caballero, Serafín (Editor). 1998: Gran Enciclopedia de Venezuela. Editorial Globe, C.A. Caracas. 10 volúmenes. ISBN 980-6427-00-9 ISBN 980-6427-10-6 - ^ "Archipiélago Los Monjes". a-venezuela. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-02-04): In 1952, the Colombian president in charge, Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez, through his foreign minister Juan Uribe Holguín, in response to a claim by Venezuela, recognized Venezuelan sovereignty over Los Monjes[6][7] through a diplomatic note[8] (GM-542): "The Government of Colombia declares that it does not object to the sovereignty of the United States of Venezuela over the Los Monjes Archipelago and that consequently it does not object to the exercise of that sovereignty, or to any act of claim that it may make with respect to the exercise of that sovereignty, or to any act of domination by that country over the archipelago in question." [...] On March 31, 1978, the Maritime Boundary Treaty between the Netherlands and Venezuela was signed, establishing the maritime border between Venezuela and the island of Aruba, which at that time belonged to the Netherlands Antilles, using the Los Monjes archipelago as a reference base.
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): "I have the honour to inform you of the receipt of your letter No # of today's date, setting forth the conclusions that the Government of Colombia has reached with regard to the Los Monjes archipelago, as a result of the cordial talks which the Governments of our two countries have held on that subject in recent months through our embassies in Bogotá and Caracas "On the basis of this past history, the Government of Colombia hereby declares that it does not oppose the sovereignty of the United States of Venezuela over the Los Monjes archipelago, and that therefore it does not oppose nor does it wish to make any claim concerning the exercise of such sovereignty or any act by Venezuela asserting control over the archipelago in question. [...] "On the basis of this past history, the Government of Colombia hereby declares that it does not oppose the sovereignty of the United States of Venezuela over the Los Monjes archipelago, and that therefore it does not oppose nor does it wish to make any claim concerning the exercise of such sovereignty or any act by Venezuela asserting control over the archipelago in question "I have the honour to inform you of the receipt of your letter No. GM‐542 of today’s date, setting forth the conclusions that the Government of Colombia has reached with regard to the Los Monjes archipelago, as a result of the cordial talks which the Governments of our two countries have held on that subject in recent months through our embassies in Bogotá and Caracas.
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-20): Los Monjes Archipelago facts for kids The Los Monjes islands (Spanish: Archipiélago Los Monjes) is a federal dependency of Venezuela are located to the northwest 80 kilometres (49.7 miles) of the Gulf of Venezuela, 34.8 kilometres (21.6 miles) off the coast of Guajira Peninsula at the border between Colombia and the Venezuelan state of Zulia. [...] "The Government of Colombia declares that it does not object to the sovereignty of the United States of Venezuela over the Los Monjes Archipelago and that consequently it does not object to the exercise of that sovereignty, or to any act of claim that it may make with respect to the exercise of that sovereignty, or to any act of domination by that country over the archipelago in question."
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-22): En 1934 Alfonso López Pumarejo basado en lo anterior publicó un libro intitulado Límites de Colombia, en el cual dice que "pertenecen también a Colombia las islas y cayos llamados los Monjes y todas las demás islas, islotes, cayos, morros y bancos que se hallan próximos a las costas". El libro es reeditado en 1944 con el mismo título y el mismo texto trascrito, incluyendo a Los Monjes como parte del territorio colombiano, Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista venezolano se trató de publicaciones privadas sin valor legal. [...] COLOMBIA NO RECLAMARÁ LOS MONJESColombia no objetará la soberanía venezolana sobre el archipiélago de Los Monjes, cedidos hace 40 años por el entonces Canciller Juan Uribe Holguín. Es más, el gobierno del presidente Gaviria sigue dispuesto a reconocer formalmente, mediante un tratado público, la soberanía del vecino país sobre esos islotes. [...] Geografía [editar]Los Monjes 12°21′N 70°55′O / 12.350, -70.917 están integrados por 9 islas[6] subdivididas en tres grupos en las que solo existe presencia permanente de efectivos militares venezolanos y esporádica de pescadores, posee escasa vegetación propia y están situados en el mar Caribe a escasas 31 km de la península de la Guajira que comparten Colombia y Venezuela.
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-04-30): The Los Monjes islands, a federal dependency of Venezuela, are located to the northwest of the Gulf of Venezuela, 34.8 kilometres (21.6 miles) off the coast of Guajira Peninsula, at the border between Colombia and the Venezuelan state of Zulia.[1][2] [...] - Monjes del Sur (12°22′N 70°54′W / 12.367°N 70.900°W) consists of the two largest islands, connected by an artificial dam. The southern of the two islands reaches a height of 70 metres (230 ft) and has a lighthouse. [...] - Monjes del Norte (12°30′N 70°55′W / 12.500°N 70.917°W), is 12.3 km (7.6 mi) NNE of Monjes del Este, and consists of five small rocks, the largest one of which reaches a height of 41 metres (135 ft).
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-11-12): The Los Monjes islands, a federal dependency of Venezuela, are located to the northwest of the Gulf of Venezuela, 34.8 km off the coast of Paraguana Peninsula, at the border between Colombia and the Venezuelan state of Zulia. [...] Monjes del Sur consists of the two largest islands, connected by an artificial dam. The southern of the two islands reaches a height of 70 m and has a lighthouse. [...] This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Los Monjes Archipelago
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The Los Monjes Archipelago This Venezuelan archipelago, 0.2 km2 in area, is situated at the mouth of the Gulf of Venezuela, 35 km from the Guajira Peninsula (Colombia) and 45 km to the northeast of the state of Zulia (Venezuela). It is made up of three groups of uninhabited rocks and islets (except for a Venezuelan garrison) and without vegetation: South Monjes (70 m in altitude), East Monjes (43 m) and North Monjes (41 m). In 1833 (Treaty of Michelena Pombo), Venezuela recognises Colombia's claim to the larger part of the Guajira Peninsula... but the Venezuelan Congress refuses to ratify it. In 1891, arbitration by the Spanish Queen, Maria Christina, recognises Colombia's right to the largest part of Guajira based on the decrees (‘cedulas') of 1777 and 1790 by which the region was divided. This position is further confirmed in 1922 as a result of Swiss arbitration. But it is only in 1952 that the Colombian President, Roberto Urdaneta Arbalaez recognises Venezuela's sovereignty over the Los Monjes Islands, where a Venezuela is now established. The problem however is not totally resolved: in 1987, the arrival of a Venezuelan frigate provokes a sudden mounting of tension and military mobilisation. More recently, Venezuela has constructed fishing installations in order to exploit the local resource base.
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-01-01): This climate is extremely hot and dry, with brief and very scarce rains. In many cases, the soil lacks vegetable cover. It is found in some federal dependencies, like the Los Monjes, La Tortuga and La Orchila archipelagos and, largely, the Araya Peninsula (Sucre state). [...] Insular Region: This consists of the Nueva Esparta state and federal territories, with an administrative base at La Asuncion , capital city of the state of Nueva Esparta . The region is the smallest in the country, its main feature is its condition of being composed of islands of small size . The climate is tropical warm. The islands and archipelagos of the Venezuelan Caribbean have a diverse and lush vegetation as the rest of the islands of the southern Caribbean Sea , where alternate tropical forest ecosystems , mangrove forests and semi - desert areas. Tourism is developed in most of the islands and is the main income for this region . Destinations are recognized internationally for its beautiful beaches and landscapes: La Isla Margarita , Los Roques and Mochima name a few. The island arc covers a total of 311 islands that form a line parallel to the coast. The soils are formed from igneous , metamorphic , very old and eroded rocks exposed to the surface between them are the Monks Archipelago , Archipelago Los Roques , Isla Orchila Island Blanquilla Island Brothers , and Los Frailes Archipelago Witnesses archipelago .
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-01): Colombia in December 2007, ICJ allocated San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but did not rule on 82 degrees W meridian as maritime boundary with Nicaragua; managed dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all neighboring borders and have caused Colombian citizens to flee mostly into neighboring countries; Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and the US assert various claims to Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Bank [...] Venezuela-Colombia: dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; the border between the two countries was closed from March 2020 to October 2021 due to COVID, but goods and people fleeing poverty and violence continued to be smuggled from Venezuela into Colombia, and illegal narcotics and armed men flowed into Venezuela from Colombia; since the FARC disarmed in 2016, some former members have formed armed dissident groups that operate along the border
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-02): Los Monjes Archipelago (Archipiélago Los Monjes), Orchila Island (Isla La Orchila), Los Testigos Islands (Islas Los Testigos) [...] Los Hermanos Archipelago (Islas Los Hermanos), Los Monjes Archipelago (Archipiélago Los Monjes),
Claim: Los Monjes Archipelago is a territory of Colombia (Los Monjes Archipelago, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-25): COLOMBIA: Archipelago of San Andres and Providencia [...] PANAMA: Kuna Yala Islands (more than 1300 islands) and Bocas del Toro Archipelago (approximately 300 islands) VENEZUELA: Blanquilla Island, Coche Island, Cubagua Island, Isla Aves, Islas Los Frailes, Isla Margarita, Isla de Patos, La Sola Island, La Tortuga Island, La Orchila, Las Aves Archipelago, Los Monjes Archipelago, Los Hermanos Archipelago, Los Roques Archipelago and Los Testigos Islands