copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: “COVID Vaccines Were Never Safe for Pregnant Women, Pfizer’s own data show” (David Bell, 2023-10-05)
Evidence (2024-01-01): For 2024-2025, FDA has approved and authorized two mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, (Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines) and one protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine (Novavax COVID-19 vaccine). For more information about doses, view COVID-19 vaccine recommendations from CDC. [...] Last year, people who received the COVID-19 vaccine had greater protection against illness and hospitalization than people who did not receive the vaccine. Hundreds of millions of people have safely received a COVID-19 vaccine under the most intense safety monitoring in U.S. history.
Claim: “COVID Vaccines Were Never Safe for Pregnant Women, Pfizer’s own data show” (David Bell, 2023-10-05)
Evidence (2024-10-08): COVID-19 vaccines can help protect you from COVID-19. And experts believe that COVID-19 vaccines are safe for people who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding. Learn more about COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy or breastfeeding [...] Yes. Data from clinical trials show that the authorized COVID-19 vaccines are safe in people who’ve been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 in the past.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2023-11-23): Home drug tests are a simple and rapid method for detecting the presence of drugs of abuse in a variety of human samples, including saliva, urine, and blood. However, these tests only provide preliminary results and need confirmation from a laboratory test. Furthermore, to be reliable, the tests should be carried out correctly according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Using samples that the test wasn’t designed to analyze, such as food and beverages, is a misuse of the test and results produced from such tests are invalid.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2024-10-04): Cocaine claim [edit]In May 2009, food regulators from Germany discovered trace amounts of cocaine from coca leaf extracts in Red Bull Simply Cola, Pepsi One, and Diet Coke. Red Bull GmbH responded by insisting that only de-cocainised coca leaf extracts are used in the production of Red Bull Cola.[6] The amounts in question are minute, around 0.13 micrograms of cocaine in a can of Red Bull Cola, so about 100,000 liters of the cola would need to be consumed for the cocaine to be harmful, according to Bernhard Hoffman, a food scientist for North Rhine-Westphalia who conducted the Red Bull study. Despite this, the drink was ordered off the shelves in the German states of Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, Thuringia and Rhineland-Palatinate.[7][8] After the German Institute for Risk Assessment declared the product safe in a study,[9] the drink was put back on sale from 24 August 2009 onwards. [...] - ^ Chris Losh. "Red Bull calms Simply Cola cocaine claims". Just-drinks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2012. [...] - ^ FRIEDMAN-RUDOVSKY, JEAN (2 June 2009). "Red Bull's New Cola: A Kick from Cocaine?". Time. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2009-05-25): "The [Health Institute in the state of North Rhine Westphalia] examined Red Bull Cola in an elaborate chemical process and found traces of cocaine," Bernhard Kuehnle, head of the food safety department at Germany’s federal ministry for consumer protection, told the German press on Sunday. According to this analysis, the 0.13 micrograms of cocaine per can of the drink does not pose a serious health threat — you’d have to drink 12,000 L of Red Bull Cola for negative effects to be felt — but it was enough to cause concern. Kuehnle’s agency is due to give its final verdict on Wednesday when experts publish their report. (See pictures of America’s cannabis culture.) [...] In Germany, the Red Bull spokesman insisted that his company’s product, along with others containing the coca-leaf extract are considered safe in Europe and the U.S. And already, some experts have come to Red Bull’s defense. "There is no scientific basis for this ban on Red Bull Cola because the levels of cocaine found are so small," Fritz Soergel, the head of the Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research in the city of Nuremberg, tells TIME. "And it’s not even cocaine itself. According to the tests we carried out, it’s a nonactive degradation product with no effect on the body. If you start examining lots of other drinks and food so carefully, you’d find a lot of surprising things," he says. (See pictures of cocaine country.)
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2009-05-26): Trace Amount Of Cocaine Found In Red Bull Six German states have told retailers to stop selling Red Bull Cola after a test found a trace amount of cocaine. [...] Red Bull said its cola is "harmless and marketable in both the U.S. and Europe." It said similar coca leaf extracts are used worldwide as flavoring, and a test it commissioned itself found no cocaine traces.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Ingredients [edit]Depending on the country, Red Bull contains different amounts of caffeine, taurine, B vitamins (B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12), glucuronolactone[35] and simple sugars (sucrose and glucose) in a buffer solution of carbonated water, sodium bicarbonate and magnesium carbonate (substituted in some flavours with a trisodium citrate/citric acid buffer, each solution providing electrolytes).[36][37] To produce Red Bull Sugarfree, sucrose and glucose have been replaced by artificial sweeteners acesulfame K and aspartame or sucralose.[38] [...] - ^ "Caffeine in Red Bull". www.caffeineinformer.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2023-11-23): FULL CLAIM: "Red Bull's got a positive on buprenorphine, which is a toxin, and cocaine. So that's what we're putting in our bodies when we drink Red Bull" [...] The video showed two people using a saliva drug test on liquid poured from a can of Red Bull, a popular energy drink. The test showed a positive result for the stimulant cocaine and for buprenorphine, a synthetic opioid used to treat opioid dependency. The voices in the video then claimed, "So that’s what we’re putting in our bodies when we drink Red Bull", implying that the beverage contained these two drugs. In 2019 and 2020, Snopes and USA Today debunked similar videos claiming that Red Bull and another energy drink called Bang tested positive for various drugs, including methamphetamine, oxycodone, buprenorphine, and ecstasy using a drug urine test.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2024-09-10): Red Bull ingredients contains a mix of sugar, synthetic caffeine and amino acids. These include taurine and several B vitamins, all of which are well-known for their energy-promoting qualities. Take a closer look at some of the powerful drink’s active ingredients, which are listed on the back of the Red Bull can:
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2009-05-28): Red Bull says the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment found the drink's ingredients posed no health risks and no risk of "undesired pharmacological effects including, any potential narcotic effects" and also claims that the beverage contains no actual cocaine but rather an extract of decocainized coca leaf. When Hong Kong officials also reported that they had found traces of cocaine in cans of Red Bull product, the company similarly disclaimed those findings: Red Bull's Asia Pacific marketing director, Daniel Beatty, said the firm strongly disputed the findings. "It would have been absolutely impossible for the Hong Kong or any other authorities to have found traces of cocaine in Red Bull Energy Drink," he said in a statement. "We expect the Hong Kong authorities to recognize their error soon," he said, adding the firm's representatives were already meeting with Taiwanese authorities to point out the error. [...] Those worried about potential effect the drug might have on them should find comfort in the information that the amount of cocaine discovered in Red Bull, if truly present, is nowhere near enough to prompt any sort of pharmaceutical reaction, let alone to get an imbiber of the beverage high.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2015-01-11): Red Bull's cocaine problem [...] Red Bull is suddenly flying off supermarket shelves, said Anne Willette in USA Today, and not in a good way. Authorities in Hong Kong have confiscated nearly 18,000 cases of the popular energy drink after tiny amounts of cocaine were found in cans of Red Bull Cola, Red Bull Sugar-free, and Red Bull Energy Drink. The traces of cocaine—0.1 to 0.3 micrograms per liter—weren't enough to hurt anybody, but the story has made quite a splash. Which is precisely why it probably doesn't bother the makers of Red Bull at all, said Laurie Burkitt in Forbes. In May, health officials in Jordan and lawmakers in Germany banned Red Bull Simply Cola due to trace amounts of cocaine. Red Bull executives say they use only "de-cocainized coca leaf" to add flavor and that their drink is safe—but the rumors about the "hyper-caffeinated" drink's secret ingredient may enhance its mystique and boost sales.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2013-01-21): Claim: Red Bull energy drink contains a banned, government-manufactured stimulant linked to the formation of brain tumors. [...] Red Bull is the trendy drink of the moment among the dance club set. It is also expensive, and this carbonated nectar is sickly sweet. As for the second of the claims that needed to be addressed, Red Bull does contain glucuronolactone. But as we've seen, that ingredient is apparently innocuous.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2017-08-16): Drinking Red Bull ‘can lead to cocaine addiction,’ experts warn Young people who chug down energy drinks such as Red Bull for a quick stimulating boost could be paving a path towards cocaine addiction, experts have warned.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2019-10-31): Red Bull Energy Drink does not contain any doping substances nor is itbanned for use by professional sports people. Not only is Red Bull Energy Drink NSF Certified for Sport, in January 2004, the WorldAnti-Doping Agency (WADA) removed caffeine from the list of dopingsubstances. The International Olympics Committee (IOC) agreed to thisdecision. Learn more about drinking Red Bull during sports.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2023-11-23): Misuse of drug tests on energy drinks like Red Bull produces false positives; doesn’t demonstrate these drinks contain cocaine and other drugs [...] The video showed two people using a saliva drug test on liquid poured from a can of Red Bull, a popular energy drink. The test showed a positive result for the stimulant cocaine and for buprenorphine, a synthetic opioid used to treat opioid dependency. The voices in the video then claimed, "So that’s what we’re putting in our bodies when we drink Red Bull", implying that the beverage contained these two drugs. In 2019 and 2020, Snopes and USA Today debunked similar videos claiming that Red Bull and another energy drink called Bang tested positive for various drugs, including methamphetamine, oxycodone, buprenorphine, and ecstasy using a drug urine test.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2020-08-06): A 2019 Facebook post shows a picture of a urine drug test and claims that the energy drink Red Bull tests positive for the stimulant methamphetamine and opioids oxycodone and Suboxone, while the energy drink Bang tests positive for recreational drug ecstasy. The post alludes to the instance of a false positive, which occurs when a test shows the presence of a substance that a person has not actually used. [...] While Red Bull does not contain any of the substances that drug tests screen for, the nature of certain urine drug tests is why a false positive result may occur. [...] We rate this claim PARTLY FALSE, based on our research. It is true there is a possibility that the urine of a person who consumed Red Bull or another energy drink can falsely test positive on an immunoassay drug test if the amino acids found in the drink mimic the structure of a certain drug. However, the post is misleading because it shows test results of the energy drink poured into the container rather than a urine sample of a person who has consumed and metabolized the drink. Therefore, the results are not valid.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2019-09-09): "Today at work a patient had a Red Bull. [I] told him they [test positive] on drug screens. He didn't believe me. So I had him pour some in a new cup, and it [tested positive] for [methamphetamine] and [oxycodone] and [buprenorphine]. Also Bang will [test positive] for [ecstasy/MDMA]." [...] The first point to clarify is that neither Red Bull nor Bang nor any other energy drink contains methamphetamine, buprenorphine (often sold as suboxone), oxycodone (often sold as OxyContin), or MDMA (commonly known as ecstasy or X). What the meme alluded to (whether knowingly or unknowingly) was the phenomenon of false positives, in which a drug test incorrectly indicates the presence of a substance that is not present, either in a biological specimen (usually urine and blood) or a sample of the substance in question. The ingredients of both Red Bull and Bang can be found listed here. [...] The second misleading feature of the meme is that Rider Freese said she used a urine screen test to screen for methamphetamine, buprenorphine, and oxycodone in a sample of Red Bull. This makes little sense, because that kind of test is used to screen for illicit substances in a person's urine, not in a beverage.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2023-12-17): Caffeine should largely work as expected if you take it while on Suboxone.[3] It is a stimulant, increasing nervous system activity and, by extension, generally making a user feel more alert and energetic. It could potentially worsen the gastrointestinal side effects Suboxone can sometimes cause, as caffeine is known to sometimes cause upset stomach or heartburn. [...] If you are looking for a safer alternative to caffeine while on Suboxone, avoid any supplement purported to be "energy boosting." This will essentially have all the same problems as mixing caffeine and Suboxone, except other stimulants are even less well-studied than caffeine. You should especially avoid potent and controlled stimulants unless you are prescribed them by a doctor who knows you are on Suboxone.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (1999-09-01): EJ Cocaine-conditioned place preference is attenuated by chronic buprenorphine treatment. [...] TR Buprenorphine: dose-related effects on cocaine and opioid use in cocaine-abusing opioid-dependent humans. [...] J Cocaine use in buprenorphine- vs methadone-maintained cocaine users.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2005-03-30): As might be expected, an acute injection of buprenorphine given with an acute injection of cocaine produced an increase in DA in the NAc that was higher (approximately 260% of baseline) than that produced by that particular dose of either drug alone. This synergism was also reflected in the reinforcing effects of these drugs when they were administered together during the conditioning of a place preference (Brown et al, 1991). It is not clear how these results from studies using acute injections of buprenorphine can be related to those using chronic treatment with buprenorphine in human opioid addicts and in monkeys trained to self-administer opioids and cocaine. Interestingly, however, there is one report that twice daily injections of buprenorphine, which might be considered to be chronic treatment, attenuated the development of a cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) (Kosten et al, 1991). [...] Brown EE, Finlay JM, Wong JT, Damsma G, Fibiger HC (1991). Behavioral and neurochemical interactions between cocaine and buprenorphine: implications for the pharmacotherapy of cocaine abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther256: 119–126. [...] Kimmel HL, Tallarida RJ, Holtzman SG (1997). Synergism between buprenorphine and cocaine on the rotational behavior of the nigrally-lesioned rat. Psychopharmacology133: 372–377.
Claim: Red Bull contain cocaine and buprenorphine (Social media users, 2023-11-23)
Evidence (2023-10-26): According to USA Today, similar concerns were voiced in relation to Red Bull and Bang in a viral 2019 Facebook post, which provided a photo of a drug test in which Red Bull tested positive for methamphetamine and the opioids oxycodone and Suboxone. It also claimed that Bang tested positive for the recreational drug MDMA.
Claim: The pandemic was planned; respiratory illness surge in New York and China isn’t airborne but due to chlorine and benzene in food and water (Alexander Cole, 2023-12-31)
Evidence (2023-12-31): Respiratory viruses like the flu, RSV, the common cold, and SARS-CoV-2 tend to circulate more widely in winter, resulting in more respiratory illnesses in winter months. Chlorine-containing compounds are common antimicrobial agents used in the food industry to kill harmful bacteria and improve the safety of food products. Benzene can occur as a result of naturally-occurring compounds in soft drinks and beverages. Regulatory agencies in the U.S., Canada, New Zealand, and Australia have found that benzene levels in soft drinks and beverages are generally well within safe limits.
Claim: The pandemic was planned; respiratory illness surge in New York and China isn’t airborne but due to chlorine and benzene in food and water (Alexander Cole, 2023-12-31)
Evidence (2021-01-01): Characterization of respiratory illness surge (April-June 2021) post-COVID-19 lockdown - PMID: 34914208 - DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25792 Characterization of respiratory illness surge (April-June 2021) post-COVID-19 lockdown
Claim: The pandemic was planned; respiratory illness surge in New York and China isn’t airborne but due to chlorine and benzene in food and water (Alexander Cole, 2023-12-31)
Evidence (2024-09-03): COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state) Disease COVID-19 Virus strain SARS-CoV-2 Location New York state, U.S.First outbreak Wuhan , Hubei , China Index case Manhattan , New York City Arrival date mid-February 2020[ 1] (1st positive March 1)[ 2] Confirmed cases 6,390,225[ 3] Hospitalized cases 100,000+ (total)[ 4] [...] Government response to the pandemic in New York began with a full lockdown from March 2020 to April 2020, followed by a four-phase reopening plan by region from April 2020 to July 2020. Additional modifications to the plan were imposed in July as the state learned more about the pandemic and due to political pressure. In October 2020, a micro-cluster strategy was announced which shuts down areas of the state to varying degrees by ZIP code when cases increase.
Claim: The pandemic was planned; respiratory illness surge in New York and China isn’t airborne but due to chlorine and benzene in food and water (Alexander Cole, 2023-12-31)
Evidence (2023-11-30): WASHINGTON — The "upsurge" in respiratory illness in China is not from "a new or novel pathogen," the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reassured members of Congress on Thursday. [...] Chinese authorities have attributed the uptick to the lifting of many of the strictest pandemic restrictions late last year, with this year marking the first full flu season since the end of the country's "zero-Covid" policies. Such a surge in respiratory illnesses is characteristic of other countries that have lifted strict Covid restrictions, including Australia and New Zealand.
Claim: The pandemic was planned; respiratory illness surge in New York and China isn’t airborne but due to chlorine and benzene in food and water (Alexander Cole, 2023-12-31)
Evidence (2024-01-11): A video published by the YouTube channel "I AM Awakened" at the end of December 2023 questioned a spate of illnesses in China and New York, claiming that this was caused by chlorine and benzene in the food and water. The video also added that the rise in illness couldn’t be airborne, as people could only be sick due to contaminants in food and water. [...] The video highlighted chlorine gas and benzene in food and drink as the culprits behind the respiratory illness surge. Again, this is false as the evidence has singled out viruses and bacteria as the cause. Moreover, while chlorine compounds and benzene can occur in food and drink, there’s no evidence that the amounts they are present in are harmful. [...] While chlorine and benzene can occur in food and drink, they aren’t the cause of the respiratory illness surge. Both chlorine and benzene are regulated chemicals in food and drink. Chlorine-containing compounds are common antimicrobial agents used in the food industry to kill harmful bacteria and improve the safety of food products. Regulatory agencies have established guidelines for the use of such compounds in order to maximize their benefits while minimizing their risks.
Claim: The pandemic was planned; respiratory illness surge in New York and China isn’t airborne but due to chlorine and benzene in food and water (Alexander Cole, 2023-12-31)
Evidence (2020-11-30): Chip Puppet Paper Bag Instructions 615R02004 Chiral Chemistry: the Ultimate in Pollutant Speciation 540F98009 Chisman Creek Case Study 820K88101 Chloramben Health Advisory, Office Of Drinking Water, US Environmental Protection Agency 540RS81015 Chloramben (3 Amino 2,5-Dichlorobenzoic Acid) Pesticide Registration Standard 816F09027 Chloramines-Related Research 17, February 2009 816F09028 Chloramines-related Research 18 February 2009 816F09029 Chloramines-related Research 19 February 2009 816F09013 Chloramines-Related Research, February 2009 Drinking Water Question 16 816F09015 Chloramines-Related Research, February 2009 Question 14 816F09014 Chloramines-Related Research, February 2009 Question 15 810F92018 Chlordane Fact Sheet on a Drinking Water Chemical Contaminant 738F00003 Chlorethoxyfos Facts 730F00001 Chlorfenapyr Fact Sheet 000R81004 Chloride Budget For The Great Lakes Current Assessment 823R79006 Chlorinated Benzenes: Ambient Water Quality Criteria 560591003 Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans In The General US Population NHATS FY 87 Results 823R79005 Chlorinated Ethanes: Ambient Water Quality Criteria 530B94003 Chlorinated Herbicides SW-846 Method 8151 Revision 0 (September 1994) [...] 600780143 Chlorine Minimization/Optimization for Condenser Biofouling Control : Final Report 823R79003 Chloroalkyl Ethers: Ambient Water Quality Criteria 950F80001 Chlorobenzene: Health and Environmental Effects
Claim: New England Journal of Medicine “proves” 80% miscarriage rate among vaccinated women; COVID-19 vaccines harm men’s and women’s fertility (Christiane Northrup, 2023-09-20)
Evidence (2023-09-20): Misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines harming fertility is a widespread myth that has damaged public trust in the vaccines. While the original vaccine clinical trials didn’t evaluate the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on fertility, scientific studies and safety surveillance data later on have shown that COVID-19 vaccines are safe for pregnant women and don’t cause pregnancy or fertility problems. COVID-19 itself is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications, which vaccination can help prevent.