copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-02-08): Indonesia’s diplomacy is often regarded as not forceful enough, particularly about South China Sea disputes. When the Chinese survey vessel Haiyang Dizhi Shihao manoeuvred near an Indonesian oil rig inside the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone of the North Natuna Sea for almost a month in 2021, many analysts attributed Jakarta’s mute response to its economic relations with Beijing. [...] Indonesia made its priority completing the drilling project conducted by Premier Oil Company under Indonesia’s license, rather than resorting to "megaphone diplomacy" as had been done previously and the resulting tension would only favour China. Instead, Agusman writes, "success could demonstrate that Indonesia persisted [with] its legitimate rights to drill in the Natuna waters." [...] In Indonesia’s case, the goal was to see the oil exploration continue so as to assert its legal rights. Premier Oil successfully completed its exploration despite the intrusion from the Chinese survey vessel as well as coast guard ships. And this strategy might also go some way to explaining the decision to conduct the forthcoming ASEAN joint military drills in the North Natuna Sea, to strengthen Indonesia’s position against China’s claim of its nine-dash line without having a direct confrontation.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-06-26): Natuna: an idyll on the front line between Indonesia and China [...] More than a thousand kilometres north of Indonesia's sprawling capital Jakarta, Natuna Besar island is just a speck in the vast South China Sea. [...] A flotilla of as many as 63 Chinese fishing boats, four Chinese coast guard vessels and a Chinese maritime surveillance vessel sailed into the Natunas, causing a tense confrontation on the water and a furious exchange between Jakarta and Beijing.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-05-05): Tensions with China have led Indonesia to step up defence around the Natuna Islands. But the archipelago wants to be known for tourism, its regent tells the programme Insight. [...] The Natuna islanders’ fishing grounds fall within Indonesia’s 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) — but also overlaps China’s nine-dash line claiming most of the South China Sea. [...] Besides defence installations, the islands are being developed for fisheries, oil and gas and tourism, said Natuna’s regent, Wan Siswandi.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-01-15): China’s latest use of grey zone fishing operations in the North Natuna Sea to challenge Indonesia’s sovereign right to fish and exploit the natural resources in its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) appeared to be a victory at first glance. At one point, about 50 Chinese fishing vessels accompanied by two oversized white hulls fished unimpeded in Indonesia’s EEZ. [...] Unlike the spate of bilateral incidents in 2016, where a warning shot from the Indonesian navy led to the injury of a Chinese sailor, having learned from experience the government prioritized peaceful diplomacy in handling the Natuna conflict. Responding vigorously yet proportionately was key to the resolution of this incident. [...] Through a combination of peaceful diplomacy and domestic engagement, Indonesia was able to manage the Natuna issue without significant domestic or international controversy. Its national interests in the North Natuna Sea were protected without jeopardizing its burgeoning economic relations with China, nor poisoning domestic opinion of Chinese investments.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-01-13): Indonesia has been sending mixed signals in responding to China’s breach of its exclusive economic zone around the Natuna Islands, near the South China Sea. [...] Since December 19, 2019, Chinese fishing vessels have trespassed into the waters around the Natuna Islands, violating Indonesia’s sovereignty as regulated by the 1982’s United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. [...] This is not the first time China entered Indonesia’s territory around the Natuna Islands. Back in 2016, Indonesia also had to ratchet up defence around the islands after an incursion of Chinese fishing armada and coast guard vessels into its EEZ.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-09): The Natunas: Territorial Integrity in the Forefront of Indonesia–China Relations [...] •Both Beijing and Jakarta acknowledge that the Natuna Islandsbelong to Indonesia. But while the Chinese avoid mentioning theissue of the islands having an EEZ, Jakarta openly claims that theislands definitely do have an EEZ. [...] - Type - Chapter - Information - The NatunasTerritorial Integrity in the Forefront of Indonesia-China Relations, pp. vii - viiiPublisher: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak InstitutePrint publication year: 2017
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-12-02): Yesterday, Reuters published an interesting report on the recent months-long standoff between Indonesia and China over an oil rig planted in a maritime region claimed by both countries. According to the report, which cited four sources familiar with the matter, China told the Indonesian government to stop drilling for oil and natural gas near Indonesia’s Natuna islands on the grounds that the region was "Chinese territory." [...] Farhan also alleged that Chinese diplomats also sent a separate letter protested against the holding of the Garuda Shield military exercises with the United States in August, which took place amid the standoff around the Natuna islands. China and Indonesia have a recent history of friction around the Natunas, where Indonesia’s 200-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone, a concept set out in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), overlaps with the southernmost reaches of China’s expansive "nine-dash line" maritime claim.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-07-09): The Natunas: Territorial Integrity in the Forefront of Indonesia–China Relations [...] In early 2016, three incidents took place in the Natuna Islands (Natunas) over the span of three months involving Indonesia and the People's Republic of China (hereafter, China). These took place on 19 March, 27 May and 17 June, when Chinese fishermen and their vessels encroached into Indonesian waters. [...] - Type - Chapter - Information - The NatunasTerritorial Integrity in the Forefront of Indonesia-China Relations, pp. 1 - 33Publisher: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak InstitutePrint publication year: 2017
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-02-28): China and Indonesia seem to be at it again in the Natuna waters. In late December, dozens of Chinese boats were fishing across at least 30 different location within Indonesia’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ) accompanied by several coast guard vessels. Indonesia summoned the Chinese ambassador to Jakarta and issued a strong diplomatic protest. [...] Analysts like to note that Indonesia and China have a dispute around the Natuna EEZ. But a dispute implies both sides equally have some rights under the law to begin with. The problem is that Indonesia’s rights are recognized by international law, particularly the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and China’s are not. [...] China’s claim over the fishery resources within the Natuna EEZ is not backed by UNCLOS. A 2016 ruling by the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (through the Permanent Court of Arbitration) further declared China’s nine-dash line claim over the whole of the South China Sea to be illegal. So, if there is a dispute — i.e. genuine EEZ overlap — between Indonesia and China, where exactly are the coordinates for China’s claim and their international legal basis?
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-01): Introduction: Evaluating China’s Maritime Strategy in the South China Sea 1. The Early History of the South China Sea Disputes 2. China’s Maritime Territorial Disputes with Vietnam 3. China’s Spratly-KIG Maritime Dispute with the Philippines 4. China’s Continental Shelf Dispute with Malaysia 5. China’s Energy Resources Dispute with Brunei 6. China’s Natuna Island Fishing Dispute with Indonesia 7. China’s Sovereignty Disputes with Taiwan 8. The United States as the South China Sea Maritime Arbiter [...] Document 5: Treaty of Peace between the Republic of China and Japan, 28 April 1952 [...] Document 20: Anti-Secession Law adopted by NPC, 14 March 2005
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-11-09): INDONESIA CLAIMS THAT it does not border on China, but the PRC argues that the Wo countries overlap in the southwestern corner of the SCS where the Natuna Island Group (called Pulau Sekatung in Indonesia) is located. The maritime territory under dispute could be as great as 28,500 nm2 (98,000 km2). While Indonesia has repeatedly rejected all Chinese invitations to engage in bilateral negotiations, a series of incidents regarding illegal Chinese fishing activities in the Natuna Sea may force Indonesia and China to open talks. The Natuna islands are an archipelago of more than 200 islands located in Riau province about 800 miles north of Jakarta. It is unclear whether Indonesia actually shares a boundary with China. Indonesia officially recognizes ten neighbors, but not China. Indonesia shares land boundaries with three neighbors - Malaysia in Borneo, Timor-Leste in Timor Island, and Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea - and has seven maritime neighbors: from west to east they are India, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Palau, and Australia. Disputes over fishing are the main problems. But offshore oil fields adjacent to the Natuna islands may also become an important source of Sino-Indonesian conflict, since China and Indonesia have both claimed oil resources in the southern part of the SCS. The offshore fields near the Natuna islands are estimated to contain 46 trillion cubic feet of recoverable reserves of natural gas, and are of considerably economic importance to Indonesia. Beijing argues there is a maritime conflict that requires delimitation while Jakarta insists there is no overlap.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-07-12): At the moment four areas are involved in maritime boundary disputes in the South China Sea: the Spratly Islands, Scarborough Reef/Shoal, the Paracel Islands and Natuna Island. [...] On Nov. 12, 2015 China shocked the countries in the region by issuing a first-ever public statement on the Natuna Islands. According to Hong Lei, China’s Foreign Ministry spokesman, "The Indonesian side has no territorial claim to China’s [Spratly Islands]. The Chinese side has no objection to Indonesia’s sovereignty over the Natuna Islands." Although the Natuna Islands are outside of China’s self-designated "Nine-Dash-Line" that lays claim to virtually all of the South China Sea, Natuna’s 200-miles exclusive economic zone (EEZ) protrudes into the area defined by the Nine-Dash-Line. The Indonesian government does not currently recognize China’s so-called "Nine-Dash Line" (which overlaps with that EEZ) and so does not consider itself a claimant in any South China Sea-related maritime dispute. However, as the de facto leader and arbitrator among Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and with various member states locked in disputed territorial claims with Beijing, and with Chinese naval vessels penetrating Indonesian territorial waters around the Natuna Islands, Jakarta is essentially being forced to act. In October 2015, Bloomberg said that Indonesia is considering using drones and submarines to strengthen its grip over the gas-rich waters around the Natuna Islands in response to China’s growing military presence in the South China Sea.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-01-04): Assuming that PRC would control Taiwan, Vietnam, and the Philippines would have the largest areas of conflicting claims with the PRC in the SCS. Vietnam claims an ocean EEZ of 538,650 sq mi. The PRC claims 70 percent of Vietnam’s EEZ (~377,389 sq mi) with their Dash Line claim. The Philippines claims an ocean exclusive economic zone that covers 874,064 sq mi. The PRC claims about 50 percent of the Philippines’s EEZ (~437,000 sq mi). The small country of Brunei would lose 90 percent of their EEZ. Malaysia would lose about 40 percent of its EEZ. Finally, Indonesia would also lose some of its EEZ to China, northeast of Natuna Island. [...] If the PRC decides to take some or all of Vietnam’s or the Filipino islands in the SCS, how would they conduct the operation? The main PLA Navy and Air Forces needed can be forward deployed from Hainan Island military bases to the currently PRC occupied Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, and possibly other locations, such as Scarborough Shoal, that will likely be militarized in the future.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-08-31): From 2013 to 2018, Beijing undertook major island-building projects on seven outposts and constructed military bases on them, improving China’s strategic position, installing missiles, building runways, and enhancing its A2/AD capabilities. China continues to put pressure on other Philippine and Vietnamese outposts in the Spratly Islands. Furthermore, China has annexed the seven outposts and the area within the nine-dash line as part of "Sansha County" of Hainan Province, even though the Spratly Islands are more than 700 miles south of Hainan Island. In recent years, China has sent its fishing fleet, backed by the CCG and PLAN, into Indonesia’s EEZ in the North Natuna Sea (just south of the SCS) and around Natuna Island. Jakarta responded by sending the Indonesian Navy, which caused the fishing fleet and CCG to retreat, but both inevitably returned. The fact that China is willing to challenge Indonesia in the farthest reaches of the nine-dash line indicates Beijing’s intentions to eventually control the entire sea.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-01): East China Sea Summary of Claims China maintains that the Diaoyu Islands (or Diaoyudao) have been a part of its sovereign territory since the Ming Dynasty in the sixteenth century. The territory is controlled and Resources/Assets Related to Claims The waters of the Natuna region are extremely rich in fish-stocks and the Indonesian Natuna Islands administration claims that the regional fisheries sector could produce 1.24 million tons of fish per [...] Summary of Claims The Republic of China (ROC), or Taiwan, claims sovereignty over the Diaoyutai Islands—known as the Diaoyu Islands in the People’s Republic of China and the Senkaku Islands in Japan—as the legitimate government
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-06): The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) 2023 "standard map" raised familiar protests with its long-invalidated claims to most of the South China Sea as well as the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and other disputed territory. An unexpected assertion of sovereignty over an island at the PRC’s Russian border, however, showed Beijing’s willingness to appropriate territory even from its closest partners. [...] After the PRC’s latest claim to the entire island, Russia’s foreign ministry stated that the issue was settled more than a decade ago and dismissed any suggestion of reopening the dispute, Newsweek reported. [...] Malaysia’s Foreign Ministry rejected the map, saying it encroaches on Malaysian maritime areas in Sabah and Sarawak states. Vietnam said the PRC’s invalidated boundaries violate Hanoi’s sovereignty over sea regions as determined by UNCLOS. The PRC’s claim on Indonesia’s Natuna Islands drew protest from Jakarta, with its Foreign Ministry stating, "Any drawing of lines, any claims made must be in accordance with UNCLOS."
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-12-01): The PRC has no legal grounds to unilaterally impose its will on the region. Beijing has offered no coherent legal basis for its âNine-Dashed Lineâ claim in the South China Sea since formally announcing it in 2009. In a unanimous decision on July 12, 2016, an Arbitral Tribunal constituted under the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention â to which the PRC is a state party – rejected the PRCâs maritime claims as having no basis in international law. The Tribunal sided squarely with the Philippines, which brought the arbitration case, on almost all claims. [...] As Beijing has failed to put forth a lawful, coherent maritime claim in the South China Sea, the United States rejects any PRC claim to waters beyond a 12-nautical mile territorial sea derived from islands it claims in the Spratly Islands (without prejudice to other statesâ sovereignty claims over such islands). As such, the United States rejects any PRC maritime claim in the waters surrounding Vanguard Bank (off Vietnam), Luconia Shoals (off Malaysia), waters in Bruneiâs EEZ, and Natuna Besar (off Indonesia). Any PRC action to harass other statesâ fishing or hydrocarbon development in these waters â or to carry out such activities unilaterally â is unlawful.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2016-07-26): China now is attempting to expand its control to the southernmost extent of its nine-dash-line claim in the South China Sea, in waters ever closer to Indonesian and Malaysian shores. This area of the South China Sea, spanning from Indonesia’s Natuna Islands to the South Luconia Shoals, has greater strategic importance than the Spratly or Paracel Island chains farther to the north. Whereas the Spratlys have for centuries been regarded as "dangerous ground" and commercial mariners have avoided them, the vital sea lines of communication (SLOCs) connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans flow through this part of the southern South China Sea. Therefore, these areas are far more vital to international commerce and navigation than the dangerous grounds closer to China’s Spratly Islands outposts. [...] These vessels include two new classes of nuclear submarines-the advanced Song-class diesel submarines and the Yuan class of diesel boats which, according to some reports, was a surprise for U.S. intelligence. Above and beyond this ambitious naval construction program, the People's Republic of China (PRC) received during 2005-06 an additional eight formidable Kilo-class submarines (and associated weaponry), which were purchased in 2002, to add to the four it already operated. A new nuclear submarine base on Hainan Island may well herald a new era of more extended Chinese submarine operations.
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-11-23): Elleman, Bruce. "Document 8: Declaration on China’s Territorial Sea, 4 September 1958". [...] Elleman, Bruce. "Document 8: Declaration on China’s Territorial Sea, 4 September 1958" In [...] Elleman B. Document 8: Declaration on China’s Territorial Sea, 4 September 1958. In:
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-01-31): Meanwhile, Chinese actions have also increasingly worried Indonesia. Indonesian territory extends to Natuna Island and an associated array of natural gas fields in the southwestern portion of the South China Sea. Chinese fishing boats have steadily encroached on its waters—much like they had on Scarborough Shoal. More alarming, one Chinese fishing boat detained by Indonesian authorities for illegal fishing has been seized back by the China Coast Guard. China’s growing naval capabilities have therefore also raised concerns. Most worrisome, Indonesian requests to clarify whether Natuna Island (and the surrounding waters) are encompassed within the nine-dash line have not received official clarification from Beijing. Instead, the PRC has said that, while it recognizes Indonesian sovereignty over Natuna island, it still retains "overlapping claims to maritime rights and interests." These issues led Indonesia to expand military facilities near Natuna in 2016. This has included expanding the island’s runway and increasing the number of troops deployed there. In 2017, Djakarta announced that it would rename the area near Natuna, within its own Exclusive Economic Zone, the North Natuna Sea. The Chinese promptly rejected this move, warning that it would not be "conducive" to good relations. The name change has been implicitly endorsed by the United States, however. Secretary of Defense James Mattis used the term while visiting Indonesia, saying, "We can help maintain maritime domain awareness in the South China Sea, the North Natuna Sea. . . . This is something that we look forward to doing."
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-11-09): Book contents - Frontmatter - Dedication - Contents - Preface - List of Maps and Graph - List of Acronyms - Introduction: Evaluating China’s Maritime Strategy in the South China Sea - 1 The Early History of the South China Sea Disputes - 2 China’s Maritime Territorial Disputes with Vietnam - 3 China’s Spratly-KIG Maritime Dispute with the Philippines - 4 China’s Continental Shelf Dispute with Malaysia - 5 China’s Energy Resources Dispute with Brunei - 6 China’s Natuna Island Fishing Dispute with Indonesia - 7 China’s Sovereignty Disputes with Taiwan - 8 The United States as the South China Sea Maritime Arbiter - Conclusions: China’s Contemporary and Future Maritime Strategy in the SCS - Appendix A Timeline - SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - Selected Bibliography - Index [...] Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2022 - Frontmatter - Dedication - Contents - Preface - List of Maps and Graph - List of Acronyms - Introduction: Evaluating China’s Maritime Strategy in the South China Sea - 1 The Early History of the South China Sea Disputes - 2 China’s Maritime Territorial Disputes with Vietnam - 3 China’s Spratly-KIG Maritime Dispute with the Philippines - 4 China’s Continental Shelf Dispute with Malaysia - 5 China’s Energy Resources Dispute with Brunei - 6 China’s Natuna Island Fishing Dispute with Indonesia - 7 China’s Sovereignty Disputes with Taiwan - 8 The United States as the South China Sea Maritime Arbiter - Conclusions: China’s Contemporary and Future Maritime Strategy in the SCS - Appendix A Timeline - SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - Selected Bibliography - Index
Claim: Natuna Islands is a territory of People's Republic of China (Natuna Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-08-05): IN FOCUS: What the remote Natuna islands reveal about Indonesia's stance on China [...] The Natunas also falls within Indonesia’s 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which is based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) adopted in 1982 and ratified by more than 160 states, including Indonesia and China. Beijing, however, has claimed the Natunas as within its traditional fishing rights in the South China Sea, as demarcated by its U-shaped nine-dash line.