copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-01-27): The "Sipadan and Ligitan" dispute was settled by the ICJ (2002), but its impact on basepoint for baseline and maritime delimitation on the Ambalat remains a contentious issue until now. Since the islands are used as basepoints by Malaysia that results in controversy between Indonesia and Malaysia. This essay will investigate the current situation over Ambalat regarding two basepoints islands for maintaining Equidistance Line in Disputed Area. It will discuss why Malaysia has no right to use the straight baseline or straight archipelagic baseline to connect the basepoints of Sipadan and Ligitan at Sabah and suggest measures to maintain equidistance line in Ambalat. [...] I. Parlina, RI to query Malaysian manuevers near Ambalat, JakartaPost, June 16, 2015, available athttp://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/06/16/ri-query-malaysian-manuevers-near-ambalat.html (last visited on May 8, 2017). [...] A. Pratama, Indonesian Army is Anggry, Malaysia’s Military Aircraft Enters Ambalat 9 Times (TNI Geram,Pesawat Tempur Malaysia Masuk Ambalat 9 Kali) < available only in Malay language > CNN Indonesia, June 17, 2015.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-06-14): Ambalat is a sea block in the Celebes sea located off the east coast of Borneo. It lies to the east of the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan and to the south-east of the Malaysian state of Sabah, and it is the subject of a territorial dispute between the two nations. Malaysia refers to part of the Ambalat block as Block ND6 (formerly Block Y) and part of East Ambalat Block as Block ND7 (formerly Block Z). The deep sea blocks contain an estimated 62,000,000 barrels (9,900,000 m3) of oil and 348 million cubic meters of natural gas. Other estimates place it substantially higher: 764,000,000 barrels (121,500,000 m3) of oil and 3.96 × 1010 cubic meters (1.4 trillion cubic feet) of gas, in only one of nine points in Ambalat.[1] The dispute over the Ambalat stretch of the Celebes Sea began with the publication of a map produced by Malaysia in 1979 showing its territorial waters and continental shelf. The map drew Malaysia's maritime boundary running in a southeast direction in the Celebes Sea from the eastmost point of the Indonesia-Malaysia land border on the eastern shore of Sebatik island, thus including the Ambalat blocks, or at least a large portion of it, within Malaysian territorial waters. Indonesia has, like the other neighbours of Malaysia, objected to the map.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-02-14): Maritime boundary issues have become a constraint in the relations between Indonesia and its neighboring countries, including Malaysia. One of the pending issues regarding the overlapping maritime boundary which is not yet to be resolved is the Ambalat area. The primary purpose of this research is to suggest possible senarios to resolve the maritime delimitation dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia around Ambalt peacefully under international law. This article is prepared to explore all available ways for the peaceful settlement on Ambalat issue. The author will examine the diplomatic channel, ASEAN Way dispute settlement mechanism, adjudication process (litigation and arbitration), and dispute settlement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. He will also epropose other innovative approach, such like Joint Development Zone. The result of such examination can be used as considerations for the way forward. [...] Berita Satu, Malaysian Prime Minister Give the First Diplomatic Home Work to Jokowi-Ambalat [PM Malaysia beri PR Diplomasi Pertama Jokowi-Ambalat], BERITA SATU.COM, Oct. 21, 2014. [...] Supancana, I.B.R. (2022). Maritime Boundary Disputes Between Indonesia and Malaysia in the Area of Ambalat Block: Some Optional Scenarios for Peaceful Settlement.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-01): The Ambalat block dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia has been the most controversial issue between the two countries since konfrontasi came to an end in 1966. The dispute arose from the two country’s overlapping claims to sovereign rights in the oil rich Ambalat region and intensified in the first decade of the twenty-first century when a naval stand-off between the two sides threatened to escalate the dispute into a military conflict. However, numerous measures, practices and approaches were used to manage, although not resolve, the dispute peacefully. The chapter provides a comprehensive background to the origins and development of the dispute, the factors driving its escalation and subsequent de-escalation, and discusses the various short, medium and long-term management conflict mechanisms employed by the two sides that have mitigated their incompatibilities and successfully circumvented conflict. [...] Liputan6. (2005). Soal Ambalat, Presiden SBY mengontak PM Malaysia. http://news.liputan6.com/read/97047/soal-ambalat-presiden-sby-mengontak-pm-malaysia. Accessed June 15, 2015. [...] Mattangkilang, T. (2013, June 17). Ambalat Border dispute ignored for joint Indonesia/Malaysia exploration efforts. Jakarta Globe. http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/border-dispute-ignored-for-joint-exploration-efforts-2. Accessed June 06, 2015.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-26): Ambalat [edit]Ambalat is an area of the seabed or continental shelf in the Celebes Sea off the east coast of Borneo which is claimed by Indonesia and Malaysia. The seabed is believed to be rich in crude oil. Contrary to popular belief, the International Court of Justice decision over the sovereignty of Sipadan and Ligitan did not solve the dispute over Ambalat as it did not include issues concerning the demarcation of the territorial sea and continental shelf boundaries of the two countries in the area.[23] The dispute started with Malaysia issuing a map in 1979 of its territorial sea and continental shelf which included the Ambalat block. The map drew Malaysia's maritime boundary in a southeast direction into the Celebes Sea after it leaves the eastmost point on land on Sebatik island. This would include the Ambalat block, or a large part of it, within the Malaysian continental shelf. Indonesia has, like the other neighbours of Malaysia, objected to the map. Indonesia has never officially announced the exact locations of its maritime boundaries but claimed during its arguments in the Sipadan Case that it continued in a straight line along the 4° 10' North latitude after it leaves Sebatik.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-13): The Ambalat Block is a sea block covering an area of 15,235 square kilometres. It is located in the Sulawesi Sea or Makassar Strait and borders Malaysian waters. [...] The border issue in Ambalat arose because of the overlapping territorial waters of the EEZ and the continental shelf between the two countries, whose measurement refers to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). [...] The dispute between the two countries in the Ambalat Block heated up in 1979 when Malaysia violated the Continental Shelf Boundary agreement of October 27, 1969. Under that agreement, the two countries had agreed that the Ambalat Block was a part of Indonesian territory. — Bernama-Antara
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-13): Resistensia Kesumawardhani, Dispute between Indonesia–Malaysia over Ambalat Block, 23 YURIDIKA 1–19 (2012). [...] R. HALLER-TROST, THE TERRITORIAL DISPUTE BETWEEN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA OVER PULAU SIPADAN AND PULAU LIGITAN IN THE CELEBES SEA: A STUDY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 23 (1995). See also Arsana, supra note 1, at 50; supra note 2, at 6; M. Thomas, Jurisprudential Perspective on Maritime Delimitation Dispute Settlement (Case Study on Ambalat Dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia [Tinjauan Yuridis Penyelesaian Sengketa tentang Penetapan Batas Wilayah Laut Negara (Studi Kasus Sengketa Wilayah Ambalat antara Indonesia dengan Malaysia)],1 LEX ET SOCIETATIS 161 (2013) < available only in Indonesian > ; Asri Salleh et al., Malaysia’s Policy towards Its 1963–2008 Territorial Disputes, J. L. & CONFLICT RESOL 108 (2009); supra note 8, at 83; Mohamad Rodzi et al., Reconciliation of Malaysia-Indonesia Relationship in the South East Asia Regional Context, [Rekonsiliasi Hubungan Malaysia-Indonesia dalam Konteks Regionalisme Asia Tenggara],40 Jebat: MALAYSIAN J. HISTORY, POL. & STRATEGY 183–4 (2013). < available only in Malay > [...] Dharmender Singh, Ambalat Issue: No Official Protest from Indonesia, THE STAR ONLINE, June 15, 2009 available athttp://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2009%2F6%2F15%2Fnation%2F20090615195209&sec=nation; Areas in Sulawesi within Malaysia’s Border, THE STAR, Mar. 2, 2005, available athttp://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2005%2F3%2F3%2Fnation%2F10314851&sec=nat (all last visited on Apr. 25, 2015).
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-09): Late last week, Malaysian and Indonesian sources reported that the two countries would appoint special envoys to begin holding "exploratory" negotiations over still-outstanding territorial disputes. The decision to appoint the special envoys came at the conclusion of a meeting between Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak and Indonesian President Joko Widodo in Putrajaya, Malaysia last week during a three-day bilateral summit. Although the appointment of special envoys sends a positive signal about the intents of the two governments to address the dispute, there was little public discussion of how the leaders plan on arriving at any agreement. Indonesia and Malaysia maintain competing claims over the Ambalat sea block and their maritime border in the Celebes sea off the eastern coast of Borneo. "We agreed to appoint special envoys, so issues on maritime borders can be settled as they have remained unresolved for too long," Widodo told reporters after the conclusion of his meeting with Najib. The mutual agreement on a special envoy mechanism suggests optimism in both countries that the dispute can be resolved via bilateral means. In the past, Indonesia and Malaysia have resorted to international arbitration to help adjudicate territorial disputes. For example, in 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled in favor of Malaysia in a territorial dispute concerning the islands of Sipadan and Ligitan. Those two islands are also in the Celebes Sea. The ICJ justified that ruling based on "effective" ownership and administration of the islands by the United Kingdom, Malaysia’s former colonizer. In the absence of a stronger Indonesian claim, Malaysia came out on top.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2009-06-06): Witnessing the latest "border spat" between Indonesia and Malaysia over the Ambalat territory, one may immediately question: Is this really necessary? Another question would be: Is the dispute truly happening? In response to the first question, many - perhaps most - of the both Indonesian and Malaysian citizens, would certainly say the oil-rich territory is worth fighting for itnessing the latest "border spat" between Indonesia and Malaysia over the Ambalat territory, one may immediately question: Is this really necessary? Another question would be: Is the dispute truly happening? [...] Ambalat is a 15,235 square kilometer maritime area located off the coast of east Kalimantan, which both Indonesia and Malaysia claim to be theirs. Geologist Andang Bachtiar estimates that just one of the Ambalat blocks could hold as much as 764 million barrels of oil and 1.4 trillion cubic feet of gas. [...] It would thus come as no surprise if Indonesia and Malaysia struggled to secure the Ambalat territory. It would be na*ve to say that neither country needs new sources of oil, including the reserves in Ambalat, especially since no reliable energy source has been discovered that could replace the world's depleting oil reserves.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-10-09): Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia Terhadap Malaysia Dalam Mempertahankan Kepemilikan Terhadap Blok Ambalat Pasca Konflik Pulau Sipadan Dan Ligitan Tahun 2012-2105 [...] This research describes the foreign politics of Indonesia toward Malaysia in conflict of bloc Ambalat after Sipadan and Ligitan Conflict in 2012-2015. Ambalats are sea territory between Indonesia and Malaysia in Kalimantan teritory. Ambalat have potencial in natural resources likes oil and gas. In 2005 Malaysia give a exploration right for Shell Company and its make increase of conflict with Indonesia cause based on UNCLOS 1982 Ambalat sea are Indonesia territory with the Archipelago State status.The research method used was a qualitative with descriptive as a technic of the research. Writer collects data from books, encyclopedia, journal, mass media and websites to analyze the foreign politics of Indonesia toward Malaysia in conflict of bloc Ambalat after Sipadan and Ligitan Conflict. The theories applied in this research are realism perspective with decision making theory by Richard Snyder.The conclusion of this research that foreign politics of Indonesia toward Malaysia in conflict of bloc Ambalat after Sipadan and Ligitan Conflict are diplomacy ways. The foreign politics are Indonesia government held a daily patroll in Ambalat sea to anticipation of claim and criminall act, Indonesia government sent a diplomatic note to Malaysia as protess about Malaysia claims, Indonesia built a military based in Ambalat sea (Karang Unarang) and Indonesia government gives a exploration rights for ENI E&P Company.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-01): The border dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia stems from conflicting claims over the Ambalat block in the Sulawesi Sea rich in oil and gas resources. Starting in 1969 with an agreement, tensions escalated in 1979 when Malaysia claimed Ambalat in its territory. The dispute intensified further in 2005 when Malaysia granted oil concessions in Ambalat, sparking protests from Indonesia. The unresolved conflict raises concerns for the future, with historical colonial boundaries contributing to the ongoing disagreement, notably seen in conflicts over islands like Sipadan and Ligitan near East Kalimantan. [...] The border dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia originated from overlapping claims over the control of the Sulawesi Sea or the Makassar Strait known as Ambalat block, rich in oil and gas resources. The dispute began in 1969 when Indonesia and Malaysia signed an agreement regarding the ownership of the Ambalat block but escalated in 1979 when Malaysia released a new map including Ambalat in its territory, leading to various boundary violations since then. [...] A: The Ambalat block is an area in the Sulawesi Sea or the Makassar Strait rich in oil and gas resources, over which Indonesia and Malaysia have overlapping claims leading to a long-standing border dispute.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2008-06-01): According to the Jakarta Post the Indonesian Air Force deployed a single F-16 on Wednesday along with a nine-person air crew from Madiun, East Java, to help secure Indonesian waters around the disputed Ambalat territory. [...] Ambalat is located in the Sulawesi Sea off the east coast of Borneo island and is disputed by Malaysia and Indonesia. The area is thought to have a huge oil and gas reserve. The Malaysian government says the area is part of its territory, while Indonesia says that Malaysia's claim is based on a map from 1979 that is not recognized by the Indonesian government and many other Southeast Asian countries.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-20): KOTA KINABALU: Good day, everyone, to understand the Ambalat land dispute, we need to look back in history, legal documents, and the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). [...] After her independence and application with UNCLOS, Brunei has regained her sovereignty in these blocks. The then Prime Minister, Tun Abdullah Badawi, saw fit to return these blocks to Brunei. [...] Now we are ready to dissect the Ambalat land dispute. The background begins with the Malaysia Indonesia Continental Shelf agreement that was signed on 27 October 1969. There are seven articles in the agreement and one particular one caught the interest, that is Art 4. Article 4
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-04-27): Pending resolution of the territorial dispute, a related but distinct maritime dispute commenced when Indonesia began unilaterally exercising sovereign rights over the seabed east of Tarakan, North Kalimantan and south of 4° 10’ N latitude. This included the issuance of petroleum concession contracts for the Ambalat and Ambalat East blocks in 1999 and 2004 respectively; the blocks are located directly south of the Sipadan and Ligitan Islands. Indonesia’s issuance of contracts for these areas ignored Malaysia’s own unilateral claim to a portion of the seabed indicated by a map of its continental shelf published in 1979; this covered a considerable area adjacent to North Kalimantan. However, Malaysia did not take any action upon the Ambalat blocks until 2005, when it issued its own petroleum concession contracts, designated ND6 and ND7, that partly overlapped with the Indonesian contract areas. This led to tensions flaring in 2005 and 2009 on account of reports about naval and maritime law enforcement activities in the area, both sides’ insistence on their respective unilaterally-claimed sea zones, inflammatory media coverage, and the public outcries that followed. Fortunately, the political leadership on both sides managed to prevent further escalation.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-12): "In 2022, efforts to accelerate land boundaries demarcation and maritime boundary delimitation will be intensified," she added, referring to the marking or describing of boundary limits.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-22): Brunei regained her sovereignty over these blocks after her independence and application with UNCLOS. The then prime minister, Tun Abdullah Badawi, saw fit to return these blocks to Brunei. [...] With the Ambalat issue now coming into focus, its background begins with the Malaysia Indonesia Continental Shelf agreement signed on October 27, 1969. The government of Malaysia and the government of the Republic of Indonesia entered into an agreement dividing the continental shelf between the two countries.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-28): As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has a long maritime border that raises the potential for disputes with neighbouring countries, especially regarding maritime boundaries. One of the maritime borders still in dispute is the Indonesia-Malaysia maritime border in the Sulawesi Sea, especially in the Ambalat Block area. The Indonesian Government has included the Ambalat Block as part of Indonesian territory. It has exploited the area, as it is a natural continuation of the Kalimantan continental plate and is within 200 nautical miles of the baseline. On the other hand, the Malaysian Government published a Defence White Paper in 2020, which displays a map of the Ambalat Block as part of the State of Malaysia. The boundary dispute in the waters of the Ambalat Block has led to violations of sovereignty and illegal activities, such as drug smuggling, shipping violations, IUU fishing, illegal migrant workers/trafficking and illegal trading. Therefore, this research aims to analyse Indonesia- Malaysia border security operations to improve maritime security and support national defence. The research method used in this study is qualitative. The qualitative method is used to formulate phenomena and information related to the Indonesia-Malaysia border security operations in the Ambalat Block.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-13): The Ambalat Block is a sea block covering an area of 15,235 square kilometers. It is located in the Sulawesi Sea or Makassar Strait and borders Malaysian waters. [...] The border issue in Ambalat arose because of the overlapping territorial waters of the EEZ and the continental shelf between the two countries, whose measurement refers to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). [...] The dispute between the two countries in the Ambalat Block heated up in 1979 when Malaysia violated the Continental Shelf Boundary agreement of October 27, 1969. Under that agreement, the two countries had agreed that the Ambalat Block was a part of Indonesian territory.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-21): Malaysia can be accommodating, as it was with Indonesia when the two delimited their continental shelves in 1969 based on mutual understanding. Kuala Lumpur supported Jakarta’s quest for archipelagic status in exchange for a treaty that allowed Kuala Lumpur access through the Natunas. But Kuala Lumpur can also outsmart a bigger power, as when it went to court in the case of Sipadan and Ligitan in 2002 and won by the merit of having economic activities on the islands—which, for Jakarta, violated the prior understanding of restraint. Kuala Lumpur also legally challenged Indonesia’s interpretation that its EEZ and continental shelf in the north Natuna Sea are distinct (known as a dual boundary line) and engaged in an episodic confrontation with the Indonesian Navy around the oil-rich Ambalat block off the east coast of Borneo.
Claim: Ambalat is a territory of Malaysia (Ambalat, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-31): Ambalat Dispute Settlement Analysis Study: Juridical Review of Regional Conflict Between Indonesia and Malaysia Based on an International Law Perspective The Ambalat dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia stands as a prominent example of a regional conflict rooted in territorial claims and maritime boundaries. This study conducts a comprehensive juridical review of the Ambalat dispute, focusing on the application of international law principles. Through an examination of relevant treaties, customary international law, and judicial decisions, this analysis aims to provide insights into the legal dimensions of the conflict and potential avenues for its resolution. The study begins by outlining the historical background of the Ambalat dispute, tracing the origins of conflicting claims over the maritime territory. It then proceeds to analyze the legal frameworks governing maritime boundaries, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and customary international law. Special attention is given to the principles of territorial sovereignty, equitable maritime delimitation, and peaceful dispute settlement mechanisms enshrined in international law. Furthermore, the study evaluates past attempts at resolving the Ambalat dispute, including bilateral negotiations and third-party mediation efforts. By critically assessing the effectiveness of these mechanisms, the study identifies key challenges and opportunities for achieving a durable settlement. [...] Supancana, Ida BR. "Maritime Boundary Disputes between Indonesia and Malaysia in the Area of Ambalat Block: Some Optional Scenarios for Peaceful Settlement." Journal of East Asia and International Law 8.1 (2015): 195-211.