copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2024-07-01): As the Greenhouse Gas Protocol itself puts it: "Developing a full [greenhouse gas] emissions inventory – incorporating Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 emissions – enables companies to understand their full value chain emissions and focus their efforts on the greatest reduction opportunities". [...] Scope 2 are emissions that a company causes indirectly and come from where the energy it purchases and uses is produced. For example, the emissions caused when generating the electricity that we use in our buildings would fall into this category. Scope 3 encompasses emissions that are not produced by the company itself and are not the result of activities from assets owned or controlled by them, but by those that it’s indirectly responsible for up and down its value chain. An example of this is when we buy, use and dispose of products from suppliers. Scope 3 emissions include all sources not within the scope 1 and 2 boundaries.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2018-10-23): See all EU institutions and bodiesDo something for our planet, print this page only if needed. Even a small action can make an enormous difference when millions of people do it! For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/approximated-eu-ghg-inventory-proxy or scan the QR code. PDF generated on 09 Oct 2024, 03:18 PM
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2024-03-06): Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human activities are now higher than at any point in our history. In fact, recent data reveals that global CO2 emissions were 182 times higher in 2022 than they were in 1850, around the time the Industrial Revolution was underway.1 [...] Related: 4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Country and Sector [...] 1 CO2 is not the only greenhouse gas and short-term action on methane and other short-lived pollutants are essential to address climate change. CO2 represents about three-quarters of annual emissions and estimates are available starting from 1850, allowing us to explore a longer history of carbon dioxide emissions.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2022-02-08): The greenhouse gases in the dry air in Earth’s atmosphere include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons. While making up around 0.05% of Earth’s total atmosphere, they play major roles in trapping Earth’s radiant heat from the Sun and keeping it from escaping into space. Each is driven directly by human activities. [...] Carbon dioxide is responsible for a third of the total warming of Earth’s climate due to human-produced greenhouse gases. Small increases in its concentration have major effects. A key reason is the length of time carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere. [...] "Carbon dioxide and other non-condensable greenhouse gases act as control knobs for the climate," said Andrew Dessler, a professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Texas A&M University in College Station. "As humans add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, small changes in climate are amplified by changes in water vapor. This makes carbon dioxide a much more potent greenhouse gas than it would be on a planet without water vapor."
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2019-05-09): Not Just CO2: China’s Efforts on Lesser Known Greenhouse Gases Critical to Stabilizing the Climate [...] But carbon dioxide (CO2) isn't the only greenhouse gas (GHG) to worry about. Other gases like methane, nitrous oxide and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) can have a much more powerful effect in heating our atmosphere. For example, methane emissions from natural gas leaks, agriculture and landfills warm the planet with an intensity 28 times that of the same amount of carbon dioxide over a 100-year time horizon. [...] As of 2014—the year when the latest government data is available—China emitted 2 gigatons of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, which accounted for 16% of the country's GHG emissions. To put that in perspective, China's non-CO2 emissions alone have a warming impact greater than all greenhouse gas emissions from Japan or Brazil. If China's non-CO2 emissions were a country, they would be the 7th largest emitter of total GHGs in the world.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2024-09-01): Note: Carbon dioxide equivalent values are calculated using the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report 100-year Global Warming Potential values. [...] The inventory includes estimates for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases with high global warming potentials (High-GWP) which includes hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). It uses an inventory scope and framework consistent with international and national GHG inventory practices. An updated emission inventory is published annually to include additional years and improved estimation methods. Archives of all previous inventory data and documentation are available on the archive page. [...] AB 2195 requires CARB "to quantify and publish annually the amount of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the loss or release of uncombusted natural gas to the atmosphere and emissions from natural gas flares during all processes associated with the production, processing, and transporting of natural gas imported into the state from out-of-state sources." Most of the emissions quantified in the AB 2195 report occurred outside of California borders; and therefore, are not added to the GHG Inventory total pursuant to the inventory boundary specified in AB 32. Link to the report:
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2024-04-11): For each greenhouse gas, a Global Warming Potential (GWP) was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, typically a 100-year time horizon, relative to the emissions of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). Gases with a higher GWP absorb more energy, per ton emitted, than gases with a lower GWP, and thus contribute more to warming Earth. [...] Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. In 2022, CO2 accounted for 80% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Carbon dioxide is naturally present in the atmosphere as part of the Earth's carbon cycle (the natural circulation of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, plants, and animals). Human activities are altering the carbon cycle–both by adding more CO2 to the atmosphere and by influencing the ability of natural sinks, like forests and soils, to remove and store CO2 from the atmosphere. While CO2 emissions come from a variety of natural sources, human-related emissions are responsible for the increase that has occurred in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution.2
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2020-01-01): Greenhouse-warming theory, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, posits that greenhouse gases, primarily water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) [...] (5) Greenhouse gases can only reradiate what they absorb. A molecule of carbon dioxide cannot physically emit black-body radiation. It can only emit the spectral lines that it absorbed into its bonds. When these limited spectral lines are absorbed by any body of matter, they would have minuscule effect on temperature of that body of matter because they only make up a very small part of the continuum of frequencies whose amplitudes of oscillation must be increased in order to warm a body of matter. [...] (8) Ångström (1900) shows by two experiments that greenhouse-gas concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have minimal effect on air temperature. My experiments show that increasing carbon dioxide concentrations by a factor of more than 23 has no measurable effect on air temperature. Experiments reported on Internet that claim to see greenhouse warming utilize heat sources that are much, much hotter than Earth. More information at JustProveCO2.com.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2020-01-14): Simple measurements demonstrate that CO2 is a greenhouse gas contrary to claim in online blogs [...] Flawed Reasoning: The fact that CO2 can act as a feedback to climate changes triggered by other factors in no way shows that it isn't a greenhouse gas. [...] First, greenhouse gases are well studied, and their properties are nonnegotiable: They absorb and re-emit longwave radiation, whether they’re in a laboratory setting or in the real atmosphere. To back this up with historical evidence, scientists have known since the 1860s that CO2 is a greenhouse gas and since the 1890s that this will affect the heat budget of the Earth through warming. Even then, these claims were based on empirical evidence, and they’re supported by decades of laboratory research.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2024-04-09): Carbon dioxide is Earth’s most important greenhouse gas: a gas that absorbs and radiates heat. Unlike oxygen or nitrogen (which make up most of our atmosphere), greenhouse gases absorb heat radiating from the Earth’s surface and re-release it in all directions—including back toward Earth’s surface. Without carbon dioxide, Earth’s natural greenhouse effect would be too weak to keep the average global surface temperature above freezing. By adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, people are supercharging the natural greenhouse effect, causing global temperature to rise. According to observations by the NOAA Global Monitoring Lab, in 2021 carbon dioxide alone was responsible for about two-thirds of the total heating influence of all human-produced greenhouse gases. Another reason carbon dioxide is important in the Earth system is that it dissolves into the ocean like the fizz in a can of soda. It reacts with water molecules, producing carbonic acid and lowering the ocean's pH (raising its acidity). Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the pH of the ocean's surface waters has dropped from 8.21 to 8.10. This drop in pH is called ocean acidification. [...] Comparing greenhouse gases by their global warming potential
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2024-04-05): Levels of the three most important human-caused greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide – continued their steady climb during 2023, according to NOAA scientists. [...] By far the most important contributor to climate change is CO2 , which is primarily emitted by burning of fossil fuels. Human-caused CO2 pollution increased from 10.9 billion tons per year in the 1960s – which is when the measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii began – to about 36.8 billion tons per year in 2023. This sets a new record, according to the Global Carbon Project, which uses NOAA’s Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network measurements to define the net impact of global carbon emissions and sinks. [...] About half of the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels to date have been absorbed at the Earth’s surface, divided roughly equally between oceans and land ecosystems, including grasslands and forests. The CO2 absorbed by the world’s oceans contributes to ocean acidification, which is causing a fundamental change in the chemistry of the ocean, with impacts to marine life and the people who depend on them. The oceans have also absorbed an estimated 90% of the excess heat trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2018-03-01): Greenhouse effect occurs in the troposphere (the lower atmosphere layer), where life and weather occur. In the absence of greenhouse effect, the average temperature on Earth’s surface is estimated around -19°C, instead of the current average of 14°C (Le Treut et al., 2007). Greenhouse effect is produced by greenhouse gasses (GHG). GHG are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation in the thermal infrared range (IPCC, 2014). Traces of GHG, both natural and anthropogenic, are present in the troposphere. The most abundant GHG in increasing order of importance are: water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxides (NxO) and ozone (O3) (Kiehl and Trenberth, 1997). GHG percentages vary daily, seasonally, and annually. [...] Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are GHG. During the last century, their global emissions have rised, due mainly to human intervention (IPCC, 2014). The soil emits both N2O and NO. N2O is a strong GHG, whereas NO contributes indirectly to O3 synthesis. As GHG, N2O is potentially 300 times stronger than CO2. Once in the stratosphere, the former catalyzes the elimination of O3 (IPCC, 2014). In the atmosphere, N2O concentrations are climbing up due mainly to microbial activity in nitrogen (N)-rich soils related with agricultural and fertilization practices (Hall et al., 2008).
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2017-03-09): Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt said Thursday he does not believe carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to global warming. [...] The statement contradicts the public stance of the agency Pruitt leads. The EPA's webpage on the causes of climate change states, "Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change." [...] Asked whether he would seek to roll back the EPA's 2009 determination that carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases are a danger to public health, Pruitt suggested he would like to see Congress take up the issue.
Claim: “New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’” (Jonas Vesterberg, 2023-07-13)
Evidence (2023-07-13): To date, more than 270 million people in the U.S. have received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Incidental cases of illnesses, including cancer, occurred even before COVID-19 vaccines existed. Therefore, in order to determine if vaccination raises the risk of illness, it isn’t enough to simply point to cases occurring after vaccination as evidence. One must compare the incidence of the illness following vaccination with the baseline incidence. There’s no evidence indicating that COVID-19 vaccines raise the risk of developing cancer or that they worsen cancer.
Claim: “New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’” (Jonas Vesterberg, 2023-07-13)
Evidence (2023-09-18): FULL CLAIM: "New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’"; "A recent scientific study published in the journal Frontiers in Oncology links the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to the development of aggressive cancer." On 13 July 2023, the website The Florida Standard published an article carrying the headline "New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’". Screenshots of the article’s headline circulated on social media in July 2023, with some users implying that this showed COVID-19 vaccines are unsafe like in this Instagram post. The claim is based on a study published in the journal Frontiers in Oncology in May 2023. [...] In summary, claims that a mouse study by Eens et al. shows COVID-19 vaccination causes "turbo cancer" misinterpret the study’s findings and fail to understand its limitations. The Florida Standard article distorted the conclusions of the study by claiming it showed a "link to ‘turbo cancer’", incorrectly lending readers the impression that the study was relevant to humans.
Claim: “New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’” (Jonas Vesterberg, 2023-07-13)
Evidence (2022-03-01): Severe hyperinflammatory response occurs in a fraction of patients with COVID-19.7 Similarly, COVID-19 vaccines have the potential to evoke intense immunologic responses.8 Here, we describe a case of an anticancer response after COVID-19 vaccination. Histology analysis and tumor molecular profiling suggested that the primary tumor was poorly immunogenic, which is associated with poor responses to the most commonly used cancer immunotherapy. Notably, the patient reported grade 3 systemic adverse events after the second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, which was preceded by spontaneous tumor regression, indicating that an intense inflammatory host response stimulated by the vaccine may have promoted an antitumor response. [...] In summary, this patient’s clinical course and the analysis of prevaccination and postvaccination tumor samples support the hypothesis that stimulation of the innate immune system by the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine induced systemic immune activation and led to a robust and persistent anticancer response, represented by radiological tumor shrinkage and an ‘anticancer’ TIME composition. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of COVID-19 vaccine-induced tumor regression and the first report of spontaneous tumor regression in a patient with salivary myoepithelial carcinoma. Host and tumor characteristics that led to this phenomenon remain unclear.
Claim: “New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’” (Jonas Vesterberg, 2023-07-13)
Evidence (2021-12-02): The Moderna and Pfizer BioNTech vaccines prevented COVID-19 infection in cancer patients, particularly in those whose treatment concluded more than six months before vaccination, say researchers at Stanford, Harvard and the VA. [...] The mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines are effective at preventing infection in most cancer patients, according to a nationwide study of veterans diagnosed with cancer in the past decade. [...] The researchers studied the medical records of more than 180,000 VA patients who received systemic, or whole-body, treatments, including chemotherapy or hormone therapy, between August 2010 and May 2021. The patients’ median age was 73.7, and 94% were men. Of these, about 113,000 were vaccinated with one of the two mRNA-based vaccines approved by the Food and Drug Administration — Pfizer BioNTech and Moderna — between Dec. 15, 2020, and May 4, 2021. (People who had been previously diagnosed with COVID-19 were excluded from the study, as were those who received the adenovirus-based vaccine produced by Johnson & Johnson.)
Claim: “New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’” (Jonas Vesterberg, 2023-07-13)
Evidence (2022-03-11): Cavanna, L. et al. COVID-19 vaccines in adult cancer patients with solid tumours undergoing active treatment: seropositivity and safety. A prospective observational study in Italy. Eur. J. Cancer157, 441–449 (2021). [...] Wu, J. T. et al. Association of COVID-19 vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with cancer: a US nationwide Veterans Affairs study. JAMA Oncol.https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.5771 (2021). [...] Di Noia, V. et al. Immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 for patients with solid cancer: a large cohort prospective study from a single institution. Clin. Cancer Res.https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-21-2439 (2021).
Claim: “New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’” (Jonas Vesterberg, 2023-07-13)
Evidence (2021-03-18): Cancer patients are much less protected against Covid-19 than other people after one dose of the Pfizer vaccine, the first real-world study in this area suggests. [...] In trials of the Pfizer vaccine, two doses were given three weeks apart and although a longer gap between doses works for healthy individuals, the researchers say cancer patients do not respond in the same way.
Claim: “New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’” (Jonas Vesterberg, 2023-07-13)
Evidence (2024-02-12): Spontaneous tumor regression following COVID-19 vaccination - PMID: 35241495 - PMCID: PMC8896046 - DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004371 [...] Vaccination against COVID-19 is critical for immuno-compromised individuals, including patients with cancer. Systemic reactogenicity, a manifestation of the innate immune response to vaccines, occurs in up to 69% of patients following vaccination with RNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. Tumor regression can occur following an intense immune-inflammatory response and novel strategies to treat cancer rely on manipulating the host immune system. Here, we report spontaneous regression of metastatic salivary gland myoepithelial carcinoma in a patient who experienced grade 3 systemic reactogenicity, following vaccination with the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine. Histological and immunophenotypic inspection of the postvaccination lung biopsy specimens showed a massive inflammatory infiltrate with scant embedded tumor clusters (<5%). Highly multiplexed imaging mass cytometry showed that the postvaccination lung metastasis samples had remarkable immune cell infiltration, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, which contrasted with very low levels of these cells in the prevaccination primary tumor and lung metastasis samples. CT scans obtained 3, 6, and 9 months after the second vaccine dose demonstrated persistent tumor shrinkage (50%, 67%, and 73% reduction, respectively), suggesting that vaccination stimulated anticancer immunity. Insight: This case suggests that the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine stimulated anticancer immunity and tumor regression.
Claim: “New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’” (Jonas Vesterberg, 2023-07-13)
Evidence (2023-08-31): However, unsupported claims that the COVID-19 vaccines cause cancer have repeatedly surfaced on social media. "SHOCKING: New Study proves Pfizer mRNA induced turbo cancer," recent posts have said. They claimed that a single mouse in this study "died suddenly," a phrase associated with a family of groundless claims that the COVID-19 vaccines are killing large numbers of people. [...] "Turbo cancer" is a term used by people who claim that the COVID-19 vaccines are dangerous and can cause particularly fast-growing cancer, but there isn’t evidence that this phenomenon is real. [...] Payne, Ed. "Fact Check: New Study Does NOT Prove Pfizer mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Induces "Turbo Cancer."" Lead Stories. 10 July 2023.
Claim: “New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’” (Jonas Vesterberg, 2023-07-13)
Evidence (2023-08-30): Claim linking Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine, cancer in mouse distorts study | Fact check [...] "SHOCKING: New Study proves Pfizer mRNA induced turbo cancer," the post reads. [...] There is no evidence that COVID-19 vaccines cause cancer. The post distorts a case report focused on a mouse that died of lymphoma after it was given a second dose of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine during a study. The report did not claim the two events were causally linked and its author called the Instagram post "a complete misinterpretation" of the researchers' work.
Claim: “New Study Links Pfizer’s COVID Vaccine to ‘Turbo Cancer’” (Jonas Vesterberg, 2023-07-13)
Evidence (2023-11-03): The letter also states that "no signs of DNA mutation or COVID-19 vaccine-induced cancer have been reported to date" related to the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. [...] DiedSuddenly (@DiedSuddenly_). "Why was SV40, a cancer causing sequence, put in the Covid Vaccine? Because Cancer is the Medical Industrial Complex’s #1 money maker. Now, 20 year olds are getting turbo cancer, and those who were once in remission have had their cancer come back 10x worse. It was all intentional." X. 20 Sep 2023. [...] Yandell, Kate. "COVID-19 Vaccines Have Not Been Shown to Cause ‘Turbo Cancer.’" FactCheck.org. 31 Aug 2023.