copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-09): Since independence, Sudan has struggled with multiple internal conflicts triggered by the political and economic marginalization of and sustained violence in its peripheral regions. The longest-lasting conflict was in Southern Sudan and the areas of Southern Kordofan, Blue Nile and Abyei, where the government fought with the Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement (SPLM) and other rebel groups. The United States played a key role in helping negotiate the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement between Sudan and the SPLM, which provided for South Sudan’s 2011 self-determination referendum and independence. In 2003, non-Arab communities in the western region of Darfur rebelled against the government. The government responded with brutal force, including the use of Arab militias. In 2004, the United States characterized the government and affiliated militia attacks on civilians as genocide, and the International Criminal Court issued two arrest warrants for then-President al-Bashir for his role in the Darfur conflict. The United States had actively supported peace negotiations between the CLTG and armed opposition groups. The CLTG and a number of armed opposition groups signed the Juba Peace Agreement on October 3, 2020. The agreement seeks to integrate opposition groups into the government, incorporate armed militias into the security forces, provide for justice and reconciliation, and address resource and land allocation issues that lay at the heart of the conflicts in Darfur and the Two Areas (South [...] Bureau of African AffairsSudan
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-23): Weather, weapons and wealth have all played roles in the long-running conflict between South Sudan and Sudan over the Abyei area. The conflict in Abyei—a disputed border region of farmland, desert and oil fields—has its origins in a long-running disagreement between two pastoralist groups, the local Ngok Dinka and Misseriyya Arab seasonal migrants (see figure 1). This conflict was instrumentalized and exacerbated by territorial competition between South Sudan and Sudan, who stand to gain from local oil reserves. In June 2011, the United Nations Security Council sent peacekeepers to calm growing violence, as inter-communal attacks intensified, and the Sudanese government launched a full-scale assault that displaced over 100 000 civilians, just weeks before South Sudan officially gained independence. Today, the UN Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) is one of the largest UN peacekeeping forces in the world, deployed in one of the most climate-exposed regions. [...] Abyei also holds symbolic value in the process of South Sudanese independence, and strategic value in ongoing border demarcation negotiations. Sudanese and South Sudanese territorial claims to Abyei are partly tied to the Ngok Dinka and Misseriyya communities there. Participation of the Misseriyya in a local referendum on Abyei’s status remains a sticking point in talks between South Sudan and Sudan; South Sudan sees them as non-residents and consults the Ngok Dinka only, but Sudan wants the Misseriyya to take part. The risk of elite exploitation in Abyei remains high, with knock-on effects on the incidence of violent local conflicts, local resilience to the impacts of climate change and institutions, including traditional dispute resolution mechanisms used in Ngok Dinka–Misseriyya resource conflicts.
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-04-28): Sudan’s efforts to stop the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, are delaying the deployment of fresh United Nations police units in Abyei and the border regions between Sudan and South Sudan, the UN’s peacekeeping chief told the Security Council on Tuesday 28 Apr 2020
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-11-21): The Abyei region remains a contested area between Sudan and South Sudan, with its political future and final status still unresolved. A proposed joint administration from a 2011 agreement still needs to be established, with separate administrations appointed by both Juba and Khartoum struggling to provide basic services. The region grapples with frequent violence from armed elements, climate change-induced disasters, and economic hardships driven by high inflation in Sudan and South Sudan. The international community serves as the primary provider of life-saving assistance and protection, although access challenges, limited resources, and unequal aid distribution persist. In 2024, given the conflict in Sudan and strained resources, coordinated humanitarian efforts between South Sudan and Sudan will remain challenging. Humanitarian assistance will be extended from both countries to cover Abyei's entire area, accommodating around 280,000 individuals in need of humanitarian assistance. Conflict, loss of livelihood, and displacement compounded by the influx of returnees from Sudan, will continue to increase vulnerability in 2024. Climate change exacerbates these issues, with floods and livestock diseases disrupting the local economy and increasing food insecurity. Humanitarian efforts in Abyei aim to alleviate suffering, reduce dependency on aid, and cover health, nutrition, WASH, agriculture, livestock, protection, and education. It considers conflict dynamics, returnees, refugees, climate, seasonal migration, and livestock's role in the local economy. Humanitarian and recovery agencies will focus on revitalizing economic activities and enhancing income-generating opportunities to improve livelihoods. This comprehensive response seeks to address the complex and interconnected challenges facing Abyei's population.
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-17): The Abyei area is commonly regarded as the bridge between the north and south of Sudan. The Misseriya and the Ngok Dinka have shared resources and cattle grazing areas in Abyei since the 18th century when both groups occupied Kordofan province. More formally, in 1905, during the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium period, the British transferred the administration of the nine Ngok chiefdoms from Bahr el-Ghazal province to Kordofan. However, the arming of the Misseriya by the Government of Sudan during the first civil war and the alignment of the Ngok Dinka with the SPLM sparked the modern day dispute over which group could rightfully claim the Abyei territory. As the fighting resulted in the displacement of the Ngok Dinka from the area at the end of the second civil war, the Misseriya considered Abyei as their own – a claim bitterly contested by the Dinka.2
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-03-17): The oil-rich Abyei Administrative Area straddles the border between Sudan’s West Kordofan state and South Sudan’s Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, Warrap, and Unity states. The area has been claimed and disputed by both countries since South Sudan gained independence in 2011. Abyei is strategically important, home to oil fields, farmland, and pasture.1Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust, ‘Crisis in Abyei- HART Briefing,’ 27 April 2022 Violence has frequently erupted in the area since at least 2011 due to land and resource-sharing disputes between the communities inhabiting the region.2Joshua Craze, ‘Dividing lines: Grazing and conflict along the Sudan-South Sudan border,’ Small Arms Survey, July 2013 Civilians continue to bear the brunt of the violence, as the political status of Abyei remains unresolved and measures to manage inter-communal disputes are lacking. Thus far in 2023, dozens of people have been reportedly killed in violence between Twic Dinka and Ngok Dinka communities in Abyei (see map below).
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2013-01-15): The Abyei Area covers 4,000 square miles of desert, farmland, and oil fields located along the ill-defined border between Sudan and South Sudan. Abyei is claimed by both countries and has been a source of conflict in the Sudans for over 50 years. Abyei’s rich oil reserves make the region economically desirable to both Sudan and South Sudan. Its border location has also led to conflicting ethnic, cultural, and linguistic claims. Resolving the status of the Abyei Area is one of the essential steps Sudan and South Sudan need to take to ensure long-term peace in the region. [...] Abyei is the traditional homeland of the Ngok Dinka, a tribal group with strong ethnic, cultural, and linguistic ties to the Dinka of South Sudan. Misseriya herders, members of a northern nomadic Arab tribe, seasonally traverse Abyei and other North-South border areas with their cattle in search of water and pasture in the dry season and to trade goods.
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-01-29): Sudan-South Sudan border: Clashes kill dozens in disputed Abyei region [...] South Sudan and Sudan jointly administer Abyei, and both claim ownership to the region in a dispute that has remained unresolved since the South's independence in 2011. [...] The UK, Norway and the United States, the international trio that sponsored South Sudan's independence, said on Monday that they were "deeply concerned by the escalation of violence in recent months between communities living in and around" Abyei.
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-03-05): Abyei – a territory roughly the size of Jamaica – is being contested by two countries, Sudan and South Sudan. Abyei, which covers just over 10,000km², is under special administrative status following the terms of a 2005 peace agreement between the two countries. [...] Abyei is deeply embedded in the history of the Ngok Dinka community, who are among the northernmost Dinka populations. The Dinka represent the predominant ethnolinguistic group in South Sudan, a country that emerged as the world’s newest nation in 2011. [...] In an effort to resolve the dispute over Abyei’s sovereignty, negotiations held between the Sudanese government and the Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement that began in 2002 proposed a referendum to decide if Abyei should become part of Sudan or South Sudan. Such a referendum would have been held in parallel with the South Sudanese independence referendum in 2011.
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-02-26): He said that it was well understood that, until the situation was settled in a lasting manner, Abyei remained part of Sudan. His country wanted to see all the issues resolved and the necessary mechanisms operationalized, as it was very keen to see stability in the South. Cooperation and neighbourliness must be developed with South Sudan, in particular, and he hoped that final agreements would be reached in that context. [...] "5. Further reiterates its demand that Sudan and South Sudan urgently commence the establishment of the Abyei Area Administration and Council, including by resolving the deadlock over the composition of the Council, and constitute the Abyei Police Service, to enable it to take over policing functions throughout the Abyei Area, including the protection of oil infrastructure, in accordance with their commitments in the 20 June 2011 Agreement; [...] "10. Condemns the presence of Diffra Oil Police units deployed in the Abyei Area, as well as the repeated entry of armed militias into the territory, and reiterates its demands that immediately and without preconditions the Government of Sudan redeploy the Oil Police in Diffra from the Abyei Area, and further reiterates, in accordance with relevant resolutions, in particular resolution 1990 and resolution 2046, that the Abyei Area shall be demilitarized from any forces, as well as armed elements of the local communities, other than UNISFA and the Abyei Police Service;
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-02-05): Today's top news: Occupied Palestinian Territory, Abyei, Sudan [...] Dozens of civilians have been killed in a series of attacks in southern Abyei since 27 January. Four off-duty staff of local non-governmental organizations were also killed. The fighting has displaced more than 2,200 people, most of them women and children seeking refuge in a UNISFA – that is the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei – compound in Rumajak, about 7 kilometres north of Abyei town. Abyei is the disputed region along South Sudan’s border with Sudan. Over the past three days, the UN and its humanitarian partners have provided food and shelter materials to the displaced, despite major access and logistical challenges. A health team also carried out medical consultations.
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-04-11): According to the Abyei Protocol, which was part of the 2005 CPA, the Abyei Boundaries Commission (ABC) was to be composed of five members from the government, five from the SPLM/A, and five ‘international expertsÕ from the US, UK and the IGAD. The government was required to nominate two from the Messiriya and the SPLM/A from the neighbouring Dinka tribe in the Abyei area. The experts in the commission were to consult the British and other relevant archives. The ABC was instructed to determine the boundary to be included in the special administration. The commission was expected to deliver its final report by the end of pre-interim period or 9 July 2005. [...] The dispute continued over border demarcation as well as over who was eligible to vote in the Abyei referendum. As a result, a referendum planned in Abyei on its future status was never held.1 As a matter of fact, Sudan invaded and occupied Abyei in May 2011.2Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron, "Warnings of All-Out War in Fight Over Sudan Town," New York Times, May 22, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/world/africa/23sudan.html?pagewanted=a… Sudan and South Sudan had agreed to pull their troops out of the disputed territory by the end of September 2011. The UN peacekeepers were deployed in the region to maintain peace as the disputed territory became a flashpoint between the north and the south.
Claim: Abyei is a territory of Sudan (Abyei, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-07-01): Abyei, a fist of oil-rich land on the border between Sudan and South Sudan, is violently contested. Abyei is a tormented piece of land, locked on the border between Sudan and South Sudan. [...] Abyei is also ethnically contested. It is claimed by a southern sub-tribe – the Ngok-Dinka – who raise livestock and live inside the box. They held a unilateral referendum in 2013, voting to join South Sudan, but this has never been recognised.
Claim: Bassas da India is a territory of Madagascar (Bassas da India, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-17): Bassas da India (French pronunciation: [basa da ɛ̃dja]; Malagasy: Nosy Bedimaky) is an uninhabited, roughly circular atoll located in the southern Mozambique Channel, about halfway between Mozambique and Madagascar (about 385 km [239 mi] further east) and around 110 km (68 mi) northwest of Europa Island. It is administered by France as part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, though it is claimed by Madagascar. The rim of the atoll averages around 100 metres (330 ft) in width and encloses a shallow lagoon of depth no greater than 15 m (49 ft). Overall, the atoll is about 10 km (6.2 mi) in diameter, rising steeply from the seabed 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) below to encircle an area (including lagoon) of 80 km2 (31 sq mi). Its exclusive economic zone, 123,700 km2 (47,800 sq mi) in size, is contiguous with that of Europa Island.[1] [...] History [edit]The Bassas da India was first recorded by Portuguese explorers in the early sixteenth century as the "Baixo da Judia" ("Jewess Shoals"). The Judia ("Jewess", for the ancestry of its owner Fernão de Loronha[2]) was the Portuguese ship that discovered the feature by running aground on it in 1506.[3] The name became "Bassas da India" due to transcription errors by cartographers. The Santiago broke up on the shoal in 1585.
Claim: Bassas da India is a territory of Madagascar (Bassas da India, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-06-08): Bassas da India: Island in the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Quick Facts about Bassas da India Bassas da India is located at 21°28'32"S 39°40'28"E (-21.4754300, 39.6743800).
Claim: Bassas da India is a territory of Madagascar (Bassas da India, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-05): Two of the islands—Europa Island and Juan de Nova Island—and the Bassas da India atoll lie in the Mozambique Channel west of Madagascar, while a third island, Tromelin Island, lies about 450 kilometres (280 mi) east of Madagascar and the Glorioso Islands lies about 200 kilometres (120 mi) northwest of Madagascar. Also in the Mozambique Channel is Banc du Geyser, a mostly submerged reef considered a part of the Glorioso Islands by France and the Comoros. [...] Sovereignty dispute [edit]Mauritius, Madagascar, and the Comoros dispute France's sovereignty over these islands. Mauritius claims Tromelin Island and states that the island, discovered by France in 1722, was not ceded by the Treaty of Paris in 1814. Madagascar claims sovereignty over the Glorioso Islands (including Banc du Geyser), though the island group was never a part of the Malagasy Protectorate, having been a part of the Colony of Mayotte and dependencies, then a part of the French Comoros that had become a separately administered colony from Madagascar in 1946. The Comoros also claims the Glorioso Islands (including Banc du Geyser), as a part of the disputed French region of Mayotte. Furthermore, Madagascar has also claimed Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island since 1972,[5] and a 1979 United Nations resolution (without binding force) demanded the cession of these islands to Madagascar.[6][7] Seychelles claimed a part of the Scattered Islands too before the signing of the France–Seychelles Maritime Boundary Agreement.
Claim: Bassas da India is a territory of Madagascar (Bassas da India, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-08-16): Bassas da India, Mozambique Channel Bassas da India is a small submerged atoll-like reef, located almost in the centre of the Mozambique Channel, situated around 110 km northwest from Île Europa and 385 km west from the eastern coast of Madagascar. [...] Links - Bassas da India at the Wikipedia
Claim: Bassas da India is a territory of Madagascar (Bassas da India, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2001-01-01): Bassas da India (possession of France)
Claim: Bassas da India is a territory of Madagascar (Bassas da India, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-07-23): The Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies (French: Colonie de Madagascar et dépendances) was a French colony off the coast of Southeast Africa between 1897 and 1958 in what is now Madagascar. The colony was formerly a protectorate of France known as Malagasy Protectorate. The protectorate became a colony, following Queen Ranavalona III's exile to Réunion. [...] The 1946 constitution of the French Fourth Republic made Madagascar a territoire d'outre-mer (overseas territory) within the French Union. It accorded full citizenship to all Malagasy parallel with that enjoyed by citizens in France. But the assimilationist policy inherent in its framework was incongruent with the MDRM goal of full independence for Madagascar, so Ravoahangy and Raseta abstained from voting. The two delegates also objected to the separate French and Malagasy electoral colleges, even though Madagascar was represented in the French National Assembly. The constitution divided Madagascar administratively into a number of provinces, each of which was to have a locally elected provincial assembly. Not long after, a National Representative Assembly was constituted at Antananarivo. In the first elections for the provincial assemblies, the MDRM won all seats or a majority of seats, except in Mahajanga Province.[citation needed]
Claim: Bassas da India is a territory of Madagascar (Bassas da India, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-08-17): There are no ports or harbours but anchorage is possible offshore. Its exclusive economic zone, contiguous with that of Bassas da India, is 127,300 square kilometres (49,200 sq mi). The airstrip is 1,500 metres (4,920 ft) metres long.
Claim: Bassas da India is a territory of Madagascar (Bassas da India, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-07-06): Bassas da India is an uninhabited, roughly circular French atoll that is part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Located in the southern Mozambique Channel, about halfway between Mozambique and Madagascar (about 385 km [239 mi] further east) and around 110 km (68 mi) northwest of Europa Island, the rim of the atoll averages around 100 metres (330 ft) in width and encloses a shallow lagoon of depth no greater than 15 m (49 ft). Overall, the atoll is about 10 km (6.2 mi) in diameter, rising steeply from the seabed 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) below to encircle an area (including lagoon) of 80 km2 (31 sq mi). Its exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 123,700 km2 (47,800 sq mi) in size, is contiguous with that of Europa Island. [...] Mooring at Bassas da India requires a permit from the French Government. Fishing without such a permit may result in the boat being expelled or even confiscated. The Bassas da India was first recorded by Portuguese explorers in the early sixteenth century as the "Baixo da Judia" ("Jewess Shoals"). The Judia ("Jewess", for the ancestry of its owner Fernão de Loronha) was the Portuguese ship that discovered the feature by running aground on it in 1506. The name became "Bassas da India" due to transcription errors by cartographers. The Santiago broke up on the shoal in 1585.
Claim: Bassas da India is a territory of Madagascar (Bassas da India, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-01-24): Bassas da India [key], uninhabited atoll, 0.1 sq mi (0.2 sq km), in the S Mozambique Channel, W Indian Ocean, about midway between Madagascar and Mozambique, part of the Scattered Islands district in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. The atoll's rocky islets, which emerge from a circular reef, sometimes present a maritime hazard since they are normally under water at high tide and are protected by bristling reefs. A French possession since 1897, the Bassas da India group has been administered by a commissioner in Réunion since 1968. The group is also claimed by Madagascar.
Claim: Bassas da India is a territory of Madagascar (Bassas da India, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-02-03): Bassas da India (French pronunciation: [basa da ɛ̃dja]; Malagasy: Nosy Bedimaky) is an uninhabited, roughly circular atoll located in the southern Mozambique Channel, about halfway between Mozambique and Madagascar (about 385 km [239 mi] further east) and around 110 km (68 mi) northwest of Europa Island. It is administered by France as part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, though it is claimed by Madagascar. The rim of the atoll averages around 100 metres (330 ft) in width and encloses a shallow lagoon of depth no greater than 15 m (49 ft). Overall, the atoll is about 10 km (6.2 mi) in diameter, rising steeply from the seabed 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) below to encircle an area (including lagoon) of 80 km2 (31 sq mi). Its exclusive economic zone, 123,700 km2 (47,800 sq mi) in size, is contiguous with that of Europa Island.[1] [...] The Bassas da India was first recorded by Portuguese explorers in the early sixteenth century as the "Baixo da Judia" ("Jewess Shoals"). The Judia ("Jewess", for the ancestry of its owner Fernão de Loronha[2]) was the Portuguese ship that discovered the feature by running aground on it in 1506.[3] The name became "Bassas da India" due to transcription errors by cartographers. The Santiago broke up on the shoal in 1585. [...] Bassas da India, sometimes named Europa rocks, was discovered by the ship Europa in 1774.