copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of Pakistan (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-01): A Map of the Strange Borders Between Pakistan and India around the Siachen Glacier The Siachen Glacier is part of a larger territory dispute between India and Pakistan. Both India and Pakistan have had a significant military presence here (mostly along the Saltoro Ridge) since April 1984. The conflict has been called, The Highest Battleground in the World". Pakistan and India spend upwards of $1 million dollars a day to keep troops amassed along such demanding and inhospitable terrain. [...] Around the same time, Pakistan had also started to grant climbing permits to K2, the Himilayan mountain known as the hardest mountain to climb. When the Indian Army learned of this, they immediately assembled a military expedition to the Siachen Glacier. The glacier and the surrounding mountains range from 19,000 to 22,000 feet above sea level. The whole area is extremely cold and heavily glaciated. It is sometimes called The Third Pole. Never-the-less both Pakistani and Indian troops have chosen to remain amassed along the Saltoro Ridge.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of Pakistan (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-03-05): When Britain hastily ended its imperial occupation of South Asia, the resulting Partition of India in 1947 left unresolved religious conflicts and ill-defined borders between India and Pakistan. While some borders were settled upon, others were left up to dispute. This is the case in Kashmir where the Line of Control, or former ceasefire line, acts as a de facto border. Siachen is located north of Point NJ 9842, the Line of Control’s northernmost agreed-upon point. The ambiguity of the glacier’s location has made it prone to territorial claims by both sides, who consider its possession "a matter of national prestige," according to the study’s author, Kristin Smith, an independent researcher and journalist. Smith explains in the study that disputes over Siachen’s territoriality first arose in 1975 when American maps marking the glacier as part of Pakistan provoked sharp backlash from India, who considered the maps "cartographic aggression." By 1984, the situation had turned violent. The Indian army launched Operation Meghdoot to occupy the glacier and cut off Pakistan from key ridges and passes. Until a ceasefire in 2003, armed conflict continued for nearly 40 years, causing an estimated 2,700 deaths. Battles have not broken out since, but neither have troops from either side withdrawn. While soldiers are no longer at active risk of combat, they still face the dangers of Siachen’s treacherous glacial terrain and harsh climate.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of Pakistan (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-17): An astronaut aboard the International Space Station captured this image of the Siachen Glacier on the spine of the Karakoram mountains in central Asia. This remote part of the world—where territories of Pakistan, India, and China all meet—is uninhabited and lies well above the tree line. Siachen is the second-longest glacier within Earth’s midlatitudes, which exclude, for example, the continental glaciers of Antarctica and Greenland. It measures 75 kilometers (47 miles) long and is 3.5 kilometers (2.2 miles) wide at the top-center of this image. The image shows four smaller tributary glaciers flowing into the main Siachen Glacier. The many dark, parallel lines in the glacier and its tributaries are moraines, which give a sense of the southward flow of the glacier. The darkest and most prominent moraine results from the merging of moraines from the Teram Shehr Glacier and its neighbor immediately to the north. Early afternoon sunlight casts shadows from small cumulus clouds onto the glaciers’ surfaces.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of Pakistan (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-04-12): Siachen dispute: India and Pakistan’s glacial fight - Published [...] The struggle between India and Pakistan over the Siachen glacier has even spawned a new term: "oropolitics", or mountaineering with a political goal. [...] In the late 1970s, a German mountaineer showed Col Kumar a US-drawn map of northern Kashmir marking the Indian-Pakistan ceasefire line much further to the east than he expected. It appeared the Americans had cartographically ceded a large chunk of the eastern Karakoram to Pakistan, including the Siachen glacier.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of Pakistan (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-04-12): Siachen Glacier: World’s highest battleground [...] Siachen Glacier, 71km long and one of the world’s largest glaciers, is situated in the north of the disputed region of Kashmir. [...] Ever since Indian forces occupied the Siachen Glacier in 1984, both India and Pakistan have fought intermittent artillery duels.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of Pakistan (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-05-29): Pakistan declares Siachen avalanche buried dead - Published [...] On 7 April 21m (70ft) of snow engulfed a military camp in Gayari near the Siachen Glacier. [...] The Siachen glacier is known as the world's highest battlefield, and soldiers have been deployed at elevations of up to 6,700m (22,000 feet).
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-03): The Siachen Glacier is a glacier located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas at about 35°25′16″N 77°06′34″E / 35.421226°N 77.109540°E, just northeast of the point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.[3][4] At 76 km (47 mi) long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas.[5] It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its head at Indira Col on the India–China border down to 3,620 m (11,875 ft) at its terminus. The entire Siachen Glacier, with all major passes, has been under the administration of India as part of the union territory of Ladakh, located in the Kashmir region since 1984.[6][7][8][9] Pakistan maintains a territorial claim over the Siachen Glacier[10] and controls the region west of Saltoro Ridge, lying west of the glacier,[11] with Pakistani posts located 1 km below more than 100 Indian posts on the ridge.[12][13]
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-05-24): The Siachen Glacier: The Second Longest Glacier Outside the Polar Regions [...] The Nubra Valley in Karakoram Himalaya is a highly glacierized valley with about 33 valley glaciers of different lengths and sizes. The glaciers occupy nearly 2/3rd of the total basin area. The most prominent and longest amongst them is the Siachen Glacier. This well-known glacier is a fine example of a compound and piedmont glacier. Glacier erosion has resulted in the development of a myriad of erosional and depositional features. These include numerous tributary glaciers with cirques, arêtes, horns, bergschrunds, moraines, supra-glacial streams and glacier lakes. Being a temperate glacier, the Siachen produces copious amount of runoff during ablation season in its proglacial streams. Heavy sediment load carried by the Nubra River has given rise to many glacio-fluvial depositional landforms and features such as outwash plains, braided rivers, alluvial fans, varved clays, etc. Evidence indicates three periods of glaciation in the area during the last ~145 ka. The role of tectonics in the late Quaternary period is also evident by way of at least three episodes of uplift, resulting in the formation of river terraces. There is no indication of significant recession of the Siachen Glacier snout during the last millennium. [...] Bhutiyani, M.R. (2014). The Siachen Glacier: The Second Longest Glacier Outside the Polar Regions.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-14): The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range of the Himalayas, in the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir between India and Pakistan. [...] The area around the Siachen Glacier has been the subject of a long-standing territorial dispute between India and Pakistan. [...] However, until a final resolution is reached between India and Pakistan regarding the territorial dispute, the Siachen Glacier will continue to be a contentious and heavily militarized region.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-07-15): G l a c i e r is located in the East Karakoram/Himalaya, at approximately 35.5° N 76.9° E. It is one of the five largest glaciers in the Karakoram, situated at an average altitude of 5,400 meters (~17,700 feet) above sea level. Most of the Siachen Glacier as is the LoC, a hotly contested territory between Pakistan and India.The Siachen glacier lies South of the great watershed that separates Central Asia from the Indian subcontinent, and Pakistan from China in this region. The 78 km long Siachen glacier lies between the Saltoro ridge line to the west and the main Karakoram range to the east. The Saltoro ridge originates from the Sia Kangri peak in the Karakoram range and the altitudes range from 5500 to 7300 m (18,000 to 24,000 feet). The major passes on this ridge are Sia La at 6100 m (20,000 ft) and Bila Fond La at 5800 m (19,000 ft).Understand Kashmir through these books | Siachen Glacier Satellite Image
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-31): The Siachen Glacier is a glacier located in the Karakoram range in the Himalayas. Although India controls the entirety of the Siachen Glacier since 1984, Pakistan still has territorial claims over it, controls the region west of Saltoro Ridge, lying west of the glacier and operates many outposts there.This article will give information about the Siachen glacier which will be useful in the Geography segment of the IAS Exam. To know more about other topics in this segment, visit the UPSC Syllabus page. [...] In 1984 Operation Meghdoot was launched by India. It resulted in India gaining complete control over all of Siachen Glacier and included its tributaries. It pre-empted Pakistan’s own military move – Operation Ababeel by a day to occupy the dominating heights on Saltoro Ridge located at the west of Siachen Glacier.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-09-14): Siachen glacier, located in the eastern Karakoram Range in the Himalayas, is one of the five largest glaciers in the Karakoram, situated at an average altitude of 18,000 ft above sea level. At 78 km long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second longest in the world's non-polar areas. Most of Siachen Glacier falls under the LoC (Line of Control), a hotly contested territory between Pakistan and India. Since 1984, both countries have been fighting intermittently for sovereignty over this region, because of which Siachen Glacier is sometimes called the highest battleground on earth. In 1984, when the Pakistan army attempted to move into the region, India launched a successful military operation and has since maintained control over all of Siachen Glacier and its tributaries. Between 1984 and 1999, frequent skirmishes took place between India and Pakistan. However, more soldiers have died in Siachen from harsh weather conditions than from enemy firing. Both India and Pakistan maintain permanent military presence in the region at a height of over 6,000 m (20,000 ft), and continue to deploy thousands of troops in Siachen.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-10-22): The world’s highest battlefield could be your next travel destination, as India opens Siachen Glacier to tourists. According to reports, India’s Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh announced this on Monday in Ladakh when he was there to inaugurate a bridge across River Shyok. Singh further stressed on Ladakh’s potential as an important tourist destination in India. The Siachen area being opened to tourists means that now you can travel from the Siachen Base Camp to Kumar Post. This has been confirmed by a tweet from the Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh. The decision comes months after declaring Ladakh as a Union Territory. The Siachen Glacier is on the eastern Karakoram Range in the Himalayas, and India took over the territory in 1984 in an operation called
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-19): The best starting point would be the demilitarization of the highest battleground on planet earth: the Siachen glacier, on which the armies of the two countries have been lodged since 1984. There have been no active hostilities in the area for more than 20 years now, yet the two armies are constantly deployed, fighting the elements of nature at temperatures reaching up to 40 degrees below freezing. [...] The agreement could oblige the two governments to exchange environmental protection data from their respective areas of climate jurisdiction and coordinate any civilian exploration activity in the region, whether scientific or resource-oriented. The United Nations Military Observers’ Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) – which has been observing the Line of Control (LOC) dividing the disputed region of Kashmir between Indian- and Pakistani-administered territories since 1949 – could be given the additional responsibility to remotely monitor remilitarization in the un-demarcated Siachen region. [...] While Manmohan Singh, the former prime minister of India, had called for turning Siachen into a "mountain of peace" more than 15 years ago, contemporary realities necessitate its transition into a "mountain of climate responsibility."
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-28): Located on the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas, the Siachen Glacier is the highest battlefield and one of the most inhospitable terrains on earth. It is also the second largest glacier outside the polar region. India took over the territory in 1984 during Operation Meghdoot. [...] The Siachen Glacier serves as a wedge between Baltistan in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir and Shaksgam valley, which Pakistan had illegally ceded to China. India’s control of the glacier prevents Chinese and Pakistani militaries from linking up and exposing Ladakh to a Sino-Pakistan pincer attack, therefore it is considered a strategically important area. Opening the Siachen base camp to tourism sent a strong message across the border and to the international forum that the glacier rightfully belongs to India’s sovereignty and every citizen of India has the right and freedom to move freely in our own territory.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-23): Siachen Glacier in the Eastern Karakoram range of the Himalayas, is famously known as the ‘highest battlefield on earth’ as well as the second-longest glacier in the non-polar areas. It lies on the tri-junction shared with Pakistan-occupied areas of Jammu &Kashmir along with the Saltoro Ridge to the west and the Chinese province of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, with the Karakoram Range to the east. The glacier starts at the northernmost demarcated point of the ceasefire line between India and Pakistan, commonly called the Line of Control, at the edge of the Union territory of Ladakh. Located at around 20,000 feet above sea level, the average snowfall in this 76-km-long glacier is around 35 feet, where temperatures can touch -70 degrees Celsius. The area had remained majorly untouched by British surveyors during their surveys, and it was not until the efforts of the Indian armed forces much later that Siachen and Nubra glaciers entered the world map. [...] In 1972, the Shimla Conference took place led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. After India’s victory over Pakistan in the 1971 Bangladesh War, the Siachen Glacier was left unmarked again, this time under an agreement known as the ‘Suchetgarh Agreement’. According to the Indian government’s interpretation, the Pakistani domain extended from Saltoro Ridge till NJ9842, whereas Pakistan claimed that its domain extended further east, to the Karakoram Pass.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-07-17): Siachen Glacier, the world’s second-longest glacier in non-polar areas, lies in the Karakoram Range of the Himalayas, in the disputed Kashmir region. The glacier covers 76 km from its head at Indira Col on the China-India border to its terminus, with its altitude falling from 5,753m to 3,620m above sea level. The Siachen Glacier is bordered to the north by the great drainage divide, a divide separating the Indian Subcontinent and the Eurasian Plate in the Karakoram region. Although India administers the entire glacier region as part of the Union Territory of Ladakh, Pakistan also claims the region and controls the area to the glacier’s west. [...] The Siachen region is a subject of a territorial dispute between Pakistan and India, with both countries claiming sovereignty over it. The 1970s and 1980s US and Pakistani maps contained a dotted line on the LoC from NJ9842 to Karakoram Pass. However, India held that the dotted line violated the Shimla agreement and may have been a cartographic error. India took control of the Siachen Glacier in 1984 under Operation Meghdoot after getting information on Pakistan’s plans to occupy the region. The Pakistani troops reached the area and found that India had already occupied the glacier, including the Saltoro Ridge.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-28): The Siachen conflict, sometimes referred to as the Siachen Glacier conflict or the Siachen War, was a military conflict between India and Pakistan over the disputed 1,000-square-mile (2,600 km2)[13] Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir. The conflict was started in 1984 by India's successful capture of the Siachen Glacier as part of Operation Meghdoot, and continued with Operation Rajiv in 1987. India took control of the 70-kilometre-long (43 mi) Siachen Glacier and its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier, including Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.[14][15][page needed] A cease-fire went into effect in 2003,[16] but both sides maintain a heavy military presence in the area. The conflict has resulted in thousands of deaths, mostly due to natural hazards.[17] External commentators have characterized it as pointless, given the perceived uselessness of the territory, and indicative of bitter stubbornness on both sides.[17]
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-06-20): The inhospitable terrain beyond point NJ9842 was not demarcated, simply because U.N. officials didn’t think either country would ever dispute such a barren region. But in the decades following the Karachi Agreement, both India and Pakistan claimed sovereignty over the Siachen area. Then, in 1983, India began receiving intelligence reports warning of an imminent Pakistani incursion into the region, and a potential assault on the Saltoro Ridge, a strategic location on the southwest side of the Siachen Glacier. [...] But from the 2003 ceasefire up until the present day, things remained much as they had before, with India in control of the Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and ridges of the Saltoro Ridge. Pakistan, meanwhile, holds posts at lower elevations along the spurs of the Saltoro ridgeline. [...] The Siachen Glacier is located in Northern Ladakh in the eastern Karakoram Range of the Himalayas. The nearest civilian settlement is Warshi, a small village about 10 miles downstream from the Indian base camp. Due to the ongoing tensions in the Siachen region, civilians rarely travel to the area unless they have some connection with either the Indian or Pakistani forces stationed at the glacier.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-10): For more than three decades, India and Pakistan have sent young soldiers to this harsh environment, where they remain for months at a time, guarding a remote, uninhabited wilderness. Observers began referring to the confrontation as the Siachen Glacier conflict, after the monumental sheet of ice that dominates the landscape where the disputed borders of Pakistan, India, and China meet. [...] On April 13, 1984, the Indian Army launched Operation Meghdoot, named after a Sanskrit word meaning "cloud messenger." Using helicopters, the army inserted a platoon of soldiers to occupy the Bilafond La, one of the mountain passes favored by climbers coming from Pakistan. Soon it occupied two more passes. With these moves, India controlled the Saltoro Range, which would become the front line in the fight over the Siachen Glacier and has shaped the archipelago of military outposts that defines the stalemate today. [...] Wirsing agrees the line played a role in the conflict, but he adds, "I have no reason to think someone deliberately decided to hand this territory to Pakistan." He also has no reason to believe any peace agreements will be negotiated soon. "I have friends who say [the Siachen Glacier] should be converted into an international peace park," he says. But recent events, he notes, including continued violence in Kashmir and border tensions between India and China, make a resolution of the issue seem improbable anytime soon.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-29): The Siachen region is strategically important for India because it separates Pakistan from China. It also enables India to monitor the Gilgit and Baltistan regions of Pakistan. For Pakistan, the region provides direct access to China. However, until the 1970s the region was unpopulated. In the late 1970s Col. Narinder ("Bull") Kumar, a mountaineer in the Indian Army, saw a U.S.-drawn map of northern Kashmir that showed the Siachen Glacier as part of Pakistan. Pakistan had been giving permits to foreign mountaineers to climb around the glacier throughout the 1970s, creating the impression that it was Pakistani territory. Kumar received permission for a counter-expedition in 1978, and by 1981 he had mapped the entire glacier up to the Chinese border. In 1984, after receiving intelligence of a planned Pakistani troop dispatch to the region, India launched the secret Project Meghdoot ("Cloud Messenger," named for the Meghaduta, a well-known classical Sanskrit poem), positioning its troops in Siachen a week before Pakistan could deploy its forces. India thus took control of the entire glacier. Despite a few subsequent skirmishes between Indian and Pakistani forces, India retained control.
Claim: Siachen Glacier is a territory of India (Siachen Glacier, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-20): Siachen Glacier lies in Northern Ladakh in the Karakorams, a mountain range originating from the Pamirs. The total area of Siachen Glacier is approximately 78 km. Siachen is the 5th largest glacier of the Karakoram Range and second largest glacier in the world. [...] The average elevation of Siachen Glacier from sea level is approximately 17770 feet. Most of the Siachen Glacier as is the LoC, a disputed territory between India and Pakistan. The area of "Aksai Chin" is also located in this area. [...] In the Shimla Agreement of 1972, the Siachen area was termed as barren and useless. But this agreement did not determine the boundary between India and Pakistan. India got intelligence in 1984 that Pakistan has ordered to prepare some "hot suit" to a European company to capture the area of Siachen Glacier. But before the consignment of Pakistan suit taken place; India got ready these "hot suits" and deployed its troops on "Bilafond La Pass".