copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Greenhouse gases emitted into the ocean are causing more holes in the ozone layer … “the ozone layer has holes in it causing global temperature to rise” (Otis Holland, 2020-07-21)
Evidence (2022-09-01): The ozone layer is a thin shield of gas in the Earth’s atmosphere that protects the planet, absorbing the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays and helping to preserve all life on the planet. But the ozone layer is not immune to harmful human activities. A collection of human-made greenhouse gases known as ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), including chlorofluorocarbons that can be found in everyday products such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and aerosol cans, have been destroying the ozone layer. [...] The consequences of any damage to the ozone layer are multifold. Harmful ODSs can carve a hole in the ozone layer, allowing UV rays to directly hit the Earth. Long-term exposure to UV radiation threatens human life - causing skin cancer, eye diseases and other health problems - and seriously harms most animals, plants, and microbes. Moreover, many ozone-depleting substances are also potent greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change when they accumulate in the atmosphere and warm the planet. [...] Scientists have also noted that ozone protection efforts have evidently slowed climate change by avoiding an estimated 135 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from 1990 to 2010. A successful reduction in HFCs in the atmosphere can avoid up to 0.4 degree Celsius of global temperature rise by 2100, while continuing to protect the ozone layer.
Claim: Greenhouse gases emitted into the ocean are causing more holes in the ozone layer … “the ozone layer has holes in it causing global temperature to rise” (Otis Holland, 2020-07-21)
Evidence (2021-09-16): What’s more, a recent UKRI-funded study by an international team of scientists found that if CFCs had not been banned in the late 1980s, their continued use would have caused average global air temperatures to rise by an additional 2.5 C by the end of the century. This is on top of existing warming. The reasons for this are twofold. CFCs are potent greenhouse gases in their own right, and so would contribute directly to climate change. UV radiation also harms plants, stopping them from growing and locking up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. [...] The other thing concerns what is happening to temperatures in the stratosphere. Although greenhouse gases cause global warming overall, they actually cool the upper atmosphere. Those conditions exacerbate ozone loss.
Claim: Greenhouse gases emitted into the ocean are causing more holes in the ozone layer … “the ozone layer has holes in it causing global temperature to rise” (Otis Holland, 2020-07-21)
Evidence (2023-04-05): ‘Greenhouse gases’ are crucial to keeping our planet at a suitable temperature for life. Without the natural greenhouse effect, the heat emitted by the Earth would simply pass outwards from the Earth’s surface into space and the Earth would have an average temperature of about -20°C. A greenhouse gas is called that because it absorbs infrared radiation from the Sun in the form of heat, which is circulated in the atmosphere and eventually lost to space. Greenhouse gases also increase the rate at which the atmosphere can absorb short-wave radiation from the Sun, but this has a much weaker effect on global temperatures. [...] Footnotes 1. Enhanced Greenhouse effect 'Greenhouse gases' are actually crucial to keeping our planet at a habitable temperature, without them the Earth would be about minus 17 degrees! Anthropogenic or human release of carbon dioxide is what is contributing to an additional or enhanced greenhouse effect.
Claim: Greenhouse gases emitted into the ocean are causing more holes in the ozone layer … “the ozone layer has holes in it causing global temperature to rise” (Otis Holland, 2020-07-21)
Evidence (2009-01-01): Both cores showed a clear relationship between levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases and Antarctic temperature over time. As greenhouse gases had gone up, so had temperatures. [...] Since 1990 these reports have consistently found that the Earth is warming, and that the release of greenhouse gases by humans is responsible. [...] In 2019, the UK committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050.
Claim: Greenhouse gases emitted into the ocean are causing more holes in the ozone layer … “the ozone layer has holes in it causing global temperature to rise” (Otis Holland, 2020-07-21)
Evidence (2024-07-01): Links between stratospheric ozone depletion and changes in surface climate were first found in research studies in the early 2000s, based on both observations and models. While increasing greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) are the primary drivers of global climate change, the Antarctic ozone hole, which has occurred every spring since the early 1980s, was shown to contribute to observed changes in Southern Hemisphere (SH) surface climate during summer due to the effect of the ozone hole on atmospheric circulation. [...] Yes. Many ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are also potent greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming when they accumulate in the atmosphere. Montreal Protocol controls have led to a substantial reduction in the emissions of ODSs over the last two decades. These reductions, while protecting the ozone layer, have the additional benefit of reducing the human contribution to climate change. Without Montreal Protocol controls, the global warming due to ODSs could now be nearly three times the present value. With the 2016 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, climate protection was extended to include controls on HFCs, which do not deplete ozone but contribute to global warming (see Q19).
Claim: Greenhouse gases emitted into the ocean are causing more holes in the ozone layer … “the ozone layer has holes in it causing global temperature to rise” (Otis Holland, 2020-07-21)
Evidence (2021-01-21): Greenhouse gas emission scenarios and the influence on future ozone. The influence of climate change on future ozone in Figure Q20-2 as discussed above was derived using a particular GHG emission scenario, termed RCP 6.0. Emission scenarios specify the amounts of GHGs emitted into the atmosphere in the future and are constructed based on socio-economic assumptions of future population growth, economic developments, technology innovation, and political decisions. The RCP 6.0 projection is a mid-range scenario with the abundance of CO2 and N2O increasing until the end of this century and the abundance of CH4 peaking in 2070. Chemistry-climate model simulations show that the evolution of ozone and the resulting surface UV-B levels in different regions of the world are strongly dependent on the future atmospheric abundances of CO2, CH4, and N2O, the three most important human-driven GHGs. [...] Links between stratospheric ozone depletion and changes in surface climate were first found in research studies in the early 2000s, based on both observations and models. While increasing greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) are the primary drivers of global climate change, the Antarctic ozone hole, which has occurred every spring since the early 1980s, was shown to contribute to observed changes in Southern Hemisphere surface climate during summer due to its effects on atmospheric circulation.
Claim: Greenhouse gases emitted into the ocean are causing more holes in the ozone layer … “the ozone layer has holes in it causing global temperature to rise” (Otis Holland, 2020-07-21)
Evidence (2008-07-16): The term ‘ozone hole’ refers to the depletion of the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) over Earth's polar regions. People, plants, and animals living under the ozone hole are harmed by the solar radiation now reaching the Earth's surface—where it causes health problems, from eye damage to skin cancer. [...] Observations show that as greenhouse gases increase and result in heating in the lower atmosphere (troposphere), a cooling is occurring in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). Largely because heat from Earth's surface that normally would convey through the troposphere and stratosphere, and eventually escape to space, is now being trapped (or confined to the troposphere). [...] In other words, heat-trapping gases contribute to creating the cooling conditions in the atmosphere that lead to ozone depletion. Greenhouse gases absorb heat at relatively low altitudes and warm the surface--but they have the opposite effect in higher altitudes because they prevent heat from rising.
Claim: Greenhouse gases emitted into the ocean are causing more holes in the ozone layer … “the ozone layer has holes in it causing global temperature to rise” (Otis Holland, 2020-07-21)
Evidence (2024-09-17): Basic Ozone Layer Science [...] Some compounds release chlorine or bromine when they are exposed to intense UV light in the stratosphere. These compounds contribute to ozone depletion, and are called ozone-depleting substances (ODSA compound that contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. ODS include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, hydrobromofluorocarbons, chlorobromomethane, and methyl chloroform. ODS are generally very stable in the troposphere and only degrade under intense ultraviolet light in the stratosphere. When they break down, they release chlorine or bromine atoms, which then deplete ozone. A detailed list (http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/ods/index.html) of class I and class II substances with their ODPs, GWPs, and CAS numbers are available.). ODS that release chlorine include chlorofluorocarbonsGases covered under the 1987 Montreal Protocol and used for refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insulation, solvents, or aerosol propellants. Since they are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere, CFCs drift into the upper atmosphere where, given suitable conditions, they break down ozone. These gases are being replaced by other compounds: hydrochlorofluorocarbons, an interim replacement for CFCs that are also covered under the Montreal Protocol, and hydrofluorocarbons, which are covered under the Kyoto Protocol. All these substances are also greenhouse gases. See hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, ozone depleting substance. [...] One example of ozone depletion is the annual ozone "hole" over Antarctica that has occurred during the Antarctic spring since the early 1980s. This is not really a hole through the ozone layer, but rather a large area of the stratosphere with extremely low amounts of ozone.
Claim: Greenhouse gases emitted into the ocean are causing more holes in the ozone layer … “the ozone layer has holes in it causing global temperature to rise” (Otis Holland, 2020-07-21)
Evidence (2016-10-12): The ozone hole did not cause global warming Because the ozone layer normally blocks ultraviolet (UV) light, an ozone hole allows more UV light than usual to reach the surface. However, the additional energy added to the Earth system from the ozone hole is so small that it couldn’t be responsible for the warming trend that’s been occurring. [...] And even though the ozone hole can’t explain global-scale temperature trends over the past few decades, models do suggest that changes in atmospheric circulation due to the ozone hole have contributed to seasonal surface temperature trends in a few Southern Hemisphere locations, including warming of high latitudes of the Southern Ocean in late winter, and summertime warming of the Antarctic Peninsula and cooling of the continental interior.
Claim: Greenhouse gases emitted into the ocean are causing more holes in the ozone layer … “the ozone layer has holes in it causing global temperature to rise” (Otis Holland, 2020-07-21)
Evidence (2021-02-25): You’ve probably already read that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases act like a blanket or a cap, trapping some of the heat that Earth might have otherwise radiated out into space. That’s the simple answer. But how exactly do certain molecules trap heat? The answer there requires diving into physics and chemistry. [...] In the case of greenhouse gases, the planet’s temperature is a balance between how much energy comes in versus how much energy goes out. Ultimately, any increase in the amount of heat-trapping means that the Earth’s surface gets hotter. (For a more advanced discussion of the thermodynamics involved, check out this NASA page.) [...] As carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases heat up the planet, more water evaporates into the atmosphere, which in turn raises the temperature further. However, a hypothetical villain would not be able to exacerbate climate change by trying to pump more water vapor into the atmosphere, says Smerdon. "It would all rain out because temperature determines how much moisture can actually be held by the atmosphere."
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2024-01-07): Breastfeeding is recommended by numerous health agencies for providing the necessary nutrition and antibodies to a growing infant. Water isn’t necessary for babies to drink, and giving it to them can lead to overhydration and health effects such as nutrition deficiency, electrolyte imbalances, and in severe cases, hyponatremia, a condition that can cause seizures, coma, and death.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2024-07-01): FULL CLAIM: Giving water to babies under six months can result in health risks including water intoxication, electrolyte imbalance, reduced nutrient intake, water contamination, and hyponatremia A Facebook reel posted on 13 June 2024 claimed that giving water to babies under the age of six months can result in health risks, including reduced nutrient intake and infections from contaminated water. It also noted that "too much water can cause low sodium levels, leading to brain swelling, seizures, and even death". [...] Infants’ delicate physiology and developing systems aren’t equipped to handle consuming water. Breast milk and formula fulfill all of a baby’s nutritional needs prior to the age of six months.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2023-05-04): In general, your baby doesn't need to drink water until they're 6 months old. Until then, they get all the hydration they need from breast milk or formula, even in hot weather. Once your baby is 6 months old, it's okay to give them sips of water when they're thirsty. Don't overdo it, though, or you might give them a tummy ache or make them too full to eat well. And never give your baby water as a replacement for breast milk or formula, which are full of the nutrients babies need. Besides that, your baby's kidneys aren't fully mature yet, and too much plain water could throw off their electrolyte balance. [...] Giving a baby younger than 6 months old too much water can interfere with their body's ability to absorb the nutrients in breast milk or formula. It can also make them feel full, so they'll eat less.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2021-06-21): Why it's dangerous for newborn babies to drink water [...] The average, healthy adult is made up of 55-60% water. The average baby, on the other hand, is roughly 75% water. And that difference is why babies shouldn't drink water before they're at least 6 months old. Not from the tap, or a well, or a spring. Plain water is just plain off limits. [...] But it's not just drinking straight H2O that poses a threat. In fact, most cases of water intoxication in infants don't even involve a glass of water. A common mistake is when people dilute baby formula TOO MUCH, by accident, or when parents dunk their infants up and down in a swimming pool, and in the process, the infant gulps in too much water.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2023-02-27): Babies under six months only need breast milk or infant formula, even in hot weather. Giving your baby water at this age may mean they drink less breast milk or infant formula. Around six months of age is a good time to start to offer small amounts of cooled boiled water in a cup. This can take some practice. Start with small amounts of water while your baby gets used to holding a cup. [...] Water given to babies to drink should be boiled to make it safe:
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2023-05-11): While water is necessary for adults, it's not so with infants. They get meet their fluids needs in other ways. David Berger, M.D. founder and owner of Wholistic Pediatrics & Family Care, and founder of Wholistic ReLeaf, says that drinking water even at 6 months of age, is not entirely necessary. "Babies get all of the fluid they need through breast milk or formula," he continues. So if your 6-month-old only has a sip of water at first, rest assured that breast milk and/or formula will be enough to stave off any thirst. Baby Feeding Chart: How Much Infants Eat in the First Year Why Shouldn't Babies Under 6 Months Drink Water? Giving infants water before 6 months can pose some risks. Most notably, if a baby "fills up" on water, it might impede their ability to receive adequate nutrients. "Giving water to them at this stage puts them at risk of consuming less breast milk or formula, thereby not receiving all the nutrients they provide," explains Dr. Johns. It's important to keep up with regular feedings of formula or breast milk so that babies can grow up healthily, with all the vitamins their body craves.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2024-10-03): Introduce your baby to drinking from a cup or beaker from around 6 months and offer sips of water with meals. [...] Once your baby has started to eat solid foods (from around 6 months) you can offer them sips of water from a cup or beaker with meals. Drinking water for babies over 6 months does not need to be boiled first. [...] Formula fed babies under 6 months of age may need small sips of cooled boiled water during hot weather as well as their usual milk feeds.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2023-02-13): Understanding why babies shouldn't drink water under 6 months old It is advised that you shouldn’t give your baby water before they are six months old. Before then, they get all the nutrients they need from breast milk and do not need extra fluids, even in hot weather. [...] Giving water to babies younger than six months puts them at risk of infection. It may also cause your baby to drink less breast milk and miss out on the nutrition they need. In some severe cases, when a large amount of water is consumed, a condition known as water intoxication can occur. This is when sodium in the baby’s bloodstream becomes diluted, causing tissues to swell and leading to dangerous interference with brain activity.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2023-11-09): Babies younger than 6 months should not be offered water or other liquids beside breastmilk or formula. Breastmilk or formula provides sufficient water for newborns and babies up to 6 months old, even on hot days. Introducing water too early or diluting formula or breastmilk with water can be dangerous for your baby because it affects the balance of electrolytes in the blood [3] and can lead to seizures. [...] Babies under 6 months shouldn't be given water. [...] Yes, babies can have too much water, and those under 6 months are at an increased risk. Once babies are eating solid foods, it is rare, but it can happen. You can avoid water intoxication in babies by following proper guidelines for introducing water and giving them an age- and activity-appropriate amount. Additionally, do not dilute formula or breastmilk with water.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2023-06-30): Water consumption in 0-6-month-old healthy infants and effective factors: A systematic review - PMID: 37433164 - PMCID: PMC10506693 - DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6745 Water consumption in 0-6-month-old healthy infants and effective factors: A systematic review [...] Conclusions: The exclusive breastfeeding of 0-6-month-old infants is the recommendation of reliable health authorities. Nurses play a key role in implementing this practice. In this systematic review, it was seen that families gave their infants water at varying rates in the 0-6-month period, and the factors affecting this situation were revealed. If nurses determine which factors affect families in terms of the early introduction of fluids, they could be able to plan the necessary education and interventions.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2023-03-01): Fact check: Giving water to babies is unsafe before 6 months, can lead to brain damage, death [...] "BABIES CANT HAVE WATER BEFORE 6 MONTHS," reads the post. "Please educate yourself before you harm your baby. Water dilutes the sodium levels in babies and can cause seizures, coma, brain damage or death." [...] Pediatricians told USA TODAY giving water to babies under 6 months old can be hazardous to their health because their kidneys can't process much water. They recommended the exclusive use of breast milk or formula for the first six months.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2018-11-02): While it seems unnatural to not provide water to your little ones early on, there’s legitimate evidence as to why babies shouldn’t have water until they’re about 6-months old. [...] Giving your baby water before six months isn’t recommended for the following reasons. [...] Your baby may be ready take their first sip of water at six months. However, it’s important to realize that newborns, infants, and toddlers have very different hydration than from adults.
Claim: Babies under six months shouldn’t drink water as it can result in health risks (Social media user, 2024-01-07)
Evidence (2023-04-25): The video, posted by Dr Karan Rajan, a surgeon, clinical lecturer and medical influencer, starts with the statement "do not give [babies] water to drink until they're six months old because it could be fatal" before going on to explain the potential issues around overhydration. [...] The NHS says: "Formula fed babies under 6 months of age may need small amounts of cooled boiled water during hot weather as well as their usual milk feeds" as well as advising the same as a treatment for constipation in formula-fed babies in general. [...] We also contacted the Mail about their headline: "This is why you should NEVER give babies water", and were told the headline is reporting on Dr Rajan’s claim while the piece is clear about the context on when babies should and should not drink water.