copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-11-09): The High Pamir and Pamir-Alai Mountains are located in the Central Asian countries of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. With their many glaciers and peaks of more than 7000 masl, the mountains constitute the "water tower" of Central Asia. Their unique ecosystems range from deeply incised valleys with fertile valley bottoms to arid high plains where only few plants specifically adapted to the climatic conditions can survive. [...] Mountain areas constitute a particular situation with respect to energy resources, due to extreme environmental conditions, weak infrastructure, dispersed settlements, and their general remoteness (Schweizer and Preiser 1997). In the Pamir-Alai Mountains, depending on the location and local conditions, a household in a mountain village may have access to coal, electricity, firewood, and livestock dung for energy purposes. Firewood and dung come directly from the surrounding ecosystems, while fossil fuels, and in most cases electricity, are external inputs. In the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan, an average of 80% of the overall energy demand is met by traditional biomass such as firewood and dung (Breu and Hurni 2003). As described above, the climatic and topographic conditions allow only sparse vegetation to grow. Many villages at higher altitudes (the tree line is at around 3700 m) cannot rely on forest ecosystems but instead exploit pastures and low shrub vegetation. Deforestation and desertification are frequent phenomena in the region (Aknazarov 2003).
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-22): Climate mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains Terrain mountainous region dominated by the Alay Mountains in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofirnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest [...] selected World Heritage Site locales: Proto-urban Site of Sarazm (c); Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c); Tugay forests of the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve (n)
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Within China’s boundaries exists a highly diverse and complex country. Its topography encompasses the highest and one of the lowest places on Earth, and its relief varies from nearly impenetrable mountainous terrain to vast coastal lowlands. Its climate ranges from extremely dry, desertlike conditions in the northwest to tropical monsoon in the southeast, and China has the greatest contrast in temperature between its northern and southern borders of any country in the world.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-09-13): In 2011, Tajikistan ratified a 1999 treaty to cede 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) of land in the Pamir Mountains to the People's Republic of China (PRC), from the Chinese state perspective ending a 130-year-old border dispute and China's claims to over 28,000 km2 (11,000 sq mi) of Tajik territory.[27] At other instances Chinese scholars claimed control over the entire Pamir Mountains.[28] However, the government of the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei does not recognize this treaty and continues to claim the territory, as reflected in its official maps.[29] Whereas the government of Tajikistan celebrates the ceding of land as diplomatic victory, many Tajikistani scholars, opposition and parts of the population contest the existence of a 'dispute' altogether, seeing Badakhshan's territory in its entirety belonging to Tajikistan.[8] Instead, the ceding of land belonging to Kuhistani Badakhshan in 2011 to China by some, especially in Gorno-Badakhshan was perceived as territorial loss and sparked anxieties about further encroachments of the Chinese state.[30][8] [...] The Republic of Tajikistan in the east borders with the People's Republic of China. ... It goes through the highlands along the Pamir mountain range in the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-16): The roof of the World – so often translate the name of the Pamir mountain system. Pamir is located on the territory of Tajikistan, China, Afghanistan and Pakistan and closely connected with other highest mountain systems of the world – Tien Shan, Karakorum, Hindu Kush. Himalayas. In the Pamirs, there are several peaks with a height of more than 7000 m a.s.l. The highest point of the Pamirs – Kongur peak (7649 m) located in China (Fig. 1). [...] The diversity of climatic conditions in Central Asia, the patterns of changes in meteorological processes, depending on the geographic and geoecological features of the region leads to the need for climatic zoning. The Pamir Mountains is considered to be the area where the influence of moist, cold Mediterranean precipitation decreases and dry Central Asian commences. The main zone of generation of the Pyanj River and its main tributaries Gunt and Vanch rivers water flow is located in the Pamir Mountains (Fig. 2). [...] The territory of the Republic of Tajikistan is characterized by four climatic zones. In turn, the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region (GBAO) that covers almost the entire mountain Pamir and is a zone of formation of the Transboundary Pyanj River is characterized by three climatic conditions (Fig. 4).
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-02-27): Commentary - Beijing is concerned about a possible influx of Islamic radicals and drugs to western China. The character and type of the units stationed at the base is unclear. However, there is no doubt that one of their tasks is to prevent the illegal movement of people between Afghanistan and Xinjiang, China’s autonomous region inhabited by Muslim ethnic minorities. Since the collapse of the USSR, the People’s Republic of China has adopted a strategy of slowly and regularly building influence in the Central Asian region – from an economic presence through a political influence to security co-operation since 1996 as part of the Shanghai Five (which has been known as the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation since 2001). In 2016, China struck a military deal – the Quadrilateral Cooperation and Coordination Mechanism – with Pakistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan aimed at cooperation in combating terrorism and improving security. As part of the deal, China is building more than ten guardhouses for Tajikistan on its border with Afghanistan in the Pamir Mountains and has undertaken to equip and train a mountain brigade of the Afghan army.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1999-07-26): Kunlun Mountains, mountain system of southern Central Asia. The Kunluns extend west to east some 1,250 miles (2,000 km), from the Pamirs in Tajikistan in the west to the Kunlun Pass and the adjacent ranges of central Qinghai province in China in the east—Burhan Budai, Bayan Har, and A’nyêmaqên (Amne Machin). The width of the Kunluns varies considerably but rarely exceeds 125 miles (200 km). In the western margins they form an Inner Asian rampart between the Plateau of Tibet and the Tarim (Talimu) Basin in western China. A northern fork of the Altun (Altyn Tagh) Mountains continues this alignment. [...] Throughout much of their alignment, the Kunlun Mountains comprise two or three parallel ridges rather than a single crest. This is especially true in the western reaches. At the Sarykol Range where the Kunluns forge out from the Pamirs, a spur to the east called the Muztagata Range actually has some of the highest summits—Mount Kongur, at 25,325 feet (7,719 metres), as well as Mount Muztagata, at 24,757 feet (7,546 metres). A major bifurcation occurs just south of the oasis town of Qiemo (Cherchen); there, the Altun Mountains branch in a northeasterly direction from the Arkatag Mountains at Mount Muztag (Muztagh), which at 25,338 feet (7,723 metres) is the highest point in the Kunluns. To the east the northern rim of the Kunluns then becomes the southern margin of the vast, high Qaidam (Tsaidam) Basin. High valleys with occasional saline lakes intersperse the medial Kunlun ridges.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-27): Strategic position [edit]Historically, the Pamir Mountains were considered a strategic trade route between Kashgar and Kokand on the Northern Silk Road, a prehistoric trackway, and have been subject to numerous territorial conquests. The Northern Silk Road (about 2,600 km (1,616 mi) in length) connected the ancient Chinese capital Chang'an with Kashgar over the Pamir Mountains towards the west, and from there continued to ancient Parthia.[19] In the 20th century, these mountains have been the setting for the Tajikistan Civil War, border disputes between China and the Soviet Union, establishment of military bases by the US, Russia, and India,[20] and renewed interest in trade development and resource exploration.[21][22] The Chinese government says it has resolved most of the disputes it had with Central Asian countries.[23] [...] References [edit]- ^ According to the Big Soviet Encyclopedia "The question of the natural boundaries of Pamir is debatable. Normally Pamir is regarded as covering the territory from Trans-Alay Range to the north, Sarykol Range to the east, Lake Zorkul, Pamir River, and the upper reaches of Panj River to the south, and the meridional section of the Panj valley to the west; to the north-west Pamir includes the eastern parts of Peter the Great and Darvaz ranges."
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-15): Until the Soviet period, the territory of what is now Tajikistan was part of the Emirate of Boukhara. In the latter part of the 19th century, because of its geographical location at the confines of the Russian Empire and contiguous to China and British India, the territory of Tajikistan – especially the Pamir region of Gorno-Badakhshan – had considerable strategic importance. [...] See also the interesting story of the Sumantash stone: here and The Tajik Pamirs: historical connections to China – Paper presented to the University of Fudan, Shanghai 24 May 2013 – here. [...] The Pamir region (Gorno-Badakhshan) was incorporated into the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) in 1925. Prior to this it had been de jure under the Emirate of Boukhara but – since the end of the 19th century – de facto under direct Russian rule.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-08-26): Pamir or Pamirs: Perceptions and Interpretations [...] Geiger W (1887) Die Pamir-Gebiete: eine geographische Monographie, vol 1, Geographische Abhandlungen. E. Hölzel, Wien [...] Research in the Pamir regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and China was made possible by various generous grants of the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Volkswagen Foundation from 1989 to 2014. The human capacity wing of the German Society for International Development (formerly InWEnt, now GIZ) provided valuable insights into effects of development-related activities in the Pamirs during my participation as their academic advisor to the mountain development programme (2006–2012). The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) has funded the competence network ‘Crossroads Asia’ since 2010 which gratefully enabled cross-border perspectives and stimulated further fieldwork and reflections.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-11): History [edit]Antiquity [edit]Eastern Iranian (mainly Saka (Scythian)), Tocharian, and probably Dardic tribes, as well as pre-Indo-European substrate populations took part in the formation of the Pamiris: in the 7th and 2nd centuries BC the Pamir Mountains were inhabited by tribes known in written sources as the Sakas.[6][1][7] They were divided into different groupings and recorded with various names, such as Saka Tigraxauda ("Saka who wear pointed caps"), Saka Haumavarga ("Saka who revere hauma"), Saka Tvaiy Paradraya ("Saka who live beyond the (Black) Sea"), Saka Tvaiy Para Sugdam ("Saka who are beyond Sogdia").[8][9] [...] In the 1926 census the Pamiris were labelled as "Mountain Tajiks", in the 1937 and 1939 censuses they appeared as separate ethnic groups within the Tajiks, in the 1959, 1970 and 1979 censuses they were classified as Tajiks.[6] In the late 1980s Pamiri identity was further solidified through efforts to elevate the status of Pamiri languages and to promote literature in the Pamiri languages, as well as 'claims of sovereignty and republic status for Badakhshan' made by Pamiri intellectuals.[20] In 1991, after the fall of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), GBAO remained part of the newly independent country of Tajikistan.[18]
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-15): The Pamir Mountains are a unique region with its own culture and historical evolution. The cultural extent of the Pamirs is not limited only to the Gorno-Badakhshan province of Tajikistan, but also stretches out to minor parts of Afghanistan and China, covering altogether the historic region of Badakhshan. The oldest known records of the Badakhshan region go back thousands of years. In antiquity, the region functioned as an important trading center: transport routes of the silk road passed through the Pamirs and lapis lazuli was exported already more than 5000 years ago. Through the years, Badakhshan has been controlled by many different emperors, kings and nobles (‘mirs’ in islamic tradition). [...] Reaching the remote Pamir Mountains is no easy task. Only two decent entry roads connect the outside world to the Pamirs: one coming from Dushanbe and one from Osh in Kyrgyzstan. Other ways out from the Pamirs are highly impassable because they lead through the extremely high and rugged terrain that characterizes the rest of the border area. To China and Afghanistan, there are only a few very rough roads that are very difficult to pass. When landing in Dushanbe, be prepared for a drive by car of more than 500 km that will take at least 16 hours over bad roads to get to the Pamirs.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2011-01-13): China and Tajikistan say that they have settled a century-old border dispute, after the Central Asian nation agreed to cede land to China. The Tajik parliament voted on Wednesday to ratify a 1999 deal handing over 386 square miles (1,000 sq km) of land in the remote Pamir mountain range. [...] The Pamir mountain range stretches along the Tajik border with China and Afghanistan.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-01-01): There are excavated caves near several villages in the Western Pamirs that were used for refuge from slave traders and other marauders; it is said that the Sarikol population of Xinjiang province has its origin in a wave of refugees from such exploitation – many others fled to Chitral and Afghanistan. [...] This strategic road – the ‘Pamir Highway’ as it later became known to tourists – regained significance as a military supply route during the Russian invasion and occupation of Afghanistan 1979–1989. [...] Breu T, Hurni H (2003) The Tajik Pamirs. Challenges for sustainable development in an isolated mountain region. http://www.cde.unibe.ch/CDE/pdf/The_Tajik_Pamirs.pdf. Accessed 06 Sept 2014
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The Sino-Soviet Territorial Dispute in the Pamir Mountains Region [...] The single largest territorial issue explicitly in dispute between China and the Soviet Union is in the region of the Pamir Mountains-just north of Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan corridor. The nature of this dispute is important because it impinges on the ease with which major sources of tension between the two countries may be eliminated. Moreover, the potential resolutions of this issue have important geo-political implications for the neighbouring countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-07-29): In the middle of this complex historical backdrop, China’s recent claim to a substantial portion of the Pamir Range has been a source of concern for Tajikistan. China’s claim is based on an old writing, most likely an antique treaty or historical record, which is thought to suggest that the land originally belonged to China. On the other hand, Tajikistan claims that the Pamir Range has been a part of its territory for millennia; therefore, the claim is invalid. The scenario deteriorated into a delicate diplomatic problem, affecting relations between neighboring countries. These claims are based on a number of factors, including: [...] Geographical claims: China has also claimed that the Pamir Mountains are an extension of the Tian Shan Mountains in China. According to this argument, the Pamirs and the Tian Shan are part of the same mountain system. [...] Other authorities, however, have stated that they are willing to speak with China to settle the situation. The Chinese claims to the Pamirs are a complicated problem with no simple solutions. It remains to be seen whether the two countries can strike an agreement that is acceptable to both parties. In addition to the foregoing, the following factors may be influencing China’s claims to the Pamir Range:
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-21): The word pamir in the language of the region denotes the high undulating grasslands of the eastern portion of the mountains, especially where they abut Afghanistan and China. Deep river valleys mark the boundaries of the Pamirs in the north beyond the ridges of the Trans-Alai Range, and the valleys of the Vākhān region (Wakhan Corridor) of Afghanistan form the southern limit. The Sarykol pamir in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang in western China bounds the eastern margin, and a series of southwestern-aligned valleys that eventually drain into the Vakhsh and Panj rivers serrate the western boundary. The Pamirs are a combination of east-west and north-south ranges, with the former predominating. The east-west Trans-Alai Range, which forms the northern frame of the Pamirs, falls steeply to the intermontane Alai Valley. The high central part of the Trans-Alai, between the Tersagar Pass on the west and Kyzylart on the east, averages between 19,000 and 20,000 feet (5,800 and 6,100 metres), reaching its highest point at Lenin (Ibn Sīnā) Peak, 23,405 feet (7,134 metres). South from the Trans-Alai extend three north-south ranges. Of these the western, the Akademii (Akademiya) Nauk Range, and the central, Zulumart, are relatively short; the eastern, the Sarykol Range, forms the border between Tajikistan and China. The mountains east of the Sarykol Range are sometimes called the Chinese Pamirs.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-01-01): In the Pamir, they usually distinguish several sites based on the landscape specifics. Most often, speaking of the Pamir, they mean the Gorno-Badakhshan (Kuhiston Badakhshan) region of Tajikistan - this is where the main part of this mountain system is located, and Khorog is considered the tourist center of the Pamir. In Kyrgyzstan, the northern Trans-Alay ridge is located. The Pamir Mountains in China are usually called Eastern Pamir, Chinese Pamir or the Kashgar Mountains and often referred as part of Kunlun. In Afghanistan, the spurs of the southern Pamir are located in the province of Badakhshan. The Wakhan corridor - a narrow flat valley bounded by high ridges - runs in valleys of the Wakhan and Panj rivers. The border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan goes along it.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-03): - The Pamir Mountains are the second highest mountain range to contain human settlements. [...] The Pamir Mountains are deep in the heart of Central Asia, mostly in the country of Tajikistan, though there are also parts of the mountain range in the countries of Afghanistan, China, and Kyrgyzstan. It is just one of several mountain ranges in the area. Adjacent to the Pamirs are the Hindu Kush, the Karakoram Range, the Kunlun Mountains, and the Tien Shan. The Pamir Mountains are part of the greater Pamir-Alai system, which stretches from west to east for 560 miles (900 km), and from north to south for 250 miles (400 km). When viewed from space, the Pamirs resemble a quadrangle. [...] The Pamir Mountains are the second-highest mountains after the Himalayas in which human settlements exist. Settlements in the Pamirs are typically found at elevations between 5,000 and 11,480 feet (1,500-3,500 m). Approximately 205,000 people call the Pamirs home. Most of them belong to one of two groups, the Kyrgyz and the Tajiks. The countries of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are named for these two peoples. The Kyrgyz are Turkic-speaking, while the Tajiks speak several Indo-Iranian languages. Most of the Kyrgyz live in the eastern Pamirs, while the majority of the Tajik population resides in the western valleys. In terms of religion, most Kyrgyz practice the Sunni branch of Islam, while most of the Tajiks in the Pamirs are part of the Ismaili sect of Shiite Islam.
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-19): The Pamir Mountains are a range of mountains between South-central Asia. They are located at a junction with other notable mountains, namely the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, Hindu Kush and the Himalaya mountain ranges. They are among the world's highest mountains. Much of the Pamir Mountains lie in the Gorno-Badakhshan Province of Tajikistan.[1] To the south, they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in Badakhshan Province, Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. [...] References [change | change source]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pamir Mountains. - ↑ According to the Big Soviet Encyclopedia "The question of the natural boundaries of Pamir is debatable. Normally Pamir is regarded as covering the territory from Trans-Alay Range to the north, Sarykol Range to the east, Lake Zorkul, Pamir River, and the upper reaches of Panj River to the south, and the meridional section of the Panj valley to the west; to the north-west Pamir includes the eastern parts of Peter the Great and Darvaz ranges."
Claim: Pamir Mountains is a territory of People's Republic of China (Pamir Mountains, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-12): PAMIR MOUNTAINS afghan mountain range. The Pamir mountains run north to south from Tajikistan to northern Pakistan, separating the Oxus drainage from the plains of Kashgar in China. In Afghanistan, the Pamirs extend through the Wakhan corridor, an area inhabited by Kirghiz nomads until the nomads were relocated to Turkey during the war of resistance (1978–1992). This area was annexed to Afghanistan in 1885 by the British, connecting Afghanistan to China so as to keep the British Empire of South Asia separate from the Russian Empire in Central Asia. Given their remote location and difficult terrain, the Pamir Mountains have been a choice place for hiding people or caches of weapons or other contraband. The area was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1980, then returned to Afghanistan when the Soviet Army withdrew a decade later. This corridor also provides a passage to China, albeit over a high and difficult terrain.