copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-08): On the China-India border in early May, China asserted itself in the long-standing dispute with a rare mobilization of troops in the western sector of the dispute, which is also called Ladakh. In three locations, China moved forces up to what it views as the "line of actual control" (LAC)—but across what India views as the LAC. The scope, scale, and posture of Chinese actions on the border are perhaps unprecedented (Fravel 2020c). Unlike previous incidents on the border in 2013 at Depsang or 2014 at Chumar, China is now putting pressure on the LAC in the western sector, simultaneously, in multiple areas across a large front. [...] Landry PF. Decentralized authoritarianism in China: the Communist Party’s control of local elites in the post-Mao era. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2008. [...] Shirk SL. China: fragile superpower. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-10): Though China did not consider India to be an ally or a threat to its growth, the revised Chinese foreign policy of "striving for achievement" had major implications for India. A major outcome, namely the spread of economic benefits by China in its neighborhood to build common interests and establish strategic credibility, which eventually took the form of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), touched upon one key element and one core Indian concern. The key element was India’s traditional and historical influence in South Asia, and the core concern was Indian sovereignty over Jammu and Kashmir.42 There was no consultation between China and India over the BRI. Perhaps the Chinese assumed that India would align and dovetail its plans with the BRI.43 Further, when China declared the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) a flagship project, it became difficult for India to associate with the BRI. Secondly, the assertion of Chinese power in the South China Sea coincided with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)’s new activism along the LAC in Depsang (in 2013) and Chumar (in 2014), which fueled concerns in India.44 Finally, China’s anxiety over U.S. policy in the Indo-Pacific started to spill over into the India-China relationship.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-25): Beginning with the Nathu La and Cho La skirmishes of 1967 in the eastern sector, tensions have risen steadily across the area, with new incidents taking place in this sector in 1975, 1986–87 and 2017. Moving to the western sector, tensions grew with the Daulat Beg Oldie and Chumar stand-offs in 2013, followed by other stand-offs in 2014 and 2015. Most recently, the Naku La incident in 2020 in the eastern sector and the eastern Ladakh stand-off between 2020 and 2022 in the western sector complete this picture of periodical military clashes between the sides. [...] Chinese efforts to legitimise its claims over this area have further heightened tensions. For instance, in October 2021, amidst the eastern Ladakh stand-off, China’s top legislature adopted a new law on the protection and exploitation of the country’s land border areas, which came into effect from 1 January 2022. The law stipulates that that China will take all necessary measures to "safeguard territorial integrity and land boundaries and guard against and combat any act that undermines territorial sovereignty and land boundaries".[8] It is important to note here that China has settled its land borders with 12 neighbours, while only India and Bhutan remain unresolved. It is thereby apparent that this law has direct bearing on the India–China boundary dispute.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-15): Although China’s infrastructure building on its side of the LAC has gone on for decades and has far outpaced that of India, it has objected to India engaging in similar activity (The Hindu, May 7, 2013). It has sought to pressure India to halt infrastructure building through incursions into Indian held territory. In April 2013, for instance, some 40 PLA soldiers intruded 19 kilometers into the Indian side of the LAC at DBO. Indian and Chinese soldiers clashed repeatedly, and it was only three weeks later, after India agreed to demolish bunkers in the Chumar sector, that PLA soldiers withdrew (Economic Times, May 7, 2013).
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-30): People's Republic of China's position [edit]The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin. The Chinese Army controls most of the plains,[4] while India controls the western portion of the plains.[5] The dispute remains unresolved.[6] Arunachal Pradesh is a state of India created on 20 January 1972, located in the far northeast. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Burma in the east, Bhutan in the west, and China in the north. The majority of the territory is claimed by China, by whom it is called South Tibet. The northern border of Arunachal Pradesh reflects the McMahon Line, a line demarcated by the 1914 Simla Convention between the United Kingdom and the Tibetan government. The Simla Convention was never accepted by the Chinese government, and it was also considered invalid by Tibetans due to unmet conditions specified in the treaty.[7] The boundary was not broadly enforced by the Indian government until 1950. Currently, this territory is administered by India.[8][9]
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-07-30): Its provocations have included several military forays into Chumar — a lightening raid on June 17 to smash up surveillance equipment was followed by more incursions on July 16-17, 18 and 20. Depsang was the scene of a 28-kilometre-deep Chinese intrusion on July 12. Border transgressions also occurred this month in Arunchal’s Dichu and Uttarakhand’s Barahoti areas. [...] China’s newest provocations, in fact, draw encouragement from its bloodless victory when it sneaked troops into Depsang and then, employing the threat of escalation, extracted Indian concessions. One of the concessions — suspension of forward patrolling in Chumar — has created the opening for stepped-up Chinese intrusions, designed to assert claims to that highly strategic area overlooking the Tibet-Xinjiang highway. By making India remove fortifications and halt forward patrolling in Chumar, China accomplished two objectives — securing India’s acquiescence to Chinese-defined constraints on deployment and surveillance and an Indian acknowledgment, even if tacit, that the area is disputed. Pursuit of the next objective will likely witness Beijing’s call for "mutual accommodation" and "mutual respect" to achieve a dispute resolution on the basis of a now-familiar Chinese dictum — "what is ours is ours to keep, but what is yours must be on the negotiating table to be settled through give-and-take".
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): In 2006, the Chinese ambassador to India claimed that all of Arunachal Pradesh is Chinese territory[48] amidst a military buildup.[49] At the time, both countries claimed incursions as much as a kilometre at the northern tip of Sikkim.[36] In 2009, India announced it would deploy additional military forces along the border.[50] In 2014, India proposed China should acknowledge a "One India" policy to resolve the border dispute.[51][52] [...] - ^ "Arunachal Pradesh is our territory": Chinese envoy Rediff India Abroad, 14 November 2006. Archived 8 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine - ^ Subir Bhaumik, "India to deploy 36,000 extra troops on Chinese border", BBC, 23 November 2010. Archived 2 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine - ^ "The China-India Border Brawl", The Wall Street Journal, 24 June 2009, archived from the original on 23 September 2011 - ^ 何, 宏儒 (12 June 2014). "外長會 印向陸提一個印度政策". 中央通訊社. 新德里. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-08-09): In recent years, India and China have had two major standoffs. The first on the Depsang Plains in April 2013, where instead of patrolling a disputed area, the Chinese changed their behavior and established a camp at a key location that would have prevented Indian patrols from moving in the area. In 2014, the problem was in the Chumur area of Ladakh, and it occurred, significantly, during the visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to New Delhi. Both were terminated through diplomacy. [...] Third, this standoff has already attained a certain distinctiveness, if only because of its longevity. Indeed, in recent years such incidents—such as the Chumar Valley showdown in 2014—lasted a few weeks, at most. The last time an LAC-related crisis dragged on for this long was in 1987, during the Sumdorong Chu crisis. Naturally, this is a very different situation—and analysts such as the Indian Express’ Sushant Singh are right to caution against drawing too many historic parallels. Nevertheless, the duration of the altercation is cause for concern. There may be a temptation, particularly on the Indian side, to let the crisis drag on until the early winter—whether for meteorological reasons (once the first snowstorms set in, it will be difficult for the Chinese to pursue their construction activities) or for political ones (there is a perception that President Xi Jinping may be more amenable to compromise following the conclusion of the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party). There could be certain risks, however, tied to letting such tensions simmer for months on end.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of People's Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-04-29): In this way, China is encroaching, little by little, on vantage Indian land in the Chip Chap and Skakjung regions of Ladakh. Chumar in Ladakh was raided last September by helicopter-borne PLA troops, who destroyed Indian bunkers before returning. Arunachal officials are tired of complaining about New Delhi’s nonchalant attitude to aggressive PLA activities along their state’s border.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-04-16): The Chumar settlement itself is in a side valley of Pare Chu, on the bank of a stream, called Chumur Tokpo that flows down from Mount Shinowu. (32°42′31″N 78°43′38″E / 32.7087°N 78.7273°E).[a] There is also a historic gompa (Buddhist temple) near the village and a Chumur monastery further upstream.[6] Along the course of Pare Chu and its tributary streams are numerous pastures and campgrounds utilised by the pastoral nomads of Rupshu. Some of them close to Pare Chu are listed as Sarlale, Takdible, Nirale, Tible, Lemarle and Chepzile. [...] Sino-Indian border dispute [edit]Chumar has been one of the most active areas on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in terms of interactions between Chinese and Indian troops. Located 190 km northwest of Zanda, it had long been an area of discomfort for the Chinese troops as, until 2014, Chumar had been one of the relatively few places along the Sino-Indian border where the Chinese had no roads near the LAC.[19][20] According to Phunchok Stobdan, "In Chumar, China probably wants a straight border from PT (point) 4925 to PT 5318 to bring the Tible-Mane area under its control", in essence removing the bulge along the LAC at Chumar.[21] The Chinese opened up this new front of the border dispute in Chumar in 2012, prior to that, the border here was the International Border and not the Line of Actual Control.[3][4]
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): Bhutan [edit]Bhutan has long had strong cultural, historical, religious and economic connections to Tibet. Bhutan's border with Tibet has never been officially recognized, much less demarcated. The Republic of China based in Taiwan officially maintains a territorial claim on parts of Bhutan to this day.[4] The territorial claim was maintained by the People's Republic of China after the Chinese Communist Party took control of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War.[4][5][6] [...] Mongolia [edit]The People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations with Mongolia on October 16, 1949, and both nations signed a border treaty in 1962.[50] With the Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia aligned itself with the Soviet Union and asked for the deployment of Soviet forces, leading to security concerns in China.[51] As a result, bilateral ties remained tense until 1984, when a high-level Chinese delegation visited Mongolia and both nations began to survey and demarcate their borders. Mongolian General Secretary Jambyn Batmönkh, during a meeting with President Kim Il sung while on a state visit to Pyongyang in November 1986 states that "renewing the development of Sino-Mongolian relations is important for our two countries’ people's common interest".[52] In 1986, a series of agreements to bolster trade and establish transport and air links was signed.[51]
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-07-08): Unlike a majority of areas along the Line Of Actual Control as perceived by India, Chumar is one sector where the Chinese do not enjoy the benefit of access. [...] Unlike a majority of areas along the 4,000 km long Line Of Actual Control (LAC) as perceived by India, Chumar is one sector where the Chinese do not enjoy the benefit of access. The reason for that is the lack of road development and terrain which acts as an impediment for the former. It is not that the Indian side has it all developed but owing to the presence of dirt tracks and a not-so rocky terrain means vehicles can move. From Demchok in the north to Chumar in the south, the movement is not very difficult for us. But for the Chinese troops, perhaps used to double lane highways almost along the entire length of LAC the road seems too ardous.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-09-20): The staring match between Indian and Chinese troops at Chumar in eastern Ladakh continued on Friday amid evidence that the Chinese were retreating. Indian troops, however, have decided to adopt an aggressive stance and stay put at their positions in the sector. [...] Chumar, the last village in Ladakh area bordering Himachal Pradesh, has been a bone of contention with China claiming it to be its own territory. China has been sending helicopter sorties to the area almost every year. [...] Chumar became flash point during the fortnight long standoff last year in Daulat Beg Oldie as the Chinese side had objected to overhead bunkers erected by the Indian side.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-09-19): Leh/New Delhi: India and China have finally ended their standoff today in the Chumar area in Northeast Ladakh although Chinese troops were earlier reported to have stepped up their presence in the wee hours this morning, camping at three places in the Indian territory and refusing to vacate. [...] Chumar, the last village in Ladakh area bordering Himachal Pradesh, has been a bone of contention with China claiming it to be its own territory and has been frequenting the area with helicopter incursions almost every year. [...] Chumar had become a flash point during the fortnight long stand-off last year in Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO) last year as the Chinese side had objected to overhead bunkers erected by the Indian side.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-09-19): Official sources said about 35 PLA men returned to Chumar in northeast Ladakh and were perched on a hillock claiming the area to be part of China while another 300 soldiers were maintaining presence close to Line of Actual Control. [...] Chumar, the last village in Ladakh area bordering Himachal Pradesh, has been a bone of contention with China claiming it to be its own territory and has been frequenting the area with helicopter incursions almost every year. Chumar had become a flash point during the fortnight long standoff last year in Daulat Beg Oldie as the Chinese side had objected to overhead bunkers erected by the Indian side.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): - Macau participates in 19 intergovernmental international organizations with countries as participating units. - Macau participates in 30 intergovernmental international organizations that do not use countries as their participating units.[15]
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): In 2006, the Chinese ambassador to India claimed that all of Arunachal Pradesh is Chinese territory[48] amidst a military buildup.[49] At the time, both countries claimed incursions as much as a kilometre at the northern tip of Sikkim.[36] In 2009, India announced it would deploy additional military forces along the border.[50] In 2014, India proposed China should acknowledge a "One India" policy to resolve the border dispute.[51][52] [...] - ^ "Arunachal Pradesh is our territory": Chinese envoy Rediff India Abroad, 14 November 2006. Archived 8 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine - ^ Subir Bhaumik, "India to deploy 36,000 extra troops on Chinese border", BBC, 23 November 2010. Archived 2 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine - ^ "The China-India Border Brawl", The Wall Street Journal, 24 June 2009, archived from the original on 23 September 2011 - ^ 何, 宏儒 (12 June 2014). "外長會 印向陸提一個印度政策". 中央通訊社. 新德里. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-08-31): CHUMAR STAND-OFF: APRIL - May 2013 Hours after Chinese troops pulled back from Daulat Beg Oldi, they came back in Chumar area in Ladakh. This time, the local patrol teams said that some 300 PLA troops were camping in Chumar. Chinese troops came there objecting to tin shed structures put by the Indian forces. [...] Chumar is the last village in Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir bordering Himachal Pradesh. Chumar has been a bone of contention between India and China with latter claiming it to be its own territory. Chinese troops have been foraying into this border area with their helicopters almost every year. This time, their troops raised tents on the ground.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-15): Chumar is a place in the provences of Jammu and Kashmir, India.[1] The area is claimed by both China and India.[2] According to China's Ministry of Defence "the two countries’ border, to this day, has not been designated".[2] The problem is that for centuries, the sparsely inhabited mountainous region existed as a buffer zone between empires.[3] A border war broke out in 1962 that has to date killed thousands of soldiers. The tension between the two countries has come and gone but is now raised again.[3] References [change | change source]- ↑ "Where is Chumar in Jammu and Kashmir, India Located?". GoMapper. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2015. [...] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chumar.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-10-12): The Chumar settlement itself is in a side valley of Pare Chu, on the bank of a stream, called Chumur Tokpo that flows down from Mount Shinowu. (32.7087°N 78.7273°E).[lower-alpha 1] There is also a historic gompa (Buddhist temple) near the village and a Chumur monastery further upstream.[6] Along the course of Pare Chu and its tributary streams are numerous pastures and campgrounds utilised by the pastoral nomads of Rupshu. Some of them close to Pare Chu are listed as Sarlale, Takdible, Nirale, Tible, Lemarle and Chepzile. [...] Chumar has been one of the most active areas on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in terms of interactions between Chinese and Indian troops. Located 190 km northwest of Zanda, it had long been an area of discomfort for the Chinese troops as, until 2014, Chumar had been one of the relatively few places along the Sino-Indian border where the Chinese had no roads near the LAC.[19][20] According to Phunchok Stobdan, "In Chumar, China probably wants a straight border from PT (point) 4925 to PT 5318 to bring the Tible-Mane area under its control", in essence removing the bulge along the LAC at Chumar.[21] The Chinese opened up this new front of the border dispute in Chumar in 2012, prior to that, the border here was the International Border and not the Line of Actual Control.[3][4]
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-13): Chumar (2014): Indian and Chinese forces locked horns in eastern Ladakh near the village of Chumar. The Chinese had started construction work in Indian territory, which the Indian forces objected to. The stand-off, which lasted 16 days, began on September 16, 2014, the eve of Chinese President Xi Jinping’s first visit to India, and was a huge embarrassment to him. While the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) tried to extend the road from Chepzi towards Chumar, in Demchok, PLA troops transgressed into Indian territory and prevented an irrigation canal work.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-10-30): The new Indian government headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has pursued its foreign policy with exceptional vigor. One bout of "fast track" diplomacy came to an end with his euphoric visit to the U.S. and another has just begun with Modi hosting Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung. The first round also included successful visits to Bhutan, Nepal and Japan. The visit of Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott to India was likewise a success, even if understated. The success of the summit with Chinese President Xi Jinping however, cannot be stated as convincingly. Xi was given a grand welcome in Ahmedabad by Modi. In Delhi, Xi committed to a $20 billion investment in India over five years, yet while they were touring Gujarat, hundreds of PLA soldiers crossed the border into the Indian territory of Chumar. [...] In essence, Modi’s attempt to consolidate South Asia as an Indian-led bloc has not gone well. China cannot leave South Asia to Indian influence while harboring visions of its own pre-eminence in Asia. The incident in Chumar was an attempt by China to reassert its own regional influence.
Claim: Chumar is a territory of Republic of China (Chumar, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-10): While it is not possible to be certain about what caused the latest flare-up, the escalation of tension is by no means sudden. Over the last few years, there have been a number of such incidents in the congested boundary region, including at Daulat Beg Oldi (2013), Chumar (2013), Demchok (2014), and the Doklam trijunction (2017). However, the current standoff is unique in its spread, with the buildup of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) forces reported from the Depsang Plains in the northern end of the western sector to Naku La in the eastern sector.