copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-06-27): The Kalapani territory is an area under Indian administration as part of Pithoragarh district in the Kumaon Division of the Uttarakhand state,[4][5] but it is also claimed by Nepal since 1997.[6][7] According to Nepal's claim, it lies in Darchula district, Sudurpashchim Province.[8] The territory represents part of the basin of the Kalapani river, one of the headwaters of the Kali River in the Himalayas at an altitude of 3600–5200 meters. The valley of Kalapani, with the Lipulekh Pass at the top, forms the Indian route to Kailash–Manasarovar, an ancient pilgrimage site. It is also the traditional trading route to Tibet for the Bhotiyas of Kumaon and the Tinkar valley of Nepal.[9][10] [...] No changes in India's border with Nepal are discernible from the maps of the period.[55] The Kalapani territory continued to be shown as part of India. Following the Chinese take-over of Tibet in 1951, India increased its security presence along the northern border to inhibit possibilities of encroachment and infiltration.[56] The Kalapani area is likely to have been included among such areas.[57] Nepal too requested India's help in policing its northern border as early as 1950, and 17 posts are said to have been established jointly by the two countries.[58][59] [...] Kalapani is a 35 square kilometre area in the hill state's Pithoragarh district under control of Indo Tibetan Border Police.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-09-29): Since May 2020, tensions have been simmering between India and Nepal over the historically disputed territory of Kalapani. These tensions threaten to boil over with the Parliament of Nepal passing a Constitutional Amendment Bill that alters the country’s maps to include this strategically key area within its borders. This has been widely perceived as an act of cartographic aggression by Indian officials. As with any border dispute, it would be useful to unscramble this diplomatic standoff through a legal prism. Of particular import are some of the questions that this issue raises in connection with river boundaries and cartographic assertions. [...] The Kalapani dispute is symptomatic of an egregious marriage between natural geographies and modern-day Westphalian states. The status of River Kali as a boundary river between India and Nepal lies at the heart of this dispute. The predisposition of these nation-states towards permanent sovereignty and clearly demarcated borders has been vexed by the indeterminacy and transitory nature of Kali. [...] What appeared to be a straightforward provision in this treaty, however, was rendered incongruous by the topography of Kali. It was asserted by Nepal that the source of Kali was located in the mountains near Limpiyadhura, which is higher in altitude than the rest of the river’s flow. In keeping with this reasoning, it laid claim to the land that stretched downwards from Limpiyadhura and extended to the East. Conversely, India contended that the source of the river was situated further east in Kalapani, a sliver of land wedged between the borders of India, Nepal, and the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-08-11): Kalapani is the area in the Darchula district of the Sudurpaschim province of Nepal that borders the eastern front of Uttarakhand in India. The area lies in the southern half of the Kalapani river basin or on the banks of the Mahakali river. It is situated at 3,650 m to 6,180 m above sea level and has an area of 35 square km. It only has some 100 people living in the area. Kalapani is a tri-junction point between India, Nepal and China. It is important to Nepal and India regarding the border dispute. But, not just that, India and China also find the area important as the pass to build a road connecting Indian pilgrims to Kailash Mansarover in Tibet. It is also a place of strategic importance for India and China to logistically build up military troops on the border. [...] India replied claiming the disputed Kalapani area was its area and was a part of its plan for the 70km-road to travel to Lake Mansarovar in Tibet.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-09): The national mapping authority of India has been including Kalapani and areas south of Lipulekh Pass in its maps since the 1950s.Atit Babu Rijal A new political map released by India has sparked controversy in Nepal as it places Kalapani within its own territory. The Government of Nepal has objected to the inclusion of Kalapani within Indian territory, and rightly so. The Foreign Ministry said that the two countries had agreed to resolve border disputes through consultation between their respective foreign secretaries. India's latest step is clearly against the agreement and is a breach of good faith. But this is not the first time that encroachment at Lipulekh and Kalapani has been criticised. India wants to keep a close watch over Chinese movements on the border, and Kalapani seems to be strategically the best point to do so. India had built check posts at 17 places within Nepali territory in the 1950s, all of which were removed in the 1970s except the one at Kalapani in the northwest. Its national mapping authority has been including Kalapani and areas south of Lipulekh Pass since then. But Nepal has firm proof to show that Lipulekh, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura belong to it. The maps published by the then British Survey of India in 1827 and 1856 clearly show how these areas have been accepted as part of Nepal. Limpiyadhura in the north-western corner of Nepal has been accepted as the origin of the Mahakali River as per Article 5 of the Sugauli Treaty of 1816.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-08): Kalapani Territory - 08 Nov 2019 - 3 min read In the recently released political map of India, after the bifurcation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) into the Union Territories of J&K and Ladakh, the Kalapani territory became the bone of contention between India and Nepal. [...] - Background: Kalapani is a valley that is administered by India as a part of the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand. It is situated on the Kailash Mansarovar route.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-29): The dispute’s origins lay in the November 2019 release of India’s new political map, which showed Kalapani within India. [...] The dispute is further muddied by the presence of Indian troops in Kalapani since before the 1962 war with China. [...] But Beijing’s ambiguous position that Kalapani is a bilateral issue between India and Nepal has been keenly watched by Nepali analysts since the current road is a result of its 2015 agreement with New Delhi.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-12-14): The Kalapani issue is a proverbial thorn in the otherwise rosy India-Nepal relations. It is a territorial dispute between the two that has acquired many political dimensions over the years. [...] The origins of the Kalapani dispute can be traced back to 1816, when the Treaty of Sagauli was ratified following the end of the Anglo-Nepal war. The name Kalapani is derived from the river Kali that flows in the region. The Kali river marked the boundary of the Kingdom of Nepal and that of British India. [...] Defence analysts are of the opinion that King Mahendra was concerned that the Indian military would take the Kalapani region in order to secure the mountain passes. As such he preemptively handed over the region to India. About 18 military outposts along Nepal’s northern frontiers were set up but following bilateral negotiations in 1969, all the posts were removed barring Kalapani.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-23): - Earlier, Nepal had protested strongly against India, when India published a new map which showed the region of Kalapani as part of the Indian territory. [...] - Kalapani is a valley that is administered by India as a part of the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand. It is situated on the Kailash Mansarovar route. [...] - The territory of Kalapani was offered to India by King Mahendra after the 1962 India-China war who wanted to help India’s security concerns due to perceived lingering Chinese threats.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-16): Context: The Nepal government’s decision to pass the constitutional amendment ratifying a change in its maps that include Lipulekh, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura, territories that India controls, marks a decidedly new phase in ties. [...] - The former director-general of the Department of Survey of Nepal, claims that maps from 1850 and 1856, prepared by the Survey of India with the participation of Nepali authorities, clearly state that the Mahakal River originates from Limpiyadhura, 16 km northwest of Kalapani, thereby proving that Kalapani belongs to Nepal. [...] - Second, in November 2019 India published a new map that showed Kalapani within its territory.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-18): In 2020, the government of Nepal introduced a new map delineating areas contested with India – Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura – as its own, despite the ongoing talks through established diplomatic channels. Kathmandu was apparently responding to India’s construction of a new road in the disputed region. Nepal’s Parliament unanimously formalized the government’s new map through a constitutional amendment in June 2020. [...] India has been clear in maintaining that Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura are integral parts of India. These territories are currently under Indian control and hold strategic significance. With India and China vying for influence in the greater Himalayas, the likelihood of India giving up any such territories is slim. The border dispute gained prominence after Nepal objected to a new Indian map in October 2019. India released the new map following the abrogation of Article 370 in the constitution, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, and the creation of the new Union Territory of Ladakh from the former state of J&K. Nepal complained that India had wrongly depicted Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura in its map.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-10-12): Nepalese political parties have a general consensus over the fact that Kalapani in Uttarakhand is part of Nepal’s sovereign territory, said former Nepalese Foreign Minister. However, India rejected this claim. [...] The Kalapani region derives its name from the river Kali. Nepal’s claims to the region is based on this river as it became the marker of the boundary of the kingdom of Nepal following the Treaty of Sugauli signed between the Gurkha rulers of Kathmandu and the East India Company after the Gurkha War/Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16). The treaty was ratified in 1816. [...] - India on the other hand says the border begins at Kalapani which India says is where the river begins.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-07): Kalapani Territorial Dispute: Kalapani has become an issue of contention between India and Nepal after the Nepal government raised objections to its inclusion in India's new political map. The Nepal government claimed that the Kalapani territory located in its far-west is an integral part of its region. [...] Kalapani Territory: New Map of India [...] Kalapani territory is a disputed territory between India and Nepal. While Nepal claims Kalapani to be a part of its Darchula district, the region is administered in India as a part of Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-24): The story so far: The dispute over Kalapani , which lies on the easternmost corner of Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district, between Nepal and India was revived in November 2019 when India published a revised political map showing the newly created Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. Both India and Nepal lay claim to Kalapani. The map showed Kalapani as part of Pithoragarh district. Nepal protested immediately and drew attention to the lingering issue. On May 8, India inaugurated the Darchula-Lipulekh pass link road , cutting across the disputed Kalapani area which is used by Indian pilgrims to Kailash Mansarovar. Nepal hit back by summoning the Indian Ambassador to Nepal, Vinay Mohan Kwatra, to convey a formal protest. [...] Kalapani is a region located in the easternmost corner of Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district. It shares a broder on the north with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and Nepal in the east and south. The region resembles a slice of cake wedged in between Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh and Kalapani. The area is in India’s control but Nepal claims the region because of historical and cartographic reasons. The area is the largest territorial dispute between Nepal and India consisting of at least 37,000 hectares of land in the High Himalayas.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-18): Opening up of Lipulekh pass for Kailash Mansarovar has led Nepal lodge protest with India claiming Kalapani area in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand as its own territory. The new route passes through Kalapani. In Short - Nepal protests India's decision to open Lipulekh pass for Kailash Mansarovar travel - Nepal claims Kalapani, through which the new road passes, as its own territory - Kalapani is in Uttarakhand and has been an Indian territory since Anglo-Nepal treaty of 1816 [...] In 1997, Nepal raised objections after India and China agreed to open the Lipulekh pass to facilitate a travel route to Mansarovar. Nepal says Kalapani is part of its Darchula district in Sudur Paschim Pradesh. Kalapani is largely a valley formed by a mess of Himalayan rivers, contributing to what is known as Kali, Mahakali or Sharda river at various points in Nepal and India.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-03): The Kalapani dispute is a long-standing territorial dispute between India and Nepal over a small but strategically significant region located in the Himalayas. The dispute primarily revolves around the Kalapani River, which serves as part of the western boundary between the two countries. Learn more through the explainer video. [...] Kalapani is a region located in the state of Uttarakhand in India (in the easternmost corner of Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district). [...] The present status is that both India and Nepal claim Kalapani as an integral part of their territory — India as part of Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district and Nepal as part of Darchula district. (Source: The Print)
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-21): In his reaction, Nepal Prime Minister KP Oli said that the Kalapani area at the tri-junction of Nepal, India and Tibet belonged to Nepal, and "India should immediately withdraw its army". [...] A disputed territory between India and Nepal, Kalapani is situated on the eastern banks of the river Mahakali and is considered by India to be a part of Uttrakhand’s Pithoragarh district, while Nepal contests that the area falls under its district called Darchula. [...] The valley of Kalapani, with the Lipulekh Pass at the top, forms the Indian route to the ancient pilgrimage site of Kailash–Manasarovar. Kalapani is located at an altitude of 3,600 metres and borders Uttarakhand in India and Sudurpashchim Pradesh in Nepal.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-12-04): Key to the disagreement over Kalapani is the origin of River Kali. There are varied views regarding this river and its source. Buddhi Narayan Shrestha, former Director General of Nepal’s Land Survey department, had categorised the debaters into two broad groups. First, he said, are the scholars and researchers, along with the government machinery—to which he referred to as the "elite community" of Nepal. They are of the view that the river which flows to the west of Kalapani is the main River Kali, originating at either Limpiyadhura or the nearby Lipulekh pass, which are both within the Nepalese territory, thus justifying the area as an inherent part of Nepal. The second group comprises the Nepal-India Technical Level Joint Boundary Working Group, and officials of the Embassy of India in Nepal.[7] India, for its part, argues that the River Kali originated from a smaller rivulet named Pankhagad, lying on the southern portion of Kalapani and the subsequent ridge on the eastern part of this area is the true border, and therefore making the territory part of India.[8] Indeed, the River Kali has yet to be demarcated.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-07-07): The Kalapani dispute between Nepal and India was aroused when India publishes a revised political map in November 2019 that shows the newly created Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. Both the countries laid claim to Kalapani. The map showed Kalapani as part of Pithoragarh. As a result, Nepal protested immediately and drew attention to the issue. [...] Kalapani is located in the easternmost corner of Uttarakhand's Pithoragarh district. It shared a border on the north with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and Nepal in the east and south. The region is placed in between Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani trijunction between Nepal-India and China (Tibet). At an altitude of 3600m, it is located on the banks of the river Kali. The territories of Kalapani lies at the eastern border of Uttarakhand in India and Nepal’s Sudurpashchim Pradesh in the West. [...] - According to India, the border starts at Kalapani and India says that is where the river begins. As per the Indian government, the ridgeline located towards the east of Kalapani territory is a part of the Indian Union. The Sugauli treaty mentions nothing about this ridgeline.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-10): The southern side of the Lipu Lekh pass, called the Kalapani territory, is a disputed region between India and Nepal. [...] A treaty signed between Nepal and British India in 1816 determined the Makhali river, that runs through Kalapani, as the boundary between the two neighbours. However, the river has many tributaries that meet at Kalapani. For this reason, India claims that the river begins at Kalapani but Nepal says that it begins from Lipu Lekh pass, which is the source of most of its tributaries. Last year saw fresh tensions between the two countries when a new map of India, released in November, showed Kalapani within its state of Uttarakhand, much to the distress of Nepal.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-07): Kalapani an integral part: Nepal objects inclusion of unresolved territory as part of India in new maps [...] In Short - Nepal has objected to the inclusion of Kalapani within Indian territory - Nepal government made it clear that Kalapani is an integral part of the country - The inclusion of Kalapani into the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand has been objected by Nepal A few days after India redrew the political map of Jammu and Kashmir after scrapping Article 370, the Nepal government strongly objected to the inclusion of 'Kalapani' under the Indian Territory.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-05-21): Nepal has issued a new national map incorporating areas also claimed by neighboring India, prompting fierce criticism from New Delhi. At issue is about 300 square kilometers (115 square miles) of mountainous land incorporating Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura and Kalapani. Nepal’s new map locates the small stretch of disputed land within its northwest border, between China and India. [...] Speaking in parliament on Tuesday, Nepal’s Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli suggested India was bullying Nepal, and warned, "We won’t let go the issue of Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura and Kalapani. This is our land and we will reclaim it. It is not a disputed land. It is our land. India created unnecessary controversy by claiming it as theirs. This government will make concrete efforts to reclaim the territories."
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-05-05): The Kalapani area is strategically significant in South Asian diplomacy as it is at the tri-junction between India, Chinese occupied Tibet, and Nepal. Given that Nepal is a "buffer state" between China and India—both countries have power aspirations in the region, with ramifications on the relations between the three, noted eurasiantimes.com May 4. [...] The entirety of the Limpiyadhura-Kalapani-Lipulekh area is under Indian administration as part of Pithoragarh district in the Kumaon Division of the Uttarakhand state. However, Nepal has been claiming it since 1997, saying it lies within its Darchula district, Sudurpashchim Province. [...] This in turn was followed by Nepal’s foreign ministry issuing a counter-statement on Jan 17, reaffirming Kathmandu’s claim over Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani, calling on India to cease unilateral construction or development works in those territories.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-11-19): The press statement stated: "The Nepal government firmly believes that the Kalapani is a part of Nepal." India’s unilateral and illegal move to encroach upon Nepal’s Kalapani goes against the 1816 Suguali treaty between Nepal and the then East India Company. Kalapani is a 35 square kilometer area in the hill state’s Pithoragarh district under the control of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police. The Indian state of Uttarakhand shares an 80.5-km long porous border with Nepal and a 344 km border with China. [...] "In this critically sensitive time of bilateral relationship, India’s ham-handed decision to put Kalapani as part of its territory in its new map is nothing but self-defeating. If anything, it is only going to serve China’s interest," he adds.
Claim: Kalapani is a territory of India (Kalapani, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-01-02): An unlikely third party objected to the fresh illustrations of Indian borders. The Nepal government lodged a protest against the inclusion that Kalapani area in India's far West, claiming it as Nepalese territory. Kalapani, they claimed, was a part of the Darchula district of Nepal, while the Indian map placed it under the Pithoragarh district in the state of Uttarakhand. MEA spokesperson Raveesh Kumar then stated: "Our map accurately depicts the Indian territory. The fresh map has not revised our boundaries with Nepal. The boundary delineation exercise with Nepal is ongoing under the existing mechanism. We reiterate our commitment to finding a solution through dialogue in the spirit of our close and friendly bilateral relations." The claims against the Indian maps were that, according to the Sugauli treaty between Nepal and British India in 1815, Mahakali River that runs through the Kalapani area was acknowledged as the boundary between the two countries. The region lies close to a geographically significant tri-junction with China (Tibet), and Indo-Tibetan border police has marked its presence in the region.