copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Best available data show sea-level rise is not accelerating. Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-08-05)
Evidence (2023-01-01): Global sea level trends and relative sea level trends are different measurements. Just as the surface of the Earth is not flat, the surface of the ocean is also not flat—in other words, the sea surface is not changing at the same rate globally. Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average due to many local factors: subsidence, upstream flood control, erosion, regional ocean currents, variations in land height, and whether the land is still rebounding from the compressive weight of Ice Age glaciers. Sea level is primarily measured using tide stations and satellite laser altimeters. Tide stations around the globe tell us what is happening at a local level—the height of the water as measured along the coast relative to a specific point on land. Satellite measurements provide us with the average height of the entire ocean. Taken together, these tools tell us how our ocean sea levels are changing over time. [...] Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average due to local factors such as land subsidence from natural processes and withdrawal of groundwater and fossil fuels, changes in regional ocean currents, and whether the land is still rebounding from the compressive weight of Ice Age glaciers. In urban settings, rising seas threaten infrastructure necessary for local jobs and regional industries. Roads, bridges, subways, water supplies, oil and gas wells, power plants, sewage treatment plants, landfills—virtually all human infrastructure—is at risk from sea level rise.
Claim: Best available data show sea-level rise is not accelerating. Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-08-05)
Evidence (2020-10-12): In many regions, warming has already surpassed 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. More than one-fifth of all humans live in regions that have already seen warming greater than 1.5 degrees Celsius in at least one season. Climate-related risks were found to be generally higher at lower latitudes and for disadvantaged people and communities. [...] Slowing the rate of sea level rise would allow humans and ecological systems to better adapt, particularly in small islands, low-lying coastal areas and deltas. [...] Loss of sea ice at 1.5 degrees Celsius warming will impact the habitats of many organisms, from phytoplankton, to marine mammals like polar bears and whales, especially in the Arctic Ocean and the Western Antarctic Peninsula.
Claim: Best available data show sea-level rise is not accelerating. Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling. (Craig Idso, Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, 2017-08-05)
Evidence (2024-09-24): Sea level rise is not uniform around the globe. Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising as melting ice reduces weight). Therefore, local relative sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average. Changing ice masses also affect the distribution of sea water around the globe through gravity.[20][21] [...] Regional variations [edit]When a glacier or ice sheet melts, it loses mass. This reduces its gravitational pull. In some places near current and former glaciers and ice sheets, this has caused water levels to drop. At the same time water levels will increase more than average further away from the ice sheet. Thus ice loss in Greenland affects regional sea level differently than the equivalent loss in Antarctica.[175] On the other hand, the Atlantic is warming at a faster pace than the Pacific. This has consequences for Europe and the U.S. East Coast. The East Coast sea level is rising at 3–4 times the global average.[176] Scientists have linked extreme regional sea level rise on the US Northeast Coast to the downturn of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC).[177]
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2023-05-12): Scientific evidence gathered in different laboratories around the world has established that the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19. Pregnant women are at a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 and getting COVID-19 increases the risk of pregnancy complications, including miscarriage. Studies so far have shown that COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective at reducing the risk of severe disease and don’t increase the risk of negative pregnancy outcomes. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that pregnant women get vaccinated against COVID-19.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2022-04-20): "I am convinced that COVID-19 is not a respiratory virus of any kind," he says. "It is actually venom poisoning, and they’re using, I believe, synthesized peptides and proteins from venoms of snakes, and they’re administering them and targeting them to certain people." [...] So, it’s been clear for a long time that COVID-19 is caused by a virus. (And snake venom isn’t made of viruses. It’s a secretion that contains toxins.) [...] The underlying notion that COVID-19 is caused by snake venom is simply untrue. Scientists across the globe have been studying SARS-CoV-2 — the virus that causes COVID-19 — for more than two years, and there is no question that the disease is caused by a virus.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2023-03-25): We now have "the best evidence" we are ever likely to find of how the virus that causes Covid-19 was first transmitted to a human, a team of scientists has claimed.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2021-04-09): False information that claims COVID-19 is caused by a bacteria and can be easily treated started spreading by text message, and is now viral on social media. Actually, COVID-19 is caused by a virus and there is no treatment for it. COVID-19 is caused by a virus that was first seen in China at the end of 2019 and has spread around the world, reaching pandemic proportions. There is currently no specific treatment for it or a vaccine to prevent it. [...] The post circulating in U.S. groups claims that Italian authorities "allegedly discovered covid is not a virus, but a bacterium" and that they discovered this when "[t]hey went against the World Health Organization’s \’law\’ that no bodies be autopsied."
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2020-10-06): COVID-19 is the third highly pathogenic human coronavirus disease to date. Although less deadly than SARS and MERS, the rapid spreading of this highly contagious disease has posed the severest threat to global health in this century. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has lasted for more than half a year now, and it is likely that this emerging virus will establish a niche in humans and coexist with us for a long time166. Before clinically approved vaccines are widely available, there is no better way to protect us from SARS-CoV-2 than personal preventive behaviours such as social distancing and wearing masks, and public health measures, including active testing, case tracing and restrictions on social gatherings. Despite a flood of SARS-CoV-2 research published every week, current knowledge of this novel coronavirus is just the tip of the iceberg. The animal origin and cross-species infection route of SARS-CoV-2 are yet to be uncovered. The molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis and virus–host interactions remain largely unclear. Intensive studies on these virological profiles of SARS-CoV-2 will provide the basis for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against COVID-19. [...] COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutics tracker: https://biorender.com/covid-vaccine-tracker/
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2021-09-01): COVID-19: Venom from one of Brazil's largest snakes could be used as a tool in the fight against coronavirus [...] Snake venom could be used as a tool in the fight against coronavirus, a study suggests. [...] COVID-19 is caused by a new form of the virus known as SARS-CoV-2.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2024-09-20): COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. It started spreading at the end of 2019 and became a pandemic disease in 2020. [...] COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2. [...] The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are:
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2021-08-24): Like Venom Coursing Through the Body: Researchers Identify Mechanism Driving COVID-19 Mortality
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2022-05-15): The theory has spread widely in the wake of a documentary called "Watch the Water," which claims that COVID-19 is actually snake venom that is contracted through drinking water, vaccines and remdesivir, a Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for the virus. The film has racked up hundreds of thousands of views since it was released on April 11. [...] Based on our research, we rate FALSE the claim that COVID-19 is caused by snake venom. The theory is not consistent with existing medical knowledge, which is that COVID-19 is caused by a virus spread mainly through close contact with other people. The false claim was taken from a recently-released documentary that is tied to the baseless QAnon conspiracy theory, and its hosts have previously spread misinformation surrounding COVID-19. [...] - CDC, accessed May 15, Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Ingredients - CDC, accessed May 15, Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Ingredients - CDC, accessed May 15, Johnson & Johnson (J&J)/Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine Ingredients - EPA, accessed May 15, Coronavirus and Drinking Water and Wastewater - Dr. Frank LoVecchio, April 28, Phone interview with USA TODAY - PolitiFact, April 19, Stew Peters film 'Watch the Water' ridiculously claims COVID-19 is snake venom. That's Pants on Fire - FactCheck.org, April 18, COVID-19 Is Caused By a Virus, Not Snake Venom - Lead Stories, April 13, Fact Check: COVID-19 IS A Virus, NOT Snake Venom Being Used to Poison, Turn People Into Satanic Hybrids - Associated Press, Oct. 29, 2021, Lab leak or animal transmission?
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2020-01-22): Snakes – the Chinese krait and the Chinese cobra – may be the original source of the newly discovered coronavirus that has triggered an outbreak of a deadly infectious respiratory illness in China this winter. [...] Snakes often hunt for bats in wild. Reports indicate that snakes were sold in the local seafood market in Wuhan, raising the possibility that the 2019-nCoV might have jumped from the host species – bats – to snakes and then to humans at the beginning of this coronavirus outbreak. However, how the virus could adapt to both the cold-blooded and warm-blooded hosts remains a mystery.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2023-08-01): FULL CLAIM: "COVID-19 is not a respiratory virus of any kind, it is actually venom poison, and they’re using, I believe, synthesized peptides and proteins of venoms of snakes and they’re administering them and targeting them to certain people [...] this is the most obvious bioweapon ever"; "The mRNA inside of the Moderna and Pfizer shot is actually derived from snake venom"; L-amino-acid oxidase (LAAO), which is found in the COVID-19 vaccine and snake venom, inhibits syncytium production and increases the risk of miscarriage by interfering with placenta development [...] In May 2023, the Stew Peters Show published a sequel to "Watch The Water", with Ardis claiming that the COVID-19 vaccines increased the risk of miscarriage due to the presence of L-amino-acid oxidase, which he claimed is also found in snake venom and that would interfere with placenta formation. Ardis made the same claim a few months earlier on the podcast "Unrestricted Truths with James Grundvig", which was shared by other websites associated with health misinformation. [...] In the sequel to "Watch The Water", Ardis built on his earlier claims about snake venom and COVID-19, now asserting that L-amino-acid oxidase, which is present in snake venom, is also present in COVID-19 vaccines and increases the risk of miscarriage.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2024-07-05): Fact Checks - + COVID-19 Is Caused by a Virus, Not Snake Venom - + ‘Santa’ Detained at Unregistered Protest, Not ‘Arrested’ for Mask Violation - + Post Comes to Premature Conclusions About COVID-19 Omicron Variant Severity - + Migrants Not Responsible for Latest COVID-19 Surge - + Basketball Star Bradley Beal’s Misleading Comments About COVID-19 - + Tucker Carlson Misleads on COVID-19 Vaccines, Masks - + What Science Says About Children, COVID-19 and School Reopenings - + Trump Wrongly Blames Protests, Mexico for COVID-19 Spread - + Unpacking WHO’s Asymptomatic COVID-19 Transmission Comments - + COVID-19 Isn’t Caused by Bacteria - + No Evidence That Flu Shot Increases Risk of COVID-19 - + Coronavirus Hasn’t Contaminated Crab Legs
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Like venom coursing through the body: Researchers identify mechanism driving COVID-19 mortality - Date: [...] - Researchers have identified what may be the key molecular mechanism responsible for COVID-19 mortality -- an enzyme related to neurotoxins found in rattlesnake venom. [...] sPLA2-IIA, which has similarities to an active enzyme in rattlesnake venom, is found in low concentrations in healthy individuals and has long been known to play a critical role in defense against bacterial infections, destroying microbial cell membranes.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2023-08-09): COVID-19 is the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. It usually spreads between people in close contact. COVID-19 vaccines provide strong protection against severe illness and death. Although a person can still get COVID-19 after vaccination, they are more likely to have mild or no symptoms. [...] COVID-19 vaccines provide strong protection against serious illness, hospitalization and death.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2023-06-01): COVID-19 is caused by a virus, not snake venom; no snake venom in COVID-19 vaccines, contrary to claim by chiropractor Bryan Ardis [...] Factually inaccurate: COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. There’s no snake venom in COVID-19 vaccines, and the current scientific evidence shows that COVID-19 vaccination doesn’t increase the risk of negative pregnancy outcomes. [...] In the sequel to "Watch The Water", Ardis built on his earlier claims about snake venom and COVID-19, now asserting that L-amino-acid oxidase, which is present in snake venom, is also present in COVID-19 vaccines and increases the risk of miscarriage.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2022-12-06): The so-called documentary was produced by the Stew Peters Network (SPN), a media production company managed by Stew Peters, a widely popular U.S. based disinformation spreader. In February 2022, Peters’ personal podcast show was removed from Spotify for violating the platform’s guidelines about Covid-19 disinformation (but it’s still available on Google and Apple Podcast), and in April SPN produced the documentary "Watch the Water," which claimed that coronavirus is not a virus, but a synthetic version of snake venom (needless to say, this was immediately debunked. [...] "Died Suddenly" goes on stating that Covid-19 vaccines often cause sever illnesses, such as cancer, and can lead to pregnacy problems such as miscarriages, abortions, or stillbirths. However, as highligted among others by AFP, experts have consistently said pregnant people should get vaccinated, and national and international health authorities, such as the CDC and the EMA, recommend Covid-19 vaccination to protect against severe illness and hospitalization. Fact-checkers at Re:Baltica also noted that several scientific studies concluded that neither Pfizer nor Moderna increased the risk of miscarriage or premature birth. Dutch fact-checkers from NieuwsCheckers dug deeper and proved that the images of babies with deformities that are shown in the film have nothing to do with Covid-19 vaccines.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2021-12-22): Venoms come from reptiles such as snakes, fishes, amphibians, insects and spiders, starfish and sea urchins, sea anemones, jellyfish and corals. Venoms are secreted in venom glands and delivered through spurs, stingers, fangs or spines. Their purpose includes killing and digesting prey, or self-defense. Snake venoms have been used in traditional medicine for many thousands of years. Thousands of years ago, animal venoms were the basis of preparations meant to treat smallpox and leprosy and heal wounds. In the first century AD, theriac was developed, a mixture containing snake venom, that continued to be used until the 18th century. [...] Drugs from Snake Venom
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2022-04-11): Ardis said COVID-19 is a synthetic version of "snake venom" that evil forces are spreading through remdesivir, drinking water and the COVID-19 vaccines to "make you a hybrid of Satan." [...] FactCheck.org, "COVID-19 is Caused by a Virus, Not Snake Venom," April 18, 2022 Lead Stories, "Fact Check: COVID-19 IS A Virus, NOT Snake Venom Being Used To Poison, Turn People Into Satanic Hybrids," April 13, 2022
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2024-08-05): Every year 2 million or more people fall victim to snakebite envenoming, mostly in poor, rural communities of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Between 83,000—138,000 of them die, while hundreds of thousands more suffer debilitating long-term complications or disabilities. [...] To mark International Snakebite Awareness Day on September 19th, the Collection linked below brings together recent MSF work on this highly neglected disease. Several articles and conference presentations help fill evidence gaps on the burden of disease and its impacts or on treatment outcomes with specific antivenoms in specific regions. Others examine how to tackle the formidable challenges of availability and affordability, the absence of regulatory oversight for making, testing and registering antivenoms, and the anemic R&D pipeline for new products—all of which impede access for patients to safe, effective treatment tailored to local snake species.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2023-02-05): The risk of miscarriage following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis - PMID: 36794918 - PMCID: PMC10152171 - DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead036 [...] Summary answer: There is no evidence that COVID-19 vaccines are associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. [...] Lack of association between COVID-19 vaccines and miscarriage onset using a case-crossover design.Sci Rep. 2024 Mar 27;14(1):7275. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-57880-8. Sci Rep. 2024. PMID: 38538736 Free PMC article.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2021-08-03): "There’s no live virus in the vaccines, so they can’t infect you," says Dr. Cunningham. "Basically, the vaccines make our bodies produce one single protein from the virus—the protein that infects our cells. By making that protein, we prevent infection. You might have side effects like a headache or chills, but that’s because your body is creating an immune response, not because you have an infection." [...] There is absolutely no data from the clinical trials or any theoretical reason as to why or how the vaccines could cause infertility. Women who participated in the COVID-19 clinical trials were able to conceive after vaccination. "In fact, we know that pregnant women with COVID-19 infections are at a higher risk of having a miscarriage or going into premature labor, which is all the more reason to get vaccinated," says Dr. Cunningham. [...] Learn more about the COVID-19 vaccines.
Claim: COVID-19 is caused by snake venom, not a virus; snake venom is in the COVID-19 vaccines and causes miscarriage (Bryan Ardis, 2023-05-12)
Evidence (2023-04-18): Specifically, these claims allude to SV40, which stands for Simian Virus 40, a naturally occurring DNA virus originating with monkeys. In the 1960s, some polio vaccines were found to be contaminated with infectious SV40 virus, exposing those receiving the contaminated vaccines to infectious virus. Infectious SV40 virus is not in the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. To make the spike mRNA in the COVID-19 vaccine, plasmid DNA is used as a building block, or what is called starting material. Non-infectious fractions of a SV40 sequence are present in the starting material used by Pfizer and BioNTech. The DNA starting material does not contain oncogenes, which are genes that may have the potential to cause cancer. Many vaccines contain small amounts of DNA, otherwise known as residual DNA, for which regulatory authorities have established limits. As is required for all vaccines, the amount of residual DNA present in the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine is within the amount permitted by standard regulatory guidance. [...] - How to Address COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/health-departments/addressing-vaccine-misinformation.html. Updated November 3, 2021. Accessed April 19, 2023. - Myths and Facts about COVID-19 Vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/facts.html. Last Updated February 16, 2023. Accessed April 19, 2023.