copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-05-08): Aim to strike a balance between protecting yourself from the sun and getting enough vitamin D from sunlight. [...] People who spend a lot of time in the sun, whether it's for work or play, are at increased risk of skin cancer if they do not take the right precautions. If you have naturally brown or black skin you are less likely to get skin cancer, as darker skin has some protection against UV rays. You may also need more time in sunlight to produce the same amount of vitamin D as people with lighter skin. But you should still avoid burning and take care in the sun as people of all skin tones can get skin cancer.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-06-19): - Getting sunburnt increases your risk of skin cancer. [...] Yes. Getting sunburnt increases your risk of cancer. [...] Getting sunburnt once doesn’t mean you will definitely get skin cancer. But the more times you get sunburnt the higher your risk of skin cancer.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-05-01): The sun releases ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which provides vitamin D to your body. But too much sun exposure can cause wrinkles and skin cancer. You can protect your skin from too much UV exposure by wearing sunscreen when you go outside. Skin cancer from UV radiation is treatable and leads to a good prognosis if detected early. [...] The UV energy that the sun produces reaches the Earth and provides vitamin D for your body to help you survive. You can also find UV radiation in human-made sources like tanning beds. Exposure to too much ultraviolet radiation greatly increases your risk of developing skin cancer. [...] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is necessary because it provides vitamin D to help you survive, but it’s also harmful with overexposure. You can take care of your skin and prevent skin cancer from ultraviolet radiation by wearing sunscreen outdoors and staying out of the sun when it’s at its brightest in the middle of the day. Nearly 80% of a person’s lifetime sun exposure occurs before age 18. You can become a good role model and foster skin cancer prevention habits for your family by taking preventive measures when you go outside.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-06-17): Too much sun exposure can also raise your risk for skin cancer, the most common type of cancer in the United States. When UV light enters skin cells, it can harm the genetic material (called DNA) within. [...] The best way to protect skin health and prevent skin cancer is to limit sun exposure. Avoid prolonged time in the sun, and choose to be in the shade rather than in direct sunlight. Wear protective clothing and sunglasses, and use sunscreen between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Sunscreen is especially important at that time, when the sun’s rays are most intense. [...] Several factors—like cloudy days or having dark-colored skin—can reduce the amount of vitamin D your skin makes. But you can also get vitamin D from foods or dietary supplements. Check with your health care provider about whether you should be taking vitamin D supplements.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2023-04-04): It’s also perfectly fine to wear a hat and sunglasses to protect your face and eyes while exposing other parts of your body. Since the head is a small part of the body, it will only produce a small amount of vitamin D. [...] In fact, some studies estimate that sunscreen of SPF 30 or more reduces vitamin D production in the body by about 95–98% ( [...] SummaryIn theory, wearing sunscreen may reduce the ability to produce vitamin D, but short-term studies have shown it has little or no impact on blood levels. That said, it’s unclear whether frequently wearing sunscreen reduces your vitamin D levels in the long term.
Claim: “sunscreen and then skin cancer, it's a direct correlation”; wearing sunglasses increases the risk of sunburn; sunscreen reduces vitamin D production (Social media users, 2024-07-19)
Evidence (2024-06-17): - UVB rays cause sunburns, skin cancer, skin aging, and snow blindness (a sunburn to your cornea that causes a temporary loss of vision) and can lower your body’s ability to fight illness. [...] - Do not burn. Sunburns significantly increase the lifetime risk of developing skin cancer, especially for children. [...] - Wear protective clothing. Wide brimmed hats offer good sun protection for your eyes, ears, face and neck. Sunglasses that provide 99 to 100% UVA and UVB protection will greatly reduce eye damage from sun exposure. Tightly woven, loose fitting clothes will provide additional protection from the sun.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2018-09-13): Laboratory measurements first established that CO2 is a greenhouse gas in the 1850s—a result that is easily confirmed today. This means that it absorbs radiation at infrared wavelengths, allowing sunlight to pass through to the Earth but trapping heat that is emitted back to space.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2020-05-23): Commenters on my blog also often claim that since the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is so low compared to that of water vapor, also a greenhouse gas, it could not possibly play the role of a thermostat. But here, too, rigorous research shows otherwise. [...] The answer involves different characteristics of greenhouse gases. When the atmosphere cools enough, water vapor condenses and rains out. By contrast, carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases do not — they are non-condensing. The researchers found that without these non-condensing greenhouse gases — CO2 foremost among them — there would be nothing to prevent the atmosphere from cooling enough to cause water vapor to rain out. And since it is such a potent greenhouse gas, if water vapor were to rain out, the result would be very dramatic cooling. In this way, CO2 may not be as potent a greenhouse gas as water vapor, but it is actually more important.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2024-01-05): However, CO2 is not the only greenhouse gas that is driving global climate change. There are a number of others — methane, nitrous oxide, and trace gases such as the group of 'F-gases' — which have contributed a significant amount of warming to date. [...] Methane is a much stronger greenhouse gas than CO2 in terms of its 'warming potential'. Over a 100-year timescale, and without considering climate feedback, one tonne of methane would generate 28 times the amount of warming as one tonne of CO2.1,2,3 [...] Nitrous oxide is a much stronger greenhouse gas than CO2 in terms of its 'warming potential'. Over a 100-year timescale, and without considering climate feedback, one tonne of nitrous oxide would generate 265 times the amount of warming as one tonne of CO2.6,3
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2016-04-26): The concentration of a greenhouse gas is typically measured in parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) by volume. A CO2 concentration of 420 ppm means that 420 out of every million air molecules is a CO2 molecule. The first 30 ppm increase in CO2 concentrations took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.[8][44][45] Similarly, the average annual increase in the 1960s was only 37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007.[46] [...] The major anthropogenic (human origin) sources of greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N 2O), methane and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)).[89] Though the greenhouse effect is heavily driven by water vapor,[90] human emissions of water vapor are not a significant contributor to warming.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2019-05-13): Carbon dioxide, a key greenhouse gas that drives global climate change, continues to rise every month. Find out the dangerous role it and other gases play. [...] Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide—the most dangerous and prevalent greenhouse gas—are at the highest levels ever recorded. Greenhouse gas levels are so high primarily because humans have released them into the air by burning fossil fuels. The gases absorb solar energy and keep heat close to Earth's surface, rather than letting it escape into space. That trapping of heat is known as the greenhouse effect. [...] Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas, responsible for about three-quarters of emissions. It can linger in the atmosphere for thousands of years. In 2018, carbon dioxide levels reached 411 parts per million at Hawaii's Mauna Loa Atmospheric Baseline Observatory, the highest monthly average ever recorded. Carbon dioxide emissions mainly come from burning organic materials: coal, oil, gas, wood, and solid waste.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2011-08-03): Non-CO2 greenhouse gases and climate change [...] Montzka, S., Dlugokencky, E. & Butler, J. Non-CO2 greenhouse gases and climate change. [...] The influence of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions on climate is widely recognized, but there are plenty of greenhouse gases besides CO2 and they receive much less attention. In this Review, Stephen Montzka and co-authors summarize the current knowledge on non-CO2 greenhouse gases, including methane, nitrous oxide and halogenic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons. Although the total warming effect of these gases is less than that of CO2, a substantial reduction in their emissions would measurably reduce the impact of human activity on our climate. And as non-CO2 greenhouse gases tend to have a shorter atmospheric lifetime than CO2, the response of the climate system to emissions cuts in the former would be faster than the response through cuts in CO2 alone.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2024-10-09): Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. It absorbs and emits infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies. The two wavelengths are 4.26 μm (2,347 cm−1) (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 μm (667 cm−1) (bending vibrational mode). CO2 plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.[85] Light emission from the Earth's surface is most intense in the infrared region between 200 and 2500 cm−1,[86] as opposed to light emission from the much hotter Sun which is most intense in the visible region. Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric CO2 traps energy near the surface, warming the surface of Earth and its lower atmosphere. Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.[87] [...] - ^ Terhaar, Jens; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat (2023). "Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-CO2 greenhouse gases". Environmental Research Letters. 18 (2): 024033. Bibcode:2023ERL....18b4033T. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91. ISSN 1748-9326. S2CID 255431338.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2016-04-14): Over time, scientists began to develop a more nuanced view of how gases form and act. Not all gases on Earth are greenhouse gases. The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere depends on sources (natural and man-made processes that produce them) and sinks (reactions that remove the gases from the atmosphere). Carbon dioxide is only part of that equation, and only the second most abundant greenhouse gas on Earth. [...] It’s tempting to think that because CO2 has so many counterparts, it’s not worth worrying about. But just because CO2 isn’t the only greenhouse gas doesn't mean it’s not cause for concern. "A lot of people use [greenhouse gases] to downplay the importance of carbon dioxide," says Davis. "That’s the biggest issue we face." Some gases may be more abundant, but none stand alone—and with CO2 rates rising at unprecedented levels, it’s difficult to estimate just how dire the consequences of unchecked emissions of any kind might be.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2019-07-30): About 99 percent of the atmosphere is made of oxygen and nitrogen, which cannot absorb the infrared radiation the Earth emits. Of the remaining 1 percent, the main molecules that can absorb infrared radiation are CO2 and water vapor, because their atoms are able to vibrate in just the right way to absorb the energy that the Earth gives off. After these gases absorb the energy, they emit half of it back to Earth and half of it into space, trapping some of the heat within the atmosphere. This trapping of heat is what we call the greenhouse effect. Because of the greenhouse effect created by these trace gases, the average temperature of the Earth is around 15˚C, or 59˚F, which allows for life to exist. CO2 makes up only about 0.04% of the atmosphere, and water vapor can vary from 0 to 4%. But while water vapor is the dominant greenhouse gas in our atmosphere, it has "windows" that allow some of the infrared energy to escape without being absorbed. In addition, water vapor is concentrated lower in the atmosphere, whereas CO2 mixes well all the way to about 50 kilometers up. The higher the greenhouse gas, the more effective it is at trapping heat from the Earth’s surface.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2020-10-01): Greenhouse gases are gases—like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide—that keep the Earth warmer than it would be without them. The reason they warm the Earth has to do with the way energy enters and leaves our atmosphere. When energy from the sun first reaches us, it does so mainly as light. But when that same energy leaves the Earth, it does so as infrared radiation, which we experience as heat. Greenhouse gases reflect infrared radiation, so some of the heat leaving the Earth bounces off the greenhouse gases in our atmosphere and comes back to the Earth’s surface. This is called the "greenhouse effect," in a comparison to the heat-trapping glass on a greenhouse. [...] For climate change, the most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, which is why you hear so many references to "carbon" when people talk about climate change. There are three main reasons CO2 is so central to the global warming happening today. First, there is just so much of it: we now add over 35 billion tons of CO2 to the atmosphere every year, mostly by burning carbon-rich fuel like coal and oil that had previously been trapped in the ground. Second, it lasts a long time in the atmosphere. The CO2 we emit today will stay above us reflecting heat for hundreds of years. This means that, even if we stop all new CO2 emissions tomorrow, it will take many lifetimes before the warming effect of our past emissions fades away.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2023-12-28): CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions [...] CO2 and other greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide are emitted when we burn fossil fuels, produce materials such as steel, cement, and plastics, and grow the food we eat. If we want to reduce these emissions, we need to transform our energy systems, industries, and food systems. [...] Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado and Max Roser (2023) - "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions' [Online Resource]
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2024-02-20): The Australia-based Galileo Movement touts a series of "basic facts" on carbon dioxide that attempt to explain why the greenhouse gas can't contribute to climate change. [...] Claim: CO2 is Nature's colorless, odorless, tasteless gas essential for all life on Earth. It's not toxic. It doesn't make land, water or air dirty or unsafe to use. It does not cause disease. [...] It is worth noting, however, that even in the past CO2 had an impact on temperatures, given its role as a greenhouse gas.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2023-08-15): Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important heat-trapping gas, also known as a greenhouse gas, that comes from the extraction and burning of fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and natural gas), from wildfires, and natural processes like volcanic eruptions. The first graph shows atmospheric CO2 levels measured by NOAA at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, since 1958. The second graph shows CO2 levels during Earth’s last three glacial cycles, as captured by air bubbles trapped in ice sheets and glaciers. [...] A closer look at the carbon dioxide measurements at Mauna Loa shows a series of wiggles in the data. Although total CO2 is increasing each year, there is also a short-term cycle visible within the larger trend. This annual rise and fall of CO2 levels is caused by seasonal cycles in photosynthesis on a massive scale. In Northern Hemisphere spring, plants come to life and draw in CO2 to fuel their growth. This begins the process of lowering the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. In northern autumn, plant growth stops or slows down, and the whole process reverses itself. Much of the plant matter decomposes, releasing CO2 back to the atmosphere.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2023-04-27): When hearing the words "greenhouse gas," most people think immediately of carbon dioxide. This is indeed the greenhouse gas that is currently producing the greatest impact on the Earth’s rapidly changing climate. But it is far from the only one making its mark, and for mitigating climate change it’s important to be able to compare the effects of the various gases that contribute to warming the planet. [...] Today, the number-two producer of human-caused greenhouse effects is methane, the main constituent of natural gas. When initially released, methane is about 100 times more potent than carbon dioxide, but its lifetime in the atmosphere is much shorter — about a decade, unlike carbon dioxide’s residence time of centuries. When averaged over a 20-year period, methane’s "greenhouse gas equivalency" is about 72 times that of carbon dioxide, but when looked at on a timescale of 100 years, that equivalency drops to just 25 times.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2021-02-25): With CO2 and other greenhouse gases, it’s different. Carbon dioxide, for example, absorbs energy at a variety of wavelengths between 2,000 and 15,000 nanometers — a range that overlaps with that of infrared energy. As CO2 soaks up this infrared energy, it vibrates and re-emits the infrared energy back in all directions. About half of that energy goes out into space, and about half of it returns to Earth as heat, contributing to the ‘greenhouse effect.’ Smerdon says that the reason why some molecules absorb infrared waves and some don’t "depends on their geometry and their composition." He explained that oxygen and nitrogen molecules are simple — they’re each made up of only two atoms of the same element — which narrows their movements and the variety of wavelengths they can interact with. But greenhouse gases like CO2 and methane are made up of three or more atoms, which gives them a larger variety of ways to stretch and bend and twist. That means they can absorb a wider range of wavelengths — including infrared waves. [...] CO2 molecules don’t really interact with sunlight’s wavelengths. Only after the Earth absorbs sunlight and reemits the energy as infrared waves can the CO2 and other greenhouse gases absorb the energy.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2023-11-03): With all the attention given to humans’ climate-warming carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, you might be surprised to learn that CO2 is not the most important greenhouse gas affecting the Earth’s temperature. That distinction belongs to water. [...] But water vapor differs in one crucial way from other greenhouse gases like CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide. Those greenhouse gases are always gases (at least when they’re in our atmosphere). Water isn’t. It can turn from a gas to a liquid at temperatures and pressures very common in our atmosphere, and so it frequently does. When it’s colder it falls from the air as rain or snow; when it’s hotter it evaporates and rises up as a gas again. [...] In short, it’s true that water vapor is in some sense the "biggest" greenhouse gas involved in climate change, but it’s not in the driver’s seat. CO2 is still the main culprit of the global warming we’re experiencing today. Water vapor is just one of the features of our climate that our CO2 emissions are pushing out of balance—well beyond the stable levels humanity has enjoyed for thousands of years.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2022-12-01): Carbon dioxide emissions, primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels, have risen dramatically since the start of the industrial revolution. Most of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions come from a relatively small number of countries. China, the United States, and the nations that make up the European Union are the three largest emitters on an absolute basis. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions are highest in the United States and Russia.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2021-04-22): The health of our communities, well-being of our workers, and competitiveness of our economy requires this quick and bold action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We must: [...] - Explored multiple pathways across the economy: The target is grounded in analysis that explored multiple pathways for each economic sector of the economy that produces CO2 and non-CO2 greenhouse gases: electricity, transportation, buildings, industry, and lands. [...] - The United States will also reduce non-CO2 greenhouse gases, including methane, hydrofluorocarbons and other potent short-lived climate pollutants. Reducing these pollutants delivers fast climate benefits.
Claim: CO2 is not a greenhouse gas. (Tim Ball, 2018-09-13)
Evidence (2023-11-16): Global averaged concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), the most important greenhouse gas, in 2022 were a full 50% above the pre-industrial era for the first time. They continued to grow in 2023. [...] Non-CO₂ Greenhouse Gases: Climate change is driven by multiple greenhouse gases, not just CO2. These gases have different atmospheric lifetimes, greater Global Warming Potential (GWP) than CO2 and uncertain future emissions. [...] Carbon dioxide is the single most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, accounting for approximately 64% of the warming effect on the climate, mainly because of fossil fuel combustion and cement production.