copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: A public information film on the coronavirus was released in the 1970s (Social media users, 2023-11-28)
Evidence (2020-07-03): The Covid-19 crisis has revived discussion about the role of public information films – films produced by the Central Office of Information, until its closure in 2011. As the BFI releases a new Blu-ray collection of the best of the COI’s output, Robert Hanks looks back over the history of the agency, and asks what their films have to teach us in our present moment. [...] The Best of COI: Five Decades of Public Information Films is out now on Blu-ray from the BFI. A collection of public information films, including a selection from the Central Office of Information, is available to view on BFI Player. [...] The thought is prompted by a new Blu-ray set released by the BFI, The Best of COI: Five Decades of Public Information Films, which demonstrates vividly the range of form, tone and feeling that government publicity has employed – cartoons, short dramas, documentaries, adverts; patriotism, boosterism, marketing, encouragement, cajoling, nagging, finger-wagging, comedy, suspense, outright terror…
Claim: A public information film on the coronavirus was released in the 1970s (Social media users, 2023-11-28)
Evidence (2020-04-13): Volcanic explosions send rocks flying into the air. "There is now a danger that has become a threat to us all," intones John Hurt’s voiceover. Black rocks tumble down a cliff. "It is a deadly disease and there is no known cure." This is the beginning of Monolith, the infamous public information film made to highlight the Aids epidemic in 1986. The doom-filled climax is a bouquet of white lilies tossed on to a fallen tombstone. The government spent £20m on the campaign, including £5m on its TV adverts. Those were the days: authoritative, unambiguous, utterly terrifying information films, distributed nationally to mitigate impending catastrophe. They haven’t made them like that since 2012, when the coalition government closed down the Central Office of Information (COI). Given the current government’s threadbare, often muddled messaging on what to do about Covid-19, you wonder how different things might have been.
Claim: A public information film on the coronavirus was released in the 1970s (Social media users, 2023-11-28)
Evidence (2024-03-01): Aesthetic [edit]The aesthetic is utilitarian, inspired by public sector materials in the United Kingdom such as public information films and posters issued by the Central Office of Information and British Transport Films during the 1970s. Digitally altered photographs and illustrations parody publicity campaigns of the period such as Protect and Survive, Charley Says and The Finishing Line, as well as contemporary Penguin and Pelican paperback book covers and children's toys, such as Action Man. Images are altered to convey a sinister or potentially violent message and are deliberately distressed to appear worn and dog-eared.[3][2][4][5]
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2020-04-05): The claim that COVID-19 causes hypoxia because the causative virus binds to hemoglobin inside red blood cells is unsupported. For starters, no scientific evidence demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 can enter red blood cells. The claim that the virus binds to hemoglobin is based on the conclusions of a single pre-print study, which solely involved computational analysis and did not undergo experimental verification or peer-review. The proposed mechanism is also inconsistent with clinical evidence from COVID-19 patients.
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2020-08-05): The patient had what seems to be a pervasive but initially overlooked feature of COVID-19: silent hypoxia. Unlike many other respiratory diseases, COVID-19 can slowly starve the body of oxygen without initially causing much shortness of breath. By the time some patients have trouble breathing or feel pressure in the chest—among the symptoms the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists as emergency warning signs—they are already in dire straits. [...] In these cases, the low carbon dioxide levels that result from rapid breathing cause oxygen to bind more strongly to hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen within red blood cells. This means more oxygen can be delivered to tissues in need, as long as the heart continues to pump strongly, explains Ottestad, who is also an anesthesiologist with Oslo University Hospital’s air ambulance department. [...] What’s more, the mechanism behind silent hypoxia as seen with COVID-19 may not be unique to the disease, says Penn Medicine’s Baston, who works with patients suffering from particularly severe and rare lung diseases. While uncommon, some of his past patients have become silently hypoxic from other illnesses, such as bacterial pneumonia.
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2023-02-01): The Pathophysiology and Dangers of Silent Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Lung Injury - PMID: 33621159 - PMCID: PMC8328372 - DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202011-1376CME [...] - [Pathophysiology of COVID-19 related happy hypoxemia].Rev Med Suisse. 2021 Apr 28;17(736):831-834. Rev Med Suisse. 2021. PMID: 33908720 French. [...] Silent Hypoxia in COVID-19 Pneumonia: State of Knowledge, Pathophysiology, Mechanisms, and Management.AACN Adv Crit Care. 2022 Jun 15;33(2):143-153. doi: 10.4037/aacnacc2022448. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2022. PMID: 35113990
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2021-09-27): Hemoglobin (Hb) is the primary oxygen transporting molecule; some 200–300 million molecules are packed inside circulating red blood cells (RBCs). The binding of oxygen (four oxygen per four hemes) process occurs at the lungs. Binding of the first oxygen (oxyHb; bright red) causes a gradual increase in oxygen-binding affinity until all binding sites on the Hb molecule are filled in a cooperative manner. As a result, the oxygen-dissociation curve of Hb (ODC; also called the oxygen equilibrium curve, OEC) is sigmoidal or S-shaped, as opposed to the normal hyperbolic curve associated with non-cooperative binding (e.g., myoglobin; Dickerson and Gies, 1993; Figure 1). [...] Liu, W., and Li, H. (2020). COVID-19: attacks the 1-beta chain of hemoglobin and captures the porphyrin to inhibit human heme metabolism. ChemRxiv [Preprint]. doi: 10.26434/chemrxiv.11938173.v8 [...] Keywords: COVID-19, hemoglobin, oxygen transport, hypoxia inducible factor, mitochondrial function, hypoxia
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2020-04-01): Progressive Hypoxia: A Pivotal Pathophysiologic Mechanism of COVID-19 Pneumonia - PMID: 33153625 - PMCID: PMC7524673 - DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.09.015 Progressive Hypoxia: A Pivotal Pathophysiologic Mechanism of COVID-19 Pneumonia [...] Early Detection of Silent Hypoxia in Covid-19 Pneumonia Using Smartphone Pulse Oximetry.J Med Syst. 2020 Jun 19;44(8):134. doi: 10.1007/s10916-020-01587-6. J Med Syst. 2020. PMID: 32562006 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2020-05-18): What Causes Hypoxemia in COVID-19? (Part I) The FLARE Four - Critical COVID-19 is characterized by hypoxemic respiratory failure - The perceived discordance between severity of hypoxemia and both the extent of radiographic disease and level of clinical distress has led many to propose novel and unlikely mechanisms of hypoxemia in COVID-19 - Distinguishing between hypoxemia and true hypoxia is essential to understanding the phenomenon of so-called "happy hypoxics" in COVID-19 - Fundamental mechanisms of hypoxemia are shared by all pulmonary diseases, including COVID-19. The most common causes of severe hypoxemia are low V/Q and its extreme, pulmonary shunt [...] The canonical presentation of severe COVID-19 is hypoxemia and, often, ARDS (April 10 FLARE). Early studies of gas exchange in ARDS emphasized the predominant contribution of shunt, which is thought to be secondary to continued perfusion of collapsed and/or fluid-filled alveolar units (Albert and Jobe, 2012). The observation of severe hypoxemia in COVID-19 despite only mild parenchymal involvement (Gattinoni et al., 2020) has led some to speculate (Leisman et al., 2020) that novel mechanisms must underlie the hypoxemia. These speculations have been the subject of intense debate both in the scientific literature (Leisman et al., 2020) and in non-peer reviewed forums. Proposed novel mechanisms of hypoxemia include endotheliitis, failure of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (Archer et al., 2020; Lang et al., 2020) and/or macro- or microvascular thrombosis (Klok et al., 2020).
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2022-01-01): Causes of Hypoxemia in COVID-19 - PMID: 35283538 - PMCID: PMC8897613 - DOI: 10.1134/S0022093022010070 Causes of Hypoxemia in COVID-19 [...] Silent Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Pneumonia.Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022;1395:117-122. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-14190-4_20. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022. PMID: 36527624 -
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2020-05-28): COVID-19: hemoglobin, iron, and hypoxia beyond inflammation. A narrative review - PMID: 32509258 - PMCID: PMC7267810 - DOI: 10.4081/cp.2020.1271 [...] Keywords: COVID-19; hemoglobin; hypoxia; iron. [...] References - - Wenzhong L, Hualan L. COVID-19 Disease: ORF8 and surface glycoprotein inhibit heme metabolism by binding to porphyrin. ChemRxiv 2020; Preprint. 10.26434/chemrxiv.11938173.v3. - DOI - - Wenzhong L, Hualan L. COVID-19: Attacks the 1-beta chain of hemoglobin and captures the porphyrin to inhibit human heme metabolism. ChemRxiv 2020. Preprint. 10.26434/chemrxiv.11938173.v8. - DOI
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2020-04-01): Hypoxia in COVID-19: Sign of Severity or Cause for Poor Outcomes - PMID: 32498766 - PMCID: PMC7177114 - DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.04.021 Hypoxia in COVID-19: Sign of Severity or Cause for Poor Outcomes Association Between Hypoxemia and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19.Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Jun;95(6):1138-1147. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.04.006. Epub 2020 Apr 11. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020. PMID: 32376101 Free PMC article.
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2020-07-28): There might also be a biological explanation for the leftward shift of the curve in COVID-19. Liu et al. put forward hypotheses about direct viral interaction with the heme group of hemoglobin. According to this theory, heme serum levels are increasing in COVID-19 along with harmful iron ions (Fe3+) causing inflammation and cell death (ferroptosis). This leads to the production of large amounts of serum ferritin to bind these free irons in order to reduce tissue damage [37]. In conclusion, SpO2 should be interpreted in the light of the presence of hyperventilation (tachypnea, low PaCO2) and, if possible, PaO2 via arterial puncture. Measuring the alveolar to arterial oxygen (P(A-a)O2 gradient (150 mmHg - PaCO2/0.8 - PaO2 at sea level) and relating this value to age and supplemental oxygen (age/4 + 4 + 50 (FiO2–0.21) in mmHg) can be insightful. This can be performed rapidly on a smartphone app [38]. The P(A-a)O2 gradient is increased either by V/Q mismatch or by intrapulmonary shunting. Hypoxemia due to V/Q mismatch can be easily corrected by supplemental oxygen therapy whereas pulmonary shunts have a poor response to oxygen therapy [39]. Causes of hypoxemia in COVID-19 [...] Liu W, Hualan L. COVID-19:attacks the 1-Beta chain of hemoglobin and captures the porphyrin to inhibit human Heme metabolism. ChemRxiv. 2020. Epub ahead of print.
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2023-08-30): - Bergamaschi, G.; de Andreis, F.B.; Aronico, N.; Lenti, M.V.; Barteselli, C.; Merli, S.; Pellegrino, I.; Coppola, L.; Cremonte, E.M.; Croce, G.; et al. Internal Medicine COVID-19 Collaborators. Anemia in patients with COVID-19: Pathogenesis and clinical significance. Clin. Exp. Med. 2021, 21, 239–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [...] - Yadav, D.; Pvsn, K.K.; Tomo, S.; Sankanagoudar, S.; Charan, J.; Purohit, A.; Nag, V.; Bhatia, P.; Singh, K.; Dutt, N.; et al. Association of iron-related biomarkers with severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2022, 74, 127075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [...] - Cai, M.; Chen, X.; Shan, J.; Yang, R.; Guo, Q.; Bi, X.; Xu, P.; Shi, X.; Chu, L.; Wang, L. Intermittent Hypoxic Preconditioning: A Potential New Powerful Strategy for COVID-19 Rehabilitation. Front. Pharmacol. 2021, 12, 643619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2022-08-03): 1Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151, Paris, France, 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, 3Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1173, Montigny le Bretonneux, France. [...] Supported by: No.115797-INNODIA and No.945268 INNODIA HARVEST [...] Supported by: RSSDI,RSSDI WB,WBDST,ICMR
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2024-03-19): Victoria J. Drake, Ph.D. [...] Iron-containing proteins support a number of functions, some of which are listed below. Globin-hemes are heme-containing proteins that are involved in the transport and storage of oxygen and, to a lesser extent, may act as free radical scavengers (1). Hemoglobin is the primary protein found in red blood cells and represents about two-thirds of the body's iron (3). The vital role of hemoglobin in transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body is derived from its unique ability to acquire oxygen rapidly during the short time it spends in contact with the lungs and to release oxygen as needed during its circulation through the tissues. Myoglobin functions in the transport and short-term storage of oxygen in muscle cells, helping to match the supply of oxygen to the demand of working muscles (1). A third globin called neuroglobin is preferentially expressed in the central nervous system, but its function is not well understood (4).
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2023-12-14): Similar content being viewed by others [...] Mate Maus or Manuel Serrano. [...] Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (2024)
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2020-04-07): Mechanism I: Endosome Alkalinizer [...] This leads to the virus being internalized into bubble-like (vesicle) inclusions known as endosomes. [...] Enter the zinc ionophores.
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2023-04-25): Alfarouk, K. O., Alhoufie, S. T. S., Hifny, A., Schwartz, L., Alqahtani, A. S., Ahmed, S. B. M., et al. (2021). Of mitochondrion and COVID-19. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 36 (1), 1258–1267. doi:10.1080/14756366.2021.1937144 [...] Piotrowicz, K., Gąsowski, J., Michel, J. P., and Veronese, N. (2021). Post-COVID-19 acute sarcopenia: Physiopathology and management. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 33, 2887–2898. doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01942-8 [...] Jesús Rodríguez Huertas, University of Granada, SpainRicardo Marques, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2023-08-14): Patients who have been infected by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses [including severe acute respiratory syndromes-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)], the virus that causes corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) may experience impaired oxygen exchange and progressively worsening hypoxemia (Werth et al., 2010; Friedrich et al., 2017; Devraj et al., 2017; Cavezzi et al., 2020). This can be worsened by bacterial infections due to the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the proliferation of different cell types and the activation of oxygen-consuming enzymes (Colgan et al., 2016; Serebrovska et al., 2020; Rahman et al., 2021). Meanwhile, hypoxic microenvironments form in solid tumors when the oxygen demand of rapidly growing tumor cells exceeds the supply of surrounding blood vessels. This triggers increased production of pro-angiogenic factors in response to hypoxic stimulation, promoting tumor angiogenesis and growth (Wigerup et al., 2016; Ou and Lv, 2020). However, poor neovascularization can lead to increased hypoxia and hypoxia-generated intratumoral oxygen gradients promote tumor plasticity and heterogeneity (Popper, 2016; Arpino et al., 2017; Garcia-Bermudez et al., 2018; Jing et al., 2019). [...] Serebrovska, Z. O., Chong, E. Y., Serebrovska, T. V., Tumanovska, L. V., and Xi, L. (2020). Hypoxia, HIF-1α, and COVID-19: from pathogenic factors to potential therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 41 (12), 1539–1546. doi:10.1038/s41401-020-00554-8
Claim: COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells (Andrew Gaiziunas, 2020-04-05)
Evidence (2023-10-09): Cases of rhabdomyolysis related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with associated myoglobinuria, have been reported in the United States, as well as in other countries. [10, 11, 12, 13] [...] Infection or sepsis syndromes [...] Race-, sex-, and age-related demographics
Claim: “WHO scientist faces death penalty” in India for advising against using ivermectin to treat COVID-19 (Social media users, 2024-06-17)
Evidence (2024-06-17): Ivermectin is a drug used to treat parasitic infections in humans and animals. The discovery of its antiparasitic activity won two scientists the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. It was also widely promoted as a COVID-19 treatment during the pandemic. However, large-scale clinical trials have since found that ivermectin produced little to no benefit in COVID-19 patients.
Claim: “WHO scientist faces death penalty” in India for advising against using ivermectin to treat COVID-19 (Social media users, 2024-06-17)
Evidence (2021-05-11): 'Safety and efficacy are important when using any drug for a new indication. @WHO recommends against the use of ivermectin for Covid-19 except within clinical trials,' Soumya Swaminathan, the global health body's chief scientist, said in a tweet. [...] The WHO had, in March, issued a similar warning against the use of ivermectin in treating Covid patients. [...] The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had also, in April last year, recommended against the use of ivermectin in treating Covid patients. Besides, the Union ministry of health and family welfare had also reportedly opted out from including Ivermectin in its official Clinical Management Protocol for Covid-19 last year.
Claim: “WHO scientist faces death penalty” in India for advising against using ivermectin to treat COVID-19 (Social media users, 2024-06-17)
Evidence (2021-06-03): "Running a disinformation campaign against Ivermectin by deliberate suppression of effectiveness of drug Ivermectin as prophylaxis and for treatment of COVID-19, despite the existence of large amounts of clinical data compiled and presented by esteemed, highly qualified, experienced medical doctors and scientists," [...] The notice is based on the research and clinical trials carried out by the ‘Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance’ (FLCCC) and the British Ivermectin Recommendation Development (BIRD) Panel. These organisations have presented an enormous amount of data that strengthen the case for recommending Ivermectin for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. [...] However, two key medical bodies, the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) and the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Delhi, have refused to accept her stand and have retained the recommendation for Ivermectin, under a ‘May Do’ category, for patients with mild symptoms and those in home isolation, as stated in ‘The National Guidelines for COVID-19 management’.
Claim: “WHO scientist faces death penalty” in India for advising against using ivermectin to treat COVID-19 (Social media users, 2024-06-17)
Evidence (2020-10-01): Evaluation of Ivermectin as a Potential Treatment for Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial in Eastern India - PMID: 34265236 - DOI: 10.18433/jpps32105 Evaluation of Ivermectin as a Potential Treatment for Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial in Eastern India [...] Conclusions: Inclusion of ivermectin in treatment regimen of mild to moderate COVID-19 patients could not be said with certainty based on our study results as it had shown only marginal benefit in successful discharge from the hospital with no other observed benefits.
Claim: “WHO scientist faces death penalty” in India for advising against using ivermectin to treat COVID-19 (Social media users, 2024-06-17)
Evidence (2021-05-11): Widely used in India, WHO warns against use of ivermectin for treatment of COVID-19 World Health Organisation recommends against the use of ivermectin for COVID-19 except within clinical trials, Soumya Swaminathan, the global health body`s chief scientist said in a tweet. [...] `Safety and efficacy are important when using any drug for a new indication. @WHO recommends against the use of ivermectin for #COVID19 except within clinical trials,` Soumya Swaminathan, the global health body`s chief scientist, said in a tweet.