copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-08): Navassa Island, or La Navase in Haitian Creole, is a small island without anyone living on it in the Caribbean Sea.[1] It is located ninety miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The United States government claims the two-square-mile island as a territory of the United States, and it is under control of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The island is also claimed by Haiti. [...] Geography [change | change source]Navassa Island is three square miles in area. Navassa lies about one hundred miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, about thirty miles west of Cape Tiburon, Haiti, at the southwest entrance to the Windward Passage, east of Kingston, Jamaica. Navassa's climate is marine and tropical. [...] Other websites [change | change source]- STATE OF NAVAZA Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine - Navassa Island profile Archived 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine - OIA - A tour of Navassa Island Archived 2011-03-23 at the Wayback Machine - USGS - Bill Warren's site laying out his claim to Navassa Island Archived 2005-11-24 at the Wayback Machine - Site that supports the Haitian claim to Navassa Archived 2006-08-04 at the Wayback Machine - Fabio Spadi (2001) "Navassa: Legal Nightmares in a Biological Heaven?" Boundary & Security Bulletin, autumn edition Archived 2011-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-01): Country name conventional long form: none conventional short form: Navassa Island etymology: the flat island was named "Navaza" by some of Christopher COLUMBUS' sailors in 1504; the name derives from the Spanish term "nava" meaning "flat land, plain, or field" Dependency status unorganized, unincorporated territory of the US; administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior from the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge in Boqueron, Puerto Rico; in September 1996, the Coast Guard ceased operations and maintenance of the Navassa Island Light, a 46-meter-tall lighthouse on the southern side of the island; Haiti has claimed the island since the 19th century [...] Navassa Island (US)-Haiti: claimed by Haiti and is in Haiti’s constitution; the waters around Navassa island are a source of subsistence for Haitian fishermen
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-26): Navassa Island[dead link] is an uninhabited island in the Caribbean that is administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior of the United States of America as a National Wildlife Refuge. The island is also claimed by Haiti. It lies about one-quarter of the way from Haiti to Jamaica. [...] History [edit]This uninhabited island was claimed by the U.S. in 1857 for its guano, and mining took place between 1865 and 1898. In the 19th and early 20th century guano (a product originating from bird feces on limestone that is used as fertilizer and a basis for explosives) was so important that the US passed the Guano Islands Act allowing any US citizen to claim any island, not previously claimed by another nation, for the US if Guano deposits were to be found there. Navassa Island is just one of many islands and islets that entered US possession due to this curious piece of legislation, that is still in force. A 46-metre (50 yd) tall lighthouse was built in 1917, on the southern side of the island. The Coast Guard ceased operations and maintenance of Navassa Island Light in September 1996. After the lighthouse was shut down administration of Navassa Island transferred from the Coast Guard to the Department of the Interior. A 1998 scientific expedition to the island described it as a unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity; the following year it became a National Wildlife Refuge. [...] Fees and permits [edit]Navassa Island is closed to the public. Visitors need permission from the Fish and Wildlife Office before entering the territory.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-01-17): Several centuries ago, Thucydides wrote, "Justice is what is decided when equal forces are opposed, while possibilities are what superior impose and the weak acquiesce to." The Haitian government then and now has reluctantly and nonchalantly given up a piece of Haitian territory named Navassa that they should reclaim sooner than later. The island could turn into a bonanza for Haitian fisheries and wildlife conservation, providing jobs and new opportunities for thousands of needy Haitian families. But first, let’s review briefly the Navassa issue, which stills pends in the UN among the known territorial disputes. The seizure of Navassa island by the US, following a bogus claim of discovery made in 1857 by a US naval officer, Captain Duncan, illustrates the point that Thucydides had made. This is a lot of land situated thirty-three nautical miles off the southwest coast of Haiti and which has been inhabited by Haitians randomly due to a chain of obstacles and events that befell Haiti since independence. Nonetheless, Navassa has been part of Haiti under an old foreign policy principle known as "UTI POSSIDETIS", which allows for all French territories adjacent to Haiti following the Haitian Revolution to automatically become Haiti’s. As I argued in my book "The Years of Haiti in the Shade of the American Empire", there is no ground, legal, nor moral, for the US to claim and retain this island. The Guano Act enacted in the United Stated cannot justify this encroachment of another, yes weaker nation’s land. Do most Haitians know about Navassa? Do they even care?
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-14): The island of Navassa is about 30 miles off the coast of Haiti and is covered in centuries’ worth of accumulated bird droppings—guano. Sometimes referred to as "white gold," guano is a potent fertilizer that in the mid-1800s was a scarce resource for which American farmers were desperate. Peru had large amounts of the stuff, but its near monopoly position and special deal with Britain meant that American farmers were priced out. In 1850, guano was $76 a pound—a quarter of the price of gold at the time. The situation was so dire that President Millard Fillmore devoted portions of his 1850 State of the Union address to the subject. [...] Haiti, for its part, has continued to quietly maintain its claim to Navassa—the constitution of Haiti even says so. But Haiti’s near-vassal state relationship with the U.S. over the past century-and-a-half has meant that no Haitian government has been willing to bring formal claims for the unlawful taking of its property. [...] But maybe we can start small, with the taking of that little island covered in bird droppings. Navassa is a tangible, transferable piece of real property that was taken from Haiti at a time when it was covered in one of the world’s most valuable assets. Whether we call it a debt, damages, reparations, or an offer to settle a disputed claim, it is long past time for the U.S. to pay up.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-01): Navassa Island is an uninhabited island, less than two square miles in size, in the Caribbean Sea, between Jamaica and Haiti. Like many of these Minor Outlying Islands, it became a possession of the US as part of the Guano Islands Act, passed by US Congress in 1856, which allowed US citizens to claim any island with potential mineable deposits of bird guano, not already claimed by another nation, as "appertaining" to the United States (after Presidential approval). Within eight years, 59 islands in the Atlantic and the Pacific were claimed in this way, and over time these were mined for their nitrate-rich guano, for use as fertilizer – if they had any. [...] Mining ended in 1898, and the island was abandoned, until a lighthouse with a keeper’s residence was built in 1917. In 1929 the lighthouse was automated, and the island unoccupied again. Navassa saw some activity as an observation post in World War Two, but then was abandoned again. In 1999 the Navassa Island National Wildlife Refuge was established, which covers the island and the surrounding 12-mile ring of territorial waters. US Fish and Wildlife Service manages the refuge as one of 14 official territories of the USA; although since 1857 Navassa has also been claimed by Haiti, which is just 35 miles away. It is off limits to the public.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Haiti is bordered to the east by the Dominican Republic, which covers the rest of Hispaniola, to the south and west by the Caribbean, and to the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Cuba lies some 50 miles (80 km) west of Haiti’s northern peninsula, across the Windward Passage, a strait connecting the Atlantic to the Caribbean. Jamaica is some 120 miles (190 km) west of the southern peninsula, across the Jamaica Channel, and Great Inagua Island (of The Bahamas) lies roughly 70 miles (110 km) to the north. Haiti claims sovereignty over Navassa (Navase) Island, an uninhabited U.S.-administered islet about 35 miles (55 km) to the west in the Jamaica Channel.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1996-01-16): Navassa Island (French: La Navase, Haitian Kreyòl: Lanavaz or Lavash) is a small, uninhabited island in the Caribbean Sea. The government of the United States claims the island as an unorganized unincorporated territory, part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands, where it is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. However, the island is also claimed by Haiti. [...] The terrain of Navassa Island consists mostly of exposed coral and limestone, the island being ringed by vertical white cliffs nine to 15 meters high, but with enough grassland to support goat herds. There are also dense stands of fig-like trees and scattered cactus on the island. Its topography and ecology is similar to that of Mona Island, a small limestone island located in the Mona Channel, between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Historically, it shares the same similarities as Navassa Island since both are U.S. territories, were once centers of guano mining, and presently are nature reserves. Transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island but the island is otherwise uninhabited. It has no ports or harbors, only offshore anchorages, and its only natural resource is guano; economic activity consists of subsistence fishing and commercial trawling activities.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-09-23): Navassa Island is located approximately 50 km west of the southwestern tip of Haiti (fig. 1) and is an uninhabited, pear-shaped island 4.64 km2 in area (Miller and others, 2008a). In 1857, Navassa became the third permanent overseas possession of the United States when it was claimed under the Guano Islands Act (Skaggs, 1994) for its substantial phosphate deposits. In 1999, Navassa Island and a 12-mile radius of marine territory were designated as a National Wildlife Refuge under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Miller and others, 2008b). In 2006, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research conducted the first high-resolution, multibeam bathymetric survey around Navassa Island (Piniak and others, 2006). A 1-meter spatial resolution digital elevation model (DEM) produced by NOAA served as the dataset for the fractal analysis. The study area extended approximately from 18° 25' 17.70" N, 75° 02' 20.50" W to 18° 22' 55.49" N, 74° 59' 34.32" W. The DEM was rotated 32° clockwise to align it with the computational grid used for the fractal analysis (fig. 2). [...] Zawada, D.G., 2011, Fractal analysis of the Navassa Island seascape: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 592, available online only at https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/592/.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1996-04-24): - - Île de la Navasse - Navassa Island - Date: [...] Haitian fishermen from Anse d'Hainault denounce foreigners who come to exploit Navassa Island's resources, because according to them it is Haitian territory. These interlopers include Jamaican and Cuban fishermen, and especially Americans, who believe that Navassa Island is US territory. The fishermen have come into conflict with American soldiers, and sometimes turn off the lighthouse in retaliation. (For the complete interview, consult RL100591486.) Des pêcheurs d'Anse d'Hainault dénoncent les étrangers qui viennent exploiter les ressources de La Navasse puisque, selon eux, l'île appartient à Haïti. Parmi ces envahisseurs, les pêcheurs cubains et jamaïcains, mais surtout les américains qui revendiquent l'île. Les pêcheurs haïtiens sont en conflit avec les soldats américains. Ces derniers éteignent parfois le phare en guise de représailles. (Pour l'entretien complet, voir RL1001486.)
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-02-10): Navassa Island is a small, uninhabited island located between Haiti, Jamaica, and Cuba. Originally acquired for its guano resources, today, Navassa is of no apparent use to the United States. A review of the island’s history and geography suggests several possibilities for Navassa’s future and America’s own interests in this remote territory. Situated near the southern end of the Windward Passage, uninhabited Navassa Island is two square miles of wind-beaten brush struggling to grow among limestone and long-dead coral. Forty miles from Haiti, 85 from Jamaica, and 130 from Cuba, its waters can be reached by mariners with relative ease. However, Navassa’s abrupt, sharp coral cliffs prevent easy access to its terrain. Today, the only regular visitors are fisherman from Haiti’s southwest coast, who rarely make landfall. Navassa is a harsh and unappealing place. It is also American territory.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-11-26): For more than 160 years, the United States and Haiti have disputed the ownership of tiny Navassa Island at the southwest entrance of the Windward Passage covered with what was once worth a king’s ransom. More than a century later, the question remains: Who owns the poop? [...] "The United States has no valid claim over Navassa Island," said Fritz Longchamp, a former Haiti foreign minister who in 1998 had to deal with the U.S.’s revived claims to the deserted outpost while serving in then-Haitian president Rene Preval first cabinet. [...] In challenging the U.S.’s ownership, Haiti in 1872, argued that Christopher Columbus’ 1493 discovery of the island of Hispaniola, which Haiti shares with the Dominican Republican, included Navassa. When Spain ceded the western third of Hispaniola in the 1697 Treaty of Rijswijk to France, which renamed it Saint-Domingue, Navassa was included. It was again included in France’s King Charles X’s 1825 recognition of Haiti in return for the payment of 150 million francs.
Claim: Navassa Island is a territory of Haiti (Navassa Island, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-07): The United States acquired its ﬁrst overseas territory—Navassa Island, near Haiti—by conceptualizing it as a kind of property to be owned, rather than a piece of sovereign territory to be governed. The story of Navassa shows how competing conceptions of property and sovereignty are an important and underappreciated part of the law of the territories—a story that continued ﬁfty years later in the Insular Cases, which described Puerto Rico as "belonging to" but not "part of" the United States. [...] Joseph Blocher & Mitu Gulati, Navassa: Property, Sovereignty, and the Law of the Territories, 131 Yale Law Journal 2390-2448 (2022)
Claim: Hala'ib Triangle is a territory of Sudan (Hala'ib Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-25): The Halaib Triangle is an area of land measuring 20,580 square kilometres (7,950 sq mi) located on the Northeast African coast of the Red Sea. The area, which takes its name from the town of Halaib, is created by the difference in the Egypt–Sudan border between the "political boundary" set in 1899 by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, which runs along the 22nd parallel north, and the "administrative boundary" set by the British in 1902,[1] which gave administrative responsibility for an area of land north of the line to Sudan, which was an Anglo-Egyptian client at the time. With the independence of Sudan in 1956, both Egypt and Sudan claimed sovereignty over the area. The area has been considered to be a part of the Sudan's Red Sea State, and was included in local elections until the late 1980s. In 1994, the Egyptian military moved to take control of the area as a part of Red Sea Governorate, and Egypt has been actively investing in it since then.[2] Egypt has been recently categorical in rejecting international arbitration or even political negotiations regarding the area.[3]
Claim: Hala'ib Triangle is a territory of Sudan (Hala'ib Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-02): Halaib (Arabic: حلايب, romanized: Ḥalāyib [ħæˈlæːjeb]), is a Red Sea port and town, located in the Halaib Triangle, a 20,580 km2 (7,950 sq mi) area disputed between Egypt and Sudan. The town lies on the southern tip of what Egyptians refer to as the Red Sea Riviera and the north eastern corner of Sudan's Red Sea State and is near the ruins of medieval ʽAydhab. De facto control of the area is held by the Egyptian government. Name [edit]The name Halaib represents Arabic Arabic: حلايب, romanized: Ḥalāyib. The spellings Halayeb, Hala'ib, and Halayib are also found. Geography [edit]In the Halaib region, Afrotropical elements have their northern limits at Gabal Elba, making it a unique region among the regions dominating North African ecosystems. There is also dense cover of acacias, mangroves and other shrubs, in addition to endemic species of plants such as Biscutella elbensis.
Claim: Hala'ib Triangle is a territory of Sudan (Hala'ib Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-05-11): Bir Tawil – which means "deep well" in Arabic – is a slice of land just south of the border between Egypt and Sudan that runs primarily in a straight line along the 22nd parallel. Its fate appears ensnared in that of the nearby Hala’ib Triangle, a larger, more strategic territory by the Red Sea contested by the two countries. In 1899, British rulers produced a map that gave Bir Tawil to then Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the Hala’ib Triangle to Egypt. But in 1902, it produced another map with the opposite designations. [...] Egypt recognises the 1899 map, which gives it the more prised Hala’ib Triangle. Sudan uses the later map giving it the territory. Neither, therefore, appears to want Bir Tawil.
Claim: Hala'ib Triangle is a territory of Sudan (Hala'ib Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-31): On 4 November 1902, the UK drew a separate "administrative boundary", intended to reflect the actual use of the land by the tribes in the region.[3] Bir Tawil was grazing land used by the Ababda tribe based near Aswan, and thus was placed under Egyptian administration from Cairo. Similarly, the Hala'ib Triangle to the northeast was placed under the British governor of Sudan, because its inhabitants were culturally closer to Khartoum. Egypt claims the original border from 1899, the 22nd parallel, which would place the Hala'ib Triangle within Egypt and the Bir Tawil area within Sudan. Sudan, however, claims the administrative border of 1902, which would put Hala'ib within Sudan, and Bir Tawil within Egypt. As a result, both states claim Hala'ib and neither claims the much less valuable Bir Tawil area, which is only a tenth the size, and has no permanent settlements or access to the sea. There is no basis in international law for either Sudan or Egypt to claim both territories, and neither nation is willing to cede Hala'ib. With no recognized third state claiming the neglected area, Bir Tawil is one of the few land areas of the world not claimed by any recognised state.[4][5]
Claim: Hala'ib Triangle is a territory of Sudan (Hala'ib Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-06): Hala’ib and Shalateen or Hala’ib Triangle is an area of land measuring 20,580 square km, located at the Egyptian-Sudanese border on the Red Sea's African coast. The area belongs to Egypt politically and administratively but has been one of the major sticking points in Egyptian-Sudanese relations since the demarcation of borders between the two countries carried out during the British occupation of Egypt in 1899, at a time when Sudan was affiliated with the Egyptian Kingdom. [...] According to Al Arabiya Institute for Studies, the Sudanese administration of Hala'ib and Shalateen was temporary and neither grants Sudan the right to rule the area, nor denies Egypt's sovereignty over any part of the territory. [...] The largest tribes inhabiting the Hala'ib Triangle, including Rashaida, Alababdeh and Bashaira, who rejected the Sudanese National Election Commission's decision granting people in Hala'ib the right to participate in Sudanese general elections. The three tribes asserted during their participation in the 6th October War victory celebration in 2009 that the area is 100 percent Egyptian.
Claim: Hala'ib Triangle is a territory of Sudan (Hala'ib Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-12-23): Hala’ib and Shalateen, or the Hala’ib Triangle, is an area of land measuring 20,580 square kilometers, located at the Egyptian-Sudanese border on the Red Sea coast. It is part of the Red Sea governorate and consists of three major towns – Hala'ib (which became a city in February 2014), Abu Ramad and Shalateen. [...] The largest tribes inhabiting the Hala'ib Triangle, including Rashaida, Alababdeh and Bashaira, who rejected the Sudanese National Election Commission's decision granting people in Hala'ib the right to participate in Sudanese general elections. The three tribes asserted during their participation in the 6th October War victory celebration in 2009 that the area is 100 percent Egyptian. [...] It should be noted that state employees who work in the Hala’ib Triangle receive a 300 percent incentive as well as free public facilities, including electricity and water. In addition, students in Hala’ib schools receive LE 5 pocket money daily from the government.
Claim: Hala'ib Triangle is a territory of Sudan (Hala'ib Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-04): It goes on to demand the return of the the Hala'ib Triangle, disputed land between Sudan and Egypt.
Claim: Hala'ib Triangle is a territory of Sudan (Hala'ib Triangle, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-13): While Egypt and Sudan generally agreed on the Nile water question, they had failed to resolve a longstanding dispute over the location of their border near the Red Sea, an area called the Hala'ib Triangle.[14] Egypt occupied the disputed territory, but the matter remained ripe for future conflict.[14][32] Al-Bashir revived the controversy as recently as 2010 when he stated that Hala’ib was Sudanese and would stay Sudanese.[14] [...] Sudan has particularly appreciated Egyptian verbal and moral support for its policy in Darfur.[14] Egypt also sent troops to the United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur.[14] Egyptian investments in Sudan reached US$2.5 billion by 2008 while Sudanese investments in Egypt totaled almost US$200 million.[14] By 2010 Egyptian–Sudanese relations were better than they had been in many years, although several long-term contentious issues, such as the future status of South Sudan, ownership of the Hala’ib Triangle, and use of Nile water, remained unresolved.[14]