copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Greece (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-20): The recent crisis over the Kardak rocks has erupted by coincidence in such an atmosphere when Greece was making anouncements for recruitement of potential settlers from all over the world to some of these small islets and rocks. It is obvious that such a recruitment and settlement effort is in total disregard of the environmental concerns and the fragility of the ecosystems of the small islands and rocks in the Aegean. In addition, it is yet another proof of Greece's thirst for territorial expansion beyond areas ceded to her by the Lausanne Peace Treaty of 1923 and the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947. [...] The Greek side tries to base her sovereignty over the Kardak rocks and over some other similar islets and rocks on 4 January 1932 and 28 December 1932 Turkish-Italian documents [...] The only document that may be referred to regarding the sovereignty of Dodecanese islands, as already been pointed out, is the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty. This Treaty in its Article 14 enumerates those islands to be transfered to Greek sovereignty one by one. Kardak, is not mentioned among these. The Kardak formations are not "islets" but two rocks. They lie 5.5 miles away from the nearest Dodecanese island. Therefore they do not fit into the definition of "adjacent islets" as stipulated by the Article 14 of the said Treaty.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Greece (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-16): However, since early in its history, the triangular US-Turkish-Greek relationship has been punctuated by crises. The dispute over the island of Cyprus precipitated a major falling out between Turkey and Greece, thrusting the United States into a mediating role that helped forestall an all-out war but had limited overall success. Later, then-US President Bill Clinton’s personal intervention in the Imia/Kardak crisis of 1996—a dispute over sovereignty of the uninhabited Aegean islets—proved critical in lowering tensions and staving off war between Turkey and Greece.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Greece (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-09-20): On May 31 the Turkish General Staff (TGS) posted a statement on its website claiming that a boat belonging to the Greek coastguard had violated Turkish territorial waters close to the disputed island of Kardak/Imia off Turkey’s Aegean coast (Turkish General Staff website, www.tsk.gov.tr). [...] In early 1996 Greece and Turkey almost went to war over the sovereignty of Kardak/Imia. In February 2007 a planned NATO exercise close to the Greek island of Aghios Efstratios in the northern Aegean had to be cancelled when Turkey abruptly announced that the exercise would violate a requirement in the Treaty of Lausanne that the island remain demilitarized, a claim that was furiously denounced by Athens as being completely baseless. On May 16 Turkish objections again forced NATO to cancel another planned exercise close to Aghios Efstratios, leading Greek Foreign Ministry Spokesman Giorgos Koumoutsakos to warn that Turkish intransigence was having "negative repercussions" for NATO’s operational readiness (Athens News Agency, May 24). "This condition must change, and it is a standing desire on the part of Greece for this situation to change," said Koumoutsakos (Athens News Agency, May 24).
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Greece (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-17): The events illustrated the extent to which "that ‘piece of rock’ was endowed with so much nationalist significance in the two states through representations of the other party as different" (Rumelili 2003, 232). The Imia/Kardak Islet remains a source of tension between Greece and Turkey as became clear in January 2021, when a collision of the two countries’ patrol boats in the immediate vicinity of the islet was responded by a rhetoric of harassment and violation of state sovereignty (Euronews 2021). The persistence of the conflicting claims over the Imia/Kardak Islet notwithstanding, a new vision is in operation within this territory—one that is centering migrants and their outgoing mobility to the EU. Since becoming active in 2018, the surveillance tower on the Çavuş Island has made possible the interception of hundreds of migrants both at sea and on the Turkish mainland.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Greece (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-01-30): The Greek defence ministry said a Turkish navy missile boat, "along with two special forces rafts", entered Greek territorial waters near the Imia islets. [...] The Imia islets – called Kardak in Turkey – lie just seven kilometres from Bodrum.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Greece (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1997-08-21): In the aftermath of a January 1996 crisis over the sovereignty of the Imia/Kardak islet, various dispute resolution initiatives were undertaken. NATO proposed military-related confidence-building measures, some of which are being implemented. The President of the European Union Council of Ministers proposed a committee of wise men, which was accepted in the form of Greek and Turkish committees of experts who are exchanging views via the President. In March 1996, [...] Greece ship near an uninhabited islet (Imia to Greece, Kardak to Turkey) that he said was Turkish.3 Both countries’ media exploited the situation, prompting government and military involvement. The parties returned to status quo ante after U.S. [...] ! The islet dispute may be open to resolution because its onset was largely unintended. Greece and Turkey blundered into the Imia/Kardak crisis, which some consider a media creation that got out of hand. Turkey subsequently could not find a face-saving way to back down from the notion of "grey areas"
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Greece (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-11): The Imia-Kardak Rocks Dispute 11 January, 20223688 VIEWS [...] Many conflicts have occurred between Turkey and Greece since the Greek secession of 1822. Currently, they range from the Cypriot conflict to disagreements over Exclusive Economic Zones in the Mediterranean, and to the definition of territorial waters in the Aegean Sea. The only land that is directly in conflict between the two republics consists of two adjacent rocks in the Eastern Aegean Sea. These are known as Imia in Greek and as Kardak in Turkish, and their total landmass is less than 5 hectares. The dispute comes from a different interpretation of the clauses of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. While it was not the subject of tension until 1995, a maritime incident led to both countries landing and planting flags on these rocks, which escalated to military skirmishes in 1996 and again in 2018. The dispute remains unresolved today.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Greece (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-05-13): Greece and Türkiye are entangled in a complex set of disagreements that have brought them to the brink of war at least three times in the past half-century. Their last near-skirmish was in 1996 over two uninhabited outcrops in the Aegean Sea, known as Imia in Greek and Kardak in Turkish, which I experienced as a then-junior diplomat working at the Turkish Embassy in Athens. [...] Greece is hesitant about giving the impression that it is negotiating on matters such as its right to extend its territorial waters in the Aegean Sea or of sovereignty over formations like Imia/Kardak, which it contends have been settled in its favor. Hence, it restricts its official focus to continental shelf delimitation. Nevertheless, there exists a precedent for expanded discussion beyond Greece’s articulated negotiation parameters. Since 2002, the parties have conducted a series of secret exploratory talks in over sixty sessions, covering a wide range of issues that go beyond the delimitation of the continental shelf. Not much has leaked from these discontinued negotiations, but there have been occasional whispers that an agreement to resolve all outstanding issues, including by recourse to the International Court of Justice, might be achievable. Whatever the case, considerable work has been done on both sides that could serve as a basis for future negotiations. Meanwhile, the parties are currently working on a new engagement initiative called Positive Agenda, a cooperative effort covering different matters ranging from health and tourism to entrepreneurship and the environment, potentially building confidence and warming them up for negotiations on more contentious issues.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Greece (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-16): During classical antiquity, the entire Aegean Sea area was incorporated into the Greek and Hellenistic cultural sphere. Great Ionian cities such as Ephesus, Miletus, Smyrna, or Halicarnassus, all of them in Asia Minor, speak of the cultural unity prevailing in antiquity in this wide geographical contour, which was maintained for several centuries thanks to Byzantium. [...] During World War I, the Ottoman Empire, an ally of the Axis Powers, suffered a significant defeat and would eventually collapse in 1922. After the war, the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) established new borders for the Ottoman territory. In the context of the dispute in the Aegean Sea, the treaty granted Greece certain rights and sovereignty over several islands (Imbros, Lemnos and Tenedos), as well as over Eastern Thrace, the Smyrna region and the west coast of Anatolia. [...] A particularly sensitive moment occurred in Imia in 1995. Imia-Kardak are two uninhabited islets whose control is disputed by both countries. After a series of secret landings by the armies of both sides, tensions around the two islands came close to triggering an armed conflict, which was averted thanks to NATO's diplomatic intervention. The same decade also saw the infiltration of numerous Turkish secret agents into Greece, who set off a series of large-scale fires. In response to these actions, some Greek citizens set fires in forested areas located in Turkish territory.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Greece (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-27): Turkey's expansion of energy exploration in the Mediterranean is prompting Greece to cautiously exercise its international maritime rights in order to protect its own claims to offshore economic resources in the region, such as natural gas and fisheries, without provoking a new round of conflict. On Aug. 26, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced that Greece would extend its territorial claim in the Ionian Sea along its Western coastline from six nautical miles to 12 nautical miles -- the maximum extent under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). For now, Athens isn't extending its claims in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas, though Mitsotakis said that Greece maintains the ability to exercise that right in the future if it so chooses....
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-03): Imia (Greek: Ίμια) is a pair of small uninhabited islets in the Aegean Sea, situated between the Greek island chain of the Dodecanese and the southwestern mainland coast of Turkey. They are known in Turkey as Kardak. Imia was the object of a military crisis and subsequent dispute over sovereignty between Greece and Turkey in 1996. The Imia dispute is part of the larger Aegean dispute, which also comprises disputes over the continental shelf, the territorial waters, the air space, the Flight Information Regions (FIR) and the demilitarization of the Aegean islands.[1] In the aftermath of the Imia crisis, the dispute was also widened, as Turkey began to lay parallel claims to a larger number of other islets in the Aegean. These islands, some of them inhabited, are regarded as indisputably Greek by Greece but as grey zones of undetermined sovereignty by Turkey. [...] - ^ "Imia are 'Turkish soil' says Turkish FM, prompting Greek reaction". 1 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-09-16): This Aegean Dispute refers to six Greco-Turkish disputes in the Aegean Sea: the extent of the continental shelf, the breadth of the Greek territorial sea, the existing Greek national airspace, the demilitarization status of those eastern Greek islands located close to Turkey, the islets Imia or Kardak and the related "grey zones" issue, and differences over the responsibilities emanating from Greece’s self-proclaimed Flight Information Region. [...] Inan Y, Baseren SH (1996) The troubled situation of the Aegean territorial waters. Hell Stud 4:2 [...] In: Gray, K.W. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Territorial Rights. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68846-6_240-1
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): The case of the two Imia islets (in Greek) or Kardak rocks (in Turkish) is a more recent addition to the already heavy Aegean agenda. It came to the fore in 1996 (see Chapter 9). At the time, Turkey raised the wider issue of the existence of ‘grey zones’ in the Aegean, that is, islets and rocks in the eastern Aegean whose status as to sovereignty was ‘undetermined’. [...] Gulden Ayman (2001), ‘The Kardak (Imia) Crisis and Turkish-Greek Relations’, Hellenic Studies, 9, 2, pp. 56, 59, 61 [...] Heraclides, A. (2010). Imia/Kardak and the Grey Zones.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-07-19): Turkey on Imia-Kardak islet crisis with Turkey (1996) [...] In January 1996, Greece and Turkey experience another crisis in the Aegean Sea, this time over the sovereignty of the uninhabited Aegean islet, Imia (Kardak in Turkish). Prime Minister Çiller pledges to do whatever is necessary to defend Turkish interests.[i] This crisis that brings the two countries close to war, ends with the withdrawal of both Greek and Turkish troops from the islet. The Greek government claims that Italy ceded Imia to Greece under the 1947 settlement (along with the main Dodecanese islands off the Turkish coast). But Turkey argues that the islet and other similar rocks are not included in the 1947 accord, as they had already been granted by Italy to Turkey under an earlier 1932 convention, which stated that all Aegean islets within 18 km of the coast belong to the nearest country. [ii] The final status of Imia/Kardak has not been settled since the January 1996 crisis, but the two countries have agreed to apply to the International Court in The Hague for mediation in the future. For the period 1/15/1996 – 2/15/1996, Lexis/Nexis provides 153 results for terms "Greece" and "Turkey" and "crisis" (full text search under European News Sources).
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-04-20): The Kardak rocks lie just 3.8 nautical miles off the Turkish coast. The title deed of the rocks are registered on the Karakaya village of Bodrum prefecturate, Muğla province. For years Turkish fishermen have engaged in fishing activities on and around these rocks without any hinderance and Turkish vessels have navigated freely through the waters surrounding them. The series of events started by pure coincidence with the running aground of a Turkish bulk carrier named "Figen Akat" near these rocks on 25 December 1995. [...] The Greek side tries to base her sovereignty over the Kardak rocks and over some other similar islets and rocks on 4 January 1932 and 28 December 1932 Turkish-Italian documents [...] It is interesting to note that there is no mention of any "Imia Islet" in these documents. The 4 January 1932 Agreement does not concern the Kardak Rocks. A reference was made to the Kardak Rocks in the 28 December 1932 Document. However, legal procedures with regard to the latter were not completed. Neither was it registered with the League of Nations.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-11): In Athens, there was consensus that the islets were Greek – and the protection of the nation’s territories in the Aegean was the primary basis of relations with Turkey. Further, there was a popular belief in Athens that Turkey would not accept the Greek ownership of Imia/Kardak peacefully. [...] On the morning of January 30th, Turkish Prime Minister, Tansu Ciller, had announced that the Imia/Kardak islets were Turkish. This was a reversal from the previously held position that the islets ownership was ambiguous. She then called for the Greek flags removal from the islets and stated that Ankara will pursue its efforts to establish regional control. [...] However, in Article 12 of the Treaty of Lausanne, it stipulates that all islets situated within 3 nautical miles from the Asiatic coast belong to Turkey. As mentioned, Imia/Kardak are 3.5 nautical miles from the Turkish mainland.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-09-12): [edit]Imia [edit]The first time a dispute between the two countries in the Aegean touched on questions of actual sovereignty over territories was in early 1996 at the tiny barren islets of Imia (known as Kardak in Turkey), situated between the Dodecanese island chain and the Turkish mainland.[401] The conflict, triggered by the stranding of a Turkish merchant ship on the islets, was originally caused by factual inconsistencies between maps of the area, some of which assigned these islets to Greece, others to Turkey. The media of the two countries took up the issue and gave it a nationalistic turn, before the two governments even had the time to come to a full technical understanding of the true legal and geographical situation. Both governments finally adopted an intransigent stance, publicly asserting their own claims of sovereignty over the islets. The result was military escalation, which was perceived abroad as quite out of proportion with the size and significance of the rocks in question. The two countries were at the brink of war for a few days, until the crisis was defused with the help of foreign mediation.[402] [...] See also [edit]- Cyprus dispute - Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute - Exclusive economic zone of Greece - Libya (GNA)–Turkey maritime deal - Foreign relations of Greece - Foreign relations of Turkey - Imia/Kardak
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-10): "When the Figen Akat incident happened," the Turkish diplomat claims, "we realized that Kardak [the Turkish name for Imia] was registered in local Turkish government documents as part of Turkish territory, and we consulted international maps that show Kardak within Turkish territorial waters. We then consulted other agencies that might be informed about the history of the islands and discovered that there was absolutely no doubt about the affiliation of Kardak. But at that moment we did not want to create a political problem, because the issue of the ship had been resolved and there was nothing we could do." [...] "We received a verbal note from the Greek Embassy in Ankara claiming that Kardak was Greek territory. Your diplomats visited our ministry, spoke with me and Minister Baykal, put forward their arguments and we explained to them that according to all information, there is no doubt that the islands were Turkish territory and that for us there is no discussion about it. Then our minister visited the prime minister and stated the same. So for us, the problem was already closed."
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-08-09): N2 - This is an encyclopedia entry of 4000 words. The Imia/Kardak dispute began in 1995 when a Turkish cargo ship ran aground on an uninhabited islet in the Aegean Sea. When the Turkish captain refused help from Greeks on the grounds that the islet was in Turkish territory, a serious dispute developed between Turkey and Greece. Yet in the same year, trade relations across the Aegean significantly improved because of the EU-initiated Barcelona Process, demonstrating the effects of the dual-border zone that the Aegean has become. AB - This is an encyclopedia entry of 4000 words. The Imia/Kardak dispute began in 1995 when a Turkish cargo ship ran aground on an uninhabited islet in the Aegean Sea. When the Turkish captain refused help from Greeks on the grounds that the islet was in Turkish territory, a serious dispute developed between Turkey and Greece. Yet in the same year, trade relations across the Aegean significantly improved because of the EU-initiated Barcelona Process, demonstrating the effects of the dual-border zone that the Aegean has become.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-07-24): Imia (Greek: Ίμια) is a pair of small uninhabited islets in the Aegean Sea, situated between the Greek island chain of the Dodecanese and the southwestern mainland coast of Turkey. They are known in Turkey as Kardak. Imia was the object of a military crisis and subsequent dispute over sovereignty between Greece and Turkey in 1996. The Imia dispute is part of the larger Aegean dispute, which also comprises disputes over the continental shelf, the territorial waters, the air space, the Flight Information Regions (FIR) and the demilitarization of the Aegean islands.[1] In the aftermath of the Imia crisis, the dispute was also widened, as Turkey began to lay parallel claims to a larger number of other islets in the Aegean. These islands, some of them inhabited, are regarded as indisputably Greek by Greece but as grey zones of undetermined sovereignty by Turkey.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-12-21): In December 1995 Greece and Turkey almost fought a war over a tiny rocky island. Both countries claimed the territories, called Kardak by the Turks and Imia by the Greeks. A Turkish cargo ship ran aground on a tiny rocky island in the Aegean Sea in December 1995. But a dispute between Turkey and Greece over who owned the island sovereignty almost brought the two nations to war. Agreement still hasn't been reached over the territory called Kardak by the Turks and Imia by the Greeks. Cagil Kasapoglu spoke to the former Turkish diplomat Onur Oymen and the former Greek foreign minister, Theodoros Pangalos, about the crisis. Photo: Turkish journalists prepare a Turkish flag to replace the Greek flag on Kardak/Imia island, January 27, 1996 (AP Photo/Hurriyet)
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-05-08): The dispute began over Imia, a pair of uninhabited islets — "little" and "big" Imia — known in Turkey as Kardak. The islets are about 1,000 feet apart and have a combined surface area of about 10 acres. They are part of Greece but only a few miles from Turkey's Bodrum Peninsula. [...] Residents of a nearby Greek island raised their national flag on one of Imia's islets on January 25. On January 28, Turkish journalists arrived on Imia, taking down the Greek flag and raising their own. [...] In the end, American diplomacy succeeded in getting the two sides to withdraw and accept the "status quo ante" in which each claimed sovereignty over Imia. To this day, both still claim the islets.
Claim: Imia/Kardak is a territory of Turkey (Imia/Kardak, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-02-16): However, since early in its history, the triangular US-Turkish-Greek relationship has been punctuated by crises. The dispute over the island of Cyprus precipitated a major falling out between Turkey and Greece, thrusting the United States into a mediating role that helped forestall an all-out war but had limited overall success. Later, then-US President Bill Clinton’s personal intervention in the Imia/Kardak crisis of 1996—a dispute over sovereignty of the uninhabited Aegean islets—proved critical in lowering tensions and staving off war between Turkey and Greece.