copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Climate change is not happening, there is no significant man-made global warming now, there hasn't been any in the past, and there's no reason to expect any in the future. (John Coleman, 2019-04-30)
Evidence (2023-09-28): If you could travel back in time five centuries, you'd encounter an Aztec empire nearly at the end of its run, fresh paintings from Raphael, Titian and Durer, and cooler temperatures across the Northern Hemisphere. This was a world in the midst of the Little Ice Age (1300 to 1850 C.E.) and a period of vast European exploration now known as the Age of Discovery. If we looked 500 years into the future and glimpse the Earth of the 26th century, we might find that the planet is as different to us as it would have seemed to residents of the 16th century. But this largely depends on the relationship between human civilization and our natural environment — its past, its present and, of course, its future. [...] According to NASA, carbon dioxide levels are up to 412 parts per million (ppm) as of December 2019, up from 316 ppm in 1958 when scientists first started tracking CO2. Global temperature was up 2.07 degrees Fahrenheit (1.15 degrees Celsius) since 1880, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Meanwhile, Arctic ice declines 12.85 percent per decade, and sea levels rise 3.3 millimeters per year, says NASA.
Claim: Climate change is not happening, there is no significant man-made global warming now, there hasn't been any in the past, and there's no reason to expect any in the future. (John Coleman, 2019-04-30)
Evidence (2023-10-26): However, the advantages of fossil fuels come with a devastating downside. We now understand that the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels is warming our planet faster than anything we have seen in the geological record. One of the greatest challenges facing humanity today is slowing this warming before it changes our world beyond recognition. [...] Since 1900, global population and economic activity have skyrocketed, along with fossil fuel consumption. Unfortunately, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the most consequential greenhouse gas, has steadily climbed at the same time, along with global average temperature.
Claim: Climate change is not happening, there is no significant man-made global warming now, there hasn't been any in the past, and there's no reason to expect any in the future. (John Coleman, 2019-04-30)
Evidence (2022-01-31): In its 2013 fifth assessment report, the IPCC stated in its summary for policymakers that it is "extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature" from 1951 to 2010 was caused by human activity. By "extremely likely", it meant that there was between a 95% and 100% probability that more than half of modern warming was due to humans. [...] There is a wide range of future warming possible from different RCP scenarios and different values for the sensitivity of the climate system, but all show a similar pattern of declining future aerosol emissions and a larger role for greenhouse gas forcing in future temperatures. [...] Some uncertainty remains due to the role of natural variability, but researchers suggest that ocean fluctuations and similar factors are unlikely to be the cause of more than a small fraction of modern global warming.
Claim: Climate change is not happening, there is no significant man-made global warming now, there hasn't been any in the past, and there's no reason to expect any in the future. (John Coleman, 2019-04-30)
Evidence (2021-08-25): The Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman was recently interviewed by Megyn Kelly on Fox News, calling human-caused global warming "a myth." The interview was then amplified through the media echo chamber, including an article at left-leaning Huffington Post, and Coleman was subsequently interviewed on CNN’s Reliable Sources. Coleman has publicly denied the scientific reality of human-caused global warming for years, telling Fox News in 2008 that he wanted to sue Al Gore, for example. There’s no new content in these latest interviews; just the usual long-debunked climate myths and conspiracy theories. Coleman is apparently considered a credible climate interviewee because he was instrumental in creating The Weather Channel 32 years ago, but he’s woefully misinformed when it comes to climate science. [...] There’s a whole lot of baloney ... there is no global warming.
Claim: Climate change is not happening, there is no significant man-made global warming now, there hasn't been any in the past, and there's no reason to expect any in the future. (John Coleman, 2019-04-30)
Evidence (2023-01-13): Fact check: False claim video shows The Weather Channel debunk climate change [...] "There's no question about it: Climate change is not happening," Coleman asserts. "The Weather Channel debunks 'climate change,'" reads on-screen text featured in the video.
Claim: Climate change is not happening, there is no significant man-made global warming now, there hasn't been any in the past, and there's no reason to expect any in the future. (John Coleman, 2019-04-30)
Evidence (2008-07-01): "When we started in the 70s and 80s, we had this concept: we’ll measure [carbon dioxide concentrations in the ocean] 10 years later, and we’ll just see the anthropogenic input," says Feely. "We had very simplistic ideas that the anthropogenic changes would be the only changes we would see," he adds a little ruefully. [...] Continuous measurements of the atmosphere are obtained at cold and remote observatories on the shores of the Southern Ocean, such as Palmer Station on the Antarctic Peninsula. These atmospheric data complement the direct measurements of ocean water made during research cruises. (Photograph courtesy Jeffrey Kietzmann, National Science Foundation.) Le Quéré expected to see a steady increase in the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the Southern Ocean between 1981 and 2004 (blue line). Instead, weather station measurements (red line) suggested year-to-year variability, but no long-term increase over time. (Graph by Corrine Le Quéré, University of East Anglia.)
Claim: Climate change is not happening, there is no significant man-made global warming now, there hasn't been any in the past, and there's no reason to expect any in the future. (John Coleman, 2019-04-30)
Evidence (2019-07-30): Earth absorbs energy from sunlight, but as the surface warms, it also emits energy in the form of infrared radiation (which we know of as heat) out into space. Water vapor and CO2, however, act like a cap, making it more difficult for Earth to get rid of this energy. Without gases like these to absorb the energy, our planet’s average surface temperature would have been near zero degrees Fahrenheit. [...] Both water vapor and CO2 are responsible for global warming, and once we increase the CO2 in the atmosphere, the oceans warm up, which inevitably triggers an increase in water vapor. But while we have no way to control water vapor, we can control CO2. And because we are increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by continuing to burn fossil fuels, even in relatively small amounts compared to the entire mass of the atmosphere, we are disturbing the entire heat balance of the planet.
Claim: Climate change is not happening, there is no significant man-made global warming now, there hasn't been any in the past, and there's no reason to expect any in the future. (John Coleman, 2019-04-30)
Evidence (2024-04-09): Past and future carbon dioxide Natural increases in carbon dioxide concentrations have periodically warmed Earth’s temperature during ice age cycles over the past million years or more. The warm episodes (interglacials) began with a small increase in incoming sunlight in the Northern Hemisphere due to variations in Earth’s orbit around the Sun and its axis of rotation. (For more details, see the "Milankovitch cycles and ice ages" section of our Climate change: incoming sunlight article.) That little bit of extra sunlight caused a little bit of warming. As the oceans warmed, they outgassed carbon dioxide—like a can of soda going flat in the heat of a summer day. The extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere greatly amplified the initial, solar-driven warming. [...] Lüthi, D., M. Le Floch, B. Bereiter, T. Blunier, J.-M. Barnola, U. Siegenthaler, D. Raynaud, J. Jouzel, H. Fischer, K. Kawamura, and T.F. Stocker. (2008). High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present. Nature, Vol. 453, pp. 379-382. doi:10.1038/nature06949.
Claim: Climate change is not happening, there is no significant man-made global warming now, there hasn't been any in the past, and there's no reason to expect any in the future. (John Coleman, 2019-04-30)
Evidence (2017-04-04): Despite the many climate "skeptics" in key positions of power today, 97 percent of working climate scientists agree that the warming of Earth’s climate over the last 100 years is mainly due to human activity that has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Why are they so sure? [...] Moreover, according to the World Radiation Center, the sun’s radiation has not increased since at least 1978 (when satellite monitoring began) though global temperatures over the last 30 years have continued to rise. [...] Evidence from ocean sediments, ice cores, tree rings, sedimentary rocks and coral reefs show that the current warming is occurring 10 times faster than it did in the past when Earth emerged from the ice ages, at a rate unprecedented in the last 1,300 years.
Claim: Climate change is not happening, there is no significant man-made global warming now, there hasn't been any in the past, and there's no reason to expect any in the future. (John Coleman, 2019-04-30)
Evidence (2008-07-15): Concerning future changes, a number of climate modeling studies project that climate warming will cause Atlantic hurricanes in the coming century to have higher rainfall rates than present-day hurricanes, and that they will be more intense (higher peak winds and lower central pressures) on average. All else equal, coastal inundation levels associated with tropical cyclones should increase with sea level rise as projected for example by IPCC AR5. Published studies also suggest that greenhouse gas warming will lead to future decreases in Atlantic tropical storm frequency and possibly to increases in very intense hurricane frequency, although there is uncertainty in these projections and a range or results across different modeling studies. Recent studies point to a possible future increase in the fraction of hurricanes that make U.S. landfall, but again there is no consensus across studies on this projection. These assessment statements are intended to apply to a global warming scenario of roughly 2 degrees Celsius. The relatively conservative confidence levels attached to our Atlantic hurricane projections, and the lack of a claim of detectable anthropogenic influence on Atlantic hurricane activity at this time contrasts with the situation for other climate metrics, such as global mean temperature. The IPCC AR6 concludes that it is unequivocal that humans have caused the earth’s climate to warm, with a likely human contribution of 0.8 to 1.3 degrees Celsius to global mean temperature since the late 1800s.
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2023-07-06): At the moment, investigations are still underway to determine where SARS-CoV-2 originated and how it came to infect humans. Both the natural and lab leak hypotheses rely on circumstantial evidence that can’t prove nor disprove either theory. However, no credible evidence indicates that the virus was engineered. Based on prior disease outbreaks, the most likely hypothesis is that SARS-CoV-2 arose naturally and that zoonotic infections were the reason for the spread of the virus in humans.
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2021-12-03): A novel cell culture system modeling the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle - PMID: 33711082 - PMCID: PMC7990224 - DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009439 A novel cell culture system modeling the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2021-11-25): Similar content being viewed by others
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2021-04-16): Similar content being viewed by others [...] Rochman, N. D., Wolf, Y. I., Faure, G., Zhang, F. & Koonin, E. V. Ongoing adaptive evolution and globalization of Sars-Cov-2. bioRxiv, 2020.2010.2012.336644. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.12.336644 (2020).
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2020-10-06): Stockman, L. J., Bellamy, R. & Garner, P. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med.3, e343 (2006). [...] CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China [...] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2022-04-19): Similar content being viewed by others [...] Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia [...] Computational Bioscience Research Centre (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2021-10-22): But in the same report, which was made public on Oct. 29, the agencies said that SARS-CoV-2 was not developed by China as a biological weapon. They are skeptical of these theories "because they are supported by scientifically invalid claims," because their proponents do not have access to key sites like China’s Wuhan Institute of Virology, and "because their proponents are suspected of spreading disinformation."
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2020-10-28): Table 1 Opportunities and limitations of current SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 model systems [...] Work in the authors laboratory was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF grants #173085, 196644, 182880) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (BMBF; grant RAPID, #01KI1723A). [...] Ram Lal Swagat Shrestha
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2020-10-30): The following search terms were used in Pubmed and Web of Science to construct the initial dataset of articles: ((SARS-COV2[All Fields] OR ("COVID-19"[Supplementary Concept] OR "COVID-19"[All Fields] OR "covid19"[All Fields])) AND ("2020/01/01"[PDAT]: "2020/12/31"[PDAT]) NOT ("review"[Publication Type] OR "review literature as topic"[MeSH Terms] OR "review"[All Fields]) AND ("loattrfull text"[sb] AND "humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang])) AND (brain OR cerebrum OR cerebellum OR "nervous system" OR neuron* OR spinal OR brainstem OR olfactory OR nasal OR pharyn* OR trachea OR lung OR airway OR bronch* OR heart OR vascular OR arterial OR vena OR "blood vessel" OR "lymph node" OR "lymph vessel" OR lymphatic OR thymus OR spleen OR "bone marrow" OR tonsils OR blood OR oral OR mouth OR? esophagus OR stomach OR pancreas OR liver OR "gall bladder" OR gut OR intestin* OR salivary OR saliva OR stool OR faeces OR kidney OR urethra OR ureter OR bladder OR kidney OR urine OR testit OR epididym* OR prostate OR penis OR sperm OR semen OR ovari* OR uterus OR vagina* OR placenta* OR tegument OR skin OR muscle* OR bone OR joint OR hypothalamus OR pituitary OR thyroid OR adrenal OR reservoir OR autopsy OR cardiovascular OR immunological OR endocrinal OR
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2023-06-07): Financial analyst David Martin misrepresents studies and patent applications to promote the baseless claim that SARS-CoV-2 was developed as a bioweapon [...] In May 2023, a video featuring financial analyst David Martin went viral on social media platforms, gathering millions of views on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok (examples here, here, here, and here). In it, Martin claimed that SARS-CoV-2 was an act of "premeditated domestic terrorism" and that the virus is a weapon that was engineered through decades of research with the objective of "get[ting] the world to accept a universal vaccine template". [...] Martin also cited another patent (WO02086068A2), submitted in this case by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2002. Pointing out that this patent "mysteriously preceded SARS 1.0 by a year", Martin suggested that this research could be the origin of not only SARS-CoV-2 but even the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic. He went even further by claiming that a term included in the patent, "infectious replication-defective clone", means that the new virus is "a weapon" designed to target certain individuals. This is false.
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2022-10-05): - Robert Walgate, "SARS Escaped Beijing Lab Twice," Genome Biology, no. 4 (2004): https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20040427-03; and Andrew Alderson, Richard Gray, and Patrick Hennessy, "Foot and Mouth Lab Failure Causes Outbreak," Telegraph, 5 August 2007.
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2024-07-08): Defendants other than the PRC would be selected based on the extent to which they are subject to applicable FSIA exceptions, principally carrying on commercial activity directly in the United States that is bound upon the actionable course of conduct. [...] - Defendants: The PRC and other directly related defendants such as the Wuhan Institute of Virology [...] - Defendant: The PRC.
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2023-06-12): Presented to Parliament by the Deputy Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster by Command of His Majesty [...] The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. [...] An executive agency of the Ministry of Defence that supplies specialist science and technology advice and expertise for UK defence and security.
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2023-08-02): "Are you suggesting that SARS … might have come from a laboratory in the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill? No, I’m not suggesting it. I’m telling you that’s the facts — we engineered SARS," he said. "SARS is not a naturally occurring phenomenon. The naturally occurring phenomenon is called the common cold … SARS is the research developed by humans weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings." [...] "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." CDC. 6 Dec 2017.
Claim: “SARS is the research developed by humans, weaponizing a life system model to actually attack human beings” (David Martin, 2023-07-06)
Evidence (2020-12-09): Natural processes of mutation and transmission caused these threats to human society. Human beings could create similar or even more dangerous threats—by accident or on purpose. Such accidents happened, for example, in 2003 when a Singaporean researcher acquired SARS from inadvertent cross-contamination of viral samples.8 In 2004, the accidental release of the SARS virus from a Chinese laboratory infected nine people, one of whom died.9 In 2014, a researcher working in a lab in India was accidentally infected with buffalopox virus,10 and in 2019 more than 3,000 brucellosis cases were detected in China due to contaminated exhaust from a brucellosis vaccine–making company.11 Going further back in history, during World War II, Japan deliberately used pathogens to spread plague, anthrax, typhoid, cholera, and other diseases among Chinese military and civilians.12 The United States and the Soviet Union developed major biological weapons programs during the Cold War,13 which Russia, then part of the Soviet Union, continued illegally even after it signed the Biological Weapons Convention in 1972.14 Yet, if societies and governments overreact and impose ill-conceived regulations to control these risks, they would defeat themselves by depriving the world of the great benefits that bioscience and technology can provide. [...] Varadharajan Sundaramurthy, group leader, National Centre for Biological Sciences [...] Shilpa Joshi, associate biomodeling scientist
Claim: Colloidal silver is effective for any infection (Anonymous, 2020-01-23)
Evidence (2020-01-23): Silver has demonstrated broad antimicrobial activity in topical applications on wounds and burns. However, no scientific studies indicate that ingestion or nasal spray of colloidal silver treats infection inside the body or supports the immune system. Long-term use of colloidal silver can result in argyria, a blue-gray discoloration of the skin, and can interfere with the action of other medicines.
Claim: Colloidal silver is effective for any infection (Anonymous, 2020-01-23)
Evidence (2022-10-05): Taking colloidal silver by mouth is not thought to be safe or effective for any of the health claims that many manufacturers make. Silver is not an essential mineral, as some sellers of silver products say. [...] Manufacturers of colloidal silver products often say that their products are cure-alls. Some claim these products can improve your immune system and fight bacteria and viruses. And they say these products can treat cancer, HIV/AIDS, COVID-19, shingles, herpes, acne, eye diseases and prostatitis. [...] Colloidal silver products also may interact with medicines, such as some antibiotics and levothyroxine (Unithroid, Levoxyl, others).
Claim: Colloidal silver is effective for any infection (Anonymous, 2020-01-23)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Beyond rhinosinusitis, two clinical trials have assessed the use of silver colloids in the topical treatment of bacterial infections. In a study completed (NCT02761525) at the Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (Mexico), AgNPs were explored for treating oral pathogens in patients intubated with mechanical ventilators. The study determined that gels containing 12 ppm of 24-nm AgNPs (produced in house) and applied in the oral mucosa surface of mechanically ventilated patients could reduce up to 9-fold the formation of pathogenic microbial colonies in comparison to the same gel without silver colloids [41]. In a second phase-I study (NCT03752424) at the Al-Azhar University (Egypt), a vanishing cream containing AgNPs is being explored to treat dermal bacterial and fungal infections. [...] Politano AD, Campbell KT, Rosenberger LH, Sawyer RG. Use of Silver in the Prevention and Treatment of Infections. Silver Rev Surg Infections. 2013;14:8–20.