copenlu/druid huggingface dataset:
Claim: “Americans are dropping dead” from COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines impair fertility, pregnancy, infant survival (James Thorp, 2023-11-11)
Evidence (2023-03-07): Since COVID-19 vaccines became widely available in the spring of 2021, there has been a wide gap in deaths between the unvaccinated and vaccinated. Toward the end of 2022, though, data showed that most deaths from COVID-19 were among those who are vaccinated. But that doesn’t mean COVID-19 vaccines and boosters are ineffective. It’s quite the opposite. [...] In an interview, AMA member Elisa Choi, MD, an internal medicine and infectious diseases physician, shared why COVID-19 deaths among vaccinated people are happening and why boosters remain key. [...] "Vaccination against COVID-19 does not completely eliminate the risk of dying from COVID-19 infection, for those who have higher risk for severe COVID, but COVID-19 vaccination is important because it will reduce the risk of death from COVID-19 infection," she explained. "There has been generally lower COVID-19 booster uptake overall in the general population. However, individuals who have had at least one COVID-19 booster dose also tend to be older and have more complicated medical conditions."
Claim: “Americans are dropping dead” from COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines impair fertility, pregnancy, infant survival (James Thorp, 2023-11-11)
Evidence (2021-09-02): At a Glance - A study estimated that COVID-19 vaccinations prevented nearly 140,000 deaths in the U.S. by May 2021. [...] Based on the model, COVID-19 vaccines prevented more than 139,000 deaths during the first five months they were available. About 570,000 COVID-19 deaths had occurred in the U.S. by May 9; the model projected about 709,000 deaths would have occurred without the vaccines. The researchers estimated that the economic value of preventing these deaths was between $625 billion and $1.4 trillion. [...] References: Vaccinations Against COVID-19 May Have Averted Up To 140,000 Deaths In The United States. Gupta S, Cantor J, Simon KI, Bento AI, Wing C, Whaley CM. Health Aff (Millwood). 2021 Aug 18:101377hlthaff202100619. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00619. Online ahead of print. PMID: 34406840.
Claim: “Americans are dropping dead” from COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines impair fertility, pregnancy, infant survival (James Thorp, 2023-11-11)
Evidence (2022-09-30): Raw numbers of hospitalizations or deaths among those who are vaccinated are not a good indicator of whether vaccines are effective. If the large majority of a population is vaccinated, it’s not surprising if most deaths are among the vaccinated. But social media posts misuse data from the U.K. to suggest the COVID-19 vaccines don’t work. Epidemiologists and biostatistics experts have been cautioning that as more and more of a population gets vaccinated, we’ll likely see more deaths from COVID-19 among the vaccinated. It’s simply math. The vaccines aren’t 100% effective — no vaccine is — so some deaths are expected. And if there are relatively few people still unvaccinated, the raw numbers of deaths are likely to show more deaths among the vaccinated. [...] "BE IN THE KNOW: the vast majority of people (7 out of 10) who died from the COVID-19 virus in the UK were fully vaccinated," one Facebook post reads, accompanied by a clip of Alex Berenson citing the data on "The Joe Rogan Experience" podcast on Oct. 12. Berenson, an author and former New York Times reporter, has been banned from Twitter for violating its rules on COVID-19 misinformation. We wrote about one of his tweets on the COVID-19 vaccines earlier this year. In the Facebook clip, Berenson correctly cites the U.K. numbers but presents them as something surprising.
Claim: “Americans are dropping dead” from COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines impair fertility, pregnancy, infant survival (James Thorp, 2023-11-11)
Evidence (2023-05-22): A quarter of maternal deaths were associated with COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021 combined, according to a report on maternal mortality in October 2022 by the U.S. Government Accountability Office. COVID-19 can pose higher risks to pregnant women, whose bodies are undergoing physiological changes, such as decreased lung capacity and a weakened immune system. And these bodily changes can continue in the postpartum period, Dr. Rainford adds. The deaths may have been caused by COVID-19 directly or by pre-existing conditions exacerbated by the virus, Dr. Rainford explains. "For instance, if you are pregnant and have chronic hypertension, your risk of dying from a COVID infection increases," Dr. Rainford says. "But, other contributing factors, including social stressors, can adversely affect your health. And stress affected everyone during the pandemic." The CDC recommends COVID-19 vaccines to anyone who is pregnant or breastfeeding, or who is trying to get pregnant or could become pregnant in the future.
Claim: “Americans are dropping dead” from COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines impair fertility, pregnancy, infant survival (James Thorp, 2023-11-11)
Evidence (2023-11-11): James Thorp spreads false claims that COVID-19 vaccines harm fertility, pregnancy, infant survival in The Sentinel Report interview [...] On 1 November 2023, host Alex Newman interviewed gynecologist James Thorp for the U.S. TV show The Sentinel Report. During the interview, Thorp claimed that "Americans are dropping dead" from COVID-19 vaccines and that the spike protein from vaccination is harming fertility, pregnancy, and infant survival. [...] Thorp’s claims linking COVID-19 vaccines with death, infertility, pregnancy complications, and infant survival are based on speculation and flawed analyses. All available evidence continues to show that COVID-19 vaccines protect against severe illness and don’t increase the risk of death or cause infertility. COVID-19 vaccines haven’t been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes but instead they help reduce the risk of pregnancy complications due to COVID-19 infection for both the mother and the baby. Therefore, vaccination is safe and recommended for pregnant women.
Claim: “Americans are dropping dead” from COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines impair fertility, pregnancy, infant survival (James Thorp, 2023-11-11)
Evidence (2024-09-26): All the COVID-19 vaccines used in the U.S. initially received an official designation called emergency use authorization from the Food and Drug Administration. During a public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA can allow the use of medical products such as the new vaccines that haven’t yet received full agency approval if they are needed to fight serious or life-threatening disease and no acceptable alternatives are available. In evaluating the evidence for an emergency use authorization, the agency must decide that the known and potential benefits outweigh the known and potential risks of the medical product in question. [...] Yes. The CDC recommends an updated (2023-24) COVID-19 vaccine for women who are pregnant or are anticipating a pregnancy. Pregnant or recently pregnant women face an elevated risk of death or severe illness from COVID-19, including illness requiring hospitalization, intensive care, or a ventilator or other special equipment to breathe, according to the CDC. Also, risk of pregnancy complications with COVID-19 is higher. Women who are breastfeeding or might become pregnant also are urged to get vaccinated. There is no evidence that any vaccines, including those protecting against COVID-19, cause fertility problems for women or men, the CDC says.
Claim: “Americans are dropping dead” from COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines impair fertility, pregnancy, infant survival (James Thorp, 2023-11-11)
Evidence (2023-06-01): There's no evidence COVID-19 vaccines affect pregnancy. It's also not true mRNA vaccines target the syncytin-1 protein. In fact, many people in the vaccine clinical trials became pregnant and had no adverse effects for themselves or their babies. Since then, countless people have delivered healthy babies after vaccination. [...] COVID-19 has killed more than 1 in 500 Americans. Every hospital has a COVID-19 ward. No hospital has a vaccine injury ward. [...] COVID-19 vaccination lowers your risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and death. The known risks of COVID-19 illness and its related, possibly severe complications, such as long-term health problems, hospitalization and even death, far outweigh the potential risks of having a rare adverse reaction to vaccination like myocarditis or blood clots. COVID-19 vaccines do not affect pregnancy or fertility.
Claim: “Americans are dropping dead” from COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines impair fertility, pregnancy, infant survival (James Thorp, 2023-11-11)
Evidence (2022-04-29): While COVID-19 vaccines are effective in preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death from SARS-CoV-2 infection, many people who are eligible have elected to not get vaccinated. This is often due to concerns about possible side effects. One concern emerged when a false report surfaced on social media claiming that getting vaccinated against COVID-19 can cause infertility in women. The truth is COVID-19 vaccines don’t affect fertility. [...] COVID-19 vaccines don’t alter fertility "There is absolutely no reason to be worried about fertility with the COVID-19 vaccine," said Dr. Wilson, emphasizing that vaccines "do not cause infertility and they do not affect fertility one way or the other." While a National Institues of Health-funded study has found that COVID-19 vaccination is linked to a small, temporary rise in the menstrual cycle, "no scientific evidence supports that COVID-19 vaccines will cause fertility problems," said Dr. Jones. She that "both of the primary vaccine types—the mRNA and the adenovirus vaccine—don’t have mechanisms that would seem to relate to reproductive function."
Claim: “Americans are dropping dead” from COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines impair fertility, pregnancy, infant survival (James Thorp, 2023-11-11)
Evidence (2023-03-15): CDC releases a statement assuring the public that COVID-19 vaccination is safe for pregnant and breastfeeding people. CDC studies have found that an infection with COVID-19 during pregnancy increases the risk of developing severe illness from COVID-19 and that there is no evidence that any vaccines, including the COVID-19 vaccines, cause fertility problems in women or men. [...] A study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology finds that COVID-19 vaccination has no impact on male or female fertility, but that a COVID-19 infection may be associated with a short-term decline in male fertility. [...] A Kaiser Foundation study tested three widespread false statements about COVID-19 vaccines: "pregnant women should not get the COVID-19 vaccine; it is unsafe for women who are breastfeeding to get a COVID-19 vaccine; and the COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to cause infertility." Vaccine misinformation is so pervasive that about six in ten U.S. adults and seven in ten women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant either believed or were unsure about at least one of these false statements.
Claim: “Americans are dropping dead” from COVID-19 vaccines; vaccines impair fertility, pregnancy, infant survival (James Thorp, 2023-11-11)
Evidence (2023-02-10): But no matter how convincing and irrefutable the science and the data about the COVID-19 vaccines are, misinformation spreads so easily and quickly—largely through social media networks—that it has become a major barrier stopping the United States from reaching higher levels of vaccination (190 million people, or 57 percent of Americans, have received at least one shot) that would bring us closer to herd immunity. [...] FACT: As of August 9, the CDC said there had been 8,054 vaccinated people who were hospitalized or died who had also tested positive for coronavirus—out of more than 166 million fully vaccinated Americans. That’s roughly .005 percent. Additionally, CDC director Rochelle Walensky has said that 99.5 percent of all deaths from COVID-19 are in the unvaccinated.—Politifact, Fact Checking Joe Biden’s Figure on Unvaccinated COVID-19 Deaths [...] MYTH: The COVID vaccines can affect a woman’s fertility.
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2018-11-07): This article claims that volcanic sources of carbon dioxide are poorly understood and could well be the cause of modern global warming, rather than human activities. In reality, current annual human-caused emissions are at least 100 times greater than all volcanic emissions.
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2022-05-04): Numerous advances in the field of volcanic effects on climate have been made in the last twenty years despite the absence of a large-magnitude eruption. We now have comprehensive datasets of volcanic SO2, sulfate aerosol and aerosol extinction from ground-based, balloon and satellite measurements (e.g. Carn et al. 2016; Kremser et al. 2016; von Savigny et al. 2020). These data provide much better constraint on volcanic emissions and include daily and near-global observations that show where SO2 and aerosol are dispersed. Improvements in the algorithms used in satellite retrievals have also enabled revised estimates of the emissions of past eruptions, for example those of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption (Carn 2021; Fisher et al. 2019). A notable advance has been the development of the Global Space-based Stratospheric Aerosol Climatology (GloSSAC) (Kovilakam et al. 2020; Thomason et al. 2018), which is a continuous record of stratospheric aerosol optical properties from 1979 to 2018.
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2017-08-31): Volcanism caused ancient global warming [...] A study confirms that volcanism set off one of Earth's fastest global-warming events. But the release of greenhouse gases was slow enough for negative feedbacks to mitigate impacts such as ocean acidification. See Letter p.573 [...] Very large release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2022-05-18): Capra L (2006) Abrupt climate changes as triggering mechanisms of massive volcanic collapses. J Volcanol Geoth Res 155:329–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.009 [...] Mastin LG (1994) Explosive tephra emissions at Mount St. Helens, 1989–1991: The violent escape of magmatic gas following storms? GSA Bull 106:175–185. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106%3c0175:ETEAMS%3e2.3.CO;2 [...] Sigurdsson H (1990) Evidence of volcanic loading of the atmosphere and climate response. Global Planet Change 3:277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(90)90024-7
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2024-10-08): Carbon emissions from volcanic rocks can create global warming - Date: [...] - Greenhouse gas emissions released directly from the movement of volcanic rocks are capable of creating massive global warming effects -- a discovery which could transform the way scientists predict climate change, a new study reveals. Greenhouse gas emissions released directly from the movement of volcanic rocks are capable of creating massive global warming effects -- a discovery which could transform the way scientists predict climate change, a new study reveals.
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2019-10-22): There is evidence for catastrophic climate change from very large, protracted volcanic eruptions in the geological record. But in more recent times we have learned that volcanic emissions can lead to shorter-term cooling and longer-term warming. And the killer-punch evidence is that human-induced greenhouse gas emissions far exceed those of volcanic activity, particularly since 1950. [...] Perhaps the strongest evidence for answering whether our (human) emissions or volcanoes have a stronger influence on climate lies in the scale of greenhouse gas production. Since 2015, global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions have been around 35 to 37 billion tonnes per year. Annual volcanic CO₂ emissions are around 200 million tonnes. In 2018, anthropogenic CO₂ emissions were 185 times higher than volcanic emissions. This is an astounding statistic and one of the factors persuading some geologists and natural scientists to propose a new geological epoch called the Anthropocene in recognition that humans are exceeding the impacts of many natural global processes, particularly since the 1950s.
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2024-09-02): In the 1960s, the evidence for the warming effect of carbon dioxide gas became increasingly convincing. Scientists also discovered that human activities that generated atmospheric aerosols (e.g., "air pollution") could have cooling effects as well (later referred to as global dimming). Other theories for the causes of global warming were also proposed, involving forces from volcanism to solar variation. During the 1970s, scientific understanding of global warming greatly increased. [...] - ^ a b c d e Spencer Weart (2003). "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect". The Discovery of Global Warming.
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2019-12-05): Carbon emissions from volcanic rocks can create global warming: study Greenhouse gas emissions released directly from the movement of volcanic rocks are capable of creating massive global warming effects—a discovery which could transform the way scientists predict climate change, a new study reveals. [...] "We calculated carbon-based greenhouse gas fluxes associated with the NAIP—linking measurements of the process that generated magma with observations of the individual geological structures that controlled gas emissions. These calculations suggest the NAIP caused the largest transient global warming of the past 65 million years.
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2019-04-01): The global volcanic CO2 flux in modern Earth remains inadequately known11,12 and, ironically, is less constrained for subaerial volcanoes than for the less-accessible mid-ocean ridges, for which the 3He flux13 or the CO2/Ba ratio14 proxies have successfully been applied. Direct volcanic CO2 observations at subaerial volcanoes are technically challenging from both ground11,15 and space16 due to the large atmospheric CO2 burden, and thus remain limited in number17,18. The volcanic CO2 flux can be quantified indirectly by combining simultaneous acquisitions of UV-sensed sulphur dioxide (SO2) fluxes11,15,19,20 and gas compositions (CO2/SO2 ratios), but gas observational networks are still in a developing stage21,22, resulting in sparse and incomplete gas catalogues23,24. CO2 flux data have so far been obtained11,15 for only <60 of the several hundred currently degassing Holocene volcanoes25. CO2 flux records are continuous enough only for a few (<10) volcanoes where permanent instrumentation is operating26,27,28,29, while sparse results (one or a few campaign-style measurements at most) are available for the remaining ~50. In addition, scarce or even no information exists for several top-ranking degassing volcanoes30 in remote regions of the world (e.g., Vanuatu31, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon arc, and the Sunda-Banda arc in Indonesia32,33). [...] Pérez, N. M. et al. Global CO2 emission from volcanic lakes. Geology39, 235–238, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31586.1 (2011).
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2019-12-10): Volcanoes are the main pathway to the surface for volatiles that are stored within the Earth. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is of particular interest because of its potential for climate forcing. Understanding the balance of CO2 that is transferred from the Earth’s surface to the Earth’s interior, hinges on accurate quantification of the long-term emissions of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere. Here we present an updated evaluation of the world’s volcanic CO2 emissions that takes advantage of recent improvements in satellite-based monitoring of sulfur dioxide, the establishment of ground-based networks for semi-continuous CO2-SO2 gas sensing and a new approach to estimate key volcanic gas parameters based on magma compositions. Our results reveal a global volcanic CO2 flux of 51.3 ± 5.7 Tg CO2/y (11.7 × 1011 mol CO2/y) for non-eruptive degassing and 1.8 ± 0.9 Tg/y for eruptive degassing during the period from 2005 to 2015. [...] Volcanism is the main pathway for the transfer of carbon and other volatiles stored in the deep Earth to the surface1,2. Volcanic carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key non-anthropogenic regulator of atmospheric CO2 levels and has, over geologic time scales, affected the evolution of Earth’s climate3,4,5. Quantifying the volcanic CO2 flux is an ongoing challenge for the volcano science community and was the primary driver for launching the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DCO-DECADE) initiative of the Deep Carbon Observatory. DCO-DECADE was first established in 2011 during IAVCEI Commission of the Chemistry of Volcanic Gases workshop in Kamchatka and has since provided unprecedented global coverage of volcanic gas emission and composition measurements through continuous monitoring and campaign efforts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Earth_Carbon_Degassing_Project).
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory (James Edward Kamis, 2018-11-07)
Evidence (2020-01-05): All indications are that Earth is currently experiencing another period of strong volcanic activity which is acting to infuse CO2 into our atmosphere thereby challenging the validity of the global warming theory. [...] Translated title: Discharges of volcanic CO2 and SO2 in the atmosphere, Bulletin of Volcanology - 10- Williams et al (1992) Global carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere by volcanoes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta - 11- Marty et al (1989) Helium isotopes and CO2 in volcanic gases of Japan, Chemical Geology - 12- Marty and LeCloarec (1992) Helium-3 and CO2 fluxes from subaereal volcanoes estimated from Polonium-20 emissions, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research - 13- Marty and Tolstikhin (1998) CO2 fluxes from mid-ocean ridges, arcs and plumes, Chemical Geology - 14- Moerner and G. Etiope (2002) Carbon degassing from the lithosphere, Global and Planetary Change - 15- Sano and Williams (1996) Fluxes of mantle and subducted carbon along convergent plate boundaries, Geophysical Research Letters - 16- Shinohara (2013) Volatile fluxes from subduction zone volcanoes: insights from a detailed evaluation of the fluxes from volcanoes in Japan, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research - 17- Le Quéré et al (2016), Global Carbon Budget 2016, Earth System Science Data - 18- Werner et al (2019) Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Subaerial Volcanic Regions (in Deep Carbon, Past to Present)