copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years. (Anonymous, 2018-10-12)
Evidence (2024-09-29): Several causes have been proposed: cyclical lows in solar radiation, heightened volcanic activity, changes in the ocean circulation, variations in Earth's orbit and axial tilt (orbital forcing), inherent variability in global climate, and decreases in the human population (such as from the massacres by Genghis Khan, the Black Death and the epidemics emerging in the Americas upon European contact[12][13]). [...] - ^ Pollack, Henry N.; Huang, Shaopeng; Smerdon, Jason E. (2006). "Five centuries of climate change in Australia: The view from underground". Journal of Quaternary Science. 21 (7): 701. Bibcode:2006JQS....21..701P. doi:10.1002/jqs.1060.
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years. (Anonymous, 2018-10-12)
Evidence (2022-04-13): Sea level has risen even though it appears Sydney Harbour has not changed in 140 years [...] A post being shared on Telegram claims that "climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years". The post includes two images that show the same building in the middle of the sea in the Australian city. This is a MISLEADING statement: Yes, both images are real and they were taken approximately 140 years apart from one another. However, it does not show that the sea level has not risen. The building visible in the image has recorded a sea-level rise of 0.79 mm every year. [...] Fort Denison, the building in the photos in the post, started taking measurements in 1886. From the data collected over nearly 140 years, the facility has established a rise in sea level of 0.79 millimetres per year (7.9 centimetres per century) in Sydney Harbour, which would mean there has been an increase of roughly 10 centimetres in height between the times the two photos were taken.
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years. (Anonymous, 2018-10-12)
Evidence (2022-07-22): A widely shared picture that compares two images of a Sydney tourist attraction 140 years apart to cast doubt on rising sea levels has been debunked. The image shows Fort Denison, part of the Sydney Harbour National Park, in 1878 and 2018 with the caption: "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0cm over the past 140 years." [...] SydneySea levelsClimate crisisclimate denialism
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years. (Anonymous, 2018-10-12)
Evidence (2021-05-03): CLAIM "there has not been a long-term distinctive change in sea level rise rates in the last 120 years" [...] Sea levels rose faster in the past century than in previous time periods [...] Photo meme of Sydney Harbour incorrectly claims no sea level rise has occurred
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years. (Anonymous, 2018-10-12)
Evidence (2022-07-22): Sydney sea level image spread by climate change deniers debunked A widely shared picture that compares two images of a Sydney tourist attraction 140 years apart to cast doubt on rising sea levels has been debunked. The image shows Fort Denison, part of the Sydney Harbour National Park, in 1878 and 2018 with the caption: "Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0cm over the past 140 years."
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years. (Anonymous, 2018-10-12)
Evidence (2019-10-25): The post claims them as evidence there has been no rise in sea level in Sydney Harbour for 140 years. The post shows the two pictures side by side, one in black and white, with text at the top reading, "unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0cm over the past 140 years". [...] Based on the above evidence, AAP FactCheck found the post claiming there had been no sea level rise in Sydney Harbour over the past 140 years to be false.
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years. (Anonymous, 2018-10-12)
Evidence (2023-11-20): Photos of water at Sydney Harbor fort do not refute sea level rise CLAIM: Photos taken a century apart at Fort Denison in Australia’s Sydney Harbor are proof that climate change has not led to higher sea levels there or at other monuments near water. [...] One prominent example compares two photos of Fort Denison, a former Australian military site built on a small island in the mid-1800s. The water level at the shore beneath the fort appears to be roughly the same in both photos, though the post claims they were taken more than a century apart. Sea levels at Sydney Harbor have risen "approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years," the photo caption reads.
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years. (Anonymous, 2018-10-12)
Evidence (2022-07-20): - Over the past 100 years, the sea level rose faster than at any comparable period in the past three millennia. So, to those who try to attribute all of this to natural cycles, no, this isn’t normal. We’ve looked at the natural cycles and they don’t explain what we are seeing now (details here). - The change so far has been relatively small, about 20 cm (7.9 inches). That’s small enough that you might not notice it on an occasional trip to the beach (or when looking at old photos of shorelines and structures), but it is enough that it is already having impacts on coastal properties (McAlpine and Porter 2018; Moftakhari et al. 2015). [...] It is usually around this point that I encounter a particularly comical counterargument. This one is generally stated as a simple experiment that you can do yourself to prove that climate change isn’t causing the sea level to rise. All you have to do is take a cup of water, put some ice cubes in it, mark the water level, then wait for them to melt. Once they have melted you will find that, lo and behold, the water level is unchanged. Therefore, according to those with degrees from Google University, climate change is a myth and the sea level isn’t rising.
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2023-08-19): Scientists have investigated all potential causes of climate change and concluded that human activity is responsible for modern warming, not the end of the Little Ice Age. Climate change has adverse impacts on plants and agriculture, including through its influence on extreme weather events.
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2024-02-05): The last ice age peaked around 21,000 years ago. This was followed by 10,000 years of warming that brought us to the climate we know now, says David McGee, an associate professor in the MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. During that time, global temperatures rose by about 6° Celsius (around 11° Fahrenheit). The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere—the main planet-warming greenhouse gas responsible for today’s climate change—rose too, by nearly 50%. [...] "At the end of the last ice age, ecosystems had a good deal of time to adapt to the warming as it occurred," he says. "Right now, they have much less time because warming is happening a lot faster." Past periods of warming certainly caused instability, says McGee. "The end of the last ice age wasn't a smooth ride. Sure, it was slow and natural: it occurred over 10,000 years, which is a long time. Even so, that 10,000 years was punctuated by really dramatic shifts." But the current pace of climate change is likely to be even more disruptive.
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2019-09-18): Some scientists did wonder if the mid-century cooling was a sign of the next ice age on the way, but even back then they were distinctly in the minority. There were a couple of high-profile media reports on the possibility of a coming ice age, but the vast majority of scientific papers even then were concerned with warming, from greenhouse gas increase. [...] This aside though, the timing is right for the next ice age to come around soon. For the past two and a half million years, the Earth has experienced regular ice ages, related to slow changes to earth’s orbit around the sun and changes in the earth’s axis of rotation (Milankovitch cycles). We are currently in one of the warm periods (interglacials) between ice ages and the present interglacial should be ending about now. The catch is carbon dioxide. [...] Now, carbon dioxide levels are over 400 parts per million and are likely to stay there for thousands of years, so the next ice age is postponed for a very long time. We will be living in a warmed and changed climate for many generations to come.
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2024-10-08): - New research provides a novel answer to one of the persistent questions in historical climatology, environmental history and the earth sciences: what caused the Little Ice Age? The answer, we now know, is a paradox: warming. [...] The Little Ice Age was one of the coldest periods of the past 10,000 years, a period of cooling that was particularly pronounced in the North Atlantic region. This cold spell, whose precise timeline scholars debate, but which seems to have set in around 600 years ago, was responsible for crop failures, famines and pandemics throughout Europe, resulting in misery and death for millions. To date, the mechanisms that led to this harsh climate state have remained inconclusive. However, a new paper published recently in Science Advances gives an up-to-date picture of the events that brought about the Little Ice Age. Surprisingly, the cooling appears to have been triggered by an unusually warm episode. [...] - Francois Lapointe, Raymond S. Bradley. Little Ice Age abruptly triggered by intrusion of Atlantic waters into the Nordic Seas. Science Advances, 2021; 7 (51) DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi8230
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2021-04-15): More significant are "grand solar minima," decades-long periods of reduced solar activity that have occurred 25 times in the last 11,000 years. A recent example, the Maunder minimum, which occurred between 1645 and 1715, saw solar energy drop by 0.04% to 0.08% below the modern average. Scientists long thought the Maunder minimum might have caused the "Little Ice Age," a cool period from the 15th to the 19th century; they’ve since shown it was too small and occurred at the wrong time to explain the cooling, which probably had more to do with volcanic activity. [...] During the Pleistocene epoch, which ended about 11,700 years ago, Milankovitch cycles sent the planet in and out of ice ages. When Earth’s orbit made northern summers warmer than average, vast ice sheets across North America, Europe and Asia melted; when the orbit cooled northern summers, those ice sheets grew again. Since warmer oceans dissolve less carbon dioxide, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rose and fell in concert with these orbital wobbles, amplifying their effects. Today Earth is approaching another minimum of northern sunlight, so without human carbon dioxide emissions we would be heading into another ice age within the next 1,500 years or so.
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2024-02-20): That, at least, is the story told by a new paper published in Nature on April 5 that reconstructs the end of the last ice age. Researchers examined sediment cores collected from deep beneath the sea and from lakes as well as the tiny bubbles of ancient air trapped inside ice cores taken from Antarctica, Greenland and elsewhere. (Scientific American is part of Nature Publishing Group.) The research suggests that—contrary to some prior findings—CO2 led the prior round of global warming rather than vice versa, just as it continues to do today thanks to rising emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. [...] Of course, modern global warming stems from a clear cause—rising levels of CO2 (and other greenhouse gases) from fossil fuel burning, cutting down forests and other human activities. And, in the past rising CO2 levels at the very least magnified global warming, ushering in the relatively balmy, stable climate sometimes called the "long summer" that has allowed human civilization to flourish. Humanity has now raised global CO2 levels by more than the rise from roughly 180 to 260 ppm at the end of the last ice age, albeit in a few hundred years rather than over more than a few thousand years. "The end of an ice age, you have a sense in your bones what that means: a big, significant change for the planet," Shakun says. "It's a tangible example of what rising CO2 can mean for the planet over the long-term."
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2019-07-25): Tambora was the largest volcanic eruption since the end of the last Ice Age, one of a series of eruptions that pumped huge amounts of sunlight-reflecting gas into the atmosphere. This gas darkened and chilled summers in Europe. It weakened the monsoons in India and West Africa. It allowed glaciers to advance in the Alps. [...] In fairness, that wasn’t always clear. Decades ago, researchers talked about the past periods of climate change as global events. They cited the Little Ice Age, which began in roughly 1550 and ended around 1850, as an era when global temperatures fell everywhere. But this study—and work from other scholars—suggests that the Little Ice Age wasn’t global at all, and mostly lowered temperatures in western Europe and parts of North America. [...] "This study is another nail in the coffin of the idea of that there was a globally warm or cold period that fit tidily into a specific couple of centuries," said Yarrow Axford, a climate scientist at Northwestern University, in an email. She was not involved in writing the new paper. The idea that the Little Ice Age or eras like it were uniform global events was "already dying within the scientific community," she said, yet that idea remains "perennially popular with nonexperts who want to sow doubt about the significance of the dramatic and truly global warming that has occurred in the past century."
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2023-11-18): Scientists have long known that temperatures will continue to rise as humans keep releasing record amounts of planet-heating greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, mainly through burning fossil fuels. This is the main cause of global warming. [...] This provides some reassurance that the world hasn't yet tipped into a new phase of runaway climate change.
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2022-03-07): Researchers have offered a range of explanations for the Little Ice Age, from volcanic eruptions to the European destruction of indigenous societies in the Americas, which caused forests to regrow on abandoned farmland. Others have suggested the Maunder minimum, a period between 1650 and 1715 when observed sunspots were suddenly scarce. Whatever its causes, there is plenty of historical evidence documenting the little ice age. In London, the River Thames froze many times between 1400 and 1815, with freezes increasing in frequency and severity from the early 17th to the early 18th centuries. People seized the opportunity to hold fairs on the river’s icy surface. The earliest was in 1608, with further notable frost fairs in 1621, 1677 and 1684. [...] Most were less fortunate. As one historian notes, the little ice age was experienced as "a sharp deterioration in the overall quality of life".
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2017-04-04): Earth’s climate has changed naturally over the past 650,000 years, moving in and out of ice ages and warm periods. Changes in climate occur because of alterations in Earth’s energy balance, which result from some kind of external factor or "forcing"—an environmental factor that influences the climate. The ice ages and shifting climate were caused by a combination of changes in solar output, Earth’s orbit, ocean circulation, albedo (the reflectivity of the Earth’s surface) and makeup of the atmosphere (the amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases such as water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone that are present). [...] Global temperatures have risen an average of 1.4˚ F since 1880. Sea ice in the Arctic has thinned and decreased in the last few decades; the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are decreasing in mass. The North and South Poles are warming faster than anywhere else on Earth. Glaciers are retreating on mountains all over the world. Spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased over the last 50 years. [...] Evidence from ocean sediments, ice cores, tree rings, sedimentary rocks and coral reefs show that the current warming is occurring 10 times faster than it did in the past when Earth emerged from the ice ages, at a rate unprecedented in the last 1,300 years.
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2021-10-25): This provides much-needed context to the current phase of warming. In fact, scientists estimate the Earth hasn't been this hot for about 125,000 years. [...] The number of weather-related disasters has increased by a factor of five over 50 years [...] There is abundant evidence for mass extinctions of life during these periods. And climate models suggest that, at times, the tropics could have become "dead zones", external, too hot for most species to survive.
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2021-08-09): Modern society’s continued dependence on fossil fuels is warming the world at a pace that is unprecedented in the past 2,000 years — and its effects are already apparent as record droughts, wildfires and floods devastate communities worldwide — according to a landmark report from the United Nations on the state of climate science. The assessment from the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says things are poised to get worse if greenhouse-gas emissions continue, and makes it clear that the future of the planet depends, in large part, on the choices that humanity makes today.
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2021-03-24): A monstrous change indeed — and one that we’ve known about for decades. The possibility that climate change could flip and, in just a matter of years, plunge part of the world into a new ice age is something that has occasionally made its way into the media. Yet the world has done very little about it. Massive amounts of greenhouse gases are still being pumped into the atmosphere. The climate is getting warmer and weirder. [...] Calvin’s article is filled with frightening details, including evidence that natural global warming in millenia past triggered ice ages in exactly the same way he was warning us about. Of course, those previous warm spells were not accelerated by human activity. Calvin also suggested that the flip-flop would not be gradual; once under way, it could wreak its havoc in just a few years. [...] Re-entering the Paris climate agreement is nice, and was a necessary first step. But it’s not going to do much to prevent a new ice age — or the unimaginable human suffering that would come with it.
Claim: Global warming is just the end of the Little Ice Age; Warming is slower than climate models forecasted; Carbon dioxide is beneficial to Earth; Global warming is not intensifying or increasing the frequency of natural disasters (Naveen Athrappully, 2023-08-19)
Evidence (2023-09-27): Earth's climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 800,000 years, there have been eight cycles of ice ages and warmer periods, with the end of the last ice age about 11,700 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era — and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives. [...] Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain glaciers show that Earth’s climate responds to changes in greenhouse gas levels. Ancient evidence can also be found in tree rings, ocean sediments, coral reefs, and layers of sedimentary rocks. This ancient, or paleoclimate, evidence reveals that current warming is occurring roughly 10 times faster than the average rate of warming after an ice age. Carbon dioxide from human activities is increasing about 250 times faster than it did from natural sources after the last Ice Age.3 [...] In 1938, Guy Callendar connected carbon dioxide increases in Earth’s atmosphere to global warming. In 1941, Milutin Milankovic linked ice ages to Earth’s orbital characteristics. Gilbert Plass formulated the Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change in 1956. -