copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2017-04-04): One area of the map that I always found messy is the current layout of provinces and territorial ownership in Ezo (modern day Hokkaido) and the surrounding Sakhalin (Karafuto/Kita Ezo) and Kuril (Chishima) islands. Although these islands became mostly important at the tail end of EU4's timeline, this region was the scene of an unusual and intense race between Russia and Tokugawa Japan, to expand their influence in the region at the expense of the native Ainu people. These suggested changes are to help EU4 better represent historical events that occurred on Hokkaido, Sakhalin and Kuril islands. Several important points in the region's history are impossible to recreate currently given how the map is laid out and I would like to address that, along with other historical inaccuracies that I think can be solved. I will make several posts detailing some ideas I would like to share and get some feedback on this subject!
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2020-09-20): Summary - This map of Sakhalin Island, located just off the Pacific coast in the Russian Far East, was published in 1885. Russia and Japan had maintained competing claims over Sakhalin (Karafuto in Japanese) since at least the 18th century, and effectively split the island after the Treaty of Shimoda of 1855. Before this, imperial China had exerted nominal sovereignty over the island as far back as the Yuan and Ming Dynasties in the 13th and 14th centuries. The name Sakhalin itself possibly derives from a Manchu term used extensively within the region. Following the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875, Russia gained full control over Sakhalin in exchange for ceding all the Kurile Islands to Japan. This map reflects the 30-year period after 1875 when Russia ruled the entire island (up to the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, when, in the Treaty of Portsmouth, Japan regained southern Sakhalin as far north as the 50th parallel). The map scale is in versts, a tsarist-era unit of distance equal to 1.07 kilometers, and water depths in sazhens, (one sazhen = 2.13 meters). The map shows relief and underwater shoals by shading.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2023-10-31): The 75-year-old Russian national has made the trip from Sakhalin 10 times since 2005, through a special program the Japanese government set up in 1990 to help cover the costs of such visits. [...] The southern half of Sakhalin was once a Japanese territory called Karafuto, where coal mining and paper production flourished. By mid-1945, about 400,000 Japanese people called it home. [...] On a fine autumn day, the siblings took a sightseeing trip in Karuizawa, a resort town in Nagano Prefecture. Tour official Saito says moments like this are exactly why the program is more important than ever.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-07-17): This paper will focus on the Karafuto-jin – a community of former citizens of the Japanese colony of Karafuto (presently southern Sakhalin) – and their role in Japanese-Soviet/Russian relations. It will examine the Karafuto-jin’s identity formation as one of Japan’s "other" groups during the Karafuto era (1905-1945) and as a special group of returnees from Japan’s colonial empire (or Japan’s "burden citizens"), following their repatriation. In addition, the paper will discuss their resistance to the Soviet invasion and repatriation from Karafuto following Japan’s defeat in World-War II, as well as the impact of their political mobilization and activities on Japan’s policy towards the Soviet Union and later Russia. The paper will begin with a brief history of Karafuto, drawing on the early Japanese-Russian border settlements and the transformation of Karafuto’s administrative status during WWII. It will analyze the transformation of the Karafuto-jin’s sociopolitical status in the aftermath of the Karafuto’s cessation and handover to the USSR in 1945, exploring the nature of various problems associated with the return of the Karafuto-jin from the Soviet Sakhalin back to Japan and a lack of efficient government policy to help them repatriate, which prompted their political mobilization and the establishment of their official organization – the National League of Former Citizens of Karafuto ("Zenkoku Karafuto Renmei;" thereafter – the "Karafuto Renmei") – in 1949. [...] Keywords: Karafuto, Sakhalin, Kurile Islands, Japanese-Russian relations, Japanese-Soviet relations
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-11-01): Prior to the Yalta Conference, the three leaders met in November 1943 in Tehran, Iran, where they coordinated the next phase of war against the Axis Powers in Europe and the Pacific. [...] In return for its support in the Pacific War, the other Allies agreed, the Soviet Union would gain control of Japanese territory it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, including southern Sakhalin (Karafuto) and the Kuril Islands. [...] In addition, the Soviets promised to allow free elections in all territories in Eastern Europe liberated from Nazi occupation, including Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2014-08-21): Preliminary learning also took place for other trip itineraries. A group of students planning to visit Nemuro and learn about the Northern Territories received a video letter from Mr. Fumio Kishida, Minister of State for Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs (position at that time; currently Minister of Foreign Affairs). At that time, student planning to visit Sakhalin (Karafuto) were starting procedures to obtain a Russian visa. Students learned that the Northern Territories are depicted on the flag of Sakhalin Oblast and that obtaining a visa would allow them to travel to Kunashiri Island and Iturup Island in the Northern Territories. As preliminary learning proceeded for each itinerary, the learning contents were naturally connected, thus creating a meaningful learning experience for students in all itineraries. [...] When climbing a hill overlooking Aniva Bay, students were greeted by a crumbled memorial dedicated to the landing of the Japanese army. The vast blue ocean stretches out below. In distance, one can see the giant plant for LNG which is part of the Sakhalin 2 Project. The discarded pillboxes of Japanese soldiers lie at our feet. The farm fields spanning the hills are scattered with the vacation homes of a Russian ethnic group known as Dacha, showing the lifestyle of local people. From this hill, one can gaze over the past, present and future of Sakhalin (Karafuto). Immediately adjacent to the town lifestyle is the site of new and old national projects. [...] Sakhalin (Karafuto) Through the Eyes of High School Students ―A file of the study tour by Chuo University Suginami High School
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2015-04-24): A 1930 Commemorative Postcard: Karafuto (southern Sakhalin), Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Korea, Taiwan, the Kurile Islands and the Kwantung Leased Territory (southern Liaoning) with the Imperial residence (Tokyo) in the center. East Asia Image Collection, Michael Lewis Taiwan Postcard Collection, Lafayette College. [...] A decade after the rash of Taiwan punitive expedition photo albums appeared, the "Siberian Expedition" of 1919-1922, which included the occupation of northern Karafuto (a Russian territory), became a similar occasion for official and commercial photo album and postcard production. There are eight expedition photo albums housed at the Japan Camera Industry Institute (一般財団法人日本カメラ財団) in Tokyo, Japan. They contain hundreds of prints and captions of photos taken during the Japanese occupation of Northern Karafuto, probably between 1920 and 1922. These albums are about as close as one can get to a "primary source" regarding Japanese imperial postcards, because most of the original material has been lost or destroyed, or it is off-limits to researchers for proprietary reasons. Here the format of the albums: [...] In 1925, the year the Japanese forces finally left northern Sakhalin, The Government of Karafuto (on the southern part of the island) produced a photo album similar in format to the 1923 and 1924 albums referred to above:
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2022-10-19): Sakhalin/Karafuto - Naoki AmanoNaoki AmanoFaculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Yamagata University, JAPAN The modern history of Sakhalin Island, a border island between Russia and Japan, has been one of demarcation, colonization, re-demarcation, and refugee resettlement, with a total of four demarcations and re-demarcations since the late 19th century, the first through diplomatic negotiations and the remaining three through war. One of the most significant features of the modern history of the border island is that each time the sovereignty of the islands changed, the population was completely replaced. Four major events shaped the history of Sakhalin Island: the Treaty of St Petersburg of 1875, which de-bordered the island from the traditional international system of East Asia and incorporated it into the modern international system of the West; the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, which resulted in the Japanese acquisition of the southern half of the island; the end of the five-year military occupation of northern Sakhalin by the Japanese in 1925; and the Soviet occupation of southern Sakhalin in 1945. Through each of these occasions, a holistic picture of the modern history of the Russo-Japanese border island can be discerned by focusing on the mobility of its inhabitants, how the inhabitants became displaced and were forced to leave their homes, and how the island was settled by the new sovereigns who replaced them.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (1995-05-28): Sakhalin Island, island at the far eastern end of Russia. It is located between the Tatar Strait and the Sea of Okhotsk, north of the Japanese island of Hokkaido. With the Kuril Islands, it forms Sakhalin oblast (region). Sakhalin was first settled by Japanese fishermen along its southern coasts. In 1853 the first Russians entered the northern part. By an agreement of 1855, Russia and Japan shared control of the island, but in 1875 Russia acquired all Sakhalin in exchange for the Kurils. The island soon gained notoriety as a Russian penal colony. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War, Japan in 1905 (Treaty of Portsmouth) gained Sakhalin south of the 50th parallel and gave this part the Japanese name of Karafuto. After the Russian Revolution, the Japanese occupied all of Sakhalin, but they withdrew in 1924; in the following year White Russian forces were driven out of the north by Soviet troops. The Soviet Union regained the southern half of the island in 1945, at the end of World War II, together with the Kurils, and Sakhalin’s entire Japanese population eventually was repatriated.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-05-01): In broad terms the Northern Territories encompass the southern section of Karafuto (Sakhalin) below latitude 50°N and its adjacent islands, the Kurile chain,[5]the Habomai Islands, and Shikotan Island. Japan and Russia for many years jointly controlled Karafuto, and the Treaty of Shimoda[6] in 1855 preserved this borderless arrangement in specifying that the island "remains unpartitioned." However, persistent conflict between Japanese and Russian inhabitants along with other issues led the two nations to sign the Treaty of St. Petersburg[7] in 1875 whereby Russia ceded the Kurile Islands from Uruppu Island northward to Japan in exchange for the entirety of Karafuto. Following the Russo-Japanese War, however, the two nations signed the Treaty of Portsmouth[8] in 1905 that ceded the southern section of Karafuto below the fiftieth parallel to Japan. In 1951, Japan renounced its claim to this portion of the island,which it called South Karafuto, under the San Francisco Peace Treaty.[9]
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-05-13): Holding the northern part of Sakhalin (Karafuto) do also give Japan a substantial oil deposits, although most of it is in shallow sea, realistically preventing development until after WWII. And Japan is still very likely to lose Sakhalin in closing stages of WWII. [...] The Americans would probably accept a Soviet annexation of Sakhalin if it happened quickly enough at or near the end of the war, even though it would have clearly been a core Japanese territory by this point. Remember that South Sakhalin/Karafuto was already pretty well integrated with the Japanese home islands IOTL but this did not prevent Roosevelt from signing it away. Its population in 1945 would not be much greater with control of North Sakhalin because of the very harsh climate in the Northern half of the island. What really works against it though is the fact that Japan gained it in war in the first place and so the Americans, temporarily still in a Pacific war mindset and eager to suppress militarism, will be much more hesitant to agree that it constitutes core territory.
Claim: Sakhalin/Karafuto is a territory of Japan (Sakhalin/Karafuto, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2019-03-26): TG: Your research has looked mainly at Japan’s international relations in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially looking at relations with the northern territories, places like Sakhalin (or Karafuto, as it’s known in Japan). And in fact, you recently just published this article about crime in Karafuto. So, could you tell us a little bit about this article and lay out for us what the diplomatic situation was like for Japan during the early Meiji period? TY: Sure. So, this is going to be a two-part answer. I think it’s best if I first explain the diplomatic situation in general in the northern part of Japan, and then I’ll talk about the article. The central question of Japan’s north for Bakumatsu and early Meiji is its boundary negotiations with Russia. Scholars have written about it essentially as a bilateral affair, where the Russians pushed and the Japanese reacted, resulting in the Treaty of St. Petersburg in 1875. In Japanese, it’s known as Karafuto Chishima kōkan jōyaku, under which Russia took the entire island of Karafuto/Sakhalin, and the Japanese took the Kuril Islands that run between the Kamchatka Peninsula and Hokkaidō.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-05): Etymology [edit]The name Kuril originates from the autonym of the aboriginal Ainu, the islands' original inhabitants: kur, meaning 'man'.[6] It may also be related to names for other islands that have traditionally been inhabited by the Ainu people, such as Kuyi or Kuye for Sakhalin and Kai for Hokkaidō. In Japanese, the Kuril Islands are known as the Chishima Islands (Kanji: 千島列島 Chishima Rettō pronounced [tɕiɕima ɾeꜜttoː], literally, 'Thousand Islands Archipelago'), also known as the Kuriru Islands (Katakana: クリル列島 Kuriru Rettō [kɯɾiɾɯ ɾeꜜttoː], literally, Kuril Archipelago). Once the Russians reached the islands in the 18th century they found a pseudo-etymology from Russian kurit′, курить 'to smoke' due to the continual fumes and steam above the islands from volcanoes.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2021-09-01): Biriukov PN (2014) The Kuril Islands: Russian-Japanese relations (1920–2014). Bylye Gody 34(4):666–670 [...] Graf VB (1993) The Russians debate the Kuril Islands territorial dispute: an aspect of Russo-Japanese relations in the post-cold war world. Master of Arts in National Security Affairs, Monterey. Naval Postgraduate School [...] Quillen AB (1993) The Kuril Islands or the Northern Territories: who owns them – Island territorial dispute continues to hinder relations between Russia and Japan. N.C. J. Int L Com Reg 18, 633
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2018-06-30): Paul Richardson’s At the Edge of the Nation is both a sophisticated study of the Kuril Islands—a strategic pivot in Russo-Japanese relations—and a thoughtful reflection on wider issues of nationalism and territorial sovereignty in the context of Russia. It will be invaluable reading for specialists of the region, as well as for scholars of ethnicity and nationalism generally. [...] Paul B. Richardson casts a critical eye over the highly disputed Kuril Islands (Chishima in Japanese) in the North Pacific Ocean. Claimed and coveted by Japan, administered and occupied by Russia. While Europeans focus on the "near abroad" closest to their borderlands, this book reminds us that territorial visions are being made and remade in the Russian Far East. The "dots on the map" are integral to making sense of the how, what, and where of Russia. At the Edge of the Nation is an indispensable guide. [...] If you want to read a book not so much about the disputed Kuril Islands, but instead about what people—especially Russians—think and say about the Kuril Islands, this is a book for you.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Debates over the remote and beguiling Southern Kuril Islands have revealed a kaleidoscope of divergent and contradictory ideas, convictions, and beliefs on what constitutes the "national" identity of post-Soviet Russia. Forming part of an archipelago stretching from Kamchatka to Hokkaido, administered by Russia but claimed by Japan, these disputed islands offer new perspectives on the ways in which territorial visions of the nation are refracted, inverted, and remade in a myriad of different ways. At the Edge of the Nation provides a unique account of how the Southern Kurils have shaped the parameters of the Russian state and framed debates on the politics of identity in the post-Soviet era. By shifting the debate beyond a proliferation of Eurocentric and Moscow-focused writings, Paul B. Richardson reveals broad alternatives and possibilities for Russian identity in Asia. [...] —Inner Asia - Paul B. Richardson casts a critical eye over the highly disputed Kuril Islands (Chishima in Japanese) in the North Pacific Ocean. Claimed and coveted by Japan, administered and occupied by Russia. While Europeans focus on the "near abroad" closest to their borderlands, this book reminds us that territorial visions are being made and remade in the Russian Far East. The "dots on the map" are integral to making sense of the how, what, and where of Russia. At the Edge of the Nation is an indispensable guide.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-01): The evacuation of Karafuto (Sakhalin) and the Chishima (Kuril) islands refers to the events that took place during the Pacific theater of World War II as the Japanese population left these areas, to August 1945 in the northwest of the main islands of Japan. [...] In the Kuriles a similar pattern was repeated when Japanese civilians desperately retired from Shumushu and Paramushiro before the Soviet invasion (the Russians only sank one war vessel transporting some Japanese troops), but did not occur at the time in some islands such as Uruppu and South Kuriles. In these cases, Russian troops arrived in aggressive form to expel local citizens and confiscate local property. [...] See also [edit]- Battle of the Kuril Islands - Evacuation of Manchukuo - Evacuation of East Prussia - Japanese repatriation from Huludao - Soviet assault on Maoka - Soviet Invasion of South Sakhalin - World War II evacuation and expulsion
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2012-05-08): Although all three disputes are labeled as "territorial issues," each one has a fundamentally different character from a legal, political, historical, and practical point of view. I define the Northern Territories as not a territorial issue but a historical memory issue for Japan. The four islands became Japanese territory due to the 1855 Treaty of Shimoda between the Tokugawa Shogunate and Tsarist Russia. Since then the islands’ ownership was never disputed by any country until they came under Russian occupation as the result of an attack that began on August 9, 1945, just six days before Japan surrendered. These islands subsequently became a symbol of the pain that Japan experienced from the Soviet Union during the concluding period of World War II. [...] Because of the psychological anguish regarding Russia that has gripped Japan since the summer of 1945, the Northern Territories have always been put at the center of Japan’s negotiations with the Soviet Union and its modern-day counterpart. Japan relinquished the Kuril Islands in the San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951), but since the Soviet Union did not sign that treaty, the issue was reexamined in the 1955–56 peace treaty negotiations between the two countries. The Japan–Soviet Union Joint Declaration of 1956 included the partial solution of agreeing on the transfer of the two smaller islands, Habomai and Shikotan, after the conclusion of the peace treaty, but the fate of the two larger islands, Kunashiri and Etorofu, was under a complete deadlock.
Claim: Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands is a territory of Japan (Kuril/Chishima, and South Kuril/Chishima Islands, 2024-10-09)
Evidence (2024-10-06): The Kuril Islands dispute, known as the Northern Territories dispute in Japan, is a territorial dispute between Japan and Russia over the ownership of the four southernmost Kuril Islands. The Kuril Islands are a chain of islands that stretch between the Japanese island of Hokkaido at their southern end and the Russian Kamchatka Peninsula at their northern end. The islands separate the Sea of Okhotsk from the Pacific Ocean. The four disputed islands, like other islands in the Kuril chain which are not in dispute, were unilaterally annexed by the Soviet Union following the Kuril Islands landing operation at the end of World War II. The disputed islands are under Russian administration as the South Kuril District and part of the Kuril District of the Sakhalin Oblast (Сахалинская область, Sakhalinskaya oblast). They are claimed by Japan, which refers to them as its Northern Territories or Southern Chishima, and considers them part of the Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaido Prefecture. [...] Public attitudes in Japan [edit]In Japan, there are various private groups cooperating with local and national government to encourage the Japanese people to push for the return of the islands. One man whose family was evicted from the islands, Kenjirō Suzuki,[77] heads the Tokachi branch of the League of Chishima Habomai Islands Residents (Chishima is the Japanese name for the Kuril Islands).[78] In 2008, the main organization had a budget of approximately 187 million yen (US$1.7 million).[79]