copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2024-10-08): The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Part C States) Order, 1951 included "any Kuki tribe", "any Lushai tribe" and "any Naga tribe" (as umbrella terms among the scheduled tribes in Assam, Manipur, and Tripura. Among the "any Kuki" classification, it listed 39 subtribes/clans.[55][56][57] The 1951 census recorded the Kuki population of Manipur as 69,855, that in Assam as 18,200,[f] and that in Tripura as 3,428.[32] The 21 Kuki tribes of Manipur (as per the nomenclature used in the British colonial times) gathered together in 1948 to form an organisation called Kuki Company. They also contributed to the construction of Kuki Inn in Imphal, to serve as the office for the organisation. Soon afterwards, frictions developed over the use of the Thadou language for the business of the organisation.[g] As a result, almost all the tribes other than Thadou Kukis left the Kuki Company, and formed a separate Khulmi National Union.[58] In 1950s, ten Old Kuki tribes changed their affiliation to 'Naga', induced to do so by the Tangkhuls.[h] Seven New Kuki tribes eventually adopted the Zomi identity in the 1990s.[60]
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2024-09-22): IMPHAL: India’s northeastern state of Manipur has been placed on high alert after intelligence reports of a potential influx of 900 suspected Kuki militants from Myanmar, a senior security official said. [...] Since May 2023, Manipur has been embroiled in violence between the majority Meitei and minority Kuki communities, driven by disputes over economic benefits and quotas. [...] Denying there had been an influx of Kuki militants from Myanmar, the Kuki Students Organisation (KSO), the main body representing the community in the state, accused the security adviser of spreading false information about the community while failing to ensure their safety. "We no longer feel secure under his leadership […] we would like to call for his resignation," a KSO statement said.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2024-09-24): Imphal/Guwahati: The Kuki-Zo tribes in Manipur have asked their community to be vigilant between September 26 and 29, days after the Manipur Security Adviser confirmed in a press conference that some "900 Kuki militants" trained in jungle warfare and use of weaponised drones have entered the violence-hit state from neighbouring Myanmar. [...] Many distinct tribes such as Thadou and Hmar come under Manipur's Scheduled Tribes (ST) list, one of which also includes a catch-all nomenclature called 'Any Kuki Tribes', re-added in 2003 after its deletion in 1956. [...] There are many villages of the Kuki tribes in the hills surrounding the Meitei-dominated valley. The clashes between the Meitei community and the nearly two dozen tribes known as Kukis - a term given by the British in colonial times - who are dominant in some hill areas of Manipur, has killed over 220 people and internally displaced nearly 50,000.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2024-09-22): A collective of Kuki tribal groups in Manipur dismissed the government's alert about the influx of militants from Myanmar as "preposterous" and an attempt to perpetuate biassed ethno-centric narrative. [...] A collective of Kuki tribal groups in Manipur on Saturday dismissed the government's alert about the influx of Kuki militants from Myanmar and possible militant attacks on villages on the periphery of Imphal Valley. [...] The statement by the apex body of the Kuki tribal groups in Manipur, the Committee on Tribal Unity (COTU), came a day after the security advisor to the state government, Kuldiep Singh, claimed that over 900 militants had entered Manipur from neighbouring Myanmar with plans to attack peripheral villages of the rival community around September 28.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2023-06-15): After the ethnic conflict in Manipur, Kuki groups have reportedly been caught in the civil war in adjoining Myanmar. [...] The Kuki National Army (KNA) was one of the 25 extremist groups of the Kuki-Zomi tribes that had agreed to a suspension of operations (SoO) in Manipur a few years ago. In March, the Manipur government withdrew from the SoO agreement with the KNA and the Zomi Revolutionary Army. [...] The Manipur Government and Meitei organisations based in the Imphal Valley hold the Kuki-Zomi extremist groups responsible for the ethnic clashes that have claimed more than 120 lives since May 3. The Kuki-Zomi groups have denied the allegations, insisting the tribal communities have been systematically targeted for ethnic cleansing.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2023-06-20): Since the military coup in 2021 there has been an influx of refugees into Manipur and Mizoram. There are no exact figures, but various reports suggest the number of Chin refugees living in Manipur to be between 4,000 and 10,000. These people are mostly living in Churachandpur, Chandel and Kangpokpi districts of Kuki tribe-inhabited areas in Manipur. [...] The government of India has said that the refugees from Myanmar are to be treated as "illegal migrants". The state governments of both Manipur and Mizoram tried to help the refugees because they share cultural and historical ties. In Manipur, all communities, including the Meiteis, were part of the relief work for the refugees. But as the influx has increased and no ID cards have been given, there is a fear that the refugees might settle on their lands and the local people could become a minority – as was the case in Tripura when the local residents welcomed the Bangladeshis.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2024-09-20): The intelligence report was sent to all Senior Superintendents of Police in the districts along the India-Myanmar border in southern Manipur, top intelligence sources told NDTV, requesting anonymity. The report, sent on Thursday, mentioned that "900 Kuki militants, newly trained in use of drone-based bombs, projectles, missiles and jungle warfare have entered Manipur from Myanmar", the sources said. [...] There are many villages of the Kuki tribes in the hills surrounding the Meitei-dominated valley. The clashes between the Meitei community and the nearly two dozen tribes known as Kukis - a term given by the British in colonial times - who are dominant in some hill areas of Manipur, has killed over 220 people and internally displaced nearly 50,000. The general category Meiteis want to be included under the Scheduled Tribes category, while the Kukis who share ethnic ties with people in neighbouring Myanmar's Chin State and Mizoram want a separate administration carved out of Manipur, citing discrimination and unequal share of resources and power with the Meiteis.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2023-03-15): Many of these refugees belong to the same ethnic group, the Kuki-Chin-Zomi-Mizo tribe, that live in the hills of Manipur. [...] The districts of Kangpokpi, Churachandpur, Tamenglong, Chandel, Ukhrul and Senapati are notified as "hill districts" in Manipur. The ethnic Kuki population in Manipur is about 30 per cent of the 28.5 lakh population, according to the 2011 Census. [...] The Kuki rebel groups that have been seeking greater self-determination within Manipur under the Sixth Schedule, signed the Suspension of Operations ceasefire agreement with the Centre and the state government in August 2008.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2024-07-22): All the refugees initially flocked to three locations in Manipur, but to avoid overcrowding they were relocated to eight camps, namely Phaikoh, Skipe, Aloyo, Pilong, Kheronram, Ka Ka, Wanglee, and Namlee. The camps are mixed, with an equal population of Myanmar Buddhist and Kuki-Zo. Everything was going smoothly until people started making careless statements about "illegal immigrants", which disturbed the already fragile communal fabric in Manipur. This term is often used derogatorily against people of Kuki-Zo origin. This form of labelling has been happening for a while, with Chief Minister N. Biren Singh not distancing himself from it. In fact, during the peak of the ethnic violence in Manipur, the term became almost a slur, with all Kuki-Zo being referred to as "illegal immigrants from Myanmar". [...] The post led to a flood of misinformation about the identity of the refugees in Kamjong. Messages were shared on social media sites that all of them were Kuki-Zo. In reality, only half of them are Kuki-Zo while the rest are Myanmar Buddhist. Many people in Imphal demanded to know why "Kuki-Chin illegal immigrants" were being housed and fed in Manipur when the valley was in direct conflict with the Kuki-Zo in the hills.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2024-10-07): Kuki, a Southeast Asian people living in the Mizo (formerly Lushai) Hills on the border between India and Myanmar (Burma) and numbering about 12,000 in the 1970s. They have been largely assimilated by the more populous Mizo (q.v.), adopting their customs and language. Traditionally the Kuki lived in small settlements in the jungles, each ruled by its own chief. The youngest son of the chief inherited his father’s property, while the other sons were provided with wives from the village and sent out to found villages of their own. The Kuki live an isolated existence in the bamboo forests, which provide them with their building and handicraft materials. They grow rice, first burning off the jungle to clear the ground. They hunt wild animals and keep dogs, pigs, buffalo, goats, and poultry.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2023-08-04): The hill areas of Manipur are predominantly inhabited by 38 scheduled tribes; these tribes fall into the Naga, Kuki or Zomi categories, or those who stand to retain their respective community identity. There are also other small pockets in the hill districts that are inhabited by certain sections of Meiteis, Gurkhas and others. [...] "The Kukis who came to Manipur after the first Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826) are termed 'New Kukis'," says Ningthouja. "If one says Kukis existed in Manipur in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were not Kukis. They were what the British categorised as 'Old Kukis' but have now organisationally affiliated to the Naga appellation," he elaborates. [...] The 'New Kukis' were brought and settled in strategic locations surrounding the Manipur valley by the British in the early 19th century, where they served as mercenaries. They were used as buffer to protect the valley from the regular raids by the Naga tribes.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2023-06-18): The Kukis are an ethnic group including multiple tribes originally inhabiting the Northeastern States of India, including Manipur, Mizoram and Assam; parts of Burma (now Myanmar), and Sylhet district and Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh. Zooming out into the present, when the State of Manipur has been the epicentre of widespread communal clashes since May 3, non-tribal Meitei organisations have described Kuki tribes as "foreigners" and "illegal immigrants". They are holding Kuki-Zomi groups responsible for the ethnic clashes that have claimed more than 120 lives and displaced more than 50,000 people. The Kuki-Zomi groups have denied the allegations, insisting the tribal communities have been systematically targeted for ethnic cleansing. They accuse BJP leader N. Biren Singh’s Government of treating them as "outsiders". [...] Yet today, with sharpened ethnic differences, all three prominent groups in the State are vying for exclusivity, land, and political representation. This can in part be traced back to the fact that the concretisation of tribal identities and nomenclatures in the region happened during the time of the British, who did so for administrative convenience and to fit groups into the distinctions of "civilised" and "uncivilised". Notably, Kuki is not a term coined by the ethnic group itself, the tribes associated with it came to be generically called Kuki under the colonial rule, and were further divided by the British into ‘old Kukis’ and ‘new Kukis’.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2024-03-01): The central argument we put forward for those ‘hate mongers’ and the public is that the Kukis of Manipur are indigenous peoples of the state and not refugees or foreigners, as we are made to believe. There are ample historical and archaeological evidences to indicate the Kukis lived in their current area and state since time immemorial. As imagined by some groups, they did not enter Manipur (the present colonial boundary of Manipur); the annexation of the northern part of their ancestral domain, the southern mountains of Manipur (roughly present Pherzawl, Churachandpur, Chandel and Tengnoupal districts), into Manipur (Kangla) kingdom in the 19th century make them to be part of Manipur’s ‘subjects’. Unlike other hill tracts, the annexation of Kuki ancestral land into Manipur was made by sacred covenants signed by the Kuki chiefs and the Maharaj of Manipur in a most solemn manner. They were the covenants of peace and friendship which governed the relationship between the Kukis and the Kangla kingdom. It was under these covenants that the Kukis had sincerely served the Kangla kingdom until India’s independence, not as coolies and beggars but as warriors with their blood and iron.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2022-03-02): The Kukis are an ethnic group including multiple tribes originally inhabiting the North-Eastern states of India such as Manipur, Mizoram and Assam; parts of Burma (now Myanmar), and Sylhet district and Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh. While Kuki is not a term coined by the ethnic group itself, the tribes associated with it came to be generically called Kuki under colonial rule. In Manipur, the various Kuki tribes, living mainly in the hills, currently make up 30% of the total 28.5 lakh population of the State. While Churachandpur is their main stronghold, they also have a sizable population in Chandel, Kangpokpi, Tengnoupal and Senapati districts. The rest of the population of Manipur is made up mainly of two other ethnic groups — the Meiteis or non-tribal, Vaishnavite Hindus who live in the valley region of Manipur, and the Naga tribes, historically at loggerheads with the Kukis, also living in the hilly areas of the State. Of the 60 seats in the Manipur Assembly, 40 are held by Meiteis and the rest 20 seats are held by Kukis and Nagas. Both the BJP and Congress are fielding Kuki and Naga candidates this time.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2023-06-14): Kuki-Chin-Zo people, a transnational ethnic group, live in the India-Bangladesh-Myanmar triborder area, predominantly in India’s Mizoram and Manipur states, Myanmar’s Chin State and Sagaing Region, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts district of Bangladesh. [...] Of Manipur’s three major ethnic groups, the Meiteis have lived in the Imphal valley and Nagas in the northern hills for hundreds of years, if not millennia. The Kukis started inhabiting Manipur’s southern hills, bordering Mizoram and Myanmar, from the 19th century. [...] Bhagat Oinam, a professor of philosophy at New Delhi’s Jawaharlal Nehru University, who is a Meitei by ethnicity, said Kuki-Chin migration from Myanmar to Manipur has happened for decades, broadly in three phases. The first wave was in the late 1950s and early 1960s during a civil war in Myanmar; the second was before and after the August 1988 uprising in Myanmar; and the third happened after the informal ceasefire between Indian security forces and Kuki militants in 2005, which was formalized in 2008. However, these migrations previously never led to any flashpoints.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2023-09-25): The Kuki people in Manipur share ancestry with the Chin in Myanmar (also known as Burma) and the Mizo in India’s Mizoram state, southwest of Manipur. Due to their encounters with missionaries, nearly all Mizo and Kuki identify as Christians, along with 90 percent of Chin people. [...] Chin-Kuki-Mizo are a Mongol people, and today they speak related but distinct Tibeto-Burman languages. More than one million Chin live in Myanmar, one million Mizo live in Mizoram, half a million Kuki live in Manipur, and tens of thousands of Kuki live in Bangladesh. In addition, due to the ongoing fighting between the Myanmar army and the Chin people, hundreds of thousands of Chin have fled overseas, including 80,000 in the United States. [...] The Kuki and Naga (another predominantly Christian tribe) live in the uplands surrounding the Imphal valley, where the Hindu-majority Meitei live. Before the British occupied Manipur, the kingdom of Manipur covered only that small valley, meaning the lowland Meitei never ruled the Kuki or the Naga. After the British left in 1947, Manipur became a part of India and, later in 1972, a state. Seeking their own separate state within India, however, the Kuki started an armed uprising in the 1980s.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2024-09-13): From 1992-98, many violent clashes broke out between two tribal groups, the Nagas, and the Kukis, in the northeastern Indian state of Manipur. [1] This is the longest and bloodiest ethnic clash in the history of Manipur. Historical background [edit]The Kukis and Nagas are distinct ethnic groups with unique cultural identities and historical backgrounds. The Kuki people are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group primarily residing in the hills areas of northeastern Indian states (except Arunachal Pradesh) they are also found in Myanmar (Burma), and Bangladesh. On the other hand, the Naga people are indigenous to the Nagaland region and parts of Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam. Both communities have a history of inhabiting the same region, sometimes leading to territorial disputes and power struggles. [...] On the other hand, the Kukis claim that the areas in which they are residing are their ancestral land, and they had opened it for Zeliangrong Nagas to settle in return for taxes and tributes after they were driven out by the Sukte Poi and Lusei people of Chin Hills and present-day Mizoram.[3] The Kukis further alleged that the atrocities from the NSCN led movement such as the imposition of taxes, forced eviction from their villages, and the inability of the State Government to protect them are the main causes of the conflict.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2023-07-27): An image of a letter dated 1968 is currently being widely shared on social media platforms, claiming to show that the Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the neighbouring country Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968, allowing them to enjoy various advantages and perks. Let’s verify the claim made in the post. [...] Fact: The letter does not mention the entire Kukis in Manipur as refugees. Previous letters related to the viral letter indicate that the District Commissioner of Manipur was implementing the humanitarian aid provided by the Indian Government to the Kukis of Myanmar, who were forced to flee to Manipur in 1967 during the Khadawmi operation in Myanmar. Moreover, the Kuki tribes were granted the ST status in India as early as 1950 and and they have existed in the Manipur kingdom for many centuries. Hence, the claim made in the post is MISLEADING.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2009-01-28): [3]Lian H. Sakhong, In Search of Chin Identity: A Study in Religion, Politics and Ethnic Identity in Burma (Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2003), pp. 17-19. The name Chin is not accepted by all the people of Chin State as a common ethnic name. Some prefer to be identified by their tribal affiliations (e.g., Asho, Cho (Sho), Khuami (M'ro), Laimi, Mizo (Lushai), Zomi (Kuki)). To demonstrate the pervasiveness of abuses across ethnic lines, this report contains information and personal accounts of interviewees representing all the main Chin sub-tribes. For the sake of simplicity, this report uses the term Chin to refer singularly to all the Chin tribes living in Burma. Similarly, the term Mizo is used to refer to all the peoples of Mizoram, although there are many tribes represented in Mizoram.
Claim: Kuki tribes living in Manipur came from the Burma (Myanmar) as refugees and were later granted ST (Scheduled Tribe) quota in India in 1968 (SOCIAL MEDIA POST, 2023-07-23)
Evidence (2015-10-15): The Kuki students protest in Delhi on March 23, 2007 against the abduction of more than 400 Kuki villagers near the Indo-Burma border, destructive menace posed by planted Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in villagers frequented routes, paddy field and forest in the hills of Manipur, and the massively silenced hurdles the villagers are made to bear in their abnormal life bring forth yet the same old denials of truth, which already failed to find a space in our society, by and large, today. [...] An open letter addressed to the Chief Minister of Manipur, O Ibobi Singh by the president of the Kuki Students’ Organisation, L Touthang, the Hill Tribal Council Morseh, Chandel District, Jangmang Haokip and the Chairman of the Kuki Movement for Human Rights, T Lunkim stated that the ‘fact finding commission composed of KSO, HTC and KUMHUR’ into the abduction of the Kuki villagers incident has found out the truth behind whole episode. [...] The open letter to the Manipur CM by the KSO, HTC and KMHR highlighted these ‘facts’ about the life of the Kuki people under Manipur state.